Amaziah of Judah: Victory and Pride
2 Kings 14:1-22
2 K.14.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- ליואש: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יואחז: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אמציהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יואש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Chr.25.1 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Amaziah’s accession; the Chronicler records the same synchronizing formula linking Amaziah’s reign to Joash son of Jehoahaz of Israel.
- 2 Kgs.14.2 (structural): Immediate continuation in Kings giving the age and length of Amaziah’s reign; part of the same accession formula/royal notice begun in 14:1.
- 1 Kgs.15.1 (structural): Example of the standard synchronizing formula used throughout the Deuteronomistic history ('In the nth year of X king of Israel, Y began to reign in Judah'), illustrating the literary convention behind 2 Kgs 14:1.
- 2 Chr.25.26-27 (thematic): Chronicles’ concluding comments on Amaziah’s reign (length, defeat, death) parallel the wider narrative arc found in 2 Kings 14 concerning Amaziah’s rule and fate.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the second year of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel, Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah began to reign.
- In the second year of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel, Amaziah son of Joash began to reign over Judah.
2 K.14.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- וחמש: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועשרים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ותשע: NUM
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יהועדן: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מן: PREP
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:1 (quotation): Direct parallel retelling of Amaziah’s accession: same age, length of reign, and mother’s name (Jehoaddan/Jehoaddin).
- 2 Kings 14:1 (structural): Immediate contextual verse announcing the start of Amaziah’s reign (links political synchronism with Israel’s king).
- 2 Kings 8:26 (verbal): Another royal formula in Kings giving age at accession, length of reign, and mother’s name (Ahaziah: twenty-two years; mother Athaliah), showing the standardized regnal notice style.
- 1 Kings 15:2 (thematic): Example of the common regnal formula (age at accession, years of reign, and mother’s identity — here Abijam/Abijah), illustrating the historiographical pattern used throughout the Deuteronomistic history.
Alternative generated candidates
- He was twenty‑five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty‑nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
- He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
2 K.14.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הישר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- רק: PRT
- לא: PART_NEG
- כדוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יואש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:2 (quotation): Chronicles' account of Amaziah repeats the same royal formula almost verbatim: ‘He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, yet not like David his father,’ mirroring 2 Kings 14:3.
- 2 Kings 12:2 (verbal): Describes Joash (Jehoash) ‘doing right in the sight of the LORD,’ which 2 Kings 14:3 explicitly cites when saying Amaziah acted ‘according to all that Joash his father had done.’
- 2 Chronicles 24:2 (verbal): Chronicles' parallel to 2 Kings 12:2 about Joash’s faithful actions; useful for comparing the characterization of Amaziah’s imitation of his father’s conduct.
- 2 Kings 18:3 (thematic): Hezekiah’s evaluation—‘He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, just as David his father did’—offers a thematic contrast to Amaziah’s ‘not like David his father,’ highlighting differing royal standards of fidelity to David’s model.
Alternative generated candidates
- He did what was right before the LORD, yet not like David his father; he did according to all that Joash his father had done.
- He did what was right in the sight of the LORD; yet not like David his father — he did according to all that Joash his father had done.
2 K.14.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רק: PRT
- הבמות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- סרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עוד: ADV
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזבחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומקטרים: CONJ+VERB,piel,ptcp,3,m,pl
- בבמות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Kings 12:31 (allusion): Describes Jeroboam’s establishment of shrines at Bethel and Dan and appointing non-Levitical priests—background for why Israelite high places continued.
- Deuteronomy 12:2-4 (thematic): Commands the destruction of Canaanite high places and forbids worshiping God at local high places—legal/theological contrast to the continued practice in 2 Kgs 14:4.
- 2 Kings 17:9-11 (verbal): Records Israel’s persistent use of high places and local shrines—similar language about sacrificing and burning incense on the high places and its role in Israel’s apostasy.
- Hosea 4:13 (thematic): Prophetic critique of worship on mountains and hills—condemns sacrificing and offerings at high places, echoing the religious problem noted in 2 Kgs 14:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the high places were not taken away; the people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places.
- The high places, however, were not removed; the people still sacrificed and burned incense on the high places.
2 K.14.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כאשר: CONJ
- חזקה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- הממלכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- עבדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- המכים: PART,qal,ptc,act,pl,m,def
- את: PRT,acc
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:5 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Amaziah's action; Chronicles repeats the episode and explicitly adds that he did not put the children of the assassins to death, citing obedience to the law.
- Deuteronomy 24:16 (allusion): Mosaic law forbidding execution of children for their parents' crimes; explains the legal/ethical background for sparing the murderers' offspring.
- 1 Kings 2:31-34 (thematic): Solomon's execution of rivals and supporters of Adonijah—example of a new king consolidating power by executing those tied to his father's enemies or threats to the throne.
- 2 Kings 10:11-14 (thematic): Jehu's purge of Ahab's house—another instance of a royal purge in which those associated with a previous regime are executed to secure the king's rule.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the kingdom was firmly established in his hand, he struck down the servants who had struck the king his father.
- When the kingdom was firmly established in his hand, he struck down those who had struck his father the king.
2 K.14.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- המכים: PART,qal,ptc,act,pl,m,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- המית: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- ככתוב: ADV
- בספר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תורת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- לא: PART_NEG
- יומתו: VERB,niphal,imprf,3,m,pl
- אבות: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- על: PREP
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובנים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יומתו: VERB,niphal,imprf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- אבות: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בחטאו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 24:16 (quotation): Direct legal source cited by Kings — the Mosaic law forbidding execution of fathers for children or children for fathers (each person liable for his own sin).
- 2 Chronicles 25:16 (structural): Parallel account in Chronicles repeating the same statement about not putting the sons of the murderers to death; the narrative wording closely corresponds to 2 Kings 14:6.
- Ezekiel 18:20 (verbal): Develops the same principle in prophetic teaching: 'The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father... the soul that sins shall die,' echoing the individual-responsibility formula found in the Mosaic law and cited in 2 Kings.
- Jeremiah 31:29-30 (thematic): Prophetic repudiation of collective punishment ('the fathers have eaten sour grapes...'), affirming that each person shall die for his own sin — thematically linked to the law quoted in 2 Kings.
- Exodus 34:7 (thematic): Contains language about God 'visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children' (often cited elsewhere); provides a contrasting motif about generational consequences that the Deuteronomic statement in 2 Kings seeks to limit or regulate.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet the sons of those who had struck him he did not put to death, in accordance with what is written in the book of the law of Moses, in which the LORD commanded, saying, 'Fathers shall not be put to death for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their fathers; each shall die for his own sin.'
- But he did not put to death the sons of the men who had struck the king, in keeping with the writing of the law of Moses, which the LORD commanded, saying, 'Fathers shall not be put to death for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their fathers; every man shall die for his own sin.'
2 K.14.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בגיא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרת: NUM,card,ten,cons
- אלפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ותפש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הסלע: NOUN,m,sg,def
- במלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שמה: ADV
- יקתאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:11-12 (quotation): Direct parallel account of Amaziah’s victory over Edom: slaying ten thousand in the Valley of Salt, capturing Sela, and renaming it Joktheel (essentially the same report as 2 Kgs 14:7).
- 2 Samuel 8:13-14 (verbal): David’s subjugation of Edom and the placing of garrisons echoes the motif of Israelite kings defeating Edom—language about striking/subjecting Edom and controlling its strongholds parallels 2 Kgs 14:7.
- 1 Chronicles 18:12 (verbal): Chronicles’ retelling of David’s campaign against Edom (parallel to 2 Samuel) preserves the tradition of Israelite victories over Edom and the establishment of control—paralleling the martial achievement in 2 Kgs 14:7.
- Amos 1:11-12 (thematic): Prophetic oracle announcing judgment on Edom (fire on Teman, Bozrah) reflects the biblical theme of military defeat and divine judgment on Edom, thematically linking to the conquest described in 2 Kgs 14:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- He struck Edom in the Valley of Salt—ten thousand—and took Sela by war, and called its name Joktheel to this day.
- He struck down ten thousand in the Valley of Salt and captured Sela by war, and he called its name Joktheel to this day.
2 K.14.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אז: ADV
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אמציה: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אל: NEG
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהואחז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוא: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- לכה: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- נתראה: VERB,hitpael,impf,1,unspec,pl
- פנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 14:9 (structural): Immediate continuation in the same narrative — Jehoash of Israel replies and the two kings go to battle; this verse completes the encounter begun in 14:8.
- 2 Chronicles 25:23 (verbal): Direct parallel account in Chronicles of the same episode; Chronicles repeats the summons and wording closely, retelling the diplomatic challenge between Jehoash and Amaziah.
- 2 Chronicles 25:24 (verbal): Parallel description of the ensuing battle in Chronicles that corresponds to the outcome implicit in the encounter initiated in 2 Kgs 14:8–9 (Jehoash's defeat of Amaziah).
- 2 Chronicles 25:25 (verbal): Chronicles reports the aftermath — Jehoash of Israel breaks down a section of Jerusalem's wall and carries off treasures — paralleling the consequences of the face-to-face confrontation recorded in Kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash son of Jehoahaz son of Jehoah king of Israel, saying, 'Come, let us meet face to face.'
- Then Amaziah sent messengers to Joash son of Jehoahaz son of Jehoah king of Israel, saying, 'Come, let us meet face to face.'
2 K.14.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אמציהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- החוח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בלבנון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- הארז: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בלבנון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- תנה: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,m
- לבני: PREP
- לאשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותעבר: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- חית: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- השדה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בלבנון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותרמס: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- החוח: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:12-15 (quotation): Direct parallel account of the same incident; Chronicles records Jehoash’s taunting message to Amaziah using the thistle-and-cedar imagery almost verbatim.
- Judges 9:8-15 (thematic): Jotham’s parable of the trees (including the bramble/thorn challenging the cedar) shares the motif of a lowly shrub speaking against great trees—a literary precedent and thematic parallel for the taunt in 2 Kings 14:9.
- Ezekiel 31:3-9 (thematic): Uses cedars of Lebanon imagery to portray great rulers/kingdoms and contrasts lofty cedars with lesser plants; parallels the symbolic use of ‘cedar’ (strength, majesty) versus a small thorn in the Kings taunt.
- Ezekiel 17:22-24 (thematic): Imagery of cutting and planting branches and the contrast between high and low trees (cedars) to describe political fortunes—another prophetic use of cedar/plant imagery to represent rulers, echoing the metaphorical framework of 2 Kings 14:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Jehoash king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, 'The thorn that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that is in Lebanon, "Give your daughter to my son as wife," but a wild beast of the field passed by and trampled the thorn.
- And Joash king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, saying, 'The thorn that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar of Lebanon, “Give your daughter to my son as wife.” And a wild beast of the field that was in Lebanon passed by and trampled the thorn.'
2 K.14.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הכית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונשאך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- הכבד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- בביתך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ולמה: CONJ
- תתגרה: VERB,hitpael,impf,2,m,sg
- ברעה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונפלתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- ויהודה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:11-16 (structural): Chronicles gives the parallel narrative of Amaziah’s victory over Edom and his subsequent overreach and defeat — the same historical episode and its moral outcome.
- Obadiah 1:3-4 (thematic): God’s indictment of Edom’s pride and the promise to bring them down echoes the theme of pride after victory and the danger of exaltation following success.
- Proverbs 16:18 (verbal): The proverb 'Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall' parallels the warning in 2 Kgs 14:10 against a proud heart that leads to downfall.
- Deuteronomy 8:14-17 (thematic): A warning not to become proud or forget God after prosperity or military success parallels the counsel here to refrain from rash provocation after defeating Edom.
Alternative generated candidates
- You have struck Edom and your heart has been lifted up; stay at home—why should you provoke trouble that will fall upon you and Judah with you?'
- 'You have struck Edom and your heart has been lifted up; stay at home. Why will you meddle to your hurt, so that you and Judah fall together?'
2 K.14.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אמציהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויעל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויתראו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
- פנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ואמציהו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ליהודה: PREP+PN,masc,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:23 (quotation): Direct parallel account in Chronicles: Jehoash of Israel goes up and they face one another at Beth‑shemesh (same event, closely corresponding wording).
- 2 Kings 14:8 (structural): Immediate narrative background: Amaziah's hiring and dismissal of Israelite mercenaries provokes the insult that leads to the face‑to‑face confrontation in v.11.
- 2 Kings 14:12 (structural): Immediate sequel/outcome: Jehoash defeats Amaziah, breaches Jerusalem's wall and plunders the city and temple—continuation of the encounter described in v.11.
- 2 Chronicles 13:3-12 (thematic): Thematic parallel: an earlier Judah–Israel confrontation (Abijah vs Jeroboam) where the two armies and kings face one another and exchange challenges, echoing the face‑to‑face clash between Amaziah and Jehoash.
Alternative generated candidates
- But Amaziah would not listen. So Jehoash king of Israel went up; and they met face to face, he and Amaziah king of Judah, at Beth‑shemesh which belongs to Judah.
- But Amaziah would not listen. So Joash king of Israel went up; and they met at Beth-shemesh, which belongs to Judah.
2 K.14.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וינגף: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- לפני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וינסו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאהליו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:23 (quotation): Chronicles retells the same episode of Amaziah's defeat by Joash, using nearly the same wording that Judah was smitten before Israel and fled to their tents.
- 2 Chronicles 13:17 (thematic): In the earlier confrontation between Abijah (Judah) and Jeroboam (Israel) the opposing side is routed — 'the children of Israel fled before the children of Judah' — a parallel theme of decisive rout in intra‑kingdom warfare.
- Judges 7:22 (thematic): Gideon's victory produces a sudden rout of the enemy host — 'they cried out and fled' — a comparable motif of Israelite victory resulting in the enemy's dispersal.
- 2 Samuel 10:18 (structural): After Israel defeats the Syrians (and their allies), the enemy flee before Israel; structurally similar as a battlefield rout and pursuit yielding a decisive Israelite triumph.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Judah was defeated before Israel, and every man fled to his tent.
- And Judah was beaten before Israel, and every man fled to his tent.
2 K.14.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- אמציהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחזיהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תפש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויפרץ: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- בחומת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בשער: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- שער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הפנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ארבע: NUM,card,f
- מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:23-24 (quotation): Direct parallel account of the same episode: Jehoash king of Israel defeats and captures Amaziah, brings him to Jerusalem, and breaches the city wall (same details and measure).
- 2 Kings 14:11-12 (structural): Immediate narrative context in the same chapter describing Amaziah's challenge to Jehoash and the battle at Beth-shemesh that leads to Amaziah's capture and the subsequent breaching of Jerusalem's wall.
- 2 Kings 25:3 (thematic): Later account of Jerusalem's walls being broken down during a military conquest (Babylonian destruction), thematically parallel in depicting enemy forces breaching Jerusalem's fortifications.
- Joshua 6:20 (thematic): Another Old Testament instance of city walls falling in wartime; thematically parallels the motif of a city's defenses being brought low as part of divine/human judgment in warfare.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Jehoash king of Israel captured Amaziah king of Judah at Beth‑shemesh and came to Jerusalem; he broke down the wall of Jerusalem from the Ephraim Gate to the Corner Gate—four hundred cubits.
- Joash king of Israel captured Amaziah king of Judah at Beth-shemesh, brought him to Jerusalem, and broke down the wall of Jerusalem from the Ephraim Gate to the Corner Gate — four hundred cubits.
2 K.14.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הזהב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והכסף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- הכלים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הנמצאים: ADJ,part,m,pl,def
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובאצרות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- התערבות: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שמרונה: NOUN,f,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:24-25 (quotation): Parallel account of the same event (taking gold, silver, temple vessels, royal treasuries and captives) in Chronicles; repeats the core actions recorded in 2 Kings 14:14.
- 1 Kings 14:26 (cf. 2 Chronicles 12:9) (thematic): Shishak's invasion: the king of Egypt removes the treasures of the house of the LORD and the king's house—a thematically similar episode of plundering sacred and royal treasuries.
- 2 Kings 24:13 (verbal): Nebuchadnezzar carries away the treasures of the house of the LORD and the king's house—uses language closely echoing the formula in 2 Kings 14:14 about temple and royal spoils.
- 2 Kings 25:13-17 (verbal): Description of Babylon's removal of all the vessels of the house of the LORD and the carrying away of temple treasures—closely related wording and the same motif of seizing sacred vessels as spoils.
Alternative generated candidates
- He took all the gold and silver and all the vessels that were found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house, and he took the hostages; then he returned to Samaria.
- He took all the gold and silver and all the vessels that were found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house, and the hostages he took; then he returned to Samaria.
2 K.14.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וגבורתו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,suff
- ואשר: CONJ+PRON,rel
- נלחם: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- אמציהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- הלא: PART
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- כתובים: VERB,pual,ptcp,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למלכי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Kings 14:19 (verbal): Uses the same editorial colophon — 'the rest of the acts... are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel' — concluding a king's summary with a reference to the official records.
- 1 Kings 15:31 (structural): Another example of the Kings-era colophon formula that directs the reader to the annals/chronicles for fuller details of a king's deeds (same structural function as 2 Kgs 14:15).
- 2 Kgs 14:20 (thematic): A companion colophon in the same chapter that performs the same function for Amaziah (the Judahite counterpart) — highlights the parallel practice of referring readers to the royal chronicles for fuller accounts.
- 2 Chron 25:27 (allusion): Chronicles frequently echoes the Kings' colophons and preserves related material; this verse refers readers to the book of the kings/chronicles for additional details about Amaziah’s reign, reflecting the same documentary tradition invoked in 2 Kgs 14:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- As for the rest of the acts of Jehoash, and his valor, and how he fought with Amaziah king of Judah, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?
- Now the rest of the acts of Joash, and his valor, and how he fought against Amaziah king of Judah — are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Israel?
2 K.14.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- ויקבר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בשמרון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ירבעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Kings 14:20 (verbal): Uses the same royal formula — “slept with his fathers” and the son succeeds — reporting a king’s death and immediate dynastic succession.
- 1 Kings 22:38 (verbal): Specifically records the burial of a northern king in Samaria (Ahab); parallels the burial‑location phrase ‘buried in Samaria.’
- 1 Kings 2:10 (structural): Another example of the standard episcopal formula for a king’s death and burial (‘David slept with his fathers and was buried’), showing the common narrative closing for monarchs.
- 2 Chronicles 24:25 (thematic): Reports the death and burial of a king named Joash (though of Judah), echoing the motif of a king’s violent end/burial and succession — useful for comparing parallel Joash traditions.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jehoash slept with his fathers, and they buried him in Samaria with the kings of Israel; and Jeroboam his son reigned in his place.
- Joash slept with his fathers and was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel. And Jeroboam his son reigned in his place.
2 K.14.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויחי: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אמציהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יואש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- אחרי: PREP
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יהואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהואחז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חמש: NUM,card,f,sg
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2Kgs.14.1 (structural): Gives the basic regnal data for Amaziah (age at accession and years of reign); complements 14:17's note about his years after Joash's death as part of the chapter's regnal summary.
- 2Chr.25.1 (verbal): Parallel account in Chronicles of Amaziah's accession and reign (age and length of reign), reflecting the same regnal tradition found in Kings.
- 2Chr.25.27 (verbal): Chronicles repeats the information that Amaziah lived fifteen years after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz of Israel, directly paralleling the wording and synchronism of 2 Kings 14:17.
- 2Kgs.14.16 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel within the same chapter: 14:16 describes Amaziah's military actions and conflicts (against Israel and Edom) immediately before the statement in 14:17 about his living fifteen years after Joash's death.
Alternative generated candidates
- But Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah lived fifteen years after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel.
- Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah lived fifteen years after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel.
2 K.14.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- אמציהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלא: PART
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- כתובים: VERB,pual,ptcp,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למלכי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 1 Kings 14:19 (verbal): Uses the same closing formula about the remainder of a king’s acts being written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel (near-identical wording).
- 1 Kings 15:7 (verbal): Another instance of the standard formula recording that the rest of a Judahite king’s acts are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah (structurally parallel closing line).
- 2 Kings 12:19 (verbal): Same wording applied to King Joash of Judah — the remainder of his deeds are said to be written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah, showing the common annalistic citation.
- 2 Chronicles 25:27 (quotation): Direct parallel in Chronicles for Amaziah: Chronicles repeats the note that the rest of Amaziah’s acts are recorded in the book of the kings of Judah (Chronicles’ retelling of the Kings account).
Alternative generated candidates
- Now as for the rest of the acts of Amaziah, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
- Now the rest of the acts of Amaziah are written in the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Judah.
2 K.14.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקשרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- קשר: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וינס: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לכישה: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- וישלחו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אחריו: PREP,3,m,sg
- לכישה: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- וימתהו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg,obj:3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:27-28 (structural): Direct parallel account of Amaziah’s conspiracy and death—Chronicles repeats the same sequence (plot in Jerusalem, flight to Lachish/Kishon, pursuit and slaying).
- 2 Chronicles 24:25 (thematic): Joash (Jehoash) is likewise the victim of a conspiracy and is killed by his servants; parallels the motif of regicide by conspirators and violent death following a royal wound or flight.
- 2 Kings 9:24-26 (thematic): Jehu’s pursuit and killing of King Joram (and related killings) presents the same pattern—flight/flight attempt and being overtaken and slain by pursuers.
- 2 Samuel 3:26-27 (thematic): The plotted murder of Abner by Joab illustrates the motif of ambush/conspiracy leading to a prominent death—comparable dynamics of betrayal and killing.
Alternative generated candidates
- They made a conspiracy against him at Jerusalem; he fled to Lachish, but they sent after him to Lachish and struck him down there.
- They conspired against him in Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish; they sent after him to Lachish and killed him there.
2 K.14.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- על: PREP
- הסוסים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויקבר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- בעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 25:27-28 (quotation): Parallel account of Amaziah’s death and burial in Chronicles — repeats the royal burial formula and location (buried in the city of David).
- 1 Kings 2:10 (verbal): Uses the same burial-language ("slept with his fathers" / "buried in the city of David"), showing a standard formula for royal interment in the City of David.
- 1 Kings 11:43 (verbal): Solomon’s death and burial described with the same wording (buried in the city of David), paralleling the formulaic note of a king’s burial place.
- 2 Chronicles 24:25 (structural): Another instance of the royal burial formula (a king 'sleeping with his fathers' and being buried in the city of David), illustrating the recurring structural trope for Judean kings’ deaths.
Alternative generated candidates
- They carried him on horses and brought him back to Jerusalem, and they buried him in the city of David with his fathers.
- They bore him on horses and brought him back to Jerusalem, and he was buried with his fathers in the City of David.
2 K.14.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- עם: PREP
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- את: PRT,acc
- עזריה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וימלכו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- תחת: PREP
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- אמציהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 26:1-3 (verbal): Parallel account of Azariah (called Uzziah) becoming king; explicitly records he was sixteen when he began to reign and that he succeeded his father Amaziah.
- 2 Kings 15:1-2 (verbal): Regnal summary for Azariah/Uzziah giving his age at accession (sixteen) and length of reign—corresponds to the succession information in 2 Kgs 14:21.
- 2 Chronicles 25:27-28 (allusion): Reports Amaziah's assassination and states that the people made Uzziah (Azariah) king in his place—another version of the succession event.
- 2 Kings 14:20 (structural): Immediate narrative context: records Amaziah’s death and burial, which directly precipitates the people’s installation of Azariah as king in v.21.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then all the people of Judah took Azariah; he was sixteen years old when they made him king in place of his father Amaziah.
- All the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in place of his father Amaziah.
2 K.14.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- בנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אילת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וישבה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ליהודה: PREP+PN,masc,sg
- אחרי: PREP
- שכב: VERB,qal,inf
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
Parallels
- 1 Kgs 9:26 (verbal): Mentions Solomon building at Elath/Ezion‑geber — same place (Elath) named in 2 Kgs 14:22, a verbal/topographical parallel about building and control of the Red Sea port.
- 2 Chr 26:1–8 (thematic): Chronicles' account of Uzziah (Azariah) — his accession, long reign and building/military activity — parallels 2 Kgs 14:21–22 where the new king builds/restores Elath and consolidates Judah’s territory.
- 2 Kgs 14:20 (structural): Immediate literary context: this verse announces the previous king’s death (‘slept with his fathers’), the same formula and narrative transition that 14:22 continues from (the restoration/building occurs after the prior king’s death).
- 2 Chr 25:27 (structural): Parallel account of Amaziah’s death in Chronicles using the same formula (‘slept with his fathers’); Chronicles provides a comparable notice of the predecessor’s death that frames the rise of the next king who restores Elath.
Alternative generated candidates
- He built Elath and restored it to Judah after the king rested with his fathers.
- He built Elath and restored it to Judah after the king lay down with his fathers.
In the second year of Joash son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, Amaziah son of Joash became king of Judah.
He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.
He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, but not like David his ancestor; he did as Joash his father had done.
The high places, however, were not removed; the people continued to offer sacrifices and burn incense on the high places.
When the kingdom was firmly established in his hand, he struck down the servants who had struck his father the king. But he did not put to death the sons of the slayers, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, which the LORD commanded, saying, 'Fathers shall not be put to death for children, nor children be put to death for fathers; each shall die for his own sin.'
He struck down Edom in the Valley of Salt, ten thousand, and took Sela by war and called its name Joktheel to this day.
Then Amaziah sent messengers to Joash son of Jehoahaz son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, 'Come, let us meet face to face.' But Joash king of Israel sent to him, saying, 'Is the thorn that is in Lebanon sent to the cedar of Lebanon, saying, “Give your daughter to my son for a wife”?—
—yet the wild beast of the field will pass by the thorn in Lebanon and trample it. You have struck Edom and your heart is lifted up; remain at home. Why will you meddle in trouble so that you and Judah fall with you?'
Amaziah would not heed; therefore Joash king of Israel went up, and they met at Beth-shemesh of Judah.
Israel struck Judah; and they fled, every man to his tent.
They seized Amaziah king of Judah, son of Joash son of Ahaziah; Joash king of Israel took him at Beth-shemesh and brought him to Jerusalem and broke down the wall of Jerusalem from the Ephraim Gate to the Corner Gate—four hundred cubits.
He carried off all the gold and silver and all the vessels found in the house of the LORD and the treasuries of the king's house, and hostages; then he returned to Samaria.
The rest of the acts of Joash, and his valor, and how he fought with Amaziah king of Judah—are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?
Joash slept with his fathers, and they buried him in Samaria with the kings of Israel; and Jeroboam his son reigned in his place.
Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah lived fifteen years after the death of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel.
The rest of the acts of Amaziah—are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
They conspired against him in Jerusalem; he fled to Lachish, but they sent men after him to Lachish and killed him there.
They bore him on horses and brought him to Jerusalem and buried him with his fathers in the city of David.
Then all the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in place of his father Amaziah.
He built Elath and restored it to Judah after the king slept with his fathers.