War with the Ammonites and Their Allies
1 Chronicles 19:1-19
1 C.19.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אחרי: PREP
- כן: ADV
- וימת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נחש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:1 (verbal): Nearly identical opening line in Samuel: reports the death of Nahash king of the Ammonites and that his son reigned in his place (direct literary parallel).
- 2 Samuel 10:2 (structural): Continues the same narrative: David sends condolences and representatives to the new Ammonite king—shows the immediate diplomatic response tied to Nahash's death in Chronicles' parallel account.
- 1 Samuel 11:1 (allusion): Earlier notice of a king named Nahash of the Ammonites besieging Jabesh‑Gilead; likely the same figure or related tradition, providing background for Nahash’s role in Israel–Ammon relations.
- 2 Samuel 10:19 (thematic): Concludes the military conflict that begins after Nahash’s death in the Samuel narrative; thematically linked as the wider consequence of the succession episode recorded in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass afterward that Nahash king of the Ammonites died, and his son reigned in his stead.
- And it came to pass afterward that Nahash king of the Ammonites died, and his son reigned in his stead.
1 C.19.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- חסד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- חנון: ADJ,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נחש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- חסד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לנחמו: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עבדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- חנון: ADJ,m,sg
- לנחמו: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:1-2 (verbal): Nearly identical report in Samuel: David resolves to show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash because Nahash had been kind to him, and David sends envoys to console him.
- 2 Samuel 10:3-5 (structural): Immediate continuation in Samuel of the same incident: Hanun humiliates and mistreats David’s envoys, precipitating the conflict with the Ammonites.
- 2 Samuel 10:6-14 (structural): Further development of the same episode in Samuel: the Ammonites hire Aramean allies, Joab and Israel go to battle—parallels the narrative consequences of the envoy episode in Chronicles.
- 1 Samuel 11:1-11 (thematic): Background portrait of Nahash the Ammonite king (his oppression of Jabesh-Gilead) which identifies the Nahash mentioned here and helps explain the political context for David’s gesture of 'kindness.'
Alternative generated candidates
- And David said, "I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash, for his father showed kindness to me." So David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father; and the servants of David came into the land of the Ammonites to comfort Hanun.
- And David said, I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash, because his father showed me kindness. So David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father, and the servants of David came to the land of the Ammonites to comfort Hanun.
1 C.19.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- שרי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחנון: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- המכבד: PART,pi'el,m,sg,def
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אביך: NOUN,m,sg,suff+2ms
- בעיניך: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,const,2,ms
- כי: CONJ
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- מנחמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הלא: PART
- בעבור: PREP
- לחקר: INF,qal
- ולהפך: CONJ+INF,qal
- ולרגל: CONJ+PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עבדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:3 (quotation): Near-verbatim parallel in Samuel: the Ammonite princes tell Hanun that David's envoys (sent to comfort) are actually spies sent to reconnoiter and undermine the city.
- 2 Samuel 10:1-5 (structural): Full Samuel context for the incident: David sends consolers to Hanun after his father’s death; Hanun humiliates the envoys, provoking the ensuing military conflict (same narrative sequence as Chronicles 19).
- Genesis 42:9-14 (thematic): Joseph’s brothers accuse Joseph’s men of being spies and treat them accordingly; parallels the motif of hospitality/visitors being suspected as spies and the resulting hostile reaction.
- Matthew 22:15-18 (thematic): Pharisees send disciples to ‘trap’ Jesus—an instance of sending agents to spy/entrap; thematically parallels suspicion and the use of emissaries for covert purposes rather than genuine consolation.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the princes of the sons of Ammon said to Hanun, "Do you think David honors your father because he showed you kindness? Have his servants come to you only to mourn? Have they not come to search, to overthrow, and to spy out the land?"
- But the princes of the Ammonites said to Hanun, "Does David honor your father in your sight because he sent you comforters? Have not his servants come to you to examine the city, to overthrow it, and to spy out the land?"
1 C.19.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- חנון: ADJ,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עבדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויגלחם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg,3mp_obj
- ויכרת: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מדויהם: NOUN,f,sg,poss3mp
- בחצי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- המפשעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וישלחם: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf_wq,3,m,sg;obj=3,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:4–5 (verbal): Direct narrative parallel: Hanun humiliates David’s servants by shaving them and cutting their garments (same words and action).
- 2 Samuel 10:1–19 (structural): The broader episode in which the insult to David’s envoys triggers a military response—1 Chr 19 compresses and parallels this entire narrative.
- Judges 16:21 (thematic): Shaving as an act of humiliation and loss of status/power (Samson is shaved and rendered powerless), echoing the motif of hair as symbol of honor.
- Ezekiel 5:1–2 (thematic): Use of shaving/cutting hair as a punitive or symbolic act of judgment and humiliation, paralleling the motif of enforced humiliation through hair/garment mutilation.
Alternative generated candidates
- So Hanun seized David's servants, shaved off half their beards, cut their garments in the middle at their buttocks, and sent them away.
- So Hanun took David's servants and shaved off half their beards, and cut their garments at the buttocks, and sent them away.
1 C.19.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילכו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- ויגידו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- לדויד: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לקראתם: PREP,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- נכלמים: PART,niphal,part,3,m,pl
- מאד: ADV
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- שבו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- בירחו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,def,2,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יצמח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- זקנכם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,pl
- ושבתם: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:5 (verbal): Direct parallel/near-duplicate of the same sentence: messengers were ashamed and the king told them to return home until their beards had grown.
- 2 Samuel 10:4 (thematic): Describes the humiliating treatment (shaving/garment cutting) that caused the messengers' shame, providing the immediate cause behind 1 Chr 19:5.
- 2 Samuel 10:6 (structural): Immediate narrative consequence in the parallel account—escalation to military preparations after the insult and the messengers' return.
- 1 Chronicles 19:4 (structural): The preceding verse in the same chapter recounts the insult/humiliation that left the men ashamed and sets up the king's instruction in 1 Chr 19:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- When they told David concerning the men, he sent to meet them, for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, "Stay at Jericho until your beards have grown; then return."
- When they told David about the men, he sent to meet them, for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, "Return, stay at Jericho until your beards have grown; then return."
1 C.19.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- התבאשו: VERB,hitpael,perf,3,m,pl
- עם: PREP
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- חנון: ADJ,m,sg
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- ככר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לשכר: INF,qal
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נהרים: NOUN,m,du,abs
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעכה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ומצובה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ופרשים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:6-8 (verbal): Near-verbatim parallel account: Hanun and the Ammonites hire Aramean/Zobah forces—sending silver to procure chariots and horsemen.
- 2 Samuel 8:3-4 (thematic): Earlier Davidic campaign against Hadadezer of Zobah mentions capture of chariots and horsemen; provides background for Ammon’s appeal to Aramean forces.
- 1 Chronicles 18:3-4 (verbal): Chronicle’s report of David’s victory over Zobah/Hadadezer and seizure of chariots and horses echoes the military context underlying 1 Chr 19.
- 2 Samuel 10:18-19 (structural): Narrative resolution in Samuel: the Arameans who were hired are defeated and become subject to David—shows outcome of the conflict initiated by Ammon’s hiring of troops.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the sons of Ammon saw that they had become odious to David, Hanun and the sons of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire for themselves chariots and horsemen from Aram Naharaim and from Aram Maakah, and from Zobah.
- When the Ammonites saw that they had been shamed before David, Hanun and the Ammonites sent a thousand talents of silver to hire chariots and horsemen from Aram Naharaim, from Aram Maakah, and from Zobah.
1 C.19.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישכרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ושלשים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מעכה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ויחנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- מידבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאספו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,pl
- מעריהם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:6–8 (quotation): Direct narrative parallel: the Arameans (from Beth-rehob and Zobah), the king of Maacah and his men, pitching before Medeba and the Ammonites gathering for battle are recounted with essentially the same details in 2 Sam 10:6–8.
- 2 Samuel 10:9–14 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same episode in Samuel—Joab's response and the ensuing battles with the hired Arameans and Ammonites flesh out the military confrontation described in 1 Chron 19.
- 1 Chronicles 18:4 (thematic): Parallel theme of large numbers of chariots/horsemen and Syria-related warfare in David's campaigns; 1 Chron 18 (cf. 2 Sam 8:4) records similar military figures and conflicts with Aramean polities.
- 2 Samuel 8:3–4 (thematic): Earlier Davidic campaign against Hadadezer of Zobah resulted in many chariots and horsemen being taken—a related Syrian/Aramean conflict that provides background for the recurring motif of chariots, horsemen, and allied Syrian kings appearing against Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- They hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots, and the king of Maacah with his people; they came and encamped before Medeba, and the sons of Ammon assembled from their cities and went out to battle.
- They hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots and the king of Maakah with his people. They came and encamped at Medeba, and the Ammonites assembled from their cities and came out to battle.
1 C.19.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישמע: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- צבא: NOUN,m,sg,const
- הגבורים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- 2 Sam.10.8 (quotation): Direct parallel in Samuel’s account of the same episode—David sends Joab and the host to engage the Ammonites and their allies (verbal and narrative correspondence).
- 2 Sam.10.9 (structural): Continues the immediately parallel battle narrative (deployment and engagement) that follows the sending of Joab in 1 Chronicles 19:8, showing the same military sequence of events.
- 2 Sam.11.1 (verbal): Uses the same formula of David delegating military command by sending Joab at the time of war—illustrates the recurring pattern of David’s delegation of battlefield leadership to Joab.
- 2 Sam.8.16 (thematic): States Joab’s official role ‘over the host,’ thematically undergirding why David repeatedly sends Joab and the mighty men to fight, as reflected in 1 Chronicles 19:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- When David heard of it, he sent Joab and all the mighty men of the army.
- When David heard of it, he sent Joab and all the army of the mighty.
1 C.19.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויערכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והמלכים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לבדם: ADV+PRON,3,m,pl
- בשדה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:9 (verbal): Nearly identical wording — the Ammonites ‘came out and put themselves in array at the entering of the gate’; 1 Chr. 19 closely echoes this verse in 2 Samuel.
- 2 Samuel 10:9-14 (structural): The wider narrative of the Ammonite/Aramean forces arraying and the ensuing engagements under David’s commanders (Joab/Abishai) corresponds directly to the episode summarized in 1 Chr. 19.
- Judges 11:12-28 (thematic): Earlier Israel–Ammon dispute over territory and claims leading to military confrontation — thematically parallel in diplomacy, accusation, and open conflict with Ammon.
- 2 Chronicles 20:1-23 (thematic): A later account of Ammon/Moab (and allies) assembling to fight Israel/Judah; parallels the motif of neighboring kings mustering armies and facing Israel at its borders/gates.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Ammon came out and set themselves in battle at the entrance of the city, and the kings who had come were in the open country by themselves.
- The Ammonites went out and drew up in battle at the gate of the city, and the kings that had come were arrayed by themselves in the open country.
1 C.19.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- המלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- פנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואחור: CONJ+ADV
- ויבחר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מכל: PREP
- בחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויערך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לקראת: PREP
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:10 (quotation): Direct narrative parallel — same observation that the battle was on both front and rear and Joab's immediate response; wording closely matches Chronicles.
- 2 Samuel 10:11 (verbal): Repeats the phrase about Joab 'choosing of all the choice men of Israel' and arranging them against the Syrians—verbal and functional correspondence.
- 2 Samuel 10:13 (structural): Joab's subsequent exhortation and the organization of the troops are part of the same military sequence that Chronicles summarizes here—same structure of command and deployment.
- 2 Samuel 10:14 (thematic): Describes the battle's outcome and Joab's engagement with the Arameans/Ammonites; thematically parallels Chronicles' focus on Joab's tactical response to attacks on two fronts.
Alternative generated candidates
- When Joab saw that the battle front faced him both in front and behind, he chose out of all the choice men of Israel and arrayed them to meet the Arameans.
- Joab saw that the battle was set against him before and behind, so he chose out of all the choice men of Israel and set them in array against Aram.
1 C.19.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- יתר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אבשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- ויערכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לקראת: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:11 (verbal): Direct parallel in the Samuel narrative — the same report that David placed the remainder of the people under Abishai to face the Ammonites (essentially the same wording and action).
- 2 Samuel 10:9–14 (structural): Broader unit in 2 Samuel that corresponds to 1 Chronicles 19: the military engagement with the Ammonites and Syrians, including the assignment of troops and the battle arrangement in which Abishai plays a key role.
- 1 Chronicles 11:22 (thematic): Another passage in Chronicles that highlights Abishai's military leadership and status among David's warriors, providing background for his command in 1 Chronicles 19:11.
- 2 Samuel 23:18–19 (thematic): Episode describing Abishai's valor (slaying of 300 men) that thematically supports his role as a trusted military commander to whom David could entrust the remainder of the troops.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the rest of the people he placed under the hand of Abishai his brother, and they were arrayed against the sons of Ammon.
- And he put the rest of the people in the hand of Abishai his brother, and they were set against the Ammonites.
1 C.19.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אם: CONJ
- תחזק: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והיית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- לתשועה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואם: CONJ
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יחזקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- והושעתיך: VERB,hif,perf,1,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:12 (verbal): Direct parallel in the Samuel narrative; the same mutual‑assistance formulation between Aram (Syria) and the children of Ammon appears with very similar wording.
- 2 Samuel 10:11 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel in Samuel recounting the same episode (Joab and David's forces, the Ammonite–Aramean confrontation) that frames the mutual‑aid remark.
- 1 Chronicles 19:13 (structural): Chronicles' continuation of the same episode; shows the outcome of the campaign and so serves as the immediate narrative parallel to v.12 within the Chronicler's account.
- 2 Samuel 8:3–6 (thematic): Earlier Davidic campaign against Aramean forces (and Ammonite involvement)—thematically related as part of the wider pattern of Israel’s conflicts and shifting alliances with Aram and Ammon.
Alternative generated candidates
- He said, "If the Arameans are too strong for me, then you shall help me; but if the sons of Ammon are too strong for you, then I will help you.
- And he said, "If the Arameans are too strong for me, then you shall help me; but if the Ammonites prevail against you, then I will help you.
1 C.19.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חזק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ונתחזקה: CONJ+VERB,hitp,imprf,1,_,pl
- בעד: PREP
- עמנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- ובעד: CONJ+PREP
- ערי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
- ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הטוב: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיניו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:12 (quotation): Virtually identical wording and context — David’s commanders exhort one another to be strong for their people and for the cities of God, with the closing clause trusting the LORD to do what is good.
- Joshua 1:6-9 (thematic): Divine command and encouragement to 'be strong and courageous' as leaders act for God’s people and rely on the LORD’s presence and promises.
- 1 Chronicles 28:20 (thematic): David’s exhortation to Solomon to 'be strong and courageous' in carrying out God’s work, combining human resolve with trust in the LORD’s support.
- Psalm 118:6 (thematic): Expression of trust in the LORD’s help ('The LORD is with me; I will not fear'), parallel to trusting God to 'do what is good' while strengthening oneself for the people.
Alternative generated candidates
- Be strong, and let us show ourselves strong for our people and for the cities of our God; and the LORD will do what is good in his sight."
- Be strong, and let us be courageous for our people and for the cities of our God; and may the LORD do what is good in his sight."
1 C.19.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויגש: VERB,qal,wayy,3,m,sg
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- והעם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- לפני: PREP
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וינוסו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- מפניו: PREP+3ms
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:14 (verbal): Near-verbatim narrative parallel — Joab and the men with him come near to battle against the Arameans/Syrians and the enemy flees before him; Chronicles 19 retells the account found here in Samuel.
- 2 Samuel 10:15-16 (structural): Continues the same episode in Samuel: the Syrians flee before Israel and David's forces (including Joab) gain the victory, showing the wider outcome of the engagement described in 1 Chronicles 19:14.
- 1 Chronicles 18:3 (thematic): Chronicles earlier summary of David's campaigns against Syria/Damascus — thematically related as part of the Chronicler's presentation of Israelite victories over the Arameans.
- 2 Samuel 8:3 (thematic): Another report of David's defeats of the Syrians/Arameans; thematically parallels the motif of Israelite victory and enemy flight in the accounts of Joab's engagements.
Alternative generated candidates
- So Joab and the people who were with him advanced before the Arameans to battle, and they fled before him.
- So Joab and the people who were with him drew near to the Arameans to battle; and they fled before him.
1 C.19.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ראו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- כי: CONJ
- נס: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וינוסו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- גם: ADV
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- מפני: PREP
- אבשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- העירה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:15 (verbal): Direct, nearly identical account in Samuel: the Ammonites see the Arameans routed, flee before Abishai, and Joab returns to Jerusalem.
- 2 Samuel 10:13 (structural): Part of the same battle narrative in Samuel describing Joab’s and Abishai’s defeat of the Arameans that sets up the Ammonite flight.
- 2 Samuel 10:16 (thematic): Continues the immediate aftermath of the engagement—Joab’s movements and the consequences of the rout—closely related to the events of 1 Chr 19:15.
- 1 Chronicles 19:14 (structural): Immediate context within Chronicles: the preceding verse in the same retelling leads directly into v.15 and describes the battle situation.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the sons of Ammon saw that the Arameans had fled, they too fled before Abishai his brother; and the men entered the city, and Joab returned to Jerusalem.
- When the Ammonites saw that the Arameans fled, they too fled before Abishai his brother, and entered the city. Then Joab returned to Jerusalem.
1 C.19.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- נגפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלחו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ויוציאו: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מעבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנהר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ושופך: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צבא: NOUN,m,sg,const
- הדדעזר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפניהם: PREP,3,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:16 (quotation): Nearly identical narrative: when the Arameans see defeat they send and bring out the Arameans beyond the river and Shobach/Hadadezer’s commander comes before them — direct parallel account.
- 2 Samuel 10:6 (thematic): Earlier in the same episode the Ammonites summon and hire Aramean forces; thematically related in showing Aramean intervention as allies against Israel.
- 2 Samuel 8:3 (thematic): David’s campaign against Hadadezer (king of Zobah) — background theme of repeated conflicts between Israel and Aramean/Hadadezer forces.
- 1 Chronicles 18:3-4 (verbal): Chronicles’ earlier summary of David’s victories over Hadadezer and the Arameans echoes the same rivalry and military contacts found in 1 Chronicles 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the Arameans saw that they were defeated before Israel, they sent and brought out the Arameans who were beyond the River and Shophach, commander of Hadadezer's army, before them.
- When the Arameans saw that they were defeated before Israel, they sent and brought out the Arameans from beyond the River, and Shophach the commander of Hadadezer's army before them.
1 C.19.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויגד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לדויד: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויאסף: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויערך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויערך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לקראת: PREP
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וילחמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:16 (verbal): Narrative parallel — both report that David gathered all Israel and crossed the Jordan to confront the Arameans (near-verbatim in the Samuel account).
- 2 Samuel 10:17 (verbal): Continues the Samuel parallel: David arrays his forces and prepares to meet the Syrians, matching Chronicles’ account of preparing for battle.
- 2 Samuel 10:18 (quotation): Direct parallel describing the engagement with the Syrians/Arameans and the course of the battle; Chronicles and Samuel recount the same clash from different perspectives.
- 1 Chronicles 18:3 (thematic): Thematic parallel — another Chronicler passage recording David’s victories over Aramean/Syrian forces, showing the wider pattern of David’s campaigns against Aram.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it was told David; he gathered all Israel, crossed the Jordan, and came to them. David organized his forces against the Arameans to battle, and they fought with him.
- And it was told David; so he gathered all Israel and crossed the Jordan, and came to them. David set himself in array against them, and prepared to battle the Arameans.
1 C.19.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וינס: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלפני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהרג: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מארם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- אלפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארבעים: CONJ+NUM,card,m,pl
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רגלי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- ואת: CONJ
- שופך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הצבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המית: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:18 (quotation): Nearly identical report in Samuel: David kills 7,000 chariots and 40,000 foot soldiers of the Arameans and slays Shophach, the commander — a direct verbal parallel to the Chronicler's account.
- 2 Samuel 10:19 (thematic): Immediate sequel in Samuel describing the aftermath (David placing garrisons; the LORD preserving David) — continues the same campaign and outcome recorded in Chronicles.
- 2 Samuel 8:4 (thematic): Earlier summary of David's victories over the Arameans/Zobah with large numbers of chariots and foot soldiers; parallels the theme of subduing Aramean forces and gaining military dominance.
- 1 Chronicles 18:4 (structural): Within Chronicles' own summary of David's military successes (taking chariots, horsemen, and many foot soldiers); provides a structural parallel showing the Chronicler's interest in enumerating David's conquests.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Arameans fled before Israel, and David struck down of the Arameans seven thousand charioteers and forty thousand footmen, and he killed Shophach, commander of their army.
- The Arameans fled before Israel, and David killed seven thousand charioteers and forty thousand foot soldiers of the Arameans, and killed Shophach the commander of the army.
1 C.19.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עבדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הדדעזר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- נגפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלימו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- עם: PREP
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויעבדהו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- אבה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להושיע: VERB,hiph,inf,-,-,-,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עוד: ADV
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 10:19 (quotation): Direct parallel/near-identical report: when the Arameans (Syrians) saw they were defeated before Israel they made peace with David and ceased to aid the Ammonites.
- 2 Samuel 10:18 (thematic): Immediate narrative context describing the defeat of the Arameans before Israel (battle casualties and pursuit) that explains why they later made peace.
- 2 Samuel 8:3-6 (thematic): Earlier account of David's victories over Hadadezer and the subjugation of Aramean forces (including Damascus), providing background to the breakdown of Aramean support for the Ammonites.
- 1 Chronicles 18:3-4 (allusion): Parallel Chronicler summary of David's defeat of Hadadezer and the capture of his chariots and men—serves as background to the later cessation of Aramean aid in ch.19.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the servants of Hadadezer saw that they were defeated before Israel, they made peace with David and became his servants; and the Arameans ceased to help the sons of Ammon.
- When the servants of Hadadezer saw that they were defeated before Israel, they made peace with David and became subject to him. So the Arameans ceased to help the Ammonites.
And it came to pass afterward that Nahash king of the sons of Ammon died, and his son reigned in his place.
David said, “I will show kindness to Hanun son of Nahash, for his father showed me kindness.” So David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father; and David’s servants came into the land of the Ammonites to comfort Hanun. But the princes of the Ammonites said to Hanun, “Does David honor your father in your sight by sending you comforters? Have not his servants come to you only to investigate the land, to overthrow it, and to spy it out?” So Hanun seized David’s servants, shaved them, cut their garments in half at the buttocks, and sent them away.
When they went and told David concerning the men, he sent to meet them, for the men were greatly humiliated. The king said, “Return to your barracks until your beards have grown, and then come back.”
When the Ammonites saw that they had been shamed before David, Hanun and the Ammonites hired a thousand talents of silver for themselves from Aram Naharaim, from Aram Maakah, and from Zobah—to hire chariots and horsemen.
They hired for themselves thirty-two thousand chariots, and the king of Maakah with his people. They came and encamped before Medeba; and the Ammonites were gathered from their cities and came to do battle.
David heard of it and sent Joab and all the mighty men of the army.
The Ammonites came out and drew up for battle at the entrance of the gate, while the hired kings who had come were drawn up in the open field.
Joab saw that the battle was against him on both front and rear, so he chose from all the best men of Israel and arrayed them against Aram.
He put the rest of the people in the hand of Abishai his brother, and they were arrayed against the Ammonites.
He said, “If the Arameans prevail against me, then you shall help me; but if the Ammonites prevail against you, then I will help you.
Be strong, and let us be strong for our people and for the cities of our God; and may the LORD do what is good in his sight.”
Joab and the people who were with him drew near to the battle against Aram, and they fled before him.
When the Ammonites saw that the Arameans had fled, they too fled before Abishai his brother; they returned to the city. Then Joab returned to Jerusalem.
When the Arameans saw that they were defeated before Israel, they sent and brought out the Arameans from beyond the river, and Shophach, the commander of Hadadezer’s army, went out before them.
It was told David; and he gathered all Israel, crossed the Jordan, came to them and deployed against them. David arrayed himself for battle against the Arameans, and they fought with him.
The Arameans fled before Israel; and David struck down of the Arameans seven thousand chariotmen and forty thousand foot soldiers, and he killed Shophach, commander of their army.
When the servants of Hadadezer saw that they were defeated before Israel, they made peace with David and became his servants; and the Arameans no longer helped the sons of Ammon.