Jotham King of Judah
2 Kings 15:32-38
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2 K.15.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- לפקח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמליהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יותם: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 27:1 (verbal): Direct parallel regnal formula: Chronicles likewise states that Jotham began to reign in the second year of Pekah son of Remaliah — near-verbatim synchronism with Kings.
- 2 Kings 15:33 (structural): Immediate continuation in Kings: after the regnal synchronism this verse summarizes Jotham’s reign (his age, length, and assessment), forming the same regnal unit as 15:32.
- 2 Kings 15:30 (structural): Provides the broader chronological framework by naming events in the days of Pekah (e.g., Tiglath‑Pileser’s campaigns), illustrating how Kings synchronizes Judah’s regnal data with Israel’s/powers of the period.
- Isaiah 7:1 (thematic): Contemporary prophetic context: Isaiah records the threat posed by Pekah son of Remaliah (allied with Rezin of Syria) to Judah, giving political background to the year in which Jotham becomes king.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the second year of Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel, Jotham son of Azariah became king of Judah.
- In the second year of Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel, Jotham son of Uzziah became king of Judah.
2 K.15.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- וחמש: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ירושא: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- צדוק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 27:1-2 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Jotham: repeats his age (25), length of reign (16 years), and his mother Jerushah daughter of Zadok.
- 2 Kings 15:32 (structural): Immediate parallel in the Kings narrative that introduces Jotham’s accession and situates the start of his reign in the royal chronology.
- 2 Kings 15:34 (thematic): Continuation of Jotham’s biography in Kings giving the moral evaluation of his reign (‘he did that which was right’), closely connected to the biographical data in v.33.
- 2 Chronicles 27:3 (thematic): Parallel Chronicles account describing Jotham’s deeds (building, warfare, governance) and providing the same overall assessment of his kingship, complementing the factual details of v.33.
Alternative generated candidates
- He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; his mother's name was Jerushah daughter of Zadok.
- He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and the name of his mother was Jerushah daughter of Zadok.
2 K.15.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הישר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עזיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chr.27.2 (verbal): Same evaluation of Jotham: 'he did right in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that his father Uzziah had done' — nearly identical wording and context (Chronicles parallel to Kings).
- 2 Chr.26.4 (thematic): Describes Uzziah's faithful conduct ('he did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD'), which is the standard to which 2 Kgs 15:34 compares Jotham.
- 2 Kgs.18.3 (verbal): Same royal evaluation formula — 'he did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done' — parallel use of the phrase to praise a king by comparison with his ancestor.
- 2 Kgs.14.3 (structural): Uses the same evaluative formula ('did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD') but adds a filial comparison ('not like David his father'), showing the common structural pattern of assessing kings by reference to their predecessors.
Alternative generated candidates
- He did what was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father Azariah had done.
- He did what was right before the LORD, according to all that his father Uzziah had done.
2 K.15.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רק: PRT
- הבמות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- סרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עוד: ADV
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזבחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומקטרים: CONJ+VERB,piel,ptcp,3,m,pl
- בבמות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- בנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- העליון: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Kgs 15:34-35 (verbal): Nearly identical wording in the parallel account: the high places were not taken away, the people continued to sacrifice and burn incense on the high places, and the king built the upper gate of the house of the LORD (direct parallel/duplicate tradition).
- 2 Kgs 14:4 (verbal): Same recurring refrain about the high places not being removed and the people still offering sacrifices and incense there — a formulaic critique of kings who failed to abolish local shrines.
- 2 Kgs 17:10-11 (thematic): Describes Israel’s ongoing practice of sacrificing and burning incense on high places as a widespread sin that brings divine judgment; provides theological/contextual background for the repeated notice that 'the high places were not taken away.'
- 1 Chr 26:15-18 (structural): Passage detailing the gates and gatekeepers of the house of the LORD; connects to the mention here of construction work on the temple’s 'upper gate' and illustrates temple gate terminology and organization.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the high places were not removed; the people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places. He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD.
- But the high places were not removed; the people still offered sacrifices and burned incense on the high places. He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD.
2 K.15.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- יותם: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הלא: PART
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- כתובים: VERB,pual,ptcp,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למלכי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 27:7 (quotation): Nearly identical wording; the Chronicler records Jotham’s acts in the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Judah, echoing the Kings formula verbatim.
- 2 Kings 15:7 (verbal): Same formula concluding the account of another Judean king in the same chapter—'the rest of the acts... are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah'—showing a repeated editorial closing line.
- 1 Kings 14:29 (structural): A parallel closing formula used elsewhere in Kings to point readers to the official annalistic source for the fuller record of a king’s deeds, demonstrating the standard historiographical marker.
- 2 Kings 21:17 (verbal): Another instance where the author of Kings closes a royal notice with the same referral to the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Judah, underscoring the recurring source-reference motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all that he did, are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah.
- Now the rest of the acts of Jotham and all that he did—are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
2 K.15.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ההם: PRON,dem,m,pl
- החל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- להשליח: VERB,hifil,inf
- ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רצין: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמליהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:5 (quotation): Direct parallel narrative: Chronicles records that Rezin king of Syria and Pekah son of Remaliah attacked Judah in the days of Ahaz, echoing the account in 2 Kings 15:37.
- Isaiah 7:1 (quotation): Prophetic context names the same hostile coalition—Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Israel—situating the threat to Judah during Ahaz's reign, directly paralleling the Kings account.
- Isaiah 7:6 (verbal): Describes the alliance and intent of Syria (Aram) and Ephraim (Israel) under Rezin and Pekah against Judah; mirrors the identification of the aggressors in 2 Kings 15:37.
- 2 Kings 16:5 (thematic): Later Kings narrative recounts Rezin and Pekah pressing the attack on Judah (including siege activity against Jerusalem), continuing the episode introduced in 2 Kings 15:37.
Alternative generated candidates
- In those days the LORD began to send against Judah Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah.
- In those days the LORD began to send Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah against Judah.
2 K.15.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יותם: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- ויקבר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- בעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- וימלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 27:9-10 (quotation): Parallel account of Jotham’s death and burial and the succession of his son Ahaz; closely mirrors the wording of 2 Kings 15:38.
- 1 Kings 2:10 (verbal): Uses the same death-and-burial formula “slept with his fathers” and “was buried in the city of David.”
- 1 Kings 11:43 (structural): Follows the common kingship formula — death with the fathers, burial, and the son succeeding — as in Solomon → Rehoboam.
- 2 Kings 16:20 (verbal): Reuses the same burial-and-succession language later for Ahaz’s own death and the accession of Hezekiah, reflecting the recurring royal formula.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jotham slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and his son Ahaz reigned in his place.
- Jotham slept with his fathers; they buried him with his fathers in the City of David, and his son Ahaz reigned in his place.
In the second year of Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel, Jotham son of Uzziah became king of Judah.
He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; and the name of his mother was Jerushah daughter of Zadok.
He did what was right in the sight of the LORD, just as his father Uzziah had done.
Nevertheless the high places were not taken away; the people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places. He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD. Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all that he did, are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah.
In those days the LORD began to send against Judah Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah.
Jotham slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David; and his son Ahaz reigned in his place.