Passover Regulations
Exodus 12:43-51
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Exo.12.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואהרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כל: DET
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 12:44 (structural): Immediate context—specifies the household exception and the requirement that a household-born servant (or one bought) be circumcised in order to eat the Passover, clarifying the restriction in 12:43.
- Exodus 12:48-49 (verbal): Directly develops 12:43: allows a 'stranger' to keep the Passover only after circumcision and states the principle 'one law shall be to the homeborn and to the stranger,' echoing and limiting access.
- Numbers 9:14 (verbal): Reiterates the rule for later generations: a sojourner may keep the Passover only if circumcised—explicitly repeats the prohibition of uncircumcised persons eating the Passover.
- Leviticus 24:22 (verbal): Uses the same legal principle—'one law shall be for the native and for the stranger'—providing a broader legal parallel to the equality/ distinction language found in Exodus 12:48–49 (which explicates 12:43).
- Deuteronomy 16:11 (thematic): Shows the broader festival practice of including the Levite, widow, orphan and the stranger in festival rejoicing; thematically contrasts the exclusive rule of 12:43 with other provisions for including sojourners in religious celebrations under conditions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron: This is the statute of the Passover: no foreigner shall eat of it.
- And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron: 'This is the statute of the Passover: no foreigner shall eat of it.
Exo.12.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקנת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומלתה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- אז: ADV
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.12.45 (structural): Immediate contrast in the same passage—distinguishes a bought (purchased) male servant who may eat (v.44) from a sojourner or hired worker who may not (v.45), clarifying categories of eligibility for the Passover meal.
- Exod.12.48-49 (structural): Neighboring verses that regulate participation by non-Israelites: a foreigner wishing to keep the Passover must be circumcised (v.48) and the law is to be the same for resident and stranger (v.49), addressing similar inclusion/exclusion criteria as v.44.
- Leviticus 22:10-11 (thematic): Regulates who may eat of sacred/meat offerings—permits resident aliens and hired servants to partake if ceremonially clean, paralleling Exodus' concern with which non-family members may share in sacred meals.
- Num.9:10-13 (thematic): Provides rules for those unable to observe Passover at the appointed time (sojourners, ceremonially unclean): grants alternative provision for participation, reflecting the wider legal concern with inclusion and exceptions for festival observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And every slave of a man, purchased with money: when you have circumcised him, then he may eat of it.
- And every man's slave, bought with money—when you have circumcised him, then he may eat of it.
Exo.12.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תושב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושכיר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 12:43 (verbal): Commands that no foreigner shall eat the Passover — essentially a repetition of the exclusion expressed in 12:45.
- Exodus 12:48 (structural): Provides the related regulation and exception: a sojourner may eat the Passover if he is circumcised, modifying the exclusion of 12:45.
- Leviticus 22:10 (thematic): Prohibits a stranger who sojourns among the Israelites from eating holy things of the Levites — a parallel principle excluding non-members from sacred food.
- Numbers 9:14 (thematic): States the ordinance for the native and the stranger shall be one law regarding keeping the Passover when prevented — presents a contrasting application of inclusivity for sojourners.
Alternative generated candidates
- A resident and a hired laborer shall not eat of it.
- A tenant and a hired worker shall not eat of it.
Exo.12.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תוציא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מן: PREP
- הבשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- חוצה: ADV
- ועצם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשברו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 9:12 (verbal): Repeats the Exodus Passover regulation: the paschal meat must not remain until morning and no bone of it shall be broken (instruction for the second Passover).
- Exod.12:10 (structural): Close pericope within the same chapter giving complementary rules for the Passover meal—nothing of the lamb is to remain until morning, tying to the command about eating in one house and not breaking bones.
- Psalm 34:20 (verbal): Uses the identical phrase 'not one of his bones is broken' applied to the righteous; the wording is later drawn on in the New Testament.
- John 19:36 (quotation): The Fourth Gospel cites the 'not one of his bones will be broken' motif to describe Jesus' crucifixion and to link him typologically to the Passover lamb (alluding back to Exodus 12:46).
Alternative generated candidates
- In one house it shall be eaten. You shall not bring any of the flesh out of the house to the outside, and you shall not break a bone of it.
- In one house it shall be eaten; you shall not take any of the flesh out from the house to the outside, and you shall not break a bone of it.
Exo.12.47 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
Parallels
- Exodus 12:48 (verbal): Immediate parallel clause addressing who may partake of the Passover—provides the rule for a foreigner to be included after circumcision, directly connected to the corporate obligation in 12:47.
- Numbers 9:2-3 (structural): Recounts the whole congregation of Israel keeping the Passover in the wilderness, repeating the communal observance language and practice found in Exodus 12:47.
- Numbers 9:14 (allusion): Gives the statutory provision for those unclean or far away to observe the Passover later—addresses exceptions and communal responsibility similar to the principle of 12:47.
- Leviticus 23:5-8 (thematic): Sets out the Feast of Unleavened Bread and holy convocations for Israel, emphasizing the nationwide, corporate character of Israel's festival obligations akin to 12:47.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): Restates Passover and unleavened bread observances as obligations for all Israel, reinforcing the communal duty reflected in Exodus 12:47.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the congregation of Israel shall do it.
- All the congregation of Israel shall do it.
Exo.12.48 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- יגור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- גר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- פסח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- המול: PART,qal,ptc,m,sg,def
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- זכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואז: CONJ+ADV
- יקרב: VERB,qal,impr,3,m,sg
- לעשתו: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,3,m,sg
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כאזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- ערל: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 9:14 (verbal): Repeats virtually the same provision: a sojourner who will keep the Passover must have his males circumcised before participating; no uncircumcised person may eat of it.
- Exodus 12:43 (verbal): Immediate contextual parallel in the same chapter stating that no foreigner/uncircumcised person may eat the Passover unless circumcised (and linking circumcision to eligibility to eat).
- Exodus 12:49 (structural): Declares a single rule for native and stranger—echoes 12:48's language that a circumcised sojourner 'shall be as one born in the land' and establishes uniform application of the law.
- Genesis 17:10-14 (thematic): Establishes the covenantal requirement of male circumcision for inclusion in Abraham's covenant community; provides the theological basis for excluding the uncircumcised from covenant meals like Passover.
- Joshua 5:2-10 (structural): Narrates the mass circumcision of Israelite males before celebrating Passover in the land, mirroring the linkage of circumcision-first then Passover-participation found in Exod 12:48.
Alternative generated candidates
- And should a sojourner sojourn with you and would keep the Passover to YHWH, let every male belonging to him be circumcised; then he may draw near to do it, and he shall be as a native of the land. But no uncircumcised male shall eat of it.
- And should a sojourner reside with you and would keep the Passover to YHWH, let every male belonging to him be circumcised; then he may draw near to do it, and he shall be as a native of the land; but no uncircumcised person shall eat of it.
Exo.12.49 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תורה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לאזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולגר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- בתוככם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:48 (verbal): Immediate textual parallel in the same passage: 12:48 specifies that a sojourner may keep the Passover if circumcised and uses the same formula that there shall be ‘one law’ for the native and the stranger.
- Leviticus 24:22 (verbal): A clear restatement of the legal principle: 'You shall have the same law for the sojourner and for the native,' echoing Exodus 12:49's formula of equal application of the law.
- Numbers 15:15-16 (verbal): Repeats the injunction that there is one ordinance/law for the Israelite and the stranger, applying the principle to offerings and communal obligations—verbal and legal parallel.
- Leviticus 19:34 (thematic): Develops the social and ethical implications of equal status: the stranger who sojourns is to be treated 'as the native' and loved as oneself, supporting Exodus 12:49's equality before the law.
- Deuteronomy 10:18-19 (thematic): Provides the theological/ethical rationale for protection and equal treatment of the stranger—God cares for strangers, and Israel is commanded to do likewise—reinforcing the principle behind 'one law' for native and stranger.
Alternative generated candidates
- One law shall be for the native and for the sojourner who sojourns among you.
- One law shall be for the native and for the sojourner who sojourns among you.'
Exo.12.50 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כן: ADV
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:28 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: repeats the statement that the Israelites did as the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron regarding the Passover.
- Numbers 9:5 (verbal): Reports the Israelites keeping the Passover 'according to all that the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron,' echoing Exodus 12:50's wording and theme.
- Numbers 9:23 (structural): Uses the recurring formula of communal obedience ('at the command of the LORD they encamped... they set out'), reflecting the broader pattern of Israel following divine instructions.
- Exodus 24:3 (quotation): The people declare 'All the words which the LORD has said we will do,' a close thematic and verbal parallel expressing collective obedience to God's commands.
- 1 Samuel 15:22 (thematic): A theological parallel stressing that obedience to God's command is paramount—'to obey is better than sacrifice'—underscoring the value of doing what God has commanded.
Alternative generated candidates
- And all the sons of Israel did as YHWH commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did.
- And all the sons of Israel did as YHWH commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did.
Exo.12.51 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בעצם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- הוציא: VERB,hiphil,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- צבאתם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 13:3-4 (verbal): Moses commands Israel to remember the day of their exodus; the text reiterates the dating and significance of the LORD bringing Israel out of Egypt, echoing 12:51's declaration of departure.
- Exodus 14:29-31 (thematic): Immediate narrative continuation: the Israelites pass through the sea and are delivered, emphasizing the same divine act of rescue begun in 12:51.
- Psalm 105:37 (allusion): A poetic retelling of the exodus — 'He brought them forth...'; echoes the theme of God bringing Israel out of Egypt and celebrates the deliverance described in 12:51.
- Joshua 5:10-12 (thematic): Israel observes Passover after entering the land and the manna ceases; connects the original departure from Egypt with later covenant observance and the transition to a new stage of Israel's history.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1-2 (allusion): Paul cites Israel's exodus and passage through the sea as typological precedent for Christian experience ('were all baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea'), drawing theological parallels to the deliverance recorded in Exodus.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass, even on that very day, that YHWH brought out the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt, by their hosts.
- And it came to pass on that very day, that YHWH brought out the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt by their hosts.
And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron: 'This is the statute of the Passover: no foreigner shall eat of it. And every slave of a man, purchased with money—when you have circumcised him, then he may eat of it.
A temporary resident and a hired worker shall not eat of it.
In one house it shall be eaten; you shall not take any of the flesh outside the house, and you shall not break a bone of it.
All the congregation of Israel shall keep it. And if a sojourner resides with you and would keep the Passover to YHWH, every male of his shall be circumcised; then he may come near to keep it, and he shall be as a native of the land; but no uncircumcised person shall eat of it.
One law shall be for the native and for the sojourner who sojourns among you.' And all the sons of Israel did as YHWH commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did. And it came to pass on that very day, that YHWH brought out the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their hosts.