Final Greetings and a Benediction
2 Timothy 4:19-22
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2Tim.4.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπασαι: VERB,pres,mid,imp,2,pl
- Πρισκαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Ακυλαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- Ονησιφορου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- οικον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:3-5 (verbal): Paul sends greetings to Priscilla (Prisca) and Aquila and to the church that meets in their house—same couple and household-greeting tradition as in 2 Tim 4:19.
- 1 Corinthians 16:19 (verbal): Aquila and Priscilla send greetings along with 'the church that is in their house'—a near-verbal parallel in greeting the couple and their house-church.
- Acts 18:2-3 (structural): Narrative background: Paul meets Aquila and Priscilla in Corinth, who work as tentmakers and become his companions—explains the relationship behind the greeting.
- Acts 18:26 (thematic): Priscilla and Aquila instruct Apollos and explain the way of God more accurately—illustrates their active ministry and leadership referenced elsewhere by Paul.
- 2 Timothy 1:16-18 (verbal): Paul specifically recalls Onesiphorus' faithful help in Ephesus and prays for him—directly connects to the Onesiphorus whose household Paul now greets in 2 Tim 4:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Prisca and Aquila and the household of Onesiphorus.
- Greet Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.
2Tim.4.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Εραστος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εμεινεν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- Κορινθω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- Τροφιμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- απελιπον: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- εν: PREP
- Μιλητω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ασθενουντα: VERB,pres,act,ptc,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 19:22 (verbal): Mentions Erastus together with Timothy as persons Paul sends on missions (“Timothy and Erastus”), linking to Erastus’ association with Paul and travel plans referenced in 2 Tim 4:20.
- Romans 16:23 (verbal): Greets from Erastus, the city treasurer at Corinth; directly corroborates Erastus’ residence/office in Corinth as stated in 2 Tim 4:20.
- Acts 20:4 (allusion): Lists Trophimus (the Ephesian) among those accompanying Paul into the province of Asia; connects with 2 Tim 4:20’s report that Trophimus was with Paul and later left sick at Miletus.
- Acts 21:29 (thematic): Describes a disturbance involving Trophimus (the Ephesian) being thought to have been brought into the temple with Paul; thematically links to Trophimus’ known association with Paul and his movements mentioned in 2 Tim 4:20.
Alternative generated candidates
- Erastus remains at Corinth; Trophimus I left sick at Miletus.
- Erastus remained at Corinth, and Trophimus I left sick at Miletus.
2Tim.4.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Σπουδασον: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- προ: PREP
- χειμωνος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ελθειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- Ασπαζεται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,sg
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- Ευβουλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Πουδης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Λινος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Κλαυδια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Titus 3:12 (verbal): Same travel instruction and seasonal concern: ‘do your best to come… I have decided to winter there’ parallels ‘make every effort to come before winter.’
- 1 Corinthians 16:21-24 (structural): Final greeting formula: Paul’s personal autograph, mention of Timothy, and ‘all the brothers greet you’ echo the closing salutations and communal greetings in 2 Tim 4:21.
- Romans 16:21-23 (structural): List of named companions who send greetings in the letter’s closing—parallel practice of naming associates (Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia) in the epistolary farewell.
- Colossians 4:10-14 (structural): Catalogue of coworkers and personal greetings (Aristarchus, Mark, Luke, Epaphras, etc.), mirroring the practice of naming fellow believers and sending salutations.
- Philemon 23-24 (structural): Short list of Paul’s companions who greet the recipient (Epaphras, Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, Luke), a close parallel to the personal-name salutations in 2 Tim 4:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do your utmost to come before winter. Eubulus and Pudens and Linus and Claudia send their greetings.
- Do your utmost to come before winter. Eubulus sends greetings, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brothers.
2Tim.4.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μετα: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- πνευματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μεθ᾽υμων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,2
Parallels
- Philippians 4:23 (verbal): Almost identical closing: 'The Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Grace be with you.' Mirrors both clauses and explicitly names the Lord.
- Galatians 6:18 (verbal): Near-verbatim benediction: 'The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.' Shares the distinctive 'with your spirit' formula.
- Philemon 25 (verbal): Short-letter benediction using the same wording: 'The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.' Very close verbal parallel.
- 1 Corinthians 16:23 (thematic): Pauline closing: 'The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you.' Echoes the 'grace be with you' clause though it lacks the explicit 'with your spirit' phrase.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.
- The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.
Greet Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.
Erastus remained at Corinth; I left Trophimus sick at Miletus.
Do your utmost to come before winter. Eubulus sends his greetings to you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia, and all the brothers.
The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.