Judgment on Babylon and Its Final Fall
Jeremiah 50:1-51:64
Jer.50.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנביא: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:1 (structural): Introduces an oracle against Babylon with a prophetic rubric ('the burden of Babylon'), paralleling Jeremiah’s opening formula that frames the prophecy about Babylon.
- Nahum 1:1 (thematic): Begins with an introductory line identifying an oracle against a foreign metropolis (Nineveh) and names the prophet, similar in function to Jeremiah’s announcement of a word concerning Babylon by Jeremiah.
- Habakkuk 1:1 (verbal): Opens with the formula 'the oracle/vision which Habakkuk the prophet saw,' a close verbal parallel to Jeremiah’s introductory declaration that the word of the LORD concerning Babylon came by the hand of the prophet.
- Ezekiel 26:1 (structural): Contains the prophetic commissioning formula ('the word of the LORD came to me') and introduces an extended oracle against a city (Tyre), analogous in structure and purpose to Jeremiah’s heading for the Babylon oracle.
Alternative generated candidates
- The word that the LORD spoke concerning Babylon and the land of the Chaldeans through Jeremiah the prophet:
- The word that the LORD spoke concerning Babylon and the land of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet.
Jer.50.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הגידו: VERB,hiph,impv,2,m,pl
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והשמיעו: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,pl
- ושאו: CONJ+VERB,qal,imper,2,m,pl
- נס: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- השמיעו: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תכחדו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אמרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- נלכדה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הביש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בל: PART
- חת: NOUN,m,sg,const
- מרדך: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הבישו: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,pl
- עצביה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- חתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- גלוליה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:44 (verbal): Also pronounces judgment on Bel/Babel—God will punish Bel in Babylon—close verbal and thematic overlap with the shaming of Bel/Marduk in 50:2.
- Isaiah 46:1-2 (allusion): Speaks of Bel (Babel) and Nebo being humbled and their idols carried—an earlier prophetic motif of Babylonian gods' impotence echoed in Jeremiah 50:2.
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Declares 'Babylon is fallen... all the graven images of her gods are broken'—a near-verbal parallel to the proclamation that Babylon's idols are shamed and broken.
- Habakkuk 2:18-19 (thematic): Denounces the futility and shame of idols/their makers—same theological critique of pagan gods implicit in Jeremiah's taunt against Bel and Marduk.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Describes idols as silver and gold that have mouths but cannot speak, and those who make them are like them—parallels Jeremiah's depiction of Babylon's gods as shamed and powerless.
Alternative generated candidates
- “Declare it among the nations; proclaim and raise a standard; proclaim—do not conceal it: say, ‘Babylon has been taken, Bel has been put to shame, Merodach is dismayed; her idols are put to shame, her images are broken in pieces.’”
- Declare among the nations, proclaim, lift up a banner; proclaim, do not hold back—say, ‘Babylon is taken, Bel is put to shame, Merodach is broken; her idols are confounded, her images are shattered.’
Jer.50.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- גוי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצפון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ישית: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- מאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נדו: VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,pl
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 1:14-15 (verbal): Uses the same motif and language of disaster coming 'from the north' against the land—an explicit prophetic formula for invasion found also in Jer 50:3.
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (verbal): Describes Babylon's fate in terms very similar to Jer 50:3: the city becomes uninhabited and overrun by wild animals, echoing 'no one shall dwell there; both man and beast shall flee.'
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): Portrays divine judgment leaving a land desolate and inhabited by wild creatures and birds—a common prophetic image for total devastation like that in Jer 50:3.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Announces judgment coming from the north against a foreign power and describes subsequent desolation and loss of inhabitants, paralleling the northern invasion and emptiness depicted in Jer 50:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- For a nation has come up against her from the north; it shall make her land a desolation; no one shall dwell in it; both man and beast shall flee away.
- For a nation has come up against her from the north; it will make her land a desolation; no one shall dwell there—man and beast shall flee away.
Jer.50.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ההמה: DEM,m,pl
- ובעת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההיא: DEM,f,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- יחדו: ADV
- הלוך: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
- ובכו: CONJ,INFABS,qal
- ילכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ואת: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- יבקשו: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Hosea 3:5 (verbal): Almost identical promise: 'Afterward shall the children of Israel return, and seek the LORD their God'—same language of return and seeking the LORD.
- Jeremiah 29:13 (verbal): Uses the same key verb 'seek' in a promise of finding God when sought with the heart—echoes the call to seek the LORD their God.
- Joel 2:12-13 (thematic): A prophetic summons to return to the LORD with repentance and contrition (weeping/turning), paralleling the image of people coming and seeking God.
- Zechariah 12:10 (thematic): Portrays national mourning and turning toward the LORD ('they shall look on me... and mourn'), paralleling the weeping and seeking in Jer 50:4.
- Deuteronomy 30:2-3 (structural): Promises a future restoration when the people return to the LORD and he restores their fortunes—parallels the post-exilic movement 'in those days' toward seeking God.
Alternative generated candidates
- In those days and at that time, declares the LORD, the LORD of hosts, the children of Israel and the children of Judah shall come together, going and weeping; they shall seek the LORD their God.
- In those days and at that time, says the LORD, the children of Israel and the children of Judah shall come together; they shall go weeping and seeking the LORD their God.
Jer.50.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ציון: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- ישאלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- דרך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הנה: PART
- פניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ונלוו: VERB,hitp,perf,3,pl
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשכח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:3 (thematic): Like Jer. 50:5, Isaiah depicts nations asking the way to Zion and coming up to the mountain of the LORD to learn his ways and walk in his paths — a theme of pilgrimage and turning to Yahweh.
- Micah 4:2 (structural): Micah 4:2 closely parallels Isaiah 2:3 in wording and structure: peoples shall say, “Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD,” mirroring Jeremiah’s call to come and join themselves to the LORD.
- Jeremiah 31:31 (allusion): Jer. 31 announces God’s future covenant with Israel — a renewed relationship — which resonates with Jer. 50:5’s promise of binding themselves to the LORD in an enduring (perpetual) covenant.
- Ezekiel 37:26 (verbal): Ezekiel speaks of God making ‘a covenant of peace’ and an ‘everlasting covenant’ with Israel, echoing Jer. 50:5’s language about a covenant that will not be forgotten.
- 2 Chronicles 15:12 (thematic): As in Jer. 50:5, 2 Chronicles describes the people entering into a covenant to seek the LORD and to follow him, reflecting the communal commitment and covenantal renewal motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall ask the way to Zion; their faces shall turn thither: ‘Come, let us join ourselves to the LORD in an everlasting covenant that will not be forgotten.’
- They shall ask the way to Zion; their faces shall be turned thither: ‘Come, let us join ourselves to the LORD in an everlasting covenant that will not be forgotten.’
Jer.50.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אבדות: ADJ,f,pl,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- רעיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp-suf
- התעום: VERB,hitp,perf,3,m,pl
- הרים: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שובבום: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מהר: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- גבעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שכחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- רבצם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezek.34:5-6 (verbal): Shepherds fail to care for the flock so that the sheep are scattered on the mountains—language and situation closely parallel Jeremiah's 'lost sheep' driven from hill to hill.
- Jer.23:1-2 (verbal): Within Jeremiah: indictment of shepherds who have scattered and driven away the flock—direct thematic and verbal correspondence about leaders causing Israel's dispersion.
- Isa.53:6 (verbal): Uses the image 'all we like sheep have gone astray'—a concise expression of the same motif of the people as wandering, errant sheep.
- Matt.9:36 (thematic): Jesus observes the crowds as 'sheep without a shepherd'—a New Testament application of the prophetic critique of failed leadership and a people left to wander.
- 1 Pet.2:25 (quotation): Quotes/echoes Isaiah's 'gone astray' sheep image and applies it to believers, showing continuity in the biblical motif of people as sheep who stray when leaders fail.
Alternative generated candidates
- My people have been lost sheep; their shepherds have led them astray; they have turned away on the mountains; they have gone from mountain to hill; they have forgotten their resting place.
- My people have been lost sheep; their shepherds have led them astray, causing them to roam on the mountains; they have gone from mountain to hill; they have forgotten their resting place.
Jer.50.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- מוצאיהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- אכלום: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl+3mp_obj
- וצריהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- אמרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- נאשם: VERB,niphal,perf,1,pl
- תחת: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- חטאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- נוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומקוה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבותיהם: NOUN,m,pl,const+3mp
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Daniel 9:5-6 (verbal): Corporate confession of sin against the LORD ('we have sinned, we have done wickedly'); parallels Jeremiah's communal admission 'we have sinned against the LORD' and appeal in the face of judgment.
- Nehemiah 1:6 (thematic): Nehemiah's communal plea admitting national guilt ('we have sinned against you') and asking for mercy mirrors the repentant language and request that enemies not be held guilty in Jeremiah 50:7.
- Jeremiah 17:13 (allusion): Both verses depict the LORD as the object of hope (Jer. 17:13: 'O LORD, the hope of Israel'); Jeremiah 50:7's phrase 'hope of their fathers, the LORD' echoes this theological motif of God as ancestral hope.
- 2 Chronicles 6:28-30 (structural): Solomon's temple-prayer describes confession and plea for forgiveness when the people sin, asking God to 'hear from heaven' and not hold them guilty—paralleling Jeremiah's confession and its context of judgment and petition for mercy.
Alternative generated candidates
- All who found them have devoured them; and their adversaries say, ‘We are not guilty, for they sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice and the hope of their fathers.’
- All who found them have devoured them; and their adversaries said, ‘We are not guilty, for they sinned against the LORD, the habitation of righteousness and the hope of their fathers—the LORD.’
Jer.50.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נדו: VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,pl
- מתוך: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומארץ: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- צאו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כעתודים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לפני: PREP
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:6 (verbal): Repeats the same exhortation to flee Babylon and the Chaldeans; nearly identical wording within the paired oracle against Babylon.
- Isaiah 48:20 (verbal): Very similar/balanced wording: 'Go ye out of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans'—an earlier prophetic call to depart Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:45 (verbal): Another closely related injunction in the Babylon oracle tradition: 'Go out of the midst of Babylon'—a parallel command to escape the doomed city.
- Revelation 18:4 (allusion): New Testament echo of the call to depart Babylon ('Come out of her, my people'), using the Babylon motif to urge God's people to separate from a corrupt city/system.
Alternative generated candidates
- Come out of Babylon; flee from the Chaldeans; be like the he-goats before the flocks.
- Flee from Babylon, and save every one his life; do not be cut off in her iniquity; for this is the time of the LORD’s vengeance; he will repay her.
Jer.50.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הנה: PART
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- מעיר: PREP
- ומעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קהל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- גדלים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- צפון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וערכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- משם: PREP
- תלכד: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- חציו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3ms
- כגבור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכיל: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישוב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ריקם: ADV
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:3 (verbal): Same oracle against Babylon in the same chapter: both speak of a nation coming up from the north to array itself against Babylon (shared phrasing and context).
- Isaiah 47:3-5 (allusion): Isaiah pronounces humiliation on Babylon, using the image of exposing skirts and public shame—language and theme echoed in Jeremiah's announcement of Babylon's disgrace.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): God declares he raises up the Chaldeans (a powerful nation) as an instrument of judgment—parallel theme of God stirring up great nations to execute punishment.
- Ezekiel 38:15 (thematic): Foretells a force advancing 'from the north,' echoing the common prophetic motif of hostile armies coming from the north to assault a land, paralleling Jeremiah's northern invaders.
Alternative generated candidates
- For behold, I am stirring up and bringing against Babylon a gathering of great nations from the north country, and they shall set up their siegeworks against her; their arrows shall be like skilled warriors; none shall return empty-handed.
- Behold, I will stir up and bring against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the land of the north; they shall array themselves against her, and from there she shall be taken—half of them like mighty men; not one shall return empty.
Jer.50.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לשלל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- שלליה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ישבעו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:17-19 (thematic): Predicts that the Medes will be raised up to destroy and plunder Babylon—same theme of Babylon/Chaldeans becoming spoil and humbled.
- Habakkuk 2:8-9 (thematic): Denounces a power that has plundered many nations and announces judgment—reversal motif: the plunderer is judged and disgraced.
- Nahum 3:1-7 (thematic): Taunts a once-dominant city (Nineveh) that will be stripped and made a spoil—parallels prophetic mockery of a fallen oppressor.
- Isaiah 47:6 (allusion): Speaks of Babylon's former exploitation of others and its coming humiliation—echoes the idea that Babylon/Chaldeans who took spoil will themselves be spoiled.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (structural): Within the same oracle collection, summons the Medes and instruments of judgment against Babylon and anticipates her defeat and plunder—closely related context and outcome.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Chaldea shall be plunder for all who plunder her; the earth shall be full of the slain.
- And the Chaldeans shall be a spoil—every plunderer shall be sated, says the LORD.
Jer.50.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- תשמחו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- תעלזו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- שסי: NOUN,f,sg,poss1s
- נחלתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,NA,sg
- כי: CONJ
- תפושו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כעגלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דשה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ותצהלו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כאברים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Obadiah 1:12 (thematic): Both passages rebuke those who gloat over the calamity of Israel/Judah; Obadiah warns not to rejoice at a brother's day of distress, paralleling Jeremiah's condemnation of those who rejoiced in plundering God's heritage.
- Psalm 73:3-7 (verbal): Psalmist laments the prosperity and ease of the wicked—'they are not in trouble as other men; therefore pride compasseth them about'—echoing Jeremiah's imagery of foes grown 'fat as a heifer' and exulting like bulls.
- Isaiah 47:8-11 (allusion): Isaiah taunts Babylon for its self-indulgent security and revelry and then predicts humiliation; thematically parallel to Jeremiah's depiction of plunderers rejoicing before impending judgment.
- Amos 6:1-6 (thematic): Amos condemns those who lie on beds of ivory, feast and sing while others suffer—an indictment of complacent revelry and prosperity similar to Jeremiah's denunciation of those who exult in seizing God's heritage.
Alternative generated candidates
- Because you were glad, because you rejoiced, O destroyer—your mother shall be put to shame; she who bore you shall be ashamed; behold, she who conceived you shall be appalled.
- You rejoiced and exulted, you who seized my heritage; you grew fat as a threshing ox, and bellowed like bulls.
Jer.50.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בושה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אמכם: NOUN,f,sg,cons+2mp
- מאד: ADV
- חפרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- יולדתכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,SUF-2,pl
- הנה: PART
- אחרית: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- ציה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וערבה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-21 (verbal): Prophecy of Babylon's overthrow with explicit imagery of desolation—cities made heaps and inhabited by wild animals—parallels the 'wilderness/desert' and desolation language.
- Isaiah 47:7-9 (thematic): Oracular taunt against Babylon's pride and ensuing shame; the theme of humiliation (shaming of the 'mother' figure) echoes Jeremiah's 'your mother shall be ashamed.'
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): Speaks of Babylon becoming 'heaps,' 'a habitation for jackals,' and a 'desert and wilderness'—a close verbal parallel to 'מדבר ציה וערבה' in 50:12.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (structural): Earlier verse in the same oracle describing wild animals dwelling there and the land being uninhabited forever; reinforces the motif of total desolation and the end of nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, the time of your doom; the end has come for the nations; a desert and a drought and a land of waste and distress.
- Your mother is put to shame; she who bore you is ashamed; behold, the end of the nations—desolation and a dry land.
Jer.50.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מקצף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשב: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- שממה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלה: ADV
- כל: DET
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- וישרק: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- כל: DET
- מכותיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): Almost identical judgment-language—Babylon made desolate, ‘an astonishment and a hissing’ and not inhabited; a direct parallel/repetition within the Jeremiah/Baruch oracle against Babylon.
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (thematic): Prophecy of Babylon’s desolation: no human inhabitants, wild animals and monsters dwelling there, and the city becoming an object of astonishment—parallel theme and imagery of divine wrath rendering the city uninhabited.
- Nahum 3:7 (thematic): Oracles against a great city (Nineveh) depict shame, astonishment, and the fleeing/derision of onlookers at the city’s downfall—comparable motif of public scorn and desolation after God’s judgment.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The OT Babylon tradition reappears in this NT oracle: Babylon’s sudden fall and transformation into a haunt of desolation and impurity, echoing Jeremiah’s theme of divine wrath leaving the city uninhabited and scorned.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the LORD of hosts has sworn by himself: ‘Surely I will fill you with men, as with locusts; and they shall lift up a shout against you.’
- The LORD of hosts has sworn: ‘Surely as I have purposed, so shall it be; Babylon shall not be inhabited, nor shall it be settled from generation to generation.’
Jer.50.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ערכו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- סביב: ADV
- כל: DET
- דרכי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,_,sg
- קשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- אליה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- תחמלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- חץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- חטאה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:11 (verbal): Commands to ‘make bright the arrows’ and gather shields—directly echoes the archery/arrow imagery and the mobilization of military force against Babylon found in 50:14.
- Jeremiah 50:29 (structural): Within the same oracle it likewise summons nations and cavalry to besiege Babylon (‘cause the horses to come up’), repeating the call to surround and attack the city.
- Isaiah 13:2–5 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle against Babylon uses similar military muster imagery—raising a banner, marshaling nations and troops—parallel to Jeremiah’s call to set archers around Babylon for divine judgment.
- Ezekiel 26:3–6 (thematic): Ezekiel’s depiction of surrounding and battering a fortified city (Tyre) by gathered nations, engines and horses parallels Jeremiah’s siege language and the motif of collective nations executing God’s judgment.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament pronouncement of Babylon’s fall echoes the prophetic theme of Babylon’s divinely‑wrought destruction and the nations’ role in that judgment reflected in Jeremiah 50:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- Prepare the arrows; gather the shields; the LORD has raised up the spirit of the king of the Medes against them, because his purpose is against Babylon to destroy it; for it is the vengeance of the LORD, vengeance for his temple.
- Set yourselves against Babylon all around, all you who bend the bow; surround her—spare no arrow; for she sinned against the LORD.
Jer.50.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הריעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- סביב: ADV
- נתנה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ידה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3s
- נפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אשיותיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,f,sg
- נהרסו: VERB,nif,perf,3,m,pl
- חומותיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- נקמת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- הנקמו: NOUN,f,sg,def
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- כאשר: CONJ
- עשתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:24-26 (structural): Continuation/parallel oracle against Babylon in the immediately following chapter; repeats the theme of divine vengeance and the destruction of Babylon’s strongholds and foundations.
- Isaiah 47:3-6 (thematic): Both pronounce the humiliation and downfall of Babylon; Isaiah depicts the city stripped, humbled, and punished for her insolence, paralleling Jeremiah’s call to shout and the demolition of walls and foundations.
- Nahum 1:2-3 (verbal): Emphasizes that the Lord takes vengeance and is wrathful—language and theological motif of divine retribution underpinning Jeremiah’s declaration that the destruction is the Lord’s vengeance.
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (verbal): “Vengeance is mine” theme: God’s claim to recompense mirrors Jeremiah’s assertion that the assault on Babylon is the Lord’s own vengeance and repayment for her deeds.
- Revelation 18:6 (allusion): Calls for repaying Babylon as she repaid others (‘render to her as she rendered’); apocalyptic echo of Jeremiah’s demand that Babylon be repaid ‘as she has done,’ carrying forward the motif of divine/communal retribution.
Alternative generated candidates
- Strike against her all you who bend the bow; spare no arrows; disgrace her: for she has sinned against the LORD.
- Raise a cry against her all around; give her no remittance; her dwellings are destroyed, her walls are torn down; for the vengeance of the LORD shall be executed—take vengeance on her as she has done.
Jer.50.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כרתו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- זורע: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
- מבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותפש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מגל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קציר: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- מפני: PREP
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היונה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יפנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לארצו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ינסו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
Parallels
- Joel 3:13 (verbal): Uses the same harvest/sickle imagery for divine judgment—‘Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe’ parallels Babylon’s harvest and seizure by the sword.
- Hosea 8:7 (verbal): Sowing/reaping motif—‘they sow the wind, and reap the whirlwind’ echoes the idea that those who sow (Babylon) will be cut off and reap violent judgment.
- Matthew 3:12 (allusion): John’s image of winnowing and burning with unquenchable fire links the harvest-as-judgment motif to the violent seizure of reapers in Jeremiah 50:16.
- Zephaniah 1:14-16 (thematic): Day‑of‑the‑LORD language—near judgment, panic, and terror causing peoples to flee mirrors Jeremiah’s depiction of panic and flight to their own lands.
- Ezekiel 7:17-19 (thematic): Describes sudden devastation, weapons, and people fleeing/being taken—parallels Jeremiah’s image of harvesters seized by the sword and inhabitants scattering.
Alternative generated candidates
- Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him who handles the sickle at harvest time; for fear of the sword of the oppressor every man shall turn to his own people and flee away to his native land.
- Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him who holds the sickle at harvest time; because of the sword of the oppressor every one shall turn to his own people, and everyone shall flee to his own land.
Jer.50.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שה: PRON,rel
- פזורה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אריות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הדיחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- אכלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- וזה: CONJ+PRON,dem,m,sg,abs
- האחרון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- עצמו: PRON,3,m,sg
- נבוכדראצר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 17:6 (structural): Describes the historical deportation of Israel by the king of Assyria—matches Jeremiah’s line 'first the king of Assyria devoured him' as the initial conqueror of Israel.
- 2 Kings 24:10-16 (structural): Records Nebuchadnezzar’s siege of Jerusalem and the exile of Judah—parallels Jeremiah’s reference to Nebuchadnezzar as the later devourer.
- Ezekiel 34:5-6 (thematic): Uses the image of scattered sheep becoming prey because of failed shepherds—resonates with Jeremiah’s depiction of Israel as scattered and driven off by lions.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (allusion): Portrays Assyria as the instrument of divine judgment that boasts of conquest—echoes Jeremiah’s attribution of the first devastation to the king of Assyria.
- Jeremiah 51:34 (verbal): Within the same prophetic corpus Nebuchadnezzar is again described as having 'devoured' or 'eaten' (similar terminology), a close verbal parallel to 50:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- Israel is a scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away first; Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon has devoured him, the last of them has grown fat; their predator is their king.
- Israel is a scattered sheep; lionesses have driven him away—first the king of Assyria devoured him, and now at last Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has devoured him.
Jer.50.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- פקד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- ארצו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,ms
- כאשר: CONJ
- פקדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- אל: NEG
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (verbal): Isaiah identifies Assyria as an instrument of God's judgment and pronounces divine action against the Assyrian king—parallel language and concept to God punishing Babylon as He punished Assyria.
- Isaiah 14:24-27 (thematic): Declares that the LORD will accomplish his purpose against proud empires (explicitly referencing the subduing of Assyria), reflecting the motif that God judges one empire after using another.
- Nahum 1:1-8 (thematic): An oracle against Nineveh/Assyria emphasizing Yahweh’s wrath and the destruction of a formerly dominant imperial power, thematically parallel to the promise to punish Babylon.
- Habakkuk 1:6-11 (allusion): Describes God raising the Chaldeans/Babylonians as an instrument to punish nations—echoes the reciprocal theme that God will in turn judge those instruments (Babylon) as he did Assyria.
- Jeremiah 51:24 (structural): Within the same prophetic corpus Jeremiah explicitly vows repayment and judgment against Babylon and the Chaldeans, a direct reiteration of the promise in 50:18 to punish Babylon as he punished Assyria.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: ‘Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I punished the king of Assyria.’
- Therefore thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: ‘Behold, I will visit upon the king of Babylon and upon his land as I visited upon the king of Assyria.’
Jer.50.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושבבתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- נוהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- ורעה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הכרמל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והבשן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובהר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והגלעד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- תשבע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 34:13 (verbal): God promises to bring Israel into their own land and feed them on the mountains of Israel—language and pastoral imagery closely parallel Jeremiah's restoration to pastures (Carmel, Bashan, Ephraim, Gilead).
- Zechariah 10:10 (thematic): Speaks of God bringing the exiles back to the land, explicitly mentioning Gilead and other regions—echoes Jeremiah's promise of return and settlement in traditional pasturelands.
- Amos 9:14 (thematic): God will restore the fortunes of Israel, plant them on their land, and they will possess the cities—shares the theme of national restoration, resettlement, and agricultural/ pastoral blessing.
- Hosea 14:5-7 (thematic): Promises flourishing and satisfaction for Israel—metaphors of renewal and feeding that parallel Jeremiah's image of Israel fed and satisfied on fertile heights.
- Ezekiel 36:8 (structural): Addresses the mountains of Israel and their fruitfulness when God restores His people to the land—structurally similar use of geographic highlands as signs of restoration and blessing.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I will restore Israel to his pasture and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied on the mountains of Ephraim and Gilead.
- And I will bring Israel back to his pasture, and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan, and on the mountain of Ephraim and Gilead; his soul shall be satisfied.
Jer.50.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ההם: PRON,dem,m,pl
- ובעת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההיא: DEM,f,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יבקש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואיננו: VERB,qal,pres,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- חטאת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ולא: CONJ
- תמצאינה: VERB,niphal,impf,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אסלח: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
- לאשר: CONJ
- אשאיר: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 33:8 (verbal): Closely parallels Jeremiah 50:20 in wording and promise—God declares he will search out and cleanse Israel and Judah, using nearly identical language about pardon for the remnant.
- Jeremiah 31:34 (verbal): Promises divine forgiveness and that God will no longer remember their sin—same core assurance of pardon and removal of iniquity found in Jer 50:20.
- Isaiah 43:25 (verbal): God declares he blots out transgressions and will not remember sins—a parallel formulation of divine forgiveness and forgetting of sin.
- Micah 7:18-19 (thematic): Celebrates God’s pardoning of iniquity and casting sins away (into the depths), echoing the theme of complete forgiveness and restoration for the remnant.
- Psalm 103:12 (thematic): Speaks metaphorically of God removing sins far from the sinner—thematically parallels Jeremiah’s assurance that Israel’s and Judah’s sins will not be found.
Alternative generated candidates
- In those days and at that time, declares the LORD, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought for and there shall be none; and the sins of Judah, and they shall not be found; for I will pardon those I leave as a remnant.
- In those days and at that time, says the LORD, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought and there shall be none; and the sin of Judah and it shall not be found; for I will pardon those whom I leave as a remnant.
Jer.50.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מרתים: NOUN,prop,du,abs
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- יושבי: PTC,qal,ptc,mp,cons
- פקוד: NOUN,prop,sg,abs
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והחרם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צויתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,-,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 20:16-18 (verbal): Command to 'utterly destroy' (herem) the peoples in conquered cities — same technical term and command to devote to destruction as in Jer 50:21.
- Joshua 6:21 (quotation): Narrative of the ban/utter destruction of Jericho ('devoted to destruction') — uses the same language of herem and carrying out divine command in warfare.
- Isaiah 13:17-19 (thematic): Prophecy announcing God will raise nations against Babylon and bring violent overthrow and devastation — parallels Jeremiah's call to marshal forces and execute judgment on Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:27-29 (structural): A closely related passage within Jeremiah rallying nations against Babylon ('lift up a banner... prepare the nations') — parallels the mobilization and divine sanction for attack found in 50:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- Go up against the land of Merathaim, and against the inhabitants of Pekod; pursue, and spare not; destroy utterly, declares the LORD; do to them according to all that I have commanded you.
- Up, attack the land of Merathaim and those who dwell in Pekod; cut them off and utterly destroy after them, says the LORD; do as I have commanded you.
Jer.50.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ושבר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:3 (thematic): Same oracle against Babylon in chapter 50: both announce an invading force from the north that makes the land desolate and brings great destruction.
- Isaiah 13:6-9 (verbal): Prophetic announcement of Babylon's coming doom using similar language of shouting, alarm and a day of great destruction and devastation against a nation.
- Nahum 2:1-10 (thematic): Vivid battle imagery and the overthrow of a great city; parallels the 'noise of battle' and the description of massive breaking/destruction in prophetic judgment oracles.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament announcement of Babylon's fall ('Babylon the great is fallen') echoes the prophetic motif of a great city's violent overthrow and widespread ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- A sound of battle is in the land and great destruction.
- A sound of battle in the land and great destruction!
Jer.50.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איך: ADV
- נגדע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- וישבר: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- פטיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- איך: ADV
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:20 (verbal): Uses similar instrument-of-judgment imagery ("battle-axe"/"weapons of war")—a tool God used to break nations, paralleling the hammer now broken.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Predicts Babylon's utter desolation among the nations (likening it to Sodom and Gomorrah), closely matching the theme of Babylon made a desolation.
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Crisp declaration "Babylon is fallen" echoes Jeremiah's lament over Babylon's downfall and ruin.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament announces Babylon's fall and calls it a ruined, desolate place—an eschatological echo of the prophetic pronouncement in Jeremiah.
- Ezekiel 26:12 (thematic): Speaks of a formerly powerful city made a bare rock/desolation by divine judgment, paralleling the motif of a dominant power (hammer) reduced to ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- How the hammer of the whole earth has been cut off and broken! how Babylon has become a desolation among the nations!
- How is the hammer of the whole earth cut off and broken! How has Babylon become a desolation among the nations!
Jer.50.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יקשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- וגם: CONJ
- נלכדת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- ידעת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- נמצאת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,f,sg
- וגם: CONJ
- נתפשת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- התגרית: VERB,hitpael,perf,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:17 (verbal): God declares he will 'stir up' the Medes against Babylon—uses the same idea/verb of God raising or stirring up nations to bring sudden capture and judgment.
- Isaiah 47:11 (verbal): Pronounces Babylon’s sudden humiliation—'thou shalt not know from whence it riseth'—parallels Jeremiah’s language about being taken/unaware at the time of capture.
- Habakkuk 1:5-6 (thematic): God announces he will raise the Chaldeans as an instrument to seize nations; thematically parallels Jeremiah’s theme of God stirring up foreign powers to capture a people.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (thematic): Portrays Assyria as the rod of God’s anger raised to punish nations—parallels the motif that God provokes or uses foreign armies to effect capture and judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- I laid a snare for you and you were taken, O Babylon; you were caught because you opposed the LORD.
- I laid a snare for you and you were also taken, O Babylon, and you did not know; you were found and also ensnared, because you made a quarrel with the LORD.
Jer.50.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אוצרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויוצא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- זעמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- לאדני: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,m,poss1s
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:20-23 (structural): Same oracle-collection (Jeremiah 50–51). God describes instruments of his judgment as weapons/tools (‘battle-axe’, ‘weapon of war’) used against nations—parallel imagery and immediate contextual echo of ‘weapons of his wrath.’
- Deuteronomy 32:41-42 (verbal): God speaks of taking up a flashing sword and making his arrows drunk with blood—language of divine arms and vengeance closely matching the motif of God drawing forth his storehouse/ weapons to execute judgment.
- Isaiah 10:5 (thematic): God calls Assyria ‘the rod of my anger’—the theme of God deploying a nation or instrument as his weapon of wrath parallels Jeremiah’s depiction of divine arms acting in the land of the Chaldeans.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (allusion): God raises the Chaldeans (the bitter, hasty nation) as an instrument of his purpose—an explicit example of God using a foreign power as his ‘weapon’ against other nations, echoing Jeremiah’s setting in the land of Chaldea.
- Isaiah 13:3 (thematic): The prophet summons his warriors and mighty ones for the day of the Lord’s anger against Babylon—similar scene of divine mobilization and the Lord’s outpouring of wrath against Babylon/Chaldea.
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD opened his storehouse and brought out the weapons of his indignation; for this is work of the Lord GOD of hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.
- The LORD has opened his armory and brought out the weapons of his wrath; for this work is the work of the Lord GOD of hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.
Jer.50.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- מקץ: PREP
- פתחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- מאבסיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- סלוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כמו: PREP
- ערמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והחרימוה: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,f,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- שארית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Babylon is likened to Sodom and Gomorrah and thrown into desolation—parallel theme of total ruin and non‑reoccupation.
- Jeremiah 51:37 (structural): Within the same oracle Babylon is pictured as a heap and desolate, echoing the image of plunder and no remnant.
- Obadiah 1:18 (verbal): Declares that there shall be no survivors for the doomed nation—language similar to the formula ‘no remnant’ in Jeremiah 50:26.
- Nahum 3:7-10 (thematic): The fall of Nineveh is portrayed as total plunder and desolation; those who see it shrink back—parallel depiction of a city stripped and left without survivors.
- Ezekiel 26:12-14 (allusion): Ezekiel’s prophecy against Tyre depicts the city made a ruin and uninhabited, resonating with the motif of enemies coming to plunder and leave no remnant.
Alternative generated candidates
- Come against her from the remotest parts; open her granaries; pile up her grain like the hulked heaps; leave none to remain.
- Come against her from the uttermost parts; open her storehouses and pile her up like heaps; destroy her utterly so that there be none to remain.
Jer.50.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חרבו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
- כל: DET
- פריה: NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,f,sg
- ירדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לטבח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוי: INTJ
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יומם: ADV
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- פקדתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:6-11 (thematic): Oracle against Babylon with the cry of woe and an announcement that the day of the LORD (a day of judgment) has come to punish the nation—parallels Jeremiah’s ‘woe on them’ and the coming day of visitation/punishment.
- Jeremiah 25:12 (structural): Earlier prophetic declaration that God will punish the king of Babylon and his land after the appointed sevens—echoes Jeremiah 50:27’s theme that judgment will arrive in its ordained day.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Pronouncement of Babylon’s downfall—destruction of its multitude and foundations—parallels Jeremiah’s depiction of slaughter and divine retribution coming upon Babylon in its day.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (allusion): Narrative account of Babylon’s sudden fall and the death of its ruler on the night of judgment—resembles Jeremiah’s prediction that their time/day of punishment has now come and results in slaughter.
- Nahum 1:8-9 (thematic): Prophecy of catastrophic, decisive punishment against a proud foreign power (Nineveh) emphasizing total destruction and the inevitability of its day of reckoning—themewise parallels Jeremiah’s announcement of slaughter and doom for Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Slay all her bulls; let them go down to the slaughter; woe to them! for their day has come, the time of their punishment.
- Wipe out all her bulls; let them go down to the slaughter; wo to them! for the day of their judgment has come, the time of their visitation.
Jer.50.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נסים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ופלטים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- להגיד: INF,hiph
- בציון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- נקמת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
- נקמת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- היכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:11 (verbal): Uses virtually the same language—God's vengeance against Babylon described as 'the vengeance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple,' linking both passages as parallel announcements of divine retribution.
- Isaiah 61:2 (verbal): Speaks of 'the day of vengeance of our God,' a close verbal and thematic parallel framing judgment as God's vindication similar to Jeremiah's declaration of vengeance.
- Deuteronomy 32:43 (thematic): Calls the nations to rejoice with God's people because God will avenge the blood of his servants—parallels Jeremiah's public proclamation of divine vengeance and its international witness.
- Revelation 18:6 (thematic): Calls for God to repay Babylon as she has done—New Testament depiction of divine vengeance on 'Babylon' echoes Jeremiah's announcement of God's punitive vindication and public proclamation against the city.
Alternative generated candidates
- A cry of fugitives and refugees from the land of Babylon to declare in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God, the vengeance of his temple.
- A voice of fugitives and of those escaping from the land of Babylon—declaring in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God, the vengeance for his temple.
Jer.50.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- השמיעו: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- כל: DET
- דרכי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,_,sg
- קשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- סביב: ADV
- אל: NEG
- יהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- פלטה: VERB,qal,imp,2,ms
- שלמו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- כפעלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- זדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:28 (verbal): A parallel military summons to ‘gather against Babylon’ and to array archers/forces against her—repeating the call to surround and attack Babylon in language and imagery similar to Jer 50:29.
- Jeremiah 50:15 (structural): Earlier verse in the same chapter issuing the command to prepare for war, surround Babylon, and leave her no escape; parallels the immediate context and wording of 50:29.
- Psalm 137:8-9 (verbal): An imprecatory rejoinder—'Happy shall he be who repays you...'—that echoes the demand to 'repay her according to her deeds,' reflecting the theme of retributive justice against Babylon.
- Revelation 18:6-7 (allusion): The apocalyptic judgment on symbolic Babylon uses reciprocal/retributive language ('render to her as she rendered... double unto her double'), echoing the OT formula 'repay her according to her deeds' found in Jer 50:29.
Alternative generated candidates
- Summon against Babylon the nations; all around her put the standard; send up, let no refuge be left; let her pay to you as she has done; do to her as she has done; for she has sinned against the LORD, the Holy One of Israel.
- Summon against Babylon the archers— all around, all you dwellers of Chaldea; camp against her round about; let there be no escape—repay her according to her deeds; do to her as she has done; for she has glorified herself against the LORD, the Holy One of Israel.
Jer.50.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- יפלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בחוריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ברחבתיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מלחמתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,f
- ידמו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Nahum 3:3-4 (verbal): Describes chariots raging and jostling in the streets and the valiant men / mighty warriors being put to shame or destroyed—closely parallels the image of young men and men of war falling in the city streets.
- Isaiah 13:16-18 (thematic): Foretells the violent overthrow of a city—children dashed, houses looted, and warriors slain—sharing the theme of complete urban slaughter and humiliation of fighting men.
- Ezekiel 32:26-27 (thematic): Speaks of mighty warriors and princes lying among the slain in the pit, emphasizing the fate of the strong and martial being cut off—parallels Jeremiah’s judgment on a city’s fighting men.
- Revelation 18:21-24 (allusion): Depicts the sudden fall and utter desolation of ‘Babylon’ and the mourning that follows; the book’s destruction of a great city and its social/martial order echoes Jeremiah’s oracle against Babylon and its warriors.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore her young men shall fall in her squares, and all her warriors shall be silenced on that day, declares the LORD.
- Therefore their young men shall fall in her streets, and all her soldiers shall be cut off in that day, says the LORD.
Jer.50.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- זדון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יומך: NOUN,m,sg,poss,2,m
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- פקדתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg,obj2m
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:11 (verbal): God declares he will punish and remove the arrogance of the proud—language and idea closely parallel the charge against Babylon’s pride and the coming day of reckoning in Jer 50:31.
- Jeremiah 51:25 (structural): Same prophetic formula “Behold, I am against you… saith the LORD” and a declaration of divine judgment against Babylon; a closely related parallel within the Jeremiah corpus.
- Obadiah 1:3-4 (thematic): Condemnation of pride followed by downfall—‘the pride of your heart… you will be brought down’ echoes the accusation ‘you proud one’ and the announcement that your day of punishment has come.
- Isaiah 47:11 (allusion): Predicts sudden, inescapable evil and humiliation coming upon Babylon because of its arrogance—resonates with Jer 50:31’s theme that Babylon’s day has come and God will visit her.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, I am against you, you boastful one, declares the LORD, the LORD of hosts; for your day has come, the time when I will punish you.
- Behold, I am against you, O arrogant one, says the Lord GOD of hosts; for your day has come, the time of your punishment.
Jer.50.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכשל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- זדון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונפל: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- מקים: VERB,qal,ptc,NA,m,sg
- והצתי: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,sg
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בעריו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואכלה: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- כל: DET
- סביבתיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:58 (verbal): A closely related line in the same oracle against Babylon: the destruction of Babylon's walls and cities by fire is reiterated (direct verbal and thematic repetition within Jeremiah).
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Prophecy of Babylon's overthrow and total desolation—cities laid waste and inhabitants gone—paralleling Jeremiah's image of a proud power fallen and its cities consumed by fire.
- Nahum 3:7-10 (thematic): The fall of a proud, once-secure city (Nineveh): ruin, plunder, and the rhetorical sense that there is none to restore or uphold it, echoing 'the proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise him up.'
- Obadiah 1:18 (thematic): Uses the image of fire consuming houses/nations ('house of Jacob a fire...'), resonating with Jeremiah's motif of divine fire devouring a nation's cities and surrounding territory.
Alternative generated candidates
- The arrogant shall stumble and fall; they shall not be able to raise themselves; and I will kindle a fire in their cities, and it shall devour all around them.
- The proud stumble and fall; there is none to raise them up; I will kindle a fire in her cities and it shall devour all around her.
Jer.50.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עשוקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- יחדו: ADV
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- שביהם: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- החזיקו: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- מאנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שלחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,obj:3,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Kings 24:14-16 (structural): Narrative parallel describing the deportation of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar and the taking of the king and people into captivity—same historical event of captors holding Israel and Judah.
- Jeremiah 52:28-30 (structural): Internal cross-reference in Jeremiah listing those taken captive to Babylon during various campaigns—corroborates the mass imprisonment and transport of Israelites and Judeans.
- Psalm 137:1-4 (thematic): Poetic portrayal of the Israelite exiles beside the rivers of Babylon, highlighting the oppressor–captive relationship and the captors' demands—themewise resonance with being held by captors.
- Isaiah 52:4-6 (thematic): Speaks of Israel’s and Judah’s subjugation and redemption language—reflects the theme of national oppression and foreign domination mentioned in Jeremiah 50:33.
- 2 Chronicles 36:17-20 (structural): Chronicle account of Jerusalem’s destruction and the exile under the king of Babylon; parallels the description of the people of Israel and Judah being delivered into their captors' hands.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘The clappers and the whole army of the sons of Israel and the sons of Judah who dwell in Babylon—who held them fast—shall be rescued.’
- Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Bitterly afflicted were the sons of Israel and the sons of Judah together; and all their captors held them fast— they refused to let them go.’
Jer.50.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גאלם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,3,pl
- חזק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ריב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יריב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ריבם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3mp
- למען: PREP
- הרגיע: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והרגיז: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- לישבי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:36 (verbal): Uses the same verb and idea of God 'pleading/avenging their cause' (language of vindication/pleading on behalf of the oppressed), closely parallel within the same prophetic context against Babylon.
- Isaiah 63:16 (verbal): Attributes to God the role and title of 'Redeemer' (go'el); Isaiah likewise names God as Redeemer and Father, echoing the designation and saving role in Jeremiah 50:34.
- Job 19:25 (thematic): Proclaims the conviction 'my redeemer lives'—a theological motif of God as personal redeemer who vindicates and restores, thematically resonant with Jeremiah’s depiction of God as a strong redeemer.
- Ruth 4:4–10 (structural): Presents the social-legal role of the go'el (kinsman-redeemer) who redeems land and preserves family—background social-legal structure that underlies the prophetic image of God as the nation’s Redeemer who vindicates and restores.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Redeemer is strong: the LORD of hosts is his name; he will vigorously plead their cause, that he may give rest to the land and disturb the inhabitants of Babylon.
- Their Redeemer is strong— the LORD of hosts is his name; he will plead their cause vigorously, to give rest to the land, but unrest to the inhabitants of Babylon.
Jer.50.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- שריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- חכמיה: NOUN,m,pl,prsuf3ms
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:11 (structural): Part of the same extended oracle against Babylon; repeats the motif of divine military action and the arming of nations (Medes) as instruments of judgment on Babylon/Chaldeans.
- Isaiah 13:17 (thematic): Announces God stirring up the Medes against Babylon and portrays violent conquest—parallel theme of a sword or military strike issued against Babylon.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (verbal): Names the Chaldeans (Babylonian forces) as a people God raises up for judgment—connects to Jeremiah's indictment and coming punishment of the Chaldeans.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): New Testament portrayal of 'Babylon the great' fallen echoes the prophetic condemnations of Babylon (judgment, fall, destruction) found in Jeremiah 50–51.
Alternative generated candidates
- A sword against the Chaldeans, declares the LORD, and against the inhabitants of Babylon, and against her officials and her wise men!
- A sword upon the Chaldeans, says the LORD, and upon the inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes and her wise men.
Jer.50.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- הבדים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ונאלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- גבוריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+suf3fs
- וחתו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:17-19 (thematic): Prophecy of the Medes' assault and the devastation of Babylon — parallels Jeremiah's announcement of a sword against the Chaldeans/Babylon and the city's coming ruin.
- Isaiah 21:9 (structural): Oracle with the cry 'Babylon is fallen' — a parallel lament/oracle form announcing Babylon's overthrow, corresponding to Jeremiah's declaration of a sword upon Babylon/Chaldeans.
- Jeremiah 50:29 (verbal): Call to summon archers and besiege Babylon — shares the martial imagery (sword/attack, armed assault) and the immediate context of military judgment on Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (allusion): God's stirring up of the Medes/kings to destroy Babylon — echoes the theme of divine-orchestrated military judgment and a sword against the Chaldeans (Babylon's rulers and warriors).
Alternative generated candidates
- A sword against her officers and against her mighty men! They shall be as women; panic shall seize them; their dwelling places shall be plundered.
- A sword upon her officers; they shall be dismayed; a sword upon her warriors, and they shall be cut off.
Jer.50.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- סוסיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- רכבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- כל: DET
- הערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בתוכה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,fs
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לנשים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אוצרתיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3fs
- ובזזו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): Parallel passage within the same oracle cycle—repeats the idea of the sword against horses and chariots and the plundering of the city’s treasures/women; a near-duplicate verbal and structural echo of Jer 50:37.
- Isaiah 13:17-22 (thematic): Isaiah’s prophecy against Babylon depicts a foreign levy (the Medes) sent by God, the devastation of the city and its valuables, and the loss of life and resources—shared theme of military destruction, spoiling of wealth, and permanent desolation.
- Ezekiel 26:7-12 (thematic): Ezekiel’s oracle against Tyre describes an assault that brings down walls and towers and results in plunder and spoil—parallels the motif of attacking a city’s military capacity (ships/war-equipment) and seizing its treasures.
- Nahum 3:7-10 (thematic): Nahum’s pronouncement against Nineveh emphasizes the disgrace, plundering, and ruin of a great city—echoes the picture of conquerors stripping wealth and exposing the city (including its women/household goods) to shame and spoil.
Alternative generated candidates
- A sword against her horses and against her chariots and against all her mixed multitude within her; and they shall be as women; a sword against her treasures, and they shall be plundered.
- A sword upon her horses and upon her chariots and upon all the mixed throng within her; and they shall be as women; a sword upon her treasures— they shall be plundered.
Jer.50.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- מימיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,fs
- ויבשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- כי: CONJ
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פסלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- ובאימים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יתהללו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:8 (verbal): Uses the same language condemning a ‘land full of idols’ and ‘rejoicing in the work of their hands’—a close verbal parallel criticizing idolatry and those who celebrate the craftsmen.
- Jeremiah 51:36 (structural): Within the paired oracles against Babylon; repeats the motif of drying up waters as divine judgment (’I will dry up her sea…’), paralleling the ‘sword against her waters… they shall be dried up’.
- Jeremiah 10:14–15 (thematic): Jeremiah’s broader polemic against idols made by human hands—depicts the futility and shame of idols and their makers, echoing the charge that the land is ‘of idols’.
- Psalm 115:4–8 (thematic): A cultic/poetic denunciation of lifeless idols made by craftsmen; parallels the theme that idols and those who make or trust them are powerless and deserving of shame.
Alternative generated candidates
- A drought upon her waters, and they shall be dried up; for it is a land of idols and they have made their carved images there.
- A sword upon her waters—they shall be dried up; for it is a land of idols, and their works are false, and there is no breath in them.
Jer.50.39 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ציים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- איים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- בנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יענה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תשב: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- לנצח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תשכון: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- עד: PREP
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (verbal): Uses almost identical imagery and language about a city left to wild animals and ostriches and states it will not be inhabited from generation to generation—close verbal parallel to Jeremiah 50:39.
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): Describes divine judgment leaving lands desolate and lists wild creatures (owl, night beast, etc.) inhabiting the ruins—theme of cities becoming permanent wastelands inhabited by animals.
- Jeremiah 51:37 (structural): Parallel oracle against Babylon in the same book: predicts Babylon will become heaps/a haunt and be without inhabitants—structurally echoes the judgment and perpetual desolation language of 50:39.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Pronounces doom on a great city (Nineveh) reducing it to desolation and a haunt for wild animals—similar motif of proud cities reduced to perpetual wastelands.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore the desert creatures shall dwell there with the jackals, and the ostrich shall dwell there; and it shall never again be inhabited, nor shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation.
- Therefore desert creatures and owls shall dwell there; and ostrich-daughters shall sit there; it shall no longer be inhabited, nor shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation.
Jer.50.40 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כמהפכת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- עמרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- שכניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,f
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יגור: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 19:24-25 (verbal): Narrates God’s overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah — the same event-language of divine destruction and desolation echoed in Jeremiah.
- Amos 4:11 (allusion): Explicitly compares God’s punishment to the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, using that event as the paradigmatic example of divine judgment.
- Deuteronomy 29:23-24 (verbal): Describes land turned to brimstone and salt and not being sown or inhabited — echoes Jeremiah’s declaration that no man shall dwell or sojourn there.
- Isaiah 13:19-20 (thematic): Prophesies that Babylon will be made like Sodom and Gomorrah, with no inhabitant — a close thematic parallel using Sodom as the image of utter desolation.
- Ezekiel 16:46-56 (allusion): Uses Sodom as the moral exemplar for Jerusalem’s guilt and punishment, drawing the same theological link between sin and catastrophic desolation found in Jeremiah.
Alternative generated candidates
- As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbors, declares the LORD, no one shall live there, no human shall dwell in it.
- As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbor cities, says the LORD, no man shall dwell there, nor shall any son of man sojourn in it.
Jer.50.41 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- עם: PREP
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מצפון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגוי: CONJ
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ומלכים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- יערו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מירכתי: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,constr
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:3 (verbal): Same oracle context — explicitly announces an evil coming 'out of the north' against the inhabitants, repeating the 'from the north' motif of invasion.
- Ezekiel 38:15 (verbal): Ezekiel's prophecy of Gog describes coming 'out of the far north' 'with many peoples,' closely mirroring the language of a great nation from the north.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (thematic): Adjacent chapter where God 'raises up the spirit of the kings of the Medes' against Babylon; parallels the idea of God raising a powerful nation and kings as instruments of judgment.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): God announces he will raise up the Chaldeans, a swift and feared nation used to execute judgment — parallels the theme of God raising a mighty people to punish nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, a people shall come from the north; a great nation and many kings shall be raised up from the remotest parts of the earth.
- Behold, a people comes from the north, and a great nation and many kings shall be raised up from the ends of the earth.
Jer.50.42 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכידן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יחזיקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אכזרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- ירחמו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- קולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- כים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהמה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- סוסים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ירכבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ערוך: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- כאיש: PREP
- למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:27-28 (verbal): Same oracle against Babylon—calls for raising a banner, mustering warriors and archers against Babylon (language of mustering and attacking the city parallels 50:42's arming and arraying for battle).
- Isaiah 13:3-5 (thematic): Prophecy against Babylon describing summoned warriors, bent bows, no pity and a coming host from afar—parallels the imagery of archers, cruelty, and an advancing army in 50:42.
- Habakkuk 1:6-8 (thematic): Describes the Chaldeans as a swift, cruel war-host whose horsemen come from afar and show no mercy—parallels 50:42's depiction of merciless horsemen set for battle.
- Nahum 3:1-3 (verbal): Imagery of a bloody, deceitful city overthrown by a noisy, horse‑borne assault—mentions the noise of wheels and horses and the coming destruction, echoing 50:42's roar and cavalry assault.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall hold the bow and the lance; they are cruel and shall not show mercy; their voice shall roar like the sea; they shall ride on horses, set in array like men for battle, against you, O daughter of Babylon.
- They hold the bow and spear; they are cruel and show no mercy; their voice roars like the sea; they ride on horses, arrayed as men for battle against you, daughter of Babylon.
Jer.50.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- שמעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- ורפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ידיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,suff:3,m,sg
- צרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- החזיקתהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg,obj:3,m,sg
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כיולדה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:8 (verbal): Uses the same childbirth imagery—people/king seized with pangs like a woman in labor at the news of coming doom against Babylon.
- Isaiah 21:3 (verbal): Near-identical language: 'pangs have taken hold on me, like the pangs of a woman in travail,' describing a painful, convulsive reaction to impending calamity.
- Jeremiah 4:31 (verbal): An earlier Jeremiah passage that likewise describes a voice/anguish like a woman in travail—an internal prophetic echo employing the childbirth metaphor for national distress.
- Revelation 12:2 (thematic): New Testament use of the childbirth/pains motif to express intense, world-altering travail—themewise parallels the image of convulsive pain at a decisive, catastrophic event.
Alternative generated candidates
- The king of Babylon has heard the report and his hands grow feeble; pangs have seized him like those of a woman in travail.
- When the report reaches the king of Babylon, his hands will fall helpless; anguish takes hold of him, pangs as of a woman in travail.
Jer.50.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- כאריה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מגאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- נוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איתן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ארגעה: VERB,qal,impf,1,.,sg+PRON,3,m,sg
- אריצם: VERB,qal,impf,1,.,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
- מעליה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- ומי: PRON,interr
- בחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אליה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- אפקד: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- כי: CONJ
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- כמוני: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- ומי: PRON,interr
- יועדני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+PRON,1,.,sg
- ומי: PRON,interr
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יעמד: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לפני: PREP
Parallels
- Amos 3:8 (thematic): Lion imagery plus a rhetorical challenge—Amos speaks of a lion's roar that provokes fear and a divine word that demands response, paralleling Jeremiah’s ‘like a lion… who is like me?’ motif of threatening judgment and a rhetorical question.
- Isaiah 40:25 (verbal): Isaiah’s challenge ‘To whom then will ye liken me? or shall I be equal?’ echoes Jeremiah’s rhetorical ‘Who is like me? who will summon me?’—both assert Yahweh’s uniqueness and authority.
- Psalm 89:6–8 (thematic): The psalm’s series of rhetorical questions (‘Who in the heavens can be compared to the LORD?’) parallels Jeremiah’s emphasis on God’s unrivaled sovereignty expressed by ‘Who is like me?’.
- Ezekiel 34:20–22 (thematic): Ezekiel’s treatment of shepherds and God’s judgment on them resonates with Jeremiah’s question about ‘what shepherd shall stand before me,’ linking divine judgment, shepherd imagery, and the accountability of leaders.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the thickets of the Jordan against the habitation of the strong; but I will make them suddenly run away from her, and who is a chosen one that I may appoint over her? Who is like me? Who will summon me? Who is the shepherd that will stand before me?
- Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against a secure habitation; but I will make suddenly their land a desolation; who is like me? who will appoint me? who is the shepherd that will stand before me?
Jer.50.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- עצת: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יעץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומחשבותיו: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- חשב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אם: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- יסחבום: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,obj:3,m,pl
- צעירי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- הצאן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אם: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישים: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- נוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Predicts the utter fall and perpetual desolation of Babylon, using similar imagery of ruin and abandonment (a dwelling for wild creatures), echoing Jeremiah’s oracle against the Chaldeans.
- Isaiah 47:1-3 (thematic): Pronounces the humiliation and overthrow of ‘daughter of Babylon,’ parallel to Jeremiah’s divine counsel to bring low Babylon and make its land desolate.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (verbal): A closely related Jeremiah oracle announcing God’s plan against Babylon (calling for weapons, stirring up nations/Medes) and the intent to desolate the Chaldean land—continuing the same prophetic counsel and purpose.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (allusion): Records the historical fall of Babylon (Belshazzar slain; Darius takes the kingdom), an event often read as the fulfillment of prophetic counsels like Jeremiah’s decree against Babylon and the Chaldeans.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore hear the counsel of the LORD that he has taken against Babylon, and his purposes that he has formed against the land of the Chaldeans: surely the young men shall not dwell there, nor shall the settled place remain.
- Hear then the counsel of the LORD that he has taken against Babylon, and his purposes that he has formed against the land of the Chaldeans: ‘Shall the young ones bear them away, or the chosen he-goats lead them?’
Jer.50.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתפשה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נרעשה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וזעקה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נשמע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:13 (verbal): Isaiah's oracle against Babylon uses the image of the heavens and earth being shaken—'I will shake the heavens and the earth shall be removed'—paralleling Jeremiah's motif of earth trembling at Babylon's fall.
- Isaiah 13:4 (thematic): Isaiah speaks of a tumultuous sound and a great cry among nations in the context of an invasion and judgment on Babylon, echoing Jeremiah's 'a cry heard among the nations.'
- Joel 2:10 (thematic): Joel depicts the earth quaking and the heavens trembling before an invading host ('the earth shall quake before them'), a similar cosmic/earth-shaking motif linked to the downfall of a nation.
- Jeremiah 4:24 (structural): Earlier in Jeremiah the prophet describes mountains trembling and the earth in alarm at coming judgment—parallel language and structure within Jeremiah linking national disaster to cosmic trembling.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The fall of 'Babylon the great' in Revelation is announced with a loud cry and cosmic effects (islands fleeing, mountains not found), echoing the theme of Babylon's collapse and its proclamation to the nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the sound of their fall the earth is shaken and the cry is heard among the nations.
- At the voice that captures them the earth trembled, and the cry was heard among the nations.
Jer.51.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- מעיר: PREP
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קמי: NOUN,m,sg,suf
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- משחית: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:17 (verbal): Isaiah likewise announces God 'stirring up' foreign powers (the Medes) against Babylon—similar language and the motif of God raising instruments of destruction against the city.
- Jeremiah 50:23-24 (structural): An immediate parallel within Jeremiah: an earlier pronouncement of a people coming from the north and of God bringing judgment on Babylon—continuation and repetition of the same theme and imagery.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Zephaniah prophesies the overthrow and humiliation of Babylon (hand stretched out against the north, desolation), echoing the theme of divine judgment and destruction of Babylon found in Jeremiah 51:1.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament announces the fall of 'Babylon the great' as the judgment of God against a corrupt city/system—an eschatological reworking of the prophetic motif of divine denunciation and destruction of Babylon.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (thematic): The historical fall of Babylon (Belshazzar's kingdom ended that night) illustrates the fulfillment motif: God overturns the Babylonian empire—paralleling Jeremiah's prediction of divine activity against Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD: ‘Behold, I will raise up against Babylon and against those who dwell in Leb-kamai a destroying wind.’
- Thus says the LORD: ‘Behold, I raise up against Babylon, and against the inhabitants of Leb-kamai, a destroying wind.’
Jer.51.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושלחתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- לבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וזרוה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ויבקקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- מסביב: ADV,loc
- ביום: PREP
- רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 25:9 (thematic): God summons foreign nations (Nebuchadnezzar and his peoples) as instruments of judgment against nations—similar motif of sending outsiders to punish Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (structural): Immediate parallel within the chapter: God excites the Medes/kings to move against Babylon, specifying the foreign agents who will execute the city’s devastation.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): God announces He will raise up the Chaldeans/Chaldean host from afar to punish—same idea of God sending a foreign people to carry out judgment.
- Isaiah 10:5–6 (allusion): Here Assyria is portrayed as the rod of God’s anger sent against a godless nation—an analogous theological motif of God employing a foreign power to punish injustice.
- Ezekiel 26:7 (thematic): God declares He will bring many peoples against Tyre from the north to besiege and plunder it—parallels the proclamation that foreign nations will come against and despoil a great city.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I will send to Babylon fugitives, destitute of her strength; and they shall capture her land, for I will set the sparer free from the day of calamity—they were round about her on the day of her calamity.
- And I will send to Babylon strangers—men who shall bereave her and make her land a desolation; for they were against her round about in the day of calamity.
Jer.51.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- ידרך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הדרך: NOUN,f,sg,def
- קשתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- יתעל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בסרינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+1,pl
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- תחמלו: VERB,qal,juss,2,pl
- אל: NEG
- בחריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- החרימו: VERB,piel,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- צבאה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 20:16-18 (structural): Law of herem/total war—commands that certain cities be utterly destroyed and nothing left alive, paralleling Jeremiah’s injunction to spare no one and annihilate the army.
- Isaiah 13:15-16 (verbal): Prophecy against Babylon describing slaughter and the dashing of infants and the fall of people—close thematic and verbal overlap with the call to spare none and destroy Babylon’s fighting men.
- Nahum 3:10 (thematic): Oracles against Nineveh speak of capture, infants dashed, and the stripping of the city—echoes Jeremiah’s vindictive wartime imagery and uncompromising destruction.
- Psalm 137:8-9 (thematic): A vengeful imprecation against Babylon—‘Happy is the one who dashes…’—reflects the same vindictive desire that no mercy be shown to Babylon’s young and warriors.
Alternative generated candidates
- Let not the archer stand with his bow, nor let him javelin the buckler, nor spare her young men; utterly destroy all her army.
- Let not the archer stand, nor the shield-bearer remain; spare none of her young men—cut off every one of her commanders.
Jer.51.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- חללים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומדקרים: VERB,piel,ptc,NA,m,pl
- בחוצותיה: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:15-18 (verbal): Prophecy against Babylon using close verbal imagery: those found will be 'thrust through' and fall by the sword—paralleling Jeremiah’s language of the slain falling and being pierced in the streets.
- Isaiah 47:6-7 (thematic): Personified taunt against Babylon—portrays sudden humiliation, violence and loss of security in the city, thematically akin to Jeremiah’s image of bodies and slaughter within Babylon’s streets.
- Jeremiah 50:3 (structural): Within the same oracle-cycle against Babylon: predicts a northern nation making Babylon desolate—provides the broader prophetic context for Jeremiah 51:4’s depiction of corpses and urban devastation.
- Nahum 3:7-10 (thematic): Prophecy of Nineveh’s fall pictures urban desolation, panic and scenes of death in the city; thematically parallels the motif of slain in the streets and public collapse of once-powerful cities.
- Revelation 18:21-24 (allusion): New Testament reworking of Babylon’s downfall—speaks of utter ruin and implicates Babylon in bloodshed (blood of prophets/saints), echoing the image of slaughter and pierced bodies in the city streets.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall fall slain in the land of the Chaldeans and pierced through in her streets.
- They shall fall slain in the land of the Chaldeans, and wounded in her streets.
Jer.51.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- אלמן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהודה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאלהיו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,ms
- מיהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ארצם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- מלאה: ADV
- אשם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקדוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 94:14 (verbal): Expresses the same assurance that the LORD will not cast off his people nor forsake his inheritance, paralleling Jeremiah’s claim that Israel and Judah are not abandoned by the LORD of hosts.
- Isaiah 49:14‑16 (thematic): Addresses Israel’s fear of divine abandonment and God’s opposite assurance (’I have not forgotten you; I have engraved you on the palms of my hands’), echoing Jeremiah’s theme that God has not forsaken Israel and Judah.
- Ezekiel 36:16‑23 (thematic): Speaks of the land’s defilement and Israel’s guilt before God and then of God’s vindication and sanctification of his holy name—paralleling Jeremiah’s coupling of the land’s guilt with the claim that the Holy One of Israel has not abandoned his people.
- Hosea 11:8‑9 (allusion): Although depicting God’s anger toward Israel’s sin, the passage also restrains judgment on the basis of God’s compassionate character (’I am God and not man; I am the Holy One in your midst’), resonating with Jeremiah’s tension between the people’s guilt and God’s continuing presence.
Alternative generated candidates
- Because Israel and Judah were not forsaken by their God, the LORD of hosts—though their land was filled with guilt against the Holy One of Israel.
- For Israel and Judah were not forsaken by their God, the LORD of hosts, for the wickedness of their transgressions filled their land with guilt against the Holy One of Israel.
Jer.51.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נסו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מתוך: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומלטו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- תדמו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בעונה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- נקמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- גמול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- משלם: VERB,piel,part,3,m,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:8 (verbal): Near-verbatim parallel within the same oracle: both pronounce 'Flee from Babylon, save each his life; be not cut off in her iniquity' and state that the event is the LORD's vengeance.
- Jeremiah 51:45 (verbal): Within the same chapter a closely related summons: 'Come out of her, my people, and save yourselves,' echoing the call to flee Babylon to avoid divine punishment.
- Isaiah 48:20 (thematic): A prophetic call to depart Babylon ('Go forth out of Babylon...'), sharing the theme of urgent flight from impending divine judgment on the city.
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (verbal): Shares the striking verbal and theological motif 'Vengeance is mine; I will repay,' supplying the background for Jeremiah’s formula that the LORD will repay Babylon.
- Revelation 18:4–5 (allusion): A New Testament echo: a heavenly call to 'come out of her' (Babylon) because her sins have reached heaven—paralleling Jeremiah’s summons to flee and the rationale of divine retribution.
Alternative generated candidates
- Flee from the midst of Babylon, and deliver every one his life; do not be cut off in her iniquity, for this is the time of the LORD’s vengeance; he is repaying her.
- Flee from the midst of Babylon, and every one save his life; be not cut off in her iniquity, for this is the time of the LORD’s vengeance—he will repay her.
Jer.51.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כוס: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- משכרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מיינה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- שתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- יתהללו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,pl
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 25:15 (verbal): Uses the same motif of a 'cup' in the hand of the LORD to be given so that all the nations drink — cup/wine as instrument of divine judgment, closely paralleling Jeremiah 51:7.
- Psalm 75:8 (verbal): Speaks of a cup in the hand of the LORD that he pours out, an image of God administering retributive wine/judgment similar to Babylon as a cup in God's hand.
- Isaiah 51:17 (thematic): Depicts drinking the LORD's cup and becoming drunken/staggering; shares the theme of the cup as God's punitive action causing nations or Israel to reel.
- Revelation 14:8 (allusion): Announces Babylon's fall and says she 'made all nations drink of the wine of her fornication,' echoing the biblical motif of Babylon intoxicating the nations and inviting judgment.
- Revelation 18:3 (verbal): Declares that 'all nations have drunk of the wine of the passion/fornication' of Babylon — a close verbal and thematic echo of Jeremiah's image of Babylon making the nations drink.
Alternative generated candidates
- Babylon was a golden cup in the LORD’s hand, intoxicating all the earth; the nations drank of her wine; therefore the nations are mad.
- Babylon is a golden cup in the hand of the LORD, making all the earth drunken; the nations drank of her wine—therefore the nations are mad.
Jer.51.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- פתאם: ADV
- נפלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותשבר: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הילילו: VERB,piel,imp,2,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- קחו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- צרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למכאובה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אולי: ADV
- תרפא: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Isaiah proclaims the sudden fall of Babylon with the phrase "Babylon has fallen," echoing Jeremiah's sudden collapse language (פתאם נפלה בבל).
- Jeremiah 8:22 (verbal): The image of taking balm and seeking healing parallels Jeremiah's question about the balm of Gilead and the search for healing of the people's wound (האם אין מרפא בגלעד?).
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): Revelation announces "Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great," and depicts the city's judgment and resulting lament—an apocalyptic echo of Jeremiah's announcement and call to mourn.
- Ezekiel 26:17-18 (thematic): Ezekiel's command to "take up a lamentation" over a fallen city (Tyre) closely parallels Jeremiah's call to break forth in lament over Babylon (תשבר הילילו עליה).
- Nahum 3:7 (thematic): Nahum's oracle on Nineveh depicts the city's sudden downfall and surrounding mockery/lamentation, thematically akin to Babylon's abrupt collapse and the call for lament in Jeremiah 51:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- Suddenly Babylon has fallen and been broken; howl for her; take balm for her pain; perhaps she may be healed.
- Babylon suddenly has fallen and been broken; wail for her; take balm for her pain; perhaps she may be healed.
Jer.51.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רפינו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- נרפתה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- עזבוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl,obj3f
- ונלך: VERB,qal,impf,1,-,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לארצו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- נגע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- משפטה: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3f
- ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- שחקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Revelation 18:4 (allusion): Calls God’s people to ‘come out’ of Babylon—echoes Jeremiah’s injunction to abandon Babylon and go each to his own country (shared motif of leaving doomed city).
- Revelation 18:5 (verbal): ‘For her sins have piled up to heaven…’ closely echoes Jeremiah’s language that Babylon’s judgment/reckoning has reached unto heaven (direct verbal/thematic parallel).
- Genesis 11:4-9 (thematic): The Tower of Babel narrative depicts human attempt to ‘reach the heavens’ and God’s ensuing judgment and scattering—parallels Jeremiah’s image of pride/overreach met by divine judgment and dispersal.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle against Babylon foretells its desolation and perpetual ruin—the same prophetic theme of Babylon’s irreversible judgment and abandonment found in Jeremiah 51:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed; forsake her and let us go every one to his own land, for her judgment reaches to the heavens and is lifted up to the skies.
- Repair her wounds, but she cannot be healed; forsake her and let us go each to his own country; for her judgment reaches to the heavens, and is lifted up even to the skies.
Jer.51.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוציא: VERB,hif,perf,3,ms,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- צדקתינו: NOUN,f,sg,suff-1pl
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ונספרה: VERB,qal,cohort,1,pl
- בציון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מעשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 102:21 (verbal): Shares the close verbal idea of declaring the name/works of the LORD in Zion—'to declare the name of the LORD in Zion' echoes 'let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD.'
- Psalm 9:11 (verbal): Calls for praise and proclamation of God's deeds from Zion—'tell among the peoples his deeds,' paralleling the summons to proclaim God's work in Zion.
- Isaiah 46:13 (verbal): God speaks of bringing near his righteousness and placing salvation in Zion—parallels the language of God bringing forth/establishing 'righteousness' and association with Zion.
- Jeremiah 33:16 (thematic): Proclaims 'The LORD is our righteousness,' a theological twin to Jeremiah 51:10's declaration that the LORD has brought forth our righteousness (shared theme of the LORD as source of righteousness).
- Isaiah 12:4 (thematic): Urges making known the LORD's deeds and calling on his name among the nations—the same impulse to proclaim God's works (though phrased as thanksgiving and public testimony rather than the specific phrasing in Jer. 51:10).
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD has brought forth our righteousness: come, let us tell in Zion the work of the LORD our God.
- The LORD has brought forth our righteousness; come, and let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God.
Jer.51.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הברו: VERB,hiph,imp,2,m,pl
- החצים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- מלאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- השלטים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- מדי: PREP
- כי: CONJ
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מזמתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- להשחיתה: VERB,hiphil,inf,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- נקמת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- נקמת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- היכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:17 (verbal): Uses the same motif/phrase of God 'stirring up' the Medes to execute judgment on Babylon—close verbal and thematic parallel to Jeremiah's 'the LORD has stirred up the spirit of the kings of Media.'
- Jeremiah 50:9 (verbal): Earlier passage in the same book that likewise announces God will raise forces from the north (including Medes) against Babylon—repeats the theme of God stirring up foreign powers to destroy Babylon.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (structural): Historical aftermath: Babylon falls and the kingdom is taken by the Medes/Persians (Darius the Mede), providing the historical fulfillment/ backdrop for Jeremiah's announcement that Media's kings will destroy Babylon.
- Revelation 18:6 (thematic): Calls for recompense against Babylon ('render unto her') and pronounces divine judgment—echoes Jeremiah's emphasis that this devastation is the LORD's vengeance on his temple and on Babylon's guilt.
Alternative generated candidates
- Sharpen the arrows; take up the shields; the LORD has stirred up the spirit of the kings of Media; for his purpose is against Babylon to destroy it—it is the vengeance of the LORD, vengeance for his temple.
- Sharpen the arrows, gather the shields; the LORD has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes—because his plan is against Babylon to destroy it; for the vengeance of the LORD is against his temple.
Jer.51.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- חומת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- נס: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- החזיקו: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,pl
- המשמר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הקימו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- שמרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הכינו: VERB,hiph,imp,2,m,pl
- הארבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- כי: CONJ
- גם: ADV
- זמם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- גם: ADV
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:2 (verbal): Calls to 'lift up a banner on the bare hill' against Babylon — closely parallels the command to lift a standard against Babylon’s walls (shared banner/attack motif).
- Jeremiah 51:27 (structural): Within the same oracle cycle: also calls to 'lift up a banner' and summon nations against Babylon, echoing the marching/ambush and communal call to arms in 51:12.
- Isaiah 21:6-9 (thematic): Contains the watchman motif ('set a watchman; let him declare what he sees') and the proclamation 'Babylon is fallen' — parallels the prepared watch/ambush and the announcement of Babylon’s divine judgment.
- Isaiah 14:26-27 (thematic): Affirms that the LORD has purposed and will accomplish His decree against the nations (including Babylon), echoing 51:12’s statement that YHWH has devised and done what He spoke against Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Raise a standard against the walls of Babylon; strengthen the watch, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes; for the LORD has both devised and executed his plan against the inhabitants of Babylon.
- Raise a standard against the walls of Babylon; strengthen the watch; set the watchmen; prepare the ambushes; for the LORD has formed and executed his purpose against the inhabitants of Babylon.
Jer.51.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שכנת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- רבת: ADV
- אוצרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- קצך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg
- אמת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בצעך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Revelation 17:1 (verbal): The image of a great city/harlot ‘sitting upon many waters’ echoes Jeremiah’s ‘dwelling on many waters’—both portray a wealthy, multi‑peopled power judged by God.
- Revelation 18:7–8 (thematic): Declares the sudden coming of judgment on a wealthy, self‑indulgent city whose riches cannot save it—parallels ‘your end has come’ and the loss of treasure.
- Psalm 137:1 (thematic): “By the rivers of Babylon” links the setting of Babylon by great waters with exile and the city’s place among rivers—background to the prophetic address ‘dwelling on many waters.’
- Ezekiel 27:3–5 (thematic): Ezekiel’s portrait of a wealthy maritime city whose borders are ‘in the midst of the seas’ and famed for cargoes/treasures parallels Jeremiah’s emphasis on abundant riches and location by waters.
- Isaiah 47:1 (allusion): Isaiah’s oracle to the ‘daughter of Babylon’ pronouncing humiliation and doom parallels Jeremiah’s direct address and the declaration that Babylon’s end has come.
Alternative generated candidates
- O you who dwell by many waters, abundant treasure and a lofty nest—your end has come, the measure of your iniquity.
- You who dwell by many waters, abundant in treasures, your end has come, the measure of your greed.
Jer.51.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נשבע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בנפשו: PREP,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- מלאתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg,obj:2,m
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כילק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וענו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- הידד: INTERJ
Parallels
- Genesis 22:16 (verbal): God swears 'by myself' (or 'by my life'), a formula of divine self‑oath used here as in Genesis 22:16 where God declares an oath by Himself.
- Isaiah 45:23 (verbal): Isaiah uses a similar self‑swearing formula ('I have sworn by myself'), echoing the solemnity of God's oath in Jeremiah 51:14.
- Nahum 3:17 (verbal): Uses insect imagery for people—'your guards are like grasshoppers, your officers like swarms of locusts'—parallel to Jeremiah's image of filling Babylon with people 'as with locusts.'
- Joel 2:2 (thematic): Joel depicts an invading force likened to a locust swarm—a common prophetic motif for overwhelming judgment, comparable to Jeremiah's locust‑like army filling Babylon.
- Jeremiah 25:9 (thematic): Earlier in Jeremiah God announces He will raise up a nation from the north (Babylon) as an instrument of judgment—thematising divine summons of foreign troops like the mass of men promised in 51:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD of hosts has sworn by himself: ‘Surely I will fill you with men as with locusts, and they shall lift up a shout against you.’
- The LORD of hosts has sworn by himself: ‘Surely I will fill you with men as with a swarm, and they shall cry out against you, “Alas!”’
Jer.51.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בכחו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3ms
- מכין: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בחכמתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ובתבונתו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 3:19-20 (verbal): Uses nearly identical language: 'By wisdom the LORD founded the earth; by understanding he established the heavens,' linking creation to God's wisdom and understanding.
- Proverbs 8:27-30 (allusion): Wisdom speaks of being present when God 'established the heavens' and organized creation, echoing the theme of divine wisdom at work in creation.
- Job 9:8 (verbal): Affirms God's sole act in stretching out the heavens—similar imagery to Jeremiah's 'he stretched out the heavens'.
- Isaiah 42:5 (verbal): Attributes creation of the heavens and earth to the LORD ('who created the heavens and stretched them out'), paralleling Jeremiah's statement about God's power and action in creation.
- Psalm 33:6-9 (thematic): Describes the LORD creating the heavens and earth by his word and will, thematically resonant with Jeremiah's emphasis on God's power, wisdom, and creative action.
Alternative generated candidates
- He made the earth by his power; he established the world by his wisdom and by his understanding stretched out the heavens.
- He made the earth by his power, founded the world by his wisdom, and stretched out the heavens by his understanding.
Jer.51.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תתו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בשמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ויעל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נשאים: PARTCP,pual,pass,m,pl
- מקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ברקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- למטר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מאצרתיו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,ms
Parallels
- Psalm 135:7 (verbal): Shares near-identical language: God causes vapors to ascend from the ends of the earth, makes lightning for the rain, and brings forth the wind from his treasuries—closely parallel wording and imagery.
- Psalm 29:3 (thematic): Both emphasize the voice/thunder of Yahweh over the waters and divine power displayed in storm imagery (the LORD’s voice on the waters; thunder as God’s manifestation).
- Job 38:25-28 (thematic): God’s sovereign control of rain, lightning, and the water cycle is a central theme; Job’s divine interrogation echoes the same motifs of ordering waters and providing rain.
- Amos 4:13 (allusion): Speaks of the one who forms mountains and creates the wind and names ‘the LORD, God of hosts’—echoing Jeremiah’s attribution of storm and wind phenomena to Yahweh’s power and role as Lord of hosts.
Alternative generated candidates
- When he utters his voice there is a tumult of waters in the heavens, and he causes the mist to ascend from the ends of the earth; he makes lightnings for the rain and brings forth the wind from his storehouses.
- When he utters his voice there is a multitude of waters in the heavens; he makes the clouds rise from the ends of the earth; he sends forth the lightning— for the rain he brings out the wind from his treasuries.
Jer.51.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נבער: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מדעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הביש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כל: DET
- צרף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מפסל: VERB,piel,ptcp,_,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- שקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נסכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 10:14 (verbal): Nearly identical language and idea in the same book: 'Every man is brutish in his knowledge; every founder is confounded by the graven image; for his molten image is false.'
- Psalm 115:4-8 (verbal): Speaks of lifeless idols and the folly of their makers: idols have mouths but cannot speak and their makers are like them — echoing 'no breath in them' and craftsmen put to shame.
- Habakkuk 2:18-19 (allusion): Denounces the maker of an idol and mocks calling a carved image to life ('Woe to him who says to a tree, "Awake!"') and stresses the idol's lack of spirit/breath.
- Isaiah 44:9-20 (thematic): Extended satire on craftsmen and idols: makers are foolish, fashion images from wood/metal, and the results are worthless and powerless — closely parallel in theme and imagery.
- Isaiah 41:29 (thematic): Declares idols and their works to be nothing and empty — reinforcing Jeremiah's judgment that molten images are false and without life.
Alternative generated candidates
- Everyone is stupid and without knowledge; every goldsmith is put to shame by his idols, for his molten images are false; they have no breath in them.
- Every man is stupid without understanding; every metal-worker is put to shame by the idols— for their molten images are deceit; there is no breath in them.
Jer.51.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הבל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- מעשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תעתעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פקדתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- יאבדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
Parallels
- Isaiah 41:29 (verbal): Uses virtually the same language: idols/works called 'vanity' and 'wind,' and in the time of visitation/visiting they shall perish—close verbal parallel to Jeremiah 51:18.
- Jeremiah 10:14-15 (verbal): Within Jeremiah's own corpus a direct denunciation of idols as vain, deceptive crafts of men destined to fail—echoes the charge that they are 'works of deception' that will perish.
- Isaiah 44:9-20 (thematic): Extended polemic against idol makers and idols as worthless, deceptive products of human craft—parallels the theme that such works are vanity and will come to nothing.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Describes idols as lifeless silver and gold, with makers and worshipers becoming like them—echoes the idea that idols are vain, deceptive things without power and destined to shame.
- Habakkuk 2:18-19 (thematic): Rhetorical condemnation of graven images and their makers—questions the profit of making idols and asserts their shame and futility, paralleling Jeremiah's denunciation of deceptive, perishable works.
Alternative generated candidates
- They are worthless, a work of delusion; in the time of their punishment they shall perish.
- They are vanity, the work of delusion; in the time of punishment they shall perish.
Jer.51.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- כאלה: DEM,f,pl
- חלק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- יעקוב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יוצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הכל: PRON,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ושבט: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,cs
- נחלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,suff:3,m
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 10:16 (verbal): Nearly identical wording — speaks of 'the portion of Jacob' and states God is the maker/former of all, concluding with 'the LORD of hosts is his name.'
- Deuteronomy 32:9 (thematic): Declares that the LORD's portion is his people and that Jacob is the lot of his inheritance, reflecting the same idea of Israel as God's allotted portion.
- Psalm 135:4 (thematic): Affirms that the LORD has chosen Jacob/Israel as his special possession ('peculiar treasure'), echoing the theme of Israel as God's inheritance.
- Isaiah 43:1 (allusion): Uses creator language addressed to Jacob ('…who created you, O Jacob'), paralleling Jeremiah's description of God as the maker/former of Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- The portion of Jacob is not like these, for he is the maker of all things, and Israel is the tribe of his inheritance; the LORD of hosts is his name.
- Jacob is not like these; for he is the maker of all things, and Israel is the tribe of his inheritance; the LORD of hosts is his name.
Jer.51.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מפץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והשחתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,_,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ממלכות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
Parallels
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (thematic): Describes Assyria as the rod/weapon of God’s anger used to punish nations—parallels the depiction of a nation as God’s instrument of war.
- Habakkuk 1:5-6 (thematic): God raises the Chaldeans/Babylonians as a conquering people sent to execute judgment on other nations, echoing the theme of a nation used as God's weapon.
- Isaiah 45:1-2 (thematic): Portrays Cyrus as God’s anointed instrument who will break gates and subdue nations—another example of God employing a ruler/empire to accomplish divine purposes.
- Jeremiah 23:29 (verbal): Uses the hammer image (‘Is not my word like a fire…and like a hammer…’)—a similar metaphor of divine force that breaks and shapes, resonant with ‘you are my hammer’ language.
- Psalm 18:34 (cf. 2 Samuel 22:35) (thematic): Speaks of God training/equipping for war so that the psalmist can overcome enemies—parallels the idea of God enabling or using an agent as a weapon against nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- You are my hammer and weapon of war: with you I break nations in pieces; with you I destroy kingdoms.
- You are my hammer and weapon of war; with you I break nations in pieces, with you I destroy kingdoms.
Jer.51.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונפצתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורכבו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ונפצתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורכבו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:20 (structural): Immediate context: 51:20 calls Babylon God’s ‘battle‑axe’ used to break nations, leading directly into 51:21’s declaration of breaking the horse and chariot—same speech and imagery.
- Zechariah 9:10 (verbal): Uses the same motif of removing military power: “I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse from Jerusalem,” echoing the breaking of horses and chariots.
- Nahum 2:13 (verbal): God’s judgment on a city’s military power: “Behold, I am against thee... I will burn her chariots in the smoke,” a parallel image of destroying chariots/war‑machines.
- Psalm 20:7–8 (thematic): Contrasts human trust in chariots and horses with divine deliverance: “Some trust in chariots... they are brought down and fallen,” thematically matching the overthrow of military forces.
- Isaiah 31:3 (thematic): Denounces reliance on horses/chariots for safety and affirms God’s power to make them fail: when the LORD stretches out his hand, horses and chariots cannot save—parallels Jeremiah’s smashing of military strength.
Alternative generated candidates
- With you I shatter horse and rider; with you I shatter chariot and driver.
- With you I break the horse and his rider; with you I break the chariot and its driver.
Jer.51.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואשה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- זקן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ונער: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- בחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובתולה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 9:6 (verbal): A near-verbatim catalogue of victims — ‘old and young, both maids and little children and women’ — where the divine execution is commanded without pity, echoing Jeremiah’s list of man/woman, old/young.
- Isaiah 13:16 (thematic): Oracle against a foreign city (Babylon/Medea) that enumerates victims — children dashed, houses plundered, women ravished — reflecting the same theme of indiscriminate devastation of all ages and sexes.
- Nahum 3:10 (thematic): Describes siege brutality — ‘young children also shall be dashed in pieces’ — paralleling Jeremiah’s depiction of punishment falling on infants and the whole population.
- Zechariah 14:2 (thematic): Foretells nations ravaging the land, seizing sons and daughters and goods — a structural parallel in which foreign invasion/judgment affects men, women, young and old alike.
- Deuteronomy 28:53-57 (thematic): Siege-curses in the covenantal law portray extreme famine and horror in which mothers and children suffer alongside others, echoing the idea that judgment reaches every age and sex.
Alternative generated candidates
- With you I shatter man and woman; with you I shatter old and young; with you I shatter young man and maid.
- With you I break man and woman; with you I break old and young; with you I break the young man and the maiden.
Jer.51.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועדרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- אכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וצמדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ונפצתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- פחות: ADV
- וסגנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jer.51.11 (verbal): Same chapter and oracle: God 'stirs up the spirit' of foreign kings/Medes as instruments of judgment against Babylon—parallel idea of God smiting Babylon by appointed agents.
- Jer.50.9 (thematic): Declares God will 'raise... an assembly of great nations from the north' against Babylon—same theme of foreign forces raised by Yahweh to punish the city.
- Isa.13.17 (allusion): Isaiah's oracle announces God will stir up the Medes as an instrument to punish Babylon—closely parallels Jeremiah’s depiction of divinely‑appointed destroyers.
- Zeph.2.13 (thematic): Prophesies divine judgment executed by foreign power (stretching out the hand upon the north/destroying the arrogant) and the overthrow of princes—comparable motif of Yahweh using nations to smite proud cities.
- Nah.3.1–7 (thematic): Nahum catalogs the plunderers and ruin that will overtake a great city (Nineveh); similar imagery of various attackers/agents bringing devastation on an arrogant urban power.
Alternative generated candidates
- With you I shatter shepherd and flock; with you I shatter farmer and his team; with you I shatter governors and officials.
- With you I break shepherd and his flock; with you I break farmer and his team; with you I break captains and rulers.
Jer.51.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושלמתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- לבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יושבי: PTC,qal,ptc,mp,cons
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- רעתם: NOUN,f,sg,suff-3mp
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בציון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לעיניכם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,2mp
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (verbal): Uses the explicit language of divine recompense/vengeance ('Vengeance is mine, and recompense'), paralleling Jeremiah's 'I will repay' formula for God's action against Babylon.
- Isaiah 13:11 (thematic): Announces punishment of Babylon for its arrogance and evil deeds; thematically parallels Jeremiah's declaration that God will repay Babylon for what it has done to Zion.
- Isaiah 47:6 (allusion): God recalls giving His people into Babylonian hands and then pronounces Babylon's humiliation and punishment—closely related to Jeremiah's promise to repay Babylon for offenses against Zion.
- Habakkuk 2:6-8 (thematic): Denounces the injustice and plunder committed by an oppressor (commonly understood as Babylon) and announces coming judgment; parallels Jeremiah's theme of recompense for wrongs done to Israel.
- Psalm 137:7-9 (thematic): Expresses the exiled community's cry for retribution against Babylon for its treatment of Zion—reflecting the same impulse behind Jeremiah's promise that God will repay Babylon's evil.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will repay Babylon and all the inhabitants of Chaldea for all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight, declares the LORD.
- I will repay Babylon and all the Chaldeans for all the evil they have done in Zion in your sight, says the LORD.
Jer.51.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- הר: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- המשחית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- המשחית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ונטיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- וגלגלתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- מן: PREP
- הסלעים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ונתתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,-,sg
- להר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:25 (verbal): A closely related oracle in the preceding chapter against Babylon; shares the same imagery and language of God opposing a 'destroying' entity and making it a burnt/desolate mountain.
- Ezekiel 35:6 (verbal): Prophecy against Mount Seir: uses the phrase 'I will stretch out mine hand upon thee' and pledges to make the mountain desolate—parallel divine action and mountain-as-target imagery.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Announces God’s hand against a great northern city (Nineveh) and predicts total desolation; thematically parallels the oracle against Babylon as a mighty place turned into a ruin.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle on Babylon likewise depicts the city’s utter ruin—like Sodom and Gomorrah—with wild animals inhabiting it, echoing the 'burnt mountain'/total-destruction motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, I am against you, O destroying mountain, declares the LORD, which destroys the whole earth; I will stretch out my hand against you and roll you down from the rocks and make you a burned mountain.
- Behold, I am against you, O destroying mountain, says the LORD, the destroyer of the whole earth; I will stretch out my hand against you and roll you down from the rocks and make you a burnt mountain.
Jer.51.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- יקחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לפנה: PREP,NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למוסדות: PREP,NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- שממות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (thematic): Proclaims Babylon’s permanent desolation—‘it shall not be inhabited’ and wild animals will occupy its houses—paralleling Jeremiah’s prediction that no stones will be taken for rebuilding and that it will be desolate forever.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (structural): Within the same double-oracle against Babylon; uses parallel imagery of the city left to wild beasts and desolation, reinforcing the theme that Babylon will not be rebuilt or inhabited.
- Ezekiel 26:14 (allusion): God’s judgment on a great city (Tyre) declares it a lasting desolation—‘I will make thee a desolation’/‘thou shalt be no more’—sharing the language and motif of irrevocable ruin and the end of rebuilding found in Jeremiah 51:26.
- Revelation 18:21 (thematic): The symbolic overthrow of ‘Babylon the great’—cast down so it will be found no more—echoes the New Testament’s appropriation of the prophetic motif of total, irrevocable destruction and the end of urban continuance expressed in Jeremiah 51:26.
Alternative generated candidates
- No stone shall be taken from you for a cornerstone or any stone for a foundation, but you shall be a perpetual waste, declares the LORD.
- No stone shall be taken from you for a corner or foundation; for you shall be a perpetual desolation, says the LORD.
Jer.51.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- נס: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- תקעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שופר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- קדשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- השמיעו: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- ממלכות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
- אררט: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
- ואשכנז: CONJ+NOUN,prop,sg,abs
- פקדו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- טפסר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העלו: VERB,hifil,perf,3,pl
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כילק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,ms
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:2-5 (verbal): Isaiah issues a similar summons against Babylon—'lift up a banner on a bare hill' and call the nations to arms. Both passages use the image of raising a standard and assembling foreign peoples for Babylon's judgment.
- Jeremiah 50:9 (verbal): An earlier prophecy closely parallel to 51:27: 'Behold, I will raise up and bring against Babylon an assembly of great nations.' Same theme of God summoning nations to execute judgment on Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:11 (thematic): Within the same chapter the prophet calls for military mobilization ('Sharpen the arrows; gather the shields') and names the Medes as instruments of judgment—continuing the theme of assembling foreign kingdoms against Babylon.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): God announces he is raising up a foreign people ('the Chaldeans') as an instrument of punishment. Like Jer 51:27, this verse frames imperial peoples as divinely appointed agents summoned to bring judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Set up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations; prepare the nations against her, call against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz; appoint against her the commanders—raise the horses, mount the steeds—bring up the chariot like the locust that multiplies.
- Lift up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations; sanctify against her the kingdoms—Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz; appoint against her governors and all her rulers; gather horses like locusts—mount up, you horsemen, and draw near, you riders!
Jer.51.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קדשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- מדי: PREP
- את: PRT,acc
- פחותיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- סגניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ממשלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:9 (verbal): Same oracle tradition calling nations to rise against Babylon—explicit prediction that an assembly of nations will be raised up against her.
- Isaiah 13:17 (verbal): God declares he will stir up the Medes against Babylon—verbal and thematic parallel in identifying Media as the instrument of Babylon's overthrow.
- Jeremiah 51:27 (verbal): Immediate context: a call to 'set a standard' and gather horses and nations against Babylon—closely related exhortation to prepare the nations for attack.
- Daniel 5:30–31 (structural): Historical/structural resonance: the kingdom of Babylon passes to the Medes (Darius the Mede), reflecting the fulfillment of prophetic judgments naming Media as the conqueror.
Alternative generated candidates
- Prepare against her the nations on every side, the kings of the Medes, their governors and all their rulers and every land of their dominion.
- Prepare against her the nations, the kings of the Medes and all their governors, and all the land of his dominion.
Jer.51.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותרעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ותחל: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- קמה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מחשבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לשום: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מאין: ADV,interrog
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (verbal): Oracle against Babylon that closely parallels Jeremiah’s language: Babylon will be overthrown like Sodom/Gomorrah and become desolate, uninhabited (explicit 'never inhabited' formula).
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Announces Yahweh’s judgment on Babylon—stretching out his hand to make it a desolation and laid waste so it is no longer inhabited, echoing the theme of utter desolation and shame.
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): Within the same double-oracle Jeremiah repeats the desolation motif: Babylon shall become heaps and a dwelling place for no one—close verbal and conceptual parallel in the same prophetic context.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The NT vision of 'Babylon the great' falling and becoming a haunt of demons and unclean spirits alludes to the prophetic tradition (Isaiah/Jeremiah) of Babylon’s catastrophic fall and ensuing desolation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the earth is shaken and writhes; for the LORD’s purpose against Babylon is to make the land of Babylon a desolation without inhabitant.
- The earth trembles and reels for the sound of Babylon’s fall; every man’s heart melts, his faces are made pale.
Jer.51.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חדלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- גבורי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- במצדות: PREP
- נשתה: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- גבורתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לנשים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הציתו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- משכנתיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss3,f,sg
- נשברו: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,pl
- בריחיה: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:37-38 (verbal): Close verbal parallel in the same oracle tradition: warriors punished, strength failing and imagery of ruined dwellings and broken bars — the lines are echoed elsewhere in the two complementary chapters (Jer. 50–51).
- Isaiah 47:8-11 (thematic): Isaiah’s taunt against Babylon emphasizes proud strength turned to shame and helplessness before divine judgment, matching Jeremiah’s theme of once‑mighty warriors becoming weak and humiliated.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Prophecy of Babylon’s destruction and desolation (cities left to wild animals, no inhabitation) parallels Jeremiah’s depiction of ruined dwellings and the city’s collapse.
- Nahum 3:12-13 (thematic): Description of a once‑secure city whose fortresses and defenders fail (fortresses compared to fig trees that fall) resonates with Jeremiah’s image of men sitting in strongholds whose strength has vanished.
- Revelation 18:2, 8, 21 (allusion): The NT’s symbolic ‘fall of Babylon’ borrows Old Testament imagery of sudden ruin, burning of her houses and the humbling of her power — a theological echo of prophetic portrayals like Jer. 51:30.
Alternative generated candidates
- The warriors of Babylon have ceased fighting and sit in their strongholds; their courage fails; they have become women; her dwelling places are set on fire and their bars are broken.
- The warriors of Babylon have ceased fighting; they sit in their strongholds; their might fails; they have become women; her habitation is set on fire, and her bars are broken.
Jer.51.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לקראת: PREP
- רץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ירוץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ומגיד: CONJ+VERB,piel,ptc,m,sg
- לקראת: PREP
- מגיד: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms
- להגיד: INF,hiph
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- נלכדה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- עירו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- מקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 52:7 (verbal): Like Jer.51:31, Isaiah pictures a runner/messenger who brings tidings and proclaims the event—news carried to the ends/mountains and publicly announced.
- Nahum 1:15 (verbal): Uses the imagery of the feet/runner bringing good tidings and a public proclamation; parallels the motif of a swift messenger announcing a decisive act of God against a city.
- Jeremiah 50:28 (structural): Within the same two-chapter oracle against Babylon: a repeated call announcing Babylon’s capture and urging proclamation—an internal parallel in theme and purpose.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The apocalyptic proclamation “Babylon is fallen” echoes Jeremiah’s announcement of Babylon’s capture and desolation, carrying the prophetic motif into later prophetic-apocalyptic literature.
Alternative generated candidates
- One runs to meet another and says, ‘Be ready!’ and they hasten to the wall; the defense is prepared, yet their might is to no avail; for God has stirred up the Medes against them.
- A runner runs to meet a runner, a messenger to meet a messenger, to tell the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end.
Jer.51.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והמעברות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,def
- נתפשו: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,pl
- ואת: CONJ
- האגמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- שרפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואנשי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- המלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- נבהלו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:37 (structural): Same oracle against Babylon — predicts sudden capture and slaughter of warriors, paralleling the seizure of bridges and the terror of soldiers in 51:32.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (allusion): Depicts Babylon’s utter desolation (like Sodom) and its wilderness inhabited by wild beasts — thematically parallels Jeremiah’s imagery of ruined crossings and burned marshes.
- Nahum 2:6-10 (thematic): Describes gates/rivers opened, palaces dissolved and the flight/defeat of warriors — echoes the breach of crossings and the panic of fighting men in 51:32.
- Revelation 18:9-10 (allusion): Kings and merchants stand afar off, weeping at the smoke of Babylon’s burning; the image of fearful leaders watching the city’s destruction parallels the terror of the warriors and the burning in 51:32.
Alternative generated candidates
- The passages are taken, the casements are set on fire, and the men of war are shamed.
- The passages are taken, and the marshes are burned with fire; and the men of war are terrified.
Jer.51.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כגרן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הדריכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- עוד: ADV
- מעט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הקציר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Joel 3:13 (verbal): Uses the same harvest/sickle and treading imagery — 'Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe; tread, for the winepress is full' — echoing the imminent harvest/judgment motif applied to nations.
- Isaiah 63:1-6 (thematic): God depicted as coming in wrath to 'tread the winepress' and execute vengeance; parallels the image of impending harvest/treading as divine judgment on Babylon.
- Revelation 14:14-20 (allusion): Apocalyptic harvest and winepress language (reaping the harvest, treading the winepress of God's wrath) recalls the prophetic harvest-judgment motif exemplified in Jeremiah 51:33.
- Jeremiah 50:16 (structural): Within the same oracle against Babylon Jeremiah uses agricultural/harvest imagery to portray Babylon's vulnerability and the coming reaping of judgment, making 51:33 part of a sustained thematic cluster.
Alternative generated candidates
- For thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: ‘Daughter of Babylon is like a threshing floor when it is time to thresh, yet a little while and the harvest comes for her.’
- For thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: ‘The daughter of Babylon is like a threshing floor when it is near the time of harvest; little more and the harvest will come to her.’
Jer.51.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אכלני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+PRON,1,sg
- הממני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נבוכדראצר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הציגני: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- ריק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בלעני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כתנין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלא: ADJ,m,sg
- כרשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מעדני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הדיחני: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 25:9 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar is portrayed as the tool of divine judgment who ‘devours’ nations—parallels the image of Babylon/Nebuchadnezzar consuming and crushing the speaker.
- Habakkuk 1:6-7 (thematic): The Chaldeans/Babylonians are depicted as a swift, devastating people raised to ‘devour’ nations—echoes the motif of being overrun and swallowed by Babylon.
- Jonah 1:17 (verbal): Jonah is ‘swallowed’ by a great fish/sea-creature (tannin); the explicit swallowing imagery parallels “בלעני כתנין” (swallowed me like a sea‑monster).
- Ezekiel 29:3 (verbal): Pharaoh is called a ‘great dragon’ (tannin) in the rivers—uses the same sea‑monster/dragon motif applied to a great ruler, comparable metaphorical language.
- Psalm 74:14 (thematic): Leviathan/tannin imagery of a monstrous sea‑creature being overpowered or given as food—resonates with the motif of a great beast swallowing and consuming.
Alternative generated candidates
- Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has devoured me; he has crushed me; he made me an empty vessel; he swallowed me up like a monster; he filled his belly with my delicacies and he cast me out.
- Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has devoured me and crushed me; he made me an empty vessel, he swallowed me up and filled his belly with my delicacies; he cast me out.
Jer.51.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חמסי: NOUN,m,sg,suff1cs
- ושארי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,suff1cs
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תאמר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ישבת: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ציון: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- ודמי: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תאמר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Prophecy of Babylon's utter desolation and abandonment—same theme of Babylon's judgment and the city becoming uninhabited.
- Revelation 18:2-4,10 (allusion): Apocalyptic announcement 'Babylon has fallen' and the call 'Come out of her, my people' echo Jeremiah's condemnation of Babylon and exhortation concerning the fate of her inhabitants.
- Jeremiah 51:6 (verbal): Within the same oracle the prophet issues a direct command to flee Babylon—shared vocabulary and immediate structural parallel to v.35's address to dwellers and victims of Babylon.
- Psalm 137:1-4 (thematic): Exilic lament by the rivers of Babylon contrasts Zion and Babylon and expresses the emotional/spiritual response of Zion's community to Babylonian domination—related theme of Zion/Babylon juxtaposition.
Alternative generated candidates
- The violence done to me and to my flesh be upon Babylon, shall Jerusalem say; for who is there to lament for her? who will stand for her? who will turn for her?
- The violence done to me and my flesh be upon Babylon; and upon the inhabitants of Chaldea let Jerusalem say, ‘You have been laid waste—let the inhabitants of Babylon be still.’
Jer.51.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ריבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ונקמתי: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נקמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והחרבתי: CONJ+VERB,hiphil,perf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ימה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והבשתי: CONJ+VERB,hiphil,perf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מקורה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (verbal): “Vengeance is mine, and recompense” — a direct verbal/theological parallel in which God claims the right to repay and execute vengeance.
- Isaiah 47:6 (verbal): God declares he will take vengeance on Babylon and spare none — closely parallels Jeremiah’s announcement of divine retribution against Babylon.
- Ezekiel 25:17 (verbal): “I will execute great vengeance” — similar phrasing of God carrying out vindictive judgment on nations.
- Isaiah 51:10 (thematic): Speaks of God drying up the sea/the waters as an act of divine power/judgment/deliverance — parallels Jeremiah’s image of drying up Babylon’s sea and springs.
- Nahum 1:2 (thematic): Portrays the LORD as a jealous, avenging God who takes vengeance on his foes — a thematic parallel to God’s punitive action in Jeremiah 51:36.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore thus says the LORD: ‘Behold, I will plead your cause and take vengeance for you; and I will dry up her sea and make her fountain dry.’
- Therefore thus says the LORD: ‘Behold, I will plead your cause and take vengeance for you; I will dry up her sea and make her fountain dry.’
Jer.51.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לגלים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מעון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמה: ADV
- ושרקה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- מאין: ADV,interrog
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:39 (verbal): Same prophetic oracle within Jeremiah describing Babylon as a desolation and a dwelling place for desert animals/jackals; language and theme closely parallel.
- Isaiah 13:21-22 (verbal): Uses nearly identical imagery of a desolated Babylon inhabited by howling/night creatures and jackals—close verbal and thematic correspondence.
- Zephaniah 2:15 (verbal): Denounces a once-proud city becoming a desolation and habitation for wild/beastly creatures; echoes the ‘dwelling place for jackals’ motif.
- Isaiah 34:14 (thematic): Describes divine judgment producing desolation filled with nocturnal/wild creatures (hyenas, night-demons), paralleling the motif of ruined cities occupied by wild animals.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): Apocalyptic depiction of fallen Babylon as a haunt for unclean spirits and foul birds echoes the Old Testament image of a ruined city turned into a habitation for beasts.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Babylon shall become a heap, a lair for jackals, a waste and a pit, and a ruin, and its people shall roar like young lions; they shall growl like lion cubs.
- And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwelling place for jackals, an uninhabited land; they shall call it a land of horror, and none shall dwell there forever.
Jer.51.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יחדו: ADV
- ככפרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישאגו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- נערו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כגורי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
- אריות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:21-22 (verbal): Closely parallel imagery: Babylon’s desolation pictured as inhabited by desert creatures, ostriches, and wild beasts crying/howling — language and motifs echo Jeremiah’s depiction.
- Isaiah 34:13-15 (thematic): Same prophetic motif of a ruined city/land overgrown and given over to wild animals and birds; thematic parallel of desolation as animal habitat.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (structural): Immediate parallel within Jeremiah: Babylon is likewise described as a haunt of jackals/ostriches and a place where wild beasts cry — repeated imagery and judgment theme.
- Nahum 2:11 (thematic): Rhetorical question about the den/feeding place of young lions evokes the motif of lions/roaring young lions used to symbolize devastation and the collapse of a city’s strength, paralleling Jeremiah’s 'roar like young lions.'
Alternative generated candidates
- In their heat I will set their feast and make them drunk, that they may be filled, and sleep a perpetual sleep and not wake, declares the king, the LORD of hosts.
- Wild beasts shall cry in her castles, and jackals in their pleasant palaces; her time is near to come and her days shall not be prolonged.
Jer.51.39 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בחמם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,mp
- אשית: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- משתיהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,du
- והשכרתים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,mp
- למען: PREP
- יעלזו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- וישנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שנת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יקיצו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 25:27-28 (verbal): Same prophetic imagery: God tells nations they shall 'drink and be drunk' and fall; the cup/drunkenness motif as divine judgment closely parallels 51:39.
- Jeremiah 51:7 (verbal): Within the same oracle Babylon is called a 'golden cup' that made the nations drunk; both verses portray Babylon's revelry/intoxication and consequent ruin.
- Isaiah 28:7-8 (thematic): Isaiah links wine/drunkenness of leaders with reeling and collapse; thematically parallels the use of intoxication as a metaphor for moral/retributive downfall.
- Revelation 18:3 (allusion): The NT depiction of Babylon making the nations 'drink of the wine of her fornication' and then being judged echoes the OT motif of Babylonic drunkenness and divine punishment.
- Psalm 75:8 (thematic): The 'cup' of the LORD as a cup of foaming wine representing God's judgment parallels the cup/drink imagery employed in Jeremiah 51:39.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will inflict punishment upon them as one who slaughters among the reeds; I will kindle a fire in their cities and it shall devour all around them.
- I will make drunken her princes and wise men, her governors and her rulers, and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and never awake, says the King, the LORD of hosts.
Jer.51.40 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אורידם: VERB,qal,impf,1,common,sg
- ככרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לטבוח: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- כאילים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עם: PREP
- עתודים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 53:7 (verbal): Uses the same image of the helpless victim led to slaughter—'like a lamb to the slaughter'—paralleling Jeremiah’s depiction of doomed enemies being driven to slaughter.
- Psalm 44:22 (verbal): Speaks of being 'counted as sheep for the slaughter,' closely matching Jeremiah’s slaughter-sheep imagery and the motif of helpless victims.
- Zechariah 11:7 (thematic): Describes feeding the flock 'for slaughter' and the prophet’s role amid impending destruction—similar theme of sheep/flock prepared for slaughter and divine judgment on a people.
- Ezekiel 34:17-20 (structural): Uses pastoral imagery (rams, sheep, goats) to depict judgment among flocks; parallels Jeremiah’s use of sheep/ram imagery to portray Divine judgment on a nation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus how Babylon has become a horror among the nations! the sea has risen against her with its multitude of waves.
- I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams and male goats.
Jer.51.41 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איך: ADV
- נלכדה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- ששך: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ותתפש: VERB,hithpael,impf,3,f,sg
- תהלת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- איך: ADV
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בגוים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19 (verbal): Calls Babylon 'the glory of kingdoms'/'the beauty of the Chaldees,' paralleling Jeremiah's ironic phrase 'praise of the whole earth'—an esteemed city made desolate.
- Isaiah 13:22 (thematic): Predicts Babylon's desolation with wild beasts and ruins; echoes Jeremiah's depiction of Babylon becoming an astonishment/desolation among the nations.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (structural): Within the same book, declares Babylon will be deserted and inhabited by wild animals—parallel language and the same theme of collapse and desolation.
- Jeremiah 51:8 (structural): A neighboring verse in the same chapter announcing Babylon's sudden fall and ruin; reinforces the capture and humiliation motif present in 51:41.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): New Testament proclamation 'Babylon the great is fallen' echoes the prophetic motif of international astonishment and judgment on Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Her cities are a desolation, a dry land and a wilderness, a land where no one dwells nor passes through.
- How is the praise of the whole earth taken! how is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations!
Jer.51.42 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- בהמון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גליו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,ms
- נכסתה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Revelation 18:21 (allusion): A later apocalyptic image of Babylon's fall using the sea—Babylon is cast into the sea like a great stone, echoing the motif of the sea overwhelming Babylon.
- Jeremiah 51:36 (structural): Same oracle-cycle against Babylon—here God speaks of drying up her sea and springs; together with 51:42 these verses use sea imagery to picture divine action upon Babylon.
- Ezekiel 26:19 (thematic): Prophecy against Tyre that depicts a coastal city being ruined and its fate tied to the sea—parallels the motif of a sea-engulfed city as an expression of divine judgment.
- Psalm 74:13-14 (thematic): Describes God’s subduing of the sea and the breaking of chaotic sea-monsters as acts of deliverance/judgment; thematically related to using the sea imagery to represent divine overthrow of enemies.
- Isaiah 57:20 (verbal): Compares the wicked to a 'troubled sea' with tossing waves—echoes the language of overwhelming waves and the image of tumultuous waters associated with the wicked or with destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring out the inhabitants of the land of the Chaldeans, and they shall not be found; and I will make the wall of Babylon fall.
- The sea has come up over Babylon; she is covered with the multitude of its waves.
Jer.51.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עריה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3f
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ציה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וערבה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בהן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
- כל: DET
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בהן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (verbal): Describes Babylon's future as never inhabited and a haunt of wild creatures; language about desolation and no human dwelling closely parallels Jeremiah 51:43.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (structural): Within the same oracle cycle against Babylon, this verse likewise depicts Babylon turned into a haunt of desert beasts and a desolate land where no one lives—repeating the prophetic theme and imagery.
- Ezekiel 29:10-12 (thematic): Pronounces Egypt (like Babylon) shall become desolate and uninhabited, with wild animals dwelling there—sharing the motif of divine judgment leading to a land of desolation.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): John portrays ‘Babylon the great’ as a haunt of demons and unclean spirits and fallen cities made desolate; the imagery echoes the prophetic tradition (including Jeremiah) of Babylon's ruin and desolation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Go out of her, my people, and save every one his life from the wrath of the LORD.
- Her cities are a desolation, a dry land and a wilderness, a land wherein no man dwells, neither does any son of man pass thereby.
Jer.51.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופקדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- על: PREP
- בל: PART
- בבבל: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- והצאתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,*,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בלעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מפיו: PREP+NOUN+PRON,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- ינהרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- גם: ADV
- חומת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נפלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:2 (verbal): Portion of the same oracle repeated in Jeremiah 50–51: both passages pronounce judgment on Bel/Merodach and announce Babylon’s overthrow.
- Isaiah 46:1-2 (thematic): Mocks the Babylonian gods (Bel and Nebo) as powerless and burdensome—parallels Jeremiah’s judgment on Bel and the deity’s humiliation.
- Isaiah 21:9 (quotation): “Babylon is fallen” motif—declares the city’s collapse, echoing Jeremiah’s statement that Babylon’s wall will fall.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (thematic): Narrative account of Babylon’s sudden fall (the king slain that night) parallels Jeremiah’s prophecy of Babylon’s defeat and the end of its power.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament depiction of Babylon’s judgment (“Babylon the great is fallen”) draws on Old Testament oracles like Jeremiah 51 about the city’s downfall and the impotence of its power.
Alternative generated candidates
- Lest your heart faint and you fear the report that will be heard in the land— a rumor shall come one year and after another rumor another year— the violence in the land, and the ruler shall be over against ruler.
- I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring out of his mouth that which he has swallowed; the nations shall no more flow to him; yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall.
Jer.51.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- צאו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- מתוכה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- ומלטו: CONJ+VERB,qal,juss,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- מחרון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אף: ADV
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:8 (verbal): Nearly identical injunction within the same oracle cycle: 'Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul'—same call to leave Babylon to save one's life.
- Revelation 18:4 (quotation): Direct New Testament echo: 'Come out of her, my people, lest you share in her sins…'—explicitly borrows the motif/phrase of leaving Babylon to avoid divine wrath.
- Isaiah 52:11 (verbal): Call to depart from an unclean city: 'Depart, depart, go out from there; touch no unclean thing'—similar language urging God’s people to leave a polluted place.
- Isaiah 48:20 (thematic): Announces a mass departure from Babylon: 'Go forth out of Babylon, flee from the Chaldeans'—thematic parallel of escape from exile/impending judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore behold, the days come, declares the LORD, when I will punish the idols of Babylon; and all her land shall be ashamed, and all her slain shall fall in her midst.
- Go out of her midst, my people, and deliver every man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD.
Jer.51.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופן: CONJ
- ירך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לבבכם: NOUN,m,sg,poss
- ותיראו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- בשמועה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הנשמעת: ADJ,ptcp,pass,f,sg,def
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השמועה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואחריו: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השמועה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וחמס: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ומשל: CONJ+PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- על: PREP
- משל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 6:11 (verbal): Uses the same phrase of violence in the land (חמס בארץ); both describe widespread violence as grounds for divine judgment.
- Habakkuk 3:16 (thematic): Speaker’s bodily trembling and fear on hearing news of judgment parallels the heart‑trembling and fear provoked by rumors in Jer 51:46.
- Joel 2:1–2 (thematic): The alarm/rumor imagery and the panic among the peoples before an invading force echo Jeremiah’s motif of fearful reports heard in the land.
- Isaiah 17:13 (thematic): Describes nations panicking and fleeing at the blast/rumor of attack—similar to repeated reports and resultant terror in Jeremiah 51:46.
- Jeremiah 25:30–31 (structural): Within Jeremiah’s oracle tradition, these verses similarly depict the sound of battle, terror in the land, and the coming judgments that provoke fear at reports; they function as parallel prophetic motifs within the book.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then lift up a cry against her; for her young men have stumbled; her might is drunk, they have become women; her gates are open, her bars are broken.
- Lest your heart faint, and you fear the rumor that will be heard in the land— a rumor shall come one year, and after that a rumor another year—violence in the land, ruler against ruler.
Jer.51.47 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- הנה: PART
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- ופקדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- על: PREP
- פסילי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תבוש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- חלליה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- יפלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בתוכה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,fs
Parallels
- Isaiah 21:9 (quotation): Announces 'Babylon is fallen' and adds that the carved images of her gods are broken to the ground—directly parallels Babylon's fall and the shaming/destruction of its idols.
- Isaiah 46:1-2 (verbal): Describes the impotence of Babylon's gods (Bel bowing down, Nebo stooping) and being carried off—parallels the theme of idols being punished and humiliated.
- Jeremiah 50:2 (verbal): Within the same oracle announces Babylon's capture and that Bel/Merodach will be put to shame and broken—closely related announcement of judgment on Babylon's idols.
- Habakkuk 2:18-19 (thematic): Condemns the making and worship of idols and declares them ashamed/silent—echoes the motif of idols being disgraced and powerless before God's judgment.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Contrast between living God and useless man-made idols that have mouths but cannot speak; idols are impotent and will perish—parallels the shaming and downfall of false gods in Jeremiah 51:47.
Alternative generated candidates
- For thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken and her high gates shall be set on fire, and the peoples shall labor for nothing and the nations shall be weary of their very lives.’
- Therefore behold, the days come, says the LORD, that I will punish the graven images of Babylon; and her whole land shall be confounded, and all her slain shall fall in her midst.
Jer.51.48 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ורננו: VERB,qal,impv,2,_,pl
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- מצפון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- השודדים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Revelation 18:20 (verbal): Direct echo of the call for heaven (and holy ones) to rejoice over Babylon's fall—Revelation repeats the motif of cosmic rejoicing at Babylon's judgment.
- Jeremiah 50:3 (structural): Same prophetic tradition against Babylon: both predict an invading force coming 'from the north' to bring destruction on Babylon.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): God raises the Chaldeans/Babylonians as a destructive, plundering nation—parallels Jeremiah's depiction of 'spoilers' sent against Babylon as God's instrument.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle 'Babylon is fallen' depicts total desolation and ruin of Babylon, a thematic parallel to Jeremiah's call for heaven and earth to rejoice over her destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- As I live, declares the LORD of hosts, the nations shall wail over her, and the land and every one who dwells in it; for against her the spoilers shall come from the north.”
- Yet rejoice over Babylon, you heavens, and you that dwell in them; for the spoilers shall come to her from the north, says the LORD.
Jer.51.49 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גם: ADV
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לנפל: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- חללי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גם: ADV
- לבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- חללי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Uses the same concise refrain 'Babylon is fallen' as the announcement of Babylon's collapse; a closely related prophetic formula declaring the city's downfall.
- Revelation 18:2,10 (allusion): The New Testament proclaims 'Babylon the great is fallen' and laments her destruction—an explicit allusion to the prophetic oracles against Babylon in Jeremiah and Isaiah.
- Jeremiah 51:8 (structural): An earlier verse in the same oracle likewise announces Babylon's sudden fall ('Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed'), repeating and framing the theme of Babylon's collapse that 51:49 echoes.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Predicts Babylon's utter desolation—like Jeremiah 51:49, it portrays Babylon's downfall and the devastation of the land, using similar imagery of ruin and depopulation.
Alternative generated candidates
- As Babylon fell because of the slain of Israel, so fall Babylon has fallen because of the slain of all the earth.
- Babylon has become a spoil, a prey, a waste; and it shall be—her time to be taken—even Israel’s slain shall fall in her.
Jer.51.50 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- פלטים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מחרב: PREP
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תעמדו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- זכרו: VERB,qal,imperat,2,m,pl
- מרחוק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וירושלם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תעלה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- לבבכם: NOUN,m,sg,poss
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:8 (verbal): Same exhortation to 'flee out of the midst of Babylon' and save one's life—close verbal and thematic parallel to the command to escape the coming sword.
- Zechariah 2:6 (thematic): A call to 'flee from the land of the north' before divine judgment—shares the theme of urgent flight from impending destruction.
- Isaiah 52:11 (verbal): 'Depart ye, depart ye, go ye out from thence'—another direct injunction to leave Babylon/impurity, echoing the command to withdraw and remember the LORD.
- Psalm 137:5-6 (thematic): Vow not to forget Jerusalem ('If I forget thee, O Jerusalem…')—parallels Jeremiah's admonition to keep Jerusalem in the heart and to remember the LORD even from afar.
Alternative generated candidates
- You who flee from the sword, lift up, remember the LORD afar off, and let Jerusalem come into your mind.
- The fugitives shall go to the nations, stand afar off; remember the LORD from a distance, and Jerusalem shall come into your mind.
Jer.51.51 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בשנו: PREP
- כי: CONJ
- שמענו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
- חרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כסתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- כלמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פנינו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- כי: CONJ
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- זרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- מקדשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Lamentations 1:10 (verbal): Speaks of nations/foreigners entering the sanctuary of the Lord—language and theme closely parallel ‘strangers have come into the sanctuaries,’ with the same sense of communal shame and loss.
- Psalm 79:1-3 (thematic): Laments foreign nations invading God’s inheritance and defiling the sanctuary, producing shame, mourning, and devastation similar to Jeremiah’s depiction.
- Psalm 74:7-8 (verbal): Describes enemies entering and profaning God’s sanctuary, even setting the meeting-place on fire—a closely related image of sacrilege and communal humiliation.
- 2 Chronicles 36:17-19 (structural): Records the Babylonians’ treatment of Jerusalem and the temple—burning the house of God and removing its vessels—which provides historical background for Jeremiah’s lament about foreigners in the sanctuary.
- Jeremiah 52:17-23 (structural): Parallel narrative within Jeremiah describing the capture of temple vessels and the devastation of the house of the LORD by Babylon—directly connected to the crisis of strangers profaning the sanctuary mentioned in 51:51.
Alternative generated candidates
- We are ashamed because we have heard reproach; disgrace has covered our faces, for foreigners entered the sanctuary of the LORD’s house.
- We have heard the shame—confusion has covered our faces, for strangers came into the sanctuary of the LORD’s house.
Jer.51.52 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- הנה: PART
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ופקדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- על: PREP
- פסיליה: NOUN,m,sg,suff3fs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יאנק: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- חלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 6:4-6 (verbal): God declares he will break altars and cast down the slain before the idols—language and action closely parallel Jeremiah's vow to visit the idols and bring down the slain throughout the land.
- Zephaniah 2:13-15 (thematic): Announces destruction of a foreign city and the desolation of its images and idols; thematically parallels the judgment on idols and the land's ruin in Jeremiah's oracle against Babylon.
- Isaiah 46:6-7 (allusion): Depicts idols as carried and dependent on human hands—an implicit contrast to the living God who 'visits' and judges idols, underscoring their impotence and coming overthrow in passages like Jer. 51:52.
- Jeremiah 51:44 (structural): Within the same chapter God specifically promises to punish Babylon's gods (e.g., 'I will punish Bel'); a close internal parallel emphasizing the oracle's consistent theme of divine judgment on idols and the land.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore behold, the days come, declares the LORD, when I will punish her idols, and throughout her land the wounded shall groan.
- Therefore behold, the days come, says the LORD, that I will punish her idols; and all her land shall be put to shame, and all her slain shall fall in her midst.
Jer.51.53 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- תעלה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וכי: CONJ
- תבצר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- מרום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מאתי: PREP,1,sg
- יבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שדדים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:13-15 (verbal): Both texts depict proud ascent to the heavens followed by a divine overthrow—Jer.51:53's 'though Babylon should ascend to heaven… from me shall spoilers come' echoes Isaiah's 'I will ascend into heaven… yet you shall be brought down.'
- Isaiah 47:11 (thematic): Isaiah 47 pronounces sudden ruin on Babylon despite its confidence and magic; the theme that judgment will come upon Babylon from the LORD parallels Jer.51:53's assurance that spoilers will come by God’s hand.
- Revelation 18:21 (structural): Revelation's dramatic overthrow of 'Babylon the great' (a mighty angel casting a stone and declaring the city's violent fall) recapitulates the OT theme of God's sovereignly appointed destruction of Babylon as in Jer.51:53.
- Deuteronomy 32:39 (thematic): Deuteronomy emphasizes YHWH's direct agency in life, death, and the subduing of nations ('I kill, and I make alive'), supporting Jer.51:53's claim that invaders/spoilers come by the LORD’s initiative.
- Jeremiah 50:3 (structural): Within the same oracle against Babylon, Jeremiah predicts a nation coming from the north to attack Babylon—this structural parallel locates the 'spoilers' of Jer.51:53 as the invading forces foretold earlier in the prophecy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Though Babylon ascends to heaven and fortifies its lofty stronghold, from me destroyers shall come against her, declares the LORD.
- Because Babylon was lifted up to make a nest, to set her heart on high; yet she made herself a haven—therefore her plunderers shall come to her from afar, says the LORD.
Jer.51.54 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זעקה: NOUN,f,sg,const
- מבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושבר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:46 (verbal): Uses the same phraseology about a divine plan against 'the land of the Chaldeans' and announces judgment on Babylon/Chaldea, echoing the targeting of Babylon in 51:54.
- Jeremiah 51:8 (verbal): Nearby prophetic announcement of Babylon's sudden fall and call to lament—closely related context and language about Babylon's destruction and cries of alarm.
- Isaiah 13:19 (thematic): Prophecy of Babylon's overthrow and utter desolation (like Sodom and Gomorrah); thematically parallels the announcement of great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans.
- Isaiah 21:9 (quotation): The refrain 'Babylon is fallen' functions as an oracular cry of alarm similar to Jeremiah's 'a cry from Babylon' and announces the city's defeat.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): The New Testament proclamation 'Babylon the great is fallen' echoes the prophetic tradition of Babylon's collapse and the motif of a public cry announcing its ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- A sound of a cry from Babylon and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans!
- A sound of a cry comes from Babylon, and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans.
Jer.51.55 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- שדד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואבד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,conj-w
- ממנה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- והמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- גליהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- כמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Revelation 19:6 (verbal): Uses the striking phrase 'the voice of many waters' to describe a great heavenly/multitudinous roar — echoes Jeremiah's image of a loud, overwhelming noise at Babylon's fall.
- Revelation 18:2 (thematic): Proclaims 'Babylon the great is fallen' with a loud cry announcing her destruction; parallels Jeremiah's announcement of Babylon's devastation and public proclamation of judgment.
- Psalm 29:3 (verbal): Speaks of 'the voice of the LORD... upon the waters' and the Lord 'upon many waters,' employing the motif of roaring waters to convey overwhelming, thunderous sound — similar imagery to Jeremiah's 'sound like many waters.'
- Isaiah 13:4 (thematic): Announces a tumult and loud noise of peoples and kingdoms at the day of the LORD's judgment against Babylon; thematically parallels Jeremiah's depiction of noise and collapse accompanying Babylon's destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the LORD has plundered Babylon, and destroyed her power, and her idols have caused a great noise; the earth has been shaken and its cry has gone up to the heavens.
- For the LORD has laid Babylon waste, and destroyed her big voice; her waves roar like many waters, the noise of their voice is uttered.
Jer.51.56 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- על: PREP
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שודד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונלכדו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- גבוריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,f,sg
- חתתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- קשתותם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- אל: NEG
- גמלות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שלם: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ישלם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:29 (verbal): Calls for archers to ‘recompense her according to her work’—direct verbal parallel to ‘the Lord God of recompense shall recompense.’
- Deuteronomy 32:35 (quotation): ‘Vengeance is mine, and recompense’—classic declaration that God will repay wrongs, echoed in Jeremiah’s language of divine recompense.
- Revelation 18:6 (allusion): Calls for Babylon’s punishment ‘double’ for her deeds—apocalyptic echo of God’s recompense upon Babylon.
- Nahum 1:2 (thematic): Portrays God as avenger who ‘repays’ and executes judgment—the same theological motif of divine retribution against a proud city.
Alternative generated candidates
- A destroyer has come against Babylon and her mighty men are captured; their bows are shattered; for the LORD is a God of recompense; he will repay.
- For a destroyer has come upon Babylon, upon her mighty men are taken—their bows are broken; because the LORD is a recompense, he will repay.
Jer.51.57 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והשכרתי: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,1,c,sg
- שריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וחכמיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- פחותיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- וסגניה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- וגבוריה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3fs
- וישנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שנת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יקיצו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (thematic): An oracle against Babylon predicting permanent desolation—cities uninhabited and given over to beasts—paralleling Jeremiah’s picture of Babylon put into a ‘perpetual sleep’ and not waking.
- Isaiah 47:11-15 (thematic): Babylon’s humiliation and helplessness before divine judgment: spells, wisdom, and counsel fail her—reflects the certainty of God’s retribution and final overthrow in Jeremiah 51:57.
- Revelation 18:2,21 (allusion): The New Testament depiction of ‘Babylon the great’ thrown down and utterly destroyed echoes the prophetic verdict in Jeremiah that Babylon will be repaid and cease to rise again.
- Deuteronomy 32:35; Romans 12:19 (verbal): The formulaic declaration of divine retribution—'Vengeance is mine; I will repay'—parallels Jeremiah’s opening 'I will repay' (והשכרתי), framing the judgment as God’s own act of recompense.
- Ezekiel 32:18-32 (thematic): Ezekiel’s funeral imagery for defeated nations—lying with the dead, a lament for princes who sleep in death—resonates with Jeremiah’s image of rulers and wise men put to an everlasting sleep and not awakened.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will make drunk her princes and her wise men, her governors and her rulers and her mighty men; they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and not awake, declares the king, the LORD of hosts.
- I will make drunk her princes and wise men, her rulers and her governors, and her mighty men; they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and not wake, says the King, the LORD of hosts.
Jer.51.58 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- חמות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הרחבה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ערער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תתערער: VERB,hitp,imperfect,3,f,sg
- ושעריה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הגבהים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יצתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ויגעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- בדי: ADV
- ריק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולאמים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בדי: ADV
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויעפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (verbal): Prophetic oracle against Babylon: depicts Babylon laid waste, deserted and uninhabited, with its gates and glory destroyed—parallels the image of Babylon's walls and high gates overthrown and burned.
- Jeremiah 50:39-40 (structural): Earlier chapter in the same prophetic cycle depicting Babylon's desolation and the futility of its strength; echoes the theme that Babylon's power and works will come to nothing and nations will be left exhausted.
- Revelation 18:2-3,8 (allusion): New Testament portrayal of 'Babylon the Great' falling: nations deceived, merchants lament, and divine judgment by fire—echoes Jeremiah's image of gates burned and peoples laboring in vain.
- Isaiah 47:11-15 (thematic): Oracle against the arrogant city (often identified with Babylon): foretells sudden ruin, helplessness before judgment, and the city's humiliation and exhaustion—resonates with Jeremiah's motif of collapse and weariness.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken and her high gates shall be set on fire; the peoples shall labor for nothing and the nations shall be weary of their lives.’
- Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; the peoples shall labor for nothing, and the nations shall be exhausted for fire.’
Jer.51.59 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנביא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- שריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מחסיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בלכתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- צדקיהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הרבעית: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- למלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ושריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מנוחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:60-64 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same episode: describes Jeremiah's instructions to Seraiah, Seraiah's reading of the written oracle in Babylon, and the symbolic casting of the scroll into the Euphrates.
- Jeremiah 36:4-5, 26-27 (verbal): Both passages present Jeremiah's prophetic words being put into writing by a member of Neriah's household (Baruch son of Neriah) and involve the transmission/reading of a written prophetic book—paralleling the role of Neriah's son Seraiah here.
- Jeremiah 32:12 (thematic): Mentions Baruch son of Neriah signing Jeremiah's deed—connects the Neriah household (Baruch and Seraiah) as agents/associates who handle Jeremiah's written transactions and messages.
- 2 Kings 25:6-7 (thematic): Describes Zedekiah being taken by the king of Babylon to Riblah and then to Babylon—parallels the reference here to travel to Babylon with Zedekiah and situates the episode within the historical flow of Zedekiah's dealings with Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- This is the word that Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah son of Neriah son of Maaseiah, when he went with Zedekiah king of Judah to Babylon in the fourth year of his reign; and Seraiah was the officer of the household.
- The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah son of Neriah, when he went with Zedekiah king of Judah to Babylon in the fourth year of his reign, and Seraiah was the quartermaster.
Jer.51.60 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויכתב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הרעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תבוא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הדברים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- האלה: DEM,pl
- הכתבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: NEG
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 36:2-4 (verbal): Jeremiah instructs Baruch to 'write all the words I have spoken to you' into a scroll—directly parallels the prophet's act of recording oracles against Babylon in a book.
- Jeremiah 51:61-64 (structural): Immediate literary continuation: Seraiah carries the written book to Babylon and casts it into the Euphrates—same episode extended, showing fate and function of the written oracle.
- Habakkuk 2:2 (quotation): The prophet is told to 'write the vision and make it plain on tablets'—comparable prophetic instruction to set oracles down in writing for proclamation and preservation.
- Isaiah 30:8 (quotation): Isaiah is commanded 'Go now, write it down on a tablet... and inscribe it in a book'—similar language and motif of committing prophetic words to written form.
- Ezekiel 2:9–3:3 (thematic): Ezekiel receives a roll/scroll containing God's words (which he is to eat and then proclaim)—shares the motif of divine revelation transmitted via a written book/scroll entrusted to the prophet.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jeremiah wrote down in a book all the disaster that would come upon Babylon, all these words that are written concerning Babylon.
- Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that should come upon Babylon— even all these words that are written against Babylon.
Jer.51.61 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- שריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כבאך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons,2,ms
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וראית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- וקראת: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הדברים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- האלה: DEM,pl
Parallels
- Jer.51.62 (verbal): Direct continuation: reports Seraiah’s actual reading of the words in Babylon, echoing Jeremiah’s instruction to read all the words.
- Jer.36.4 (verbal): Baruch and Jeremiah produce and read a written copy of the prophet’s words; parallels the composition and public reading of Jeremiah’s message.
- Deut.31.11-13 (thematic): Moses commands the public reading of the law so all may hear — analogous to ordering the prophetic message to be read aloud to a people (here, in Babylon).
- Hab.2.2 (thematic): Instruction to write the vision plainly so it can be read and acted upon; parallels the purpose of committing Jeremiah’s words to a written form for reading.
- Ezek.3.1-3 (structural): Ezekiel is given a scroll to ingest and then commanded to deliver its contents; parallels the prophetic procedure of receiving/writing a message and then ensuring its proclamation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, “When you come to Babylon, see that you read all these words aloud.
- And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, ‘When you come to Babylon, see that you read all these words aloud;'
Jer.51.62 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- דברת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- להכריתו: VERB,hiph,inf,3,m,sg
- לבלתי: PART,neg
- היות: VERB,qal,inf
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
- למאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- שממות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:20-22 (verbal): Prophecy against Babylon using similar language of permanent desolation—'it shall never be inhabited' and wild creatures inhabiting the ruins, echoing 'no more man or beast'.
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): Describes foreign nations left as a haunt for wild animals and uninhabited for humans, paralleling the theme of perpetual desolation and beasts dwelling there.
- Jeremiah 50:39-40 (structural): Another passage in Jeremiah declaring Babylon's fall into heaps and a dwelling for wild animals—explicitly portrays the city as without inhabitants, closely paralleling 51:62.
- Leviticus 26:31-33 (allusion): Covenantal curse imagery: cities made waste and land desolate, people scattered and wild beasts occupying the land—background legal-theological basis for prophetic desolation language.
- Ezekiel 26:20-21 (thematic): Prophecy against a city (Tyre) ending in utter ruin—'you shall be no more' and made a terror—resonates with Jeremiah's proclamation of a place emptied of man and beast.
Alternative generated candidates
- And say, ‘O LORD, you have spoken concerning this place to cut it off, that none shall dwell there, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be a perpetual desolation.’
- and you shall say, “O LORD, you have spoken against this place to cut it off, that none shall dwell in it, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be perpetual desolations.”’
Jer.51.63 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ככלתך: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לקרא: VERB,qal,infc
- את: PRT,acc
- הספר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- תקשר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והשלכתו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- תוך: PREP
- פרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:64 (structural): Immediate literary continuation: after binding and casting the book into the Euphrates the prophet declares the fate of Babylon—this verse completes the symbolic act begun in 51:63.
- Jeremiah 19:1-13 (thematic): Another prophetic symbolic action in Jeremiah: the prophet breaks a clay jar to dramatize Jerusalem's irrevocable judgment, paralleling the use of a physical object to symbolize destruction in 51:63.
- Zechariah 5:1-11 (verbal): Vision of a flying scroll and an ephah taken to the land of Shinar (Babylon/Shinar): uses the motif of an object representing guilt/judgment being transported to Shinar, closely mirroring the imagery of casting a book into the Euphrates.
- Isaiah 8:1-4 (structural): Isaiah is instructed to write a prophetic name on a large tablet as a sign—another instance of inscribed words serving as a public symbolic prophetic act analogous to binding and casting away a written book.
Alternative generated candidates
- When you finish reading this book, tie a stone to it and cast it into the midst of the Euphrates,
- And it shall be, when you have finished reading this book, that you shall bind a stone to it and cast it into the midst of the Euphrates,
Jer.51.64 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ככה: ADV
- תשקע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תקום: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- מפני: PREP
- הרעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- מביא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- ויעפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- הנה: PART
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Announces in the same terse formula 'Babylon is fallen,' a direct verbal echo of the declaration of Babylon's downfall.
- Isaiah 13:19 (thematic): Prophesies the destruction of Babylon as divine judgment, paralleling Jeremiah's motif that God will bring an evil upon Babylon causing its ruin.
- Jeremiah 51:8 (structural): Within the same prophecy of Jeremiah, this verse likewise proclaims Babylon's sudden fall and destruction, reinforcing the book's repeated announcement of Babylon's demise.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): John's proclamation 'Babylon the great has fallen' echoes the OT prophetic formula and themes of divine judgment and total collapse used in Jeremiah.
- Psalm 137:8-9 (thematic): Imprecatory verse addressing 'Daughter of Babylon' and calling for her destruction, reflecting the biblical tradition of vindication and the downfall of Babylon in covenantal perspective.
Alternative generated candidates
- and say, ‘So shall Babylon sink and rise no more because of the disaster that I bring upon her; and they shall be weary,’— thus far are the words of Jeremiah.”
- and you shall say, ‘Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall not rise from the evil that I am about to bring upon her’; and they shall come to pass—this is the word of Jeremiah.
The word that the LORD spoke concerning Babylon, concerning the land of the Chaldeans, by Jeremiah the prophet.
Declare it among the nations; make it known, lift up a banner; proclaim it, do not hold back: "Babylon is taken, Bel is put to shame, Marduk is broken; her images are confounded, her idols are shattered."
For a nation has come up against her from the north; it shall make her land a desolation. No one shall dwell in it; both man and beast shall flee away.
In those days and at that time, says the LORD, the people of Israel and the people of Judah shall go together, walking and weeping; they shall go and seek the LORD their God.
They shall ask the way to Zion, their faces are turned there; they shall come and attach themselves to the LORD in an everlasting covenant that will not be forgotten.
My people have been like lost sheep; their shepherds have led them astray, causing them to wander on the mountains; they went from mountain to hill; they forgot their resting place.
All who found them devoured them; and their adversaries said, "We are not guilty; for they sinned against the LORD, the habitation of justice, the hope of their fathers."
Flee from Babylon and from the land of the Chaldeans; go out, and be like he-goats before the flock.
For behold, I will stir up and bring against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the land of the north; they shall array themselves against her. From there she shall be seized—half of them are mighty; skilled as warriors, none shall return empty-handed.
The Chaldeans shall be a spoil for all who plunder them, declares the LORD.
You will rejoice and exult over the spoil of my heritage; you seize it like a fattened ox, you thresh it and shout for joy as those who make a banquet of the plunder.
Your mother is put to shame; she who bore you is confounded—behold, the end of the nations: a desolate wilderness and dry land.
For the LORD of hosts has planned to lay waste Babylon; it shall not be inhabited. Her people shall be exhausted; he will make her a perpetual waste; every passerby will be astonished and hiss at all her wounds.
Set yourselves in array against Babylon all around; every road with your bows—do not spare; devote her arrows, for she has sinned against the LORD.
Raise a war-cry against her round about; for she has given herself up; her strongholds have fallen, her walls are broken; for the vengeance of the LORD is come; take vengeance on her as she has done.
Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him who wields the sickle at the harvest; for the sword is against their life, that everyone may turn away from his people and flee to his own land.
Israel is a scattered flock; lions have driven them away and made their prey; first the lion devoured the shepherd, then the king of Assyria, and at last Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon.
Therefore thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I punished the king of Assyria. And I will bring Israel back to its pasture, and they shall graze on Carmel and Bashan and on the hills of Ephraim and Gilead; their soul shall be satisfied.
In those days and at that time, says the LORD, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought and there shall be none; and the sins of Judah, and they shall not be found; for I will pardon those whom I leave as a remnant.
March upon her in the land, marshal the troops; come against her inhabitants—put them to the sword; pursue after them, says the LORD, and do all that I have commanded you.
A sound of battle comes from the land, and great destruction.
How the hammer of the whole earth is cut off and broken! How Babylon has become a desolation among the nations!
I will vindicate myself against you; therefore you were taken, though you knew it not; you were even seized because you opposed the LORD.
The LORD has opened his armory and brought forth the weapons of his wrath, for this is the work of the LORD God of hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.
Come against her from the farthest border; open her granaries, and pile up her heaps; destroy her utterly; let there be no remnant.
Her young men shall fall in her streets; and all her men of war shall be cut off in that day, says the LORD.
A cry of fugitives and of exiles from the land of Babylon to tell in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God—the vengeance of his temple.
Proclaim against Babylon many nations all around; spare no arrows; prepare the nations against her; summon against her kingdoms from Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz; appoint a marshal; raise up horses like bristling locusts.
Therefore their young men shall fall in their streets, and all their warriors shall be silenced on that day, declares the LORD.
Behold, I am against you, O proud one, says the LORD of hosts; for your day has come, the time of your punishment.
The proud shall stumble and fall, and none will raise them up; I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour all around him. Thus says the LORD of hosts: Those taken captive from Israel and Judah are oppressed together; all their captors hold them fast, refusing to let them go.
Their Redeemer is strong—the LORD of hosts is his name. He will plead their cause; he will take vengeance for them and will give rest to the land, and shall trouble those who dwell in Babylon.
A sword against the Chaldeans, says the LORD, against the inhabitants of Babylon, and against her princes and against her wise men.
A sword against the diviners, and they shall be confounded; a sword against her mighty men, and they shall be broken.
A sword against her horses and against her chariots and against all who are mixed among her, and they shall become women; a sword against her treasures, and they shall be plundered.
A sword against her waters, and they shall be dried up; for it is a land of idols, and there is no spirit in them.
Therefore desert creatures shall dwell there, and owls shall dwell there, and ostriches shall live there. It shall never be inhabited, nor shall it be settled from generation to generation.
Like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbors, says the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither shall any son of man dwell in it.
Behold, a people comes from the north, and a great nation and many kings shall be raised from the farther parts of the earth.
They shall hold the bow and the lance; they are cruel, and show no mercy; their voice shall roar like the sea. They shall ride on horses, in battle array against you, O daughter of Babylon.
The king of Babylon hears the report and his hands hang limp; anguish takes hold of him, pangs as of a woman in travail.
Behold, he comes up like a lion from the swelling of the Jordan against the habitation of the strong; I will make them suddenly run away from her—who is a chosen man that I shall appoint over her? who can stand before me? Thus says the LORD concerning the counsel he has devised against Babylon and the plans he has formed against the land of the Chaldeans: 'Shall he not drag them away—young as lambs—and their pastures be made desolate?'
At the report Babylon is taken; the earth trembles and cries out; the sound is heard among the nations. Thus says the LORD: Behold, I am against Babylon and against the inhabitants of the land—an evil, destructive wind I send upon them.
I will send to Babylon strangers, and they shall set her land in terror; they shall roar against her in the day of calamity.
Let not the archer keep silence, nor the warrior cease; spare none of her chosen youths; devote all her army.
They shall fall slain in the land of the Chaldeans, and pierced in her streets.
For Israel has not been destitute of its God, nor Judah of the LORD of hosts; for their land is full of guilt before the Holy One of Israel.
Flee from Babylon and save every man his life; do not be cut off in her iniquity; for it is the time of the LORD's vengeance; he will repay her.
Babylon was a golden cup in the LORD's hand that made all the earth drunk; the nations drank of her wine; therefore the nations went mad.
Babylon suddenly fell and was shattered; wail for her; take balm for her pain; perhaps she may be healed.
We have counseled to restore Babylon, but she shall not be healed; go away, leave her and let each man rescue his own life from the fierce anger of the LORD. Her judgment reaches to the heavens; it is lifted even to the skies.
The LORD has brought forth our righteousness; come, and let us declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God.
Sharpen the arrows; fill the quivers; the LORD has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes—because his plan is against Babylon to destroy it; for the vengeance of the LORD is upon his temple.
Set up a standard against the wall of Babylon; blow the trumpet among the nations; prepare the guard; set the watch; appoint the ambushes, for the LORD has devised and done what he spoke against the inhabitants of Babylon.
You who dwell by many waters, abundant in treasures, your end has come, the measure of your covetousness.
The LORD of hosts has sworn by himself, "Surely I will fill you with men as with a swarm, and they shall lift up a shout against you."
He made the earth by his power, established the world by his wisdom, and stretched out the heavens by his understanding.
By his voice the waters are gathered; the clouds pour down rain; he makes the carriers rise from the ends of the earth—lightnings for the rain; he brings forth the wind from his storehouses.
Everyone is stupid and without knowledge; every goldsmith is put to shame by his idol; for the molten image is false and there is no breath in them.
They are vanity, the work of delusion; in the time of their visitation they shall perish.
Not so is Israel; he is the seed I have made; the Lord of hosts is his name.
You are my hammer and weapon of war; with you I will break nations in pieces; with you I will destroy kingdoms.
With you I will break horse and rider, and with you I will break chariot and driver.
With you I will break man and woman, old and young, young man and maiden.
With you I will break shepherd and his flock, farmer and his pair of oxen, and captains and rulers.
I will repay Babylon and all who dwell in the land of the Chaldeans for all their evil that they did in Zion in your sight, says the LORD.
Behold, I am against you, you destroying mountain, says the LORD, who destroys the whole earth; I will stretch out my hand against you and roll you down from the rocks, and make you a burned mountain.
No stone shall be taken from you for a cornerstone, nor shall any stone be taken from you for a foundation; for you shall be a perpetual waste, says the LORD.
Lift up a banner in the land; sound the trumpet among the nations; sanctify against her the kingdoms—Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz; appoint a marshal against her; bring up horses like bristling locusts.
Prepare against her the nations, the kings of the Medes, and all their governors, and all the rulers of their dominion.
The earth trembles and writhes because the LORD's purposes have risen against Babylon to make the land of Babylon a desolation without an inhabitant.
The strength of Babylon's warriors have ceased fighting, they sit in their strongholds; their might has failed; they have become women; her dwellings are set on fire; her bars are broken.
A runner will run to meet a runner, and a messenger to meet a messenger, to report to the king of Babylon that the city was taken at the ends.
The passages are seized, the marshals have burned her bars, and the soldiers are in panic. Thus says the LORD of hosts: The daughter of Babylon is like a threshing-floor when it is time to thresh—soon will the harvest come for her.
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has devoured me; he has crushed me; he has battened on me like a monster; he has filled his maw with my delicacies; he has cast me out.
Violence and spoilers are upon Babylon; declare it to those who dwell in Zion and to those who dwell among the Chaldeans—say, "The LORD will bring deliverance to Jerusalem."
Therefore thus says the LORD: Behold, I will plead your cause and take vengeance for you; I will dry up her sea and make her springs dry. And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwelling place for jackals; they shall call it "No-where to live," and there shall be no remnant.
Her young men shall shout as in a chorus; they shall roar like lion cubs.
I will make them drunken with her fury; and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and not awake, says the King, the LORD of hosts.
I will bring them down like rams to the slaughter, like lambs with male goats.
How Babylon is taken! The praise of the whole earth is seized! How Babylon has become a desolation among the nations!
The sea has come up on Babylon; she is covered with the multitude of its waves.
Her cities are a desolation, a dry land and a wilderness, a land where no man dwells, nor does any son of man pass through it.
I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring out his people and they shall not be gathered to him again; and the wall of Babylon shall fall.
Go out of her, my people; save each his life from the fierce anger of the LORD.
Lest your heart faint and you hear the report in the land—and rumour will come one year and another the next year—violence within the land and ruler against ruler.
Therefore behold, days are coming, says the LORD, when I will punish the idols of Babylon and all her land; the wounded shall groan in her.
Rejoice over Babylon, you heavens, and you that dwell on the earth; for the spoilers shall come from the north, says the LORD.
Babylon has fallen—they who were slain by Israel have fallen in her; also the slain of all the earth fell in her.
Those who flee from the sword, do not stand—remember the LORD from far off, and let Jerusalem come into your mind.
We have heard a cry of shame and great affliction; our faces are covered with shame, for foreigners have come into the sanctuaries of the LORD's house.
Therefore behold, days are coming, says the LORD, when I will punish her idols and all her land; the wounded shall groan.
For Babylon has said, "I will be mistress forever," and fortified herself with a lofty stronghold; yet from me shall come destitution and plunderers against her, says the LORD.
A sound of a cry from Babylon, and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans.
For the LORD has plundered Babylon and cut off the sound of those who sing; he has made the nations a desert of their roaring; their voice is like many waters; the noise of their voices is utter destruction.
A destroyer has come upon Babylon, and her mighty men are taken; their bows are broken—because the LORD will repay her according to all that she has done.
I will make drunk her princes and her wise men, her governors and her rulers, and her mighty men; they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and not awake, says the King, the LORD of hosts. Thus says the LORD of hosts: The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her lofty gates shall be burned with fire; the people labor for nothing, and nations are wearied by a vain thing; they shall be driven away.
This is the word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah son of Neriah, when he went with Zedekiah king of Judah to Babylon in the fourth year of his reign. Seraiah was quartermaster.
Jeremiah wrote in a book all the calamity that would come upon Babylon—all these words that are written concerning Babylon. And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, "When you come to Babylon, see that you read all these words aloud. And say, 'O LORD, you have spoken concerning this place to cut it off so that none shall remain, both man and beast; it shall be a desolation forever.'"
When you have finished reading this book, tie a stone to it and cast it into the midst of the Euphrates. And say, 'Thus shall Babylon sink and shall not rise from the calamity that I will bring upon her,' and they shall be astonished at these words. Thus far are the words of Jeremiah.