The Baptism and Genealogy of Jesus
Luke 3:21-38
Luke.3.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- βαπτισθηναι: VERB,aor,pass,inf
- απαντα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- λαον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- βαπτισθεντος: VERB,aor,pass,part,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- προσευχομενου: VERB,pres,mid,part,gen,sg,m
- ανεωχθηναι: VERB,aor,pass,inf
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- ουρανον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 3:16 (verbal): Synoptic parallel of Jesus’ baptism: heaven opened, the Spirit descended (like a dove), and divine affirmation follows.
- Mark 1:10 (verbal): Close Synoptic account: at Jesus’ baptism the heavens are opened and the Spirit descends on him.
- John 1:32-34 (thematic): John the Baptist’s testimony that he saw the Spirit descend and remain on Jesus, corroborating the Spirit’s descent at Jesus’ baptism.
- Acts 10:38 (thematic): Summarizes Jesus’ anointing with the Holy Spirit and power — connects the Spirit’s descent at baptism with Jesus’ messianic mission.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized; and as he was praying, heaven was opened,
- Now when all the people had been baptized, Jesus also had been baptized; and while he was praying, the heaven was opened.
Luke.3.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- καταβηναι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αγιον: ADJ,acc,sg,neut
- σωματικω: ADJ,dat,sg,n
- ειδει: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- ως: ADV
- περιστεραν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- επ᾽αυτον: PREP+PRON,acc,sg,3,m
- και: CONJ
- φωνην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εξ: PREP
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- γενεσθαι·Συ: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αγαπητος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- ευδοκησα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Matthew 3:16-17 (verbal): Nearly identical baptismal report: the Spirit descends like a dove and a heavenly voice declares Jesus as God's beloved Son in whom God is well pleased.
- Mark 1:10-11 (verbal): Parallel baptism narrative: Spirit descending 'like a dove' and a voice from heaven affirming Jesus' sonship and divine favor.
- Matthew 17:5 (quotation): At the Transfiguration a heavenly voice proclaims 'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased,' echoing the baptismal declaration and confirming Jesus' identity.
- Psalm 2:7 (quotation): Old Testament royal sonship formula ('You are my son; today I have begotten you') is a background source for the NT's declaration of Jesus as God's Son.
- Isaiah 42:1 (allusion): Servant song: 'Behold my servant... my chosen, in whom my soul delights' (and 'I will put my Spirit upon him') parallels the Spirit resting on Jesus and the language of divine delight/pleasure.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the Holy Spirit descended upon him in bodily form like a dove, and a voice came from heaven: 'You are my beloved Son; I am well pleased with you.'
- And the Holy Spirit descended upon him in bodily form like a dove, and a voice came from heaven: "You are my beloved Son; in you I am well pleased."
Luke.3.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- Ιησους: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αρχομενος: PART,pres,mp,nom,sg,m
- ωσει: ADV
- ετων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- τριακοντα: NUM,acc,pl,n
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ως: ADV
- ενομιζετο: VERB,impf,mp,ind,3,sg
- Ιωσηφ: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ηλι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:21-22 (structural): Immediate literary context: the baptismal scene (voice from heaven, Spirit descending) directly precedes the statement that Jesus began his public life and is followed by his genealogy.
- Mark 1:9-11 (thematic): Parallel baptism narrative and the inauguration of Jesus' ministry. Mark omits the age but likewise frames Jesus' public beginning with his baptism and divine affirmation.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Matthew's genealogy traces Jesus' legal descent through Joseph (son of Jacob), contrasting Luke's genealogy (son of Heli) and Luke 3:23's phrasing “as was supposed, the son of Joseph,” highlighting differing genealogical emphases.
- Numbers 4:3 (thematic): Cultural/ritual background: Levites began official service at thirty years old. Luke's 'about thirty' resonates with ancient expectations for the age of entering public or priestly service.
- Mark 6:3 (thematic): Popular identification of Jesus as 'the son of' Joseph (or the carpenter's son) corresponds to Luke's phrase 'as was supposed, the son of Joseph,' reflecting how contemporaries understood Jesus' parentage.
Alternative generated candidates
- When Jesus began his ministry he was about thirty years old; he was, as was supposed, the son of Joseph, the son of Heli,
- Now Jesus himself was about thirty years old when he began his work; he was, as was supposed, the son of Joseph, the son of Heli.
Luke.3.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μαθθατ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Λευι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μελχι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιανναι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωσηφ: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23 (structural): Immediate context: Luke 3:23 introduces Jesus as 'being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, the son of Heli,' and verse 24 continues the same genealogical sequence (Matthat, Levi, Melchi, etc.).
- Matthew 1:15 (verbal): Matthew's genealogy contains a similar name (Matthan/Matthat) in the ancestor list leading to Joseph, evidencing a verbal correspondence and a different genealogical tradition for Joseph's ancestry.
- Luke 3:38 (thematic): Luke's genealogy culminates in 3:38 ('the son of Adam, the son of God'), showing Luke's thematic purpose to trace Jesus' line back to Adam and emphasize his universal humanity/divine sonship, the larger frame for names such as Matthat in 3:24.
- Matthew 1:1 (thematic): Both genealogies serve the shared thematic purpose of establishing Jesus' lineage (Matthew emphasizes 'son of David, son of Abraham'), so Luke 3:24 functions within this wider Matthean–Lukan concern to situate Jesus in Israel's ancestral history.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Matthat, son of Levi, son of Melchi, son of Jannai, son of Joseph,
- the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,
Luke.3.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ματταθιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αμως: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ναουμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Εσλι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ναγγαι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Parallel genealogy of Jesus — Matthew and Luke both present ancestral lists (though with different names and emphases), making this verse part of Luke's genealogical framework that corresponds to Matthew's account.
- Genesis 5:1-32 (structural): Genesis provides an early model for biblical genealogies (the ‘X begot Y’ pattern). Luke’s extended genealogy culminating in Adam echoes this structural tradition of tracing descent to the first man.
- 1 Chronicles 3:17-19 (structural): Chronicles preserves Israelite genealogies (especially post‑exilic/Davidic lines). Luke’s genealogy interacts with these traditions when tracing Jesus’ lineage through the Davidic/Exilic period.
- Amos 1:1 (verbal): The name 'Amos' in Luke’s list matches the prophetic name Amos. While Luke is listing personal ancestors, the shared name creates a verbal link to the prophet’s appearance in the OT.
- Nahum 1:1 (verbal): The occurrence of the name 'Nahum' in Luke’s genealogy echoes the prophetic book of Nahum; the verbal identity highlights the reuse of traditional Israelite personal names in the genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Mattathias, son of Amos, son of Nahum, son of Esli, son of Naggai,
- the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai,
Luke.3.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μααθ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ματταθιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σεμειν: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωσηχ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωδα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): The entire genealogy in Luke — verse 26 is part of this continuous list tracing Jesus' ancestry back to Adam; the surrounding passage contains the same sequence of names and context.
- Luke 3:24-27 (structural): Immediate adjacent verses in Luke's genealogy that list the surrounding names (the same series of paternal names), providing the contiguous lineage context for v.26.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (thematic): Matthew presents a parallel genealogy of Jesus (through Joseph) with a different arrangement and selection of ancestors; both genealogies serve the same theological purpose of establishing Jesus' Davidic descent.
- 1 Chronicles 2:1-15 (thematic): Chronicles contains extended Israelite genealogies, especially of Judah and David's line; these Old Testament genealogical records provide background material and parallels for New Testament ancestral lists.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Maath, son of Mattathias, son of Semein, son of Josech, son of Joda,
- the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of Joda,
Luke.3.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωαναν: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ρησα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ζοροβαβελ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σαλαθιηλ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Νηρι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 1:12 (structural): Both Matthew and Luke place Zerubbabel and Shealtiel in the post‑exilic portion of Jesus' ancestry; Matthew's genealogy names the same figures though arranged in a different legal/royal line.
- Ezra 3:2 (verbal): Ezra explicitly identifies 'Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel' in the account of the return and temple rebuilding, directly echoing the names and filial relation found in Luke's list.
- 1 Chronicles 3:17-19 (verbal): The Chronicler's genealogy of David's line records Shealtiel and Zerubbabel among the post‑exilic descendants, serving as the Old Testament genealogical basis for New Testament lists.
- Zechariah 4:6-10 (thematic): Zechariah's oracle concerning Zerubbabel's role in rebuilding the temple provides theological and historical context for Zerubbabel's significance in the genealogical record.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Joanan, son of Rhesa, son of Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, son of Neri,
- the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,
Luke.3.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μελχι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αδδι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Κωσαμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ελμαδαμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ηρ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): This verse is part of Luke’s uninterrupted genealogy of Jesus; the surrounding verses form the full list tracing Jesus’ ancestry back to Adam.
- Luke 3:29-31 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same name-list (the next sequence of ancestors), showing the same genealogical format and some adjacent names in the lineage.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Matthew gives a parallel genealogy of Jesus from Abraham to Joseph; it serves the same purpose as Luke’s list though with different names, order, and theological emphases.
- Genesis 5:1-3 (thematic): An early biblical genealogy tracing human descent from Adam; thematically parallels Luke’s interest in lineage and in connecting Jesus to the first human ancestor.
- 1 Chronicles 1:1-4 (thematic): Chronicles preserves Israelite genealogical material (beginning with Adam and the patriarchs); thematically similar as a scriptural record of ancestral lines that Luke echoes in his genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Melchi, son of Addi, son of Cosam, son of Elmodam, son of Er,
- the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the son of Elmadam, the son of Er,
Luke.3.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ελιεζερ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωριμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μαθθατ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Λευι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): Immediate context — the full Lukan genealogy of Jesus in which v.29 is embedded; shows the sequence of ancestral names and Luke’s tracing of Jesus’ line to Adam.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Matthean genealogy of Jesus — a parallel genealogical tradition that differs in names and structure (Joseph’s lineage via Solomon) and highlights differences between Matthew’s and Luke’s genealogies.
- Genesis 29:34 (thematic): Birth of Levi — thematically connects to the ancestor 'Levi' named in Luke 3:29 and to the significance of Levi as a tribal progenitor in Israel’s genealogical memory.
- Exodus 18:3 (verbal): Name Eliezer appears elsewhere — Exodus 18:3 names Eliezer as Moses’ son; the recurrence of the name illustrates common Israelite personal names found in biblical genealogies.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Jose, son of Eliezer, son of Jorim, son of Matthat, son of Levi,
- the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi,
Luke.3.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Συμεων: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιουδα: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωσηφ: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωναμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ελιακιμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23-38 (verbal): Immediate context: the full Lukan genealogy listing a sequence of ancestors including Symeon, Judah, Joseph, Jonam, Eliakim; verse 3:30 is one element of this continuous pedigree.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Parallel genealogy of Jesus in Matthew—different names and structure but same purpose of tracing Jesus' ancestry (link to David and Abraham) for theological and legal claims.
- Romans 1:3 (thematic): Paul's assertion that Jesus was 'descended from David according to the flesh' echoes the theological function of New Testament genealogies like Luke 3 in establishing Jesus' Davidic/Israelite lineage.
- 1 Chronicles 2:1-4 (thematic): Old Testament genealogical material for the tribe of Judah and its descendants; provides background for New Testament genealogies that trace Jesus' lineage through Israel's tribal and family lists.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Simeon, son of Judah, son of Joseph, son of Jonam, son of Eliakim,
- the son of Simeon, the son of Judah, the son of Joseph, the son of Jonam, the son of Eliakim,
Luke.3.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μελεα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μεννα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ματταθα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ναθαμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Δαυιδ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): Immediate context: the full Luke genealogy that contains the sequence of names including Melea, Menna, Matthat, Nathan and David; Luke 3:31 is one link in this uninterrupted pedigree.
- Matthew 1:1-16 (thematic): Matthew gives an alternative genealogy of Jesus tracing descent from David through Solomon rather than Nathan; parallels the theme of Jesus’ Davidic ancestry and invites comparison between the two genealogical lines.
- 2 Samuel 5:14 (verbal): Lists Nathan as one of the sons born to David in Jerusalem, corroborating the appearance of 'Nathan' in Luke’s genealogy (Luke 3:31) as a son of David.
- 1 Chronicles 3:5 (verbal): Names David’s sons (including Nathan and Solomon) born to Bathsheba, providing an Old Testament parallel for the name Nathan found in Luke’s genealogy and anchoring the New Testament list in Israel’s royal genealogical records.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Melea, son of Menna, son of Mattatha, son of Nathan, son of David,
- the son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, the son of David,
Luke.3.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιεσσαι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιωβηλ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Βοος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σαλα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ναασσων: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 1:5 (verbal): Matthew's genealogy also lists Salmon, Boaz, Obed and Jesse (Boaz the father of Obed, Obed the father of Jesse), using the same names in the Davidic line leading to Jesus.
- Ruth 4:17-22 (verbal): Ruth records the ancestry from Perez through Salmon and Boaz to Obed and Jesse and then David, providing the Old Testament pedigree that Luke echoes.
- 1 Chronicles 2:10-15 (verbal): 1 Chronicles traces Judah's descendants, naming Nahshon, Salmon (Salma), Boaz and descendants leading to Jesse—paralleling the sequence of names in Luke's lineage.
- 1 Samuel 16:1 (thematic): The account of Samuel's selection of David as son of Jesse highlights Jesse's role as David's father and reinforces the Davidic context of the names appearing in Luke's genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Jesse, son of Obed, son of Boaz, son of Salmon, son of Naasson,
- the son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son of Nahshon,
Luke.3.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αμιναδαβ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αδμιν: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αρνι: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Εσρωμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Φαρες: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιουδα: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 1:3-4 (structural): Matthew's genealogy likewise lists Judah, Perez (Phares), Hezron (Esrom) and Amminadab — overlapping ancestors though the sequence and name-forms differ, showing a parallel lineage to David.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (structural): OT genealogy from Perez through Hezron, Ram, Amminadab and Nahshon to David; provides the same ancestral stock (Phares, Esrom/Hezron, Amminadab) echoed in Luke 3:33.
- 1 Chronicles 2:4-9 (verbal): Chronicles preserves the Judah–Perez–Hezron genealogical strand (with the same names rendered similarly), which Luke reflects (Esrom = Hezron; Phares = Perez).
- Genesis 38:29 (allusion): Records the birth of Perez (Phares) to Judah and Tamar; Luke's mention of 'Phares of Judah' alludes to this foundational origin of that line.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Aminadab, son of Aram, son of Esrom, son of Phares, son of Judah,
- the son of Amminadab, the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez,
Luke.3.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιακωβ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ισαακ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αβρααμ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Θαρα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ναχωρ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 1:2 (verbal): Matthew's genealogy likewise records the sequence Abraham → Isaac → Jacob (’Abraham begot Isaac; Isaac begot Jacob’), echoing Luke's wording and order.
- Genesis 21:1-5 (thematic): Narrates the birth of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah, establishing Isaac as the son of Abraham who appears in Luke's line.
- Genesis 25:24-26 (thematic): Describes the birth of Jacob (and Esau) as sons of Isaac, corresponding to Luke's naming of Jacob as descendant of Isaac.
- Genesis 11:26-27 (structural): Lists Terah and Nahor within the pre-Abrahamic genealogy (Terah and Nahor named among Abraham’s ancestors), paralleling Luke's inclusion of Terah and Nahor in the ancestral line.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham, son of Terah, son of Nahor,
- the son of Judah, the son of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah,
Luke.3.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σερουχ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ραγαυ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Φαλεκ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Εβερ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σαλα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Genesis 11:20-26 (verbal): Lists the same sequence of names (Serug, Reu, Peleg, Eber, Salah) in the Table of Nations—primary Old Testament source for these ancestors in Luke's genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 1:24-27 (verbal): Chronicles repeats the genealogy with the same names, reflecting the Hebrew genealogical tradition Luke draws on.
- Luke 3:34-36 (structural): Immediate context in Luke's own genealogy; the same names appear in sequence as part of the continuous genealogy tracing Jesus' ancestry back toward Adam.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (thematic): Matthew also presents a genealogy of Jesus (different scope and order), showing the common New Testament interest in tracing ancestry and connecting Jesus to Israel's forebears, though Matthew and Luke diverge in structure and emphasis.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Serug, son of Reu, son of Peleg, son of Eber, son of Salah,
- the son of Nahor, the son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber,
Luke.3.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Καιναμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αρφαξαδ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σημ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Νωε: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Λαμεχ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Genesis 11:10 (verbal): Lists Shem and his son Arphaxad in the post‑Flood genealogy, directly paralleling the names Arphaxad and Shem found in Luke's line.
- Genesis 10:21-31 (thematic): The Table of Nations assigns descendants to Shem and mentions Arphaxad, providing the broader ancient genealogical context for the names in Luke 3:36.
- Genesis 5:28-29 (verbal): Mentions Lamech and his son Noah (Noe), directly paralleling Luke's sequence that includes Noah and Lamech in the ancestral list.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Matthew's genealogy of Jesus offers a parallel structural treatment of ancestral lines leading to Jesus, allowing comparison of names, order, and theological emphases with Luke's genealogy.
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): The immediate context of Luke 3:36—the full Lucan genealogy—provides the contiguous list of ancestors and shows how this verse functions within Luke's overall generation scheme.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Cainan, son of Arphaxad, son of Shem, son of Noah, son of Lamech,
- the son of Shelah, the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah,
Luke.3.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μαθουσαλα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ενωχ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ιαρετ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μαλελεηλ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Καιναμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Genesis 5:12-24 (verbal): The antediluvian genealogy in Genesis lists Kenan (Cainan), Mahalalel, Jared, Enoch and Methuselah — the same sequence of names Luke quotes here.
- 1 Chronicles 1:2-4 (verbal): Chronicles recapitulates the patriarchal genealogy (from Adam onward), including Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared, Enoch and Methuselah, paralleling Luke's lineage.
- Luke 3:36 (structural): The immediately preceding verse continues the same Lucan genealogy; Luke 3:36–37 form part of the continuous ancestral list linking Jesus back through these ancestors.
- Matthew 1:1-17 (thematic): Matthew provides an alternate genealogy of Jesus (Abraham → David → Jesus). While the names differ in scope and order, both Gospels employ genealogies to establish Jesus' ancestral identity.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Methuselah, son of Enoch, son of Jared, son of Mahalaleel, son of Cainan,
- the son of Lamech, the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalaleel,
Luke.3.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Ενως: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σηθ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Αδαμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Genesis 5:3,6 (verbal): The names Enosh (Enos), Seth, and Adam occur in Genesis 5 in the patriarchal genealogy; Luke echoes this list verbatim, tracing Jesus' line back to Adam.
- Luke 3:23-38 (structural): The surrounding Luke genealogy culminates in this clause; the verse functions as the terminal summary of the entire Luke pedigree, ending with 'son of God.'
- Matthew 1:1-17 (structural): Matthew and Luke both present genealogies of Jesus, but with different emphases and lines (Matthew from Abraham to Joseph; Luke back to Adam/God); together they frame Jesus' Davidic and universal human origins.
- 1 Corinthians 15:45 (thematic): Paul's contrast of the 'first Adam' and the 'last Adam' highlights Adam's theological role as the original human ancestor, linking to Luke's identification of Jesus' descent from Adam.
- Romans 5:12-19 (thematic): Paul treats Adam as the representative head whose action affects all humanity—a theme tied to Luke's genealogy that situates Jesus in Adam's line and thus within the universal human story.
Alternative generated candidates
- son of Enos, son of Seth, son of Adam, son of God.
- the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.
Now when all the people had been baptized, Jesus also had been baptized and was praying; and the heavens were opened. And the Holy Spirit descended upon him in bodily form, like a dove; and a voice came from heaven, saying, "You are my beloved Son; in you I am well pleased." Now Jesus himself, when he began his ministry, was about thirty years of age; he was, as was supposed, the son of Joseph, the son of Heli,
the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,
the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai,
the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of Joda,
the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,
the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the son of Elmodam, the son of Er,
the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi,
the son of Simeon, the son of Judah, the son of Joseph, the son of Jonam, the son of Eliakim,
the son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, the son of David,
the son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son of Nahshon,
the son of Amminadab, the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez,
the son of Judah, the son of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah,
the son of Nahor, the son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber,
the son of Shelah, the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah,
the son of Lamech, the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalalel,
the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.