Personal Instructions, Final Requests, and Closing Greetings
Titus 3:12-15
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Titus.3.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Οταν: CONJ
- πεμψω: VERB,fut,act,ind,1,sg
- Αρτεμαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- προς: PREP
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- Τυχικον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- σπουδασον: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,sg
- ελθειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- προς: PREP
- με: PRON,acc,sg,1
- εις: PREP
- Νικοπολιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εκει: ADV
- γαρ: PART
- κεκρικα: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,sg
- παραχειμασαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
Parallels
- 2 Timothy 4:21 (verbal): Paul's request that the recipient 'do your best to come before winter' (or similar) — same winter/timing concern and personal visit motif as Titus 3:12.
- Colossians 4:7-8 (verbal): Tychicus is named as a trusted envoy sent to bring news and encourage hearts, paralleling Titus 3:12's mention of sending Tychicus to Titus.
- Ephesians 6:21-22 (verbal): Tychicus appears again as a faithful messenger whom Paul sends to inform and encourage, matching the role attributed to Tychicus in Titus 3:12.
- 2 Timothy 4:12 (verbal): Paul explicitly reports sending Tychicus (here to Ephesus), showing the same practice of dispatching trusted coworkers as in Titus 3:12.
Alternative generated candidates
- When I send Artemas to you, or Tychicus, do your best to come to me at Nicopolis; for I have decided to spend the winter there.
- When I send Artemas or Tychicus to you, do your best to come to me at Nicopolis, for I have decided to spend the winter there.
Titus.3.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ζηναν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- νομικον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Απολλων: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- σπουδαιως: ADV
- προπεμψον: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- ινα: CONJ
- μηδεν: PRON,acc,sg,n
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- λειπη: VERB,pres,act,sub,3,sg
Parallels
- Acts 18:24-28 (allusion): Same figure, Apollos—Acts gives the narrative/background for Apollos as a gifted teacher, linking Titus's terse instruction to a fuller portrait of this coworker.
- 2 Timothy 4:9 (verbal): Paul exhorts Timothy to 'do your best' to come to him soon—same verb/impulse to make every effort regarding travel and personal attendance.
- Romans 16:1-2 (verbal): Paul commends Phoebe and urges the Roman church to welcome and assist her 'in whatever she may need,' paralleling Titus's charge to see that Zenas and Apollos lack nothing.
- Philemon 1:22 (thematic): Paul asks Philemon to prepare a guestroom—both verses reflect the pastoral concern to provide hospitality and material support for itinerant Christian workers.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do your utmost to speed Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their way, and see that they lack nothing.
- Do your utmost to help Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey; see that they lack nothing.
Titus.3.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- μανθανετωσαν: VERB,pres,act,imp,3,pl
- δε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- ημετεροι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- καλων: ADJ,gen,pl,n
- εργων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- προιστασθαι: VERB,pres,mp,inf
- εις: PREP
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- αναγκαιας: ADJ,acc,pl,f
- χρειας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- ινα: CONJ
- μη: PART
- ωσιν: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,pl
- ακαρποι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Titus 2:14 (thematic): Same letter: Christ gave himself to purify a people 'zealous of good works'—echoes the call for believers to be devoted to good deeds.
- Titus 2:7 (verbal): Uses the exact phrase 'good works' and urges the believer to be an example in doing them, paralleling the practical exhortation of 3:14.
- Galatians 6:10 (thematic): Exhorts believers to 'do good to all, especially to those of the household of faith,' aligning with 3:14's charge to attend to necessary needs through good works.
- 1 Timothy 6:18 (verbal): Commands the rich (and by extension all Christians) 'to do good, to be rich in good works, ready to give,' closely matching Titus 3:14's practical injunction to maintain good works for needs.
Alternative generated candidates
- And let our people learn also to devote themselves to good works, to meet urgent needs, so that they may not be unfruitful.
- And let our people learn to devote themselves to good works—so as to meet urgent needs and not be unfruitful.
Titus.3.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπαζονται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,pl
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- μετ᾽εμου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,1
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- ασπασαι: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,pl
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- φιλουντας: VERB,pres,act,part,acc,pl,m
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- εν: PREP
- πιστει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μετα: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
Parallels
- 2 Thessalonians 3:18 (verbal): Final benediction identical in form: 'The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all' — same closing formula as in Titus 3:15.
- Galatians 6:18 (verbal): Pauline closing blessing: 'The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.' Closely parallels Titus' grace benediction and wording.
- Philippians 4:23 (verbal): Short benediction ('The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit') — another instance of the Pauline grace formula concluding an epistle.
- Romans 16:16 (thematic): Contains final congregational greetings ('Greet one another with a holy kiss') — parallels Titus' closing verses that send greetings to and from fellow believers.
- Colossians 4:15 (structural): Epistolary closing with named local believers ('Greet the brethren who are in Laodicea') — similar practice of conveying greetings to specific groups/people as in Titus 3:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- All who are with me send you greetings. Greet those who love us in the faith. Grace be with you all.
- All who are with me send you greetings. Greet those who love us in the faith. Grace be with you all.
When I send Artemas or Tychicus to you, do your utmost to come to me at Nicopolis, for I have decided to spend the winter there.
Send Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their way, seeing that they lack nothing. And let our people learn to devote themselves to good works, to meet urgent needs and not be unfruitful.
All who are with me send you greetings. Greet those who love us in the faith. Grace be with you all.