Appeal to Defend the Faith and Condemnation of False Teachers
Jude 1:1-16
Jude.1.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ιουδας: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- δουλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αδελφος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- Ιακωβου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- εν: PREP
- θεω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- πατρι: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ηγαπημενοις: PART,perf,pass,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- τετηρημενοις: PART,perf,pass,dat,pl,m
- κλητοις·: ADJ,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Romans 1:7 (verbal): Greeting to believers described as "beloved of God" and "called to be saints," echoing Jude's language of those "in God the Father beloved" and "called."
- 1 Corinthians 1:2 (verbal): Address to the church as those "called to be saints in Christ Jesus," paralleling Jude's vocative formula for the community 'called' and 'in God the Father.'
- James 1:1 (structural): James identifies himself as "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" and as brother (to the recipients), relevant because Jude calls himself brother of James and likewise uses a servile self-designation.
- Philippians 1:1 (verbal): Paul and Timothy are styled "servants of Christ Jesus" in their greeting to the saints; parallels Jude's self-description as "servant of Jesus Christ" and the epistolary salutation form.
- 1 Peter 1:5 (thematic): Speaks of believers as being "kept" by God's power ("kept for salvation"), resonating with Jude's phrase that his readers are "kept for Jesus Christ."
Alternative generated candidates
- Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, loved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ:
- Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ:
Jude.1.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ελεος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- ειρηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- αγαπη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- πληθυνθειη: VERB,aor,pass,opt,3,sg
Parallels
- 2 Peter 1:2 (verbal): Uses the same blessing-formula and the verb πληθυνθῇ (be multiplied): 'Grace and peace be multiplied to you' — closely parallels Jude's triadic wish (Jude uses ἔλεος/mercy where 2 Peter has χάρις/grace).
- 1 Peter 1:2 (verbal): Earliest Petrine salutation: 'Grace and peace be multiplied to you' (χάρις... καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθῇ), echoing the same vocabulary and the verbal wish for increase found in Jude.
- Romans 1:7 (thematic): Paulic greeting 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ' shares the core pair 'grace/mercy and peace' as a standard early Christian benediction parallel to Jude's opening wish.
- Philippians 1:2 (verbal): Philippians uses the common formula 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ' — similar lexical pair (χάρις/εἰρήνη) and function as a benedictory greeting like Jude's triple blessing.
- Galatians 1:3 (thematic): Paul's salutation 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ' reflects the same epistolary blessing tradition (mercy/grace and peace) that Jude expresses, situating Jude within the same early Christian greeting practice.
Alternative generated candidates
- May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
- May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
Jude.1.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Αγαπητοι: ADJ,voc,pl,m
- πασαν: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- σπουδην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ποιουμενος: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,sg,m
- γραφειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- περι: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- κοινης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- σωτηριας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αναγκην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εσχον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- γραψαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- παρακαλων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- επαγωνιζεσθαι: VERB,pres,mid/pass,inf
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- απαξ: ADV
- παραδοθειση: VERB,aor,pass,part,dat,sg,f
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- αγιοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- πιστει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 15:1-3 (verbal): Paul speaks of the gospel 'which I delivered to you' (παρέδωκα) and emphasizes the transmission of the saving message—paralleling Jude's concern with the teaching 'once delivered' about our common salvation.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:15 (structural): Paul urges believers to 'stand firm and hold to the traditions' passed on by word or letter—similar in form and purpose to Jude's appeal to contend for the faith once delivered to the saints.
- Galatians 1:6-9 (thematic): Paul rebukes desertion of the true gospel and sternly defends the one true message—echoing Jude's warning to contend for the authentic faith against false teaching.
- 1 Timothy 6:12 (verbal): 'Fight the good fight of the faith' parallels Jude's imperative to 'contend/strive for the faith' (ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τὴν πίστιν), sharing the martial metaphor for defending belief.
- Philippians 1:27 (thematic): Paul calls believers to 'stand firm in one spirit, striving together with one mind for the faith of the gospel,' reflecting Jude's communal concern for preserving the common salvation and contending for the faith.
Alternative generated candidates
- Beloved, although I was eager to write to you about our common salvation, I felt compelled to appeal to you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints.
- Beloved, though I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share, I found it necessary to write and exhort you to contend earnestly for the faith once for all entrusted to the saints.
Jude.1.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- παρεισεδυσαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- γαρ: PART
- τινες: PRON,nom,pl,m
- ανθρωποι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- παλαι: ADV
- προγεγραμμενοι: VERB,perf,pass,part,nom,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- κριμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ασεβεις: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- χαριτα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- μετατιθεντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- ασελγειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- μονον: ADV
- δεσποτην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- κυριον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Ιησουν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Χριστον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αρνουμενοι: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:1 (verbal): Speaks of false teachers bringing destructive heresies and many following their sensuality; explicitly mentions denying the Master, closely echoing Jude’s language about ungodly intruders who deny the Lord.
- Romans 6:1-2 (thematic): Paul rejects the idea of using God’s grace as license to sin (‘Shall we continue in sin that grace may abound?’), paralleling Jude’s charge that some ‘pervert the grace of our God into sensuality.’
- Galatians 1:6-9 (thematic): Paul condemns turning to a different gospel and those who distort the message of Christ, paralleling Jude’s denunciation of people who corrupt the faith and the grace of God.
- Titus 1:10-16 (thematic): Describes insubordinate, empty talkers who subvert households and ‘profess to know God, but by their works they deny him’—a close thematic and verbal parallel to Jude’s accusation of denying the only Master.
- 2 Corinthians 11:3-4 (thematic): Paul warns against being led astray from sincere devotion to Christ and against accepting ‘another Jesus’ or a different gospel, reflecting Jude’s concern about deceptive intruders who distort grace and deny the Lord.
Alternative generated candidates
- For certain men have secretly slipped in—men long destined for this condemnation—ungodly men who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.
- For certain persons have secretly slipped in who long ago were marked out for this judgment—ungodly men who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Sovereign and Lord, Jesus Christ.
Jude.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Υπομνησαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- δε: CONJ
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- βουλομαι: VERB,pres,mid,ind,1,sg
- ειδοτας: PART,perf,act,acc,pl,m
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- απαξ: ADV
- παντα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- οτι: CONJ
- Ιησους: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- λαον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- γης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- Αιγυπτου: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- σωσας: PART,aor,act,acc,sg,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- δευτερον: ADJ,nom,sg,ne
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- μη: PART
- πιστευσαντας: PART,aor,act,acc,pl,m
- απωλεσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 14:30-31 (allusion): Narrative of Israel’s deliverance from Egypt — the basic historical event Jude cites (Jude reassigns the saving act to Jesus).
- Numbers 14:22-23 (verbal): God’s sentence on the unbelieving generation who refused to trust him — language and theme of unbelief leading to exclusion/destruction parallel Jude’s claim that the disbelievers were destroyed.
- Psalm 106:7-8 (allusion): Psalm recounts Israel’s failure to remember God’s saving acts in Egypt and states that he nevertheless saved them — combines deliverance and subsequent judgment, echoing Jude’s juxtaposition of rescue and punishment.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1-5 (structural): Paul recalls the Exodus deliverance (passing through the sea) and then notes that many of that generation fell in the wilderness because of sin/unbelief — a New Testament retelling used as a warning similar to Jude’s point.
- Hebrews 3:16-19 (thematic): Discussion of those who heard God after the Exodus but refused to believe and so were barred from God’s rest — closely parallels Jude’s theme of the saved people and the unbelieving who suffered judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now I desire to remind you, though you know all things once for all, that the Lord, after rescuing a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe.
- Now I desire to remind you, though you once knew it, that the Lord, having saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe.
Jude.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- αγγελους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- τε: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- μη: PART
- τηρησαντας: VERB,aor,act,part,acc,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- εαυτων: PRON,gen,pl,3
- αρχην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αλλα: CONJ
- απολιποντας: VERB,aor,act,part,acc,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ιδιον: ADJ,acc,sg,neut
- οικητηριον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- εις: PREP
- κρισιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- μεγαλης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- δεσμοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- αιδιοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- υπο: PREP
- ζοφον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τετηρηκεν·: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:4 (verbal): Closely parallel wording and idea: angels who sinned are cast into chains of gloomy darkness and reserved for judgment (near-verbatim verbal and theological correspondence).
- Genesis 6:1-4 (allusion): Background narrative of ‘‘sons of God’’/angels leaving their proper dwelling to cohabit with women—provides the traditonal presupposition for Jude’s claim that angels abandoned their own domain.
- 1 Enoch 6–11 (esp. 10:4–14) (allusion): Enochic tradition describes the Watchers who sinned and are bound in pits/under darkness until judgment—a close extra‑biblical parallel and likely source for Jude’s imagery of imprisoned angels.
- Isaiah 24:21–22 (thematic): Prophetic motif of heavenly hosts being punished and imprisoned in a pit for the Lord’s judgment; echoes the theme of celestial beings detained for divine judgment.
- Revelation 20:1–3 (thematic): Vision of a being (Satan) bound and thrown into the abyss, kept until the final judgment—parallels the motif of binding evil/spiritual beings until the great day of judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the angels who did not keep their own domain but abandoned their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness for the judgment of the great day.
- And the angels who did not keep their own domain but abandoned their proper dwelling he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness for the judgment of the great day.
Jude.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ως: ADV
- Σοδομα: NOUN,nom,sg,n,prop
- και: CONJ
- Γομορρα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- περι: PREP
- αυτας: PRON,acc,pl,f
- πολεις: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- ομοιον: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- τροπον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τουτοις: DEM,dat,pl,m
- εκπορνευσασαι: VERB,aor,act,ptc,nom,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- απελθουσαι: VERB,aor,act,ptc,nom,pl,f
- οπισω: ADV
- σαρκος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ετερας: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- προκεινται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,pl
- δειγμα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- πυρος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- αιωνιου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- δικην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- υπεχουσαι: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,pl,f
Parallels
- Genesis 19:1-29 (allusion): Narrative source for Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction and the attempted sexual violence in the city, which Jude invokes as the historical example of judgment for sexual immorality.
- 2 Peter 2:6-8 (verbal): Closely parallel language and theology—both texts cite Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction as an example of divine punishment and use similar wording about condemnation and rescue (e.g., Lot).
- Genesis 6:1-4 (allusion): Earlier OT tradition of human/angelic sexual transgression (sons of God and ‘other/strange flesh’) shapes Jude’s phraseology and the motif of illicit relations leading to judgment.
- Romans 1:24-27 (thematic): Paul’s account of God ‘giving them over’ for sexual dishonor and describing same-sex acts as unnatural parallels Jude’s theme of sexual sin leading to divine wrath and exemplifies moral/ethical consequences.
Alternative generated candidates
- Likewise Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding cities, having indulged in sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh, are exhibited as an example, suffering the punishment of eternal fire.
- Likewise Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring cities, which indulged in sexual immorality and went after strange flesh, serve as an example by undergoing the punishment of eternal fire.
Jude.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ομοιως: ADV
- μεντοι: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- ουτοι: PRO,nom,pl,m
- ενυπνιαζομενοι: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,pl,m
- σαρκα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- μεν: PART
- μιαινουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- κυριοτητα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- δε: CONJ
- αθετουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- δοξας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- δε: CONJ
- βλασφημουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:10 (verbal): Uses similar language about those who 'walk after the flesh' and 'despise dominion'—a near verbal/thematic parallel to Jude's 'defile the flesh' and 'reject authority.'
- 2 Peter 2:11 (allusion): Contrasts the behavior of false teachers who revile 'dignities' with angels, who despite greater power do not bring railing accusations—echoes Jude's charge that these men 'blaspheme glories.'
- 2 Peter 2:2 (thematic): Speaks of many following destructive ways and causing the way of truth to be maligned—parallels Jude's depiction of dreamers whose conduct brings dishonor and blasphemy against spiritual realities.
- 1 Peter 4:3 (thematic): Describes past lives spent in fleshly passions, revelries, and sensuality—parallels Jude's charge that these people 'defile the flesh' by immoral behavior.
- Romans 1:24 (thematic): Declares that God gave people over to 'uncleanness' and degrading passions—thematically parallels Jude's language about moral/ritual defilement of the flesh.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet these also, slandering whatever they do not understand, like unreasoning animals by instinct, corrupt themselves in these matters; they reject authority and revile the glorious ones.
- Yet in like manner these dreamers defile the flesh, reject authority, and slander the heavenly authorities.
Jude.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- Μιχαηλ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αρχαγγελος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- οτε: CONJ
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- διαβολω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- διακρινομενος: VERB,pres,mp,ptcp,nom,sg,m
- διελεγετο: VERB,impf,mp,ind,3,sg
- περι: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Μωυσεως: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- σωματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- ουκ: PART,neg
- ετολμησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- κρισιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- επενεγκειν: VERB,aor,act,inf
- βλασφημιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αλλα: CONJ
- ειπεν·Επιτιμησαι: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg+VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Zechariah 3:2 (verbal): Contains the exact rebuke formula (“The LORD rebuke you, O Satan”), which Jude cites as Michael’s reply—clear verbal parallel and model for the quoted phrase.
- 2 Peter 2:11 (verbal): Speaks of angels (and Michael implicitly) not bringing a reviling/blasphemous judgment before the Lord—language and idea closely parallel to Jude’s statement about Michael’s restraint.
- Assumption of Moses (Apocryphal) (allusion): A Jewish apocryphal work that narrates a dispute over Moses’ body between Michael and Satan; Jude’s brief report likely alludes to or echoes this tradition.
- Daniel 10:13 (thematic): Presents Michael as a heavenly prince who contends with hostile spiritual powers on behalf of God’s purposes—parallels Jude’s depiction of Michael opposing the devil.
- Revelation 12:7 (thematic): Depicts Michael warring against the dragon (Satan) in heaven; thematically related as another New Testament portrayal of Michael in contest with the devil.
Alternative generated candidates
- But Michael the archangel, when he disputed with the devil about the body of Moses, did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment against him, but said, 'The Lord rebuke you.'
- But Michael the archangel, when he disputed with the devil about the body of Moses, did not dare to bring a reviling judgment against him, but said, "The Lord rebuke you."
Jude.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ουτοι: PRO,nom,pl,m
- δε: CONJ
- οσα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- μεν: PART
- ουκ: PART,neg
- οιδασιν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,pl
- βλασφημουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- οσα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- δε: CONJ
- φυσικως: ADV
- ως: ADV
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- αλογα: ADJ,nom/acc,pl,n
- ζωα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- επιστανται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,pl
- εν: PREP
- τουτοις: DEM,dat,pl,m
- φθειρονται: VERB,pres,pass,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:12 (verbal): Uses very similar language and imagery—false teachers described as 'irrational animals' and driven by instinct, paralleling Jude's phrasing and judgment on their behavior.
- Romans 1:21-22 (thematic): Describes people who, despite knowledge, become futile in understanding and 'claim to be wise but are fools'—themewise akin to Jude's point about ignorance, arrogance, and moral degradation.
- Psalm 73:22 (thematic): The psalmist confesses feeling 'senseless' and like a 'brute beast' before God, echoing the motif of humans reduced to irrational, beast-like status when lacking true understanding.
- Titus 1:16 (thematic): Speaks of people who 'profess to know God' but by their deeds deny him and are 'worthless'—parallel to Jude's critique of those who blaspheme what they do not understand and are morally corrupt like animals.
Alternative generated candidates
- These men, however, speak abusively of whatever they do not know; and whatever things they understand naturally, like unthinking animals, by them they are destroyed.
- But these slander whatever they do not understand; and whatever they do naturally, like unreasoning animals, in these things they are destroyed.
Jude.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ουαι: INTJ
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- οτι: CONJ
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- οδω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Καιν: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- επορευθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- πλανη: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Βαλααμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- μισθου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εξεχυθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- αντιλογια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Κορε: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- απωλοντο: VERB,impf,mid,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 4:8 (allusion): Original narrative of Cain's murder of Abel; Jude's 'way of Cain' alludes to Cain's jealousy and fratricide as the paradigm of sinful conduct.
- 1 John 3:12 (thematic): Uses Cain as an example of evil (murder driven by jealousy); echoes Jude's appeal to Cain as a moral warning against sinful behavior within the community.
- Numbers 22:21-35 (quotation): The Balaam episode (including the talking donkey and Balaam's willingness to go for hire) is the OT source for 'the error of Balaam for reward' cited by Jude.
- Numbers 16:1-35 (quotation): Narrative of Korah's rebellion and divine judgment; Jude's 'gainsaying of Korah' directly alludes to this rebellion against Moses' authority and its destruction.
- 2 Peter 2:15-16 (verbal): Closely parallels Jude's language and themes—speaks of those 'going the way of Balaam for reward' and Balaam's rebuke by a dumb animal—showing a direct verbal and thematic echo in early Christian literature.
Alternative generated candidates
- Woe to them! For they have run the way of Cain; they have rushed for profit into Balaam's error and perished in Korah's rebellion.
- Woe to them! For they have gone the way of Cain, and for the sake of gain have rushed headlong into Balaam's error, and perished in Korah's rebellion.
Jude.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ουτοι: PRO,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- αγαπαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- σπιλαδες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- συνευωχουμενοι: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,pl,m
- αφοβως: ADV
- εαυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ποιμαινοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- νεφελαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- ανυδροι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- υπο: PREP
- ανεμων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- παραφερομεναι: VERB,pres,pass,part,nom,pl,f
- δενδρα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- φθινοπωρινα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- ακαρπα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- δις: ADV
- αποθανοντα: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,n
- εκριζωθεντα: VERB,aor,pass,part,nom,pl,n
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:13-17 (verbal): Many shared phrases and imagery (disgraceful feasts, self‑shepherding, clouds without water, wandering stars) — close verbal and thematic parallels between the two passages.
- Ezekiel 34:2-4 (allusion): Condemns shepherds who feed themselves rather than the flock — echoes Jude's criticism of leaders who 'shepherd themselves.'
- Matthew 7:15-20 (thematic): False prophets recognized by their fruit; imagery of trees and fruit parallels Jude's 'autumn trees without fruit' as a mark of spiritual failure.
- John 15:6 (thematic): Image of branches cast out and withering parallels Jude's language of trees 'twice dead' and 'uprooted,' conveying judgment and removal.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are hidden reefs at your love-feasts—shepherds who feed themselves without shame—clouds without water, swept along by winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted;
- These are hidden reefs among your love feasts, feasting with you without fear—shepherds feeding themselves; clouds without water, carried along by winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted;
Jude.1.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- κυματα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- αγρια: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- θαλασσης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- επαφριζοντα: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,pl,n
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- εαυτων: PRON,gen,pl,3
- αισχυνας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- αστερες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- πλανηται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,pl
- οις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ζοφος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- σκοτους: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- εις: PREP
- αιωνα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τετηρηται: VERB,perf,pass,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:17 (verbal): Closely parallels Jude's language and imagery (wandering/false leaders, reserved 'blackness of darkness' forever) and addresses the same subject—condemned false teachers.
- Isaiah 34:4 (allusion): Uses cosmic/judicial imagery—stars and heavens darkened or dissolved—as signs of divine judgment, resonating with Jude's 'wandering stars' and doom imagery.
- Revelation 8:10-11 (thematic): Portrays a falling/star-shaped agent of judgment (Wormwood) and uses celestial imagery to signify doom, echoing Jude's use of stars as symbols of destruction.
- Matthew 8:12 (thematic): Speaks of exclusion into 'outer darkness' as the fate of the condemned—parallels Jude's motif of a darkness reserved for the wicked as punishment.
Alternative generated candidates
- wild waves of the sea, foaming up their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness is reserved forever.
- wild waves of the sea, casting up their shameful deeds; wandering stars, for whom the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved forever.
Jude.1.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Προεφητευσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- τουτοις: DEM,dat,pl,m
- εβδομος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- απο: PREP
- Αδαμ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Ενωχ: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- λεγων·Ιδου: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m+INTJ
- ηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- αγιαις: ADJ,dat,pl,f
- μυριασιν: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Enoch 1:9 (quotation): Jude 1:14 closely echoes and largely quotes this line from the noncanonical 1 Enoch: 'Behold, he comes with ten thousands of his holy ones.'
- Daniel 7:10 (verbal): Daniel depicts a celestial assembly—'A thousand thousands served him; ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him'—using similar numeric/host imagery of heavenly attendants around God/Judgment.
- Psalm 68:17 (verbal): Psalmic language about God's mighty host—'The chariots of God are tens of thousands, even thousands upon thousands'—parallels the 'myriads/ten thousands' motif in Jude.
- Matthew 25:31 (thematic): Jesus' coming 'in his glory, and all the angels with him' (the Son of Man's eschatological coming with heavenly attendants) thematically parallels Jude's picture of the Lord arriving with his holy ones for judgment.
- Revelation 19:14 (thematic): Apocalyptic vision of 'the armies of heaven' following the Lord on white horses echoes Jude's imagery of the Lord coming accompanied by a holy host.
Alternative generated candidates
- It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, 'Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousand of his holy ones,'
- Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied also about them, saying, "Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones,"
Jude.1.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ποιησαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- κρισιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- κατα: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ελεγξαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- παντας: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ασεβεις: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- περι: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εργων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- ασεβειας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ησεβησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- περι: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- σκληρων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ελαλησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- κατ᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,m
- αμαρτωλοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- ασεβεις: ADJ,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- 1 Enoch 1:9 (quotation): Jude directly cites this line from 1 Enoch about the Lord coming to execute judgment and convict the ungodly; the wording is nearly verbatim.
- Romans 2:6-8 (verbal): Paul teaches that God 'will render to each one according to his works,' distinguishing reward for the righteous and wrath for the wicked—parallel focus on judgment according to deeds.
- Psalm 2:1-3 (thematic): The nations and rulers 'plot' and 'speak' against the Lord and his anointed—echoes Jude's concern with insolent speech and hostile words spoken by the ungodly against God.
- 2 Peter 2:4 (structural): Peter, like Jude, describes divine condemnation of the wicked (including fallen beings) and impending judgment; both passages pair denunciation of ungodliness with eschatological judgement.
Alternative generated candidates
- to execute judgment upon all and to convict all the ungodly of all their deeds of ungodliness which they have committed in an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things ungodly sinners have spoken against him.
- to execute judgment upon all and to convict all the ungodly of all the ungodly deeds they have done in an ungodly way, and of all the harsh words ungodly sinners have spoken against him.
Jude.1.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ουτοι: PRO,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- γογγυσται: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- μεμψιμοιροι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- κατα: PREP
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- επιθυμιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- πορευομενοι: VERB,pres,mp,part,masc,pl
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- στομα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- λαλει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- υπερογκα: ADV
- θαυμαζοντες: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- προσωπα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- ωφελειας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- χαριν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- 2 Peter 2:10-13 (verbal): Very close language and thought—speaks of grumblers and faultfinders following their own corrupt desires, speaking arrogant words and indulging the flesh; a near verbal parallel to Jude's description of false teachers.
- Romans 16:18 (verbal): Warns about those who 'by smooth talk and flattery' deceive others for gain—directly parallels Jude's note that the false teachers 'flatter for advantage.'
- Titus 1:10-11 (thematic): Describes 'unruly' and 'deceivers' who 'teach for dishonest gain,' aligning with Jude's charge that certain men follow their own desires and exploit others for profit.
- Philippians 2:14 (thematic): Contrasts Jude's 'grumblers'—Paul urges believers to 'do all without grumbling or arguing,' highlighting the problem of complaint and faultfinding in the community.
- Psalm 12:2 (allusion): Speaks of people who speak 'with flattering lips' and deceitful hearts; echoes Jude's comment about flattering others to gain advantage, reflecting an older motif of deceptive speech.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are grumblers, complainers, walking after their own desires; and their mouths speak arrogantly, flattering people to gain advantage.
- These are grumblers and faultfinders, walking according to their own desires; they mouth boastful words and flatter people for the sake of gain.
Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ.
May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.
Beloved, though I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share, I found it necessary to write and urge you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints.
For certain men have secretly slipped in, men marked out long beforehand for this condemnation—ungodly men who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ. Now I desire to remind you, though you already know this, that the Lord, after he saved a people out of the land of Egypt, subsequently destroyed those who did not believe. And the angels who did not keep their proper domain but abandoned their own dwelling, he has kept in everlasting chains under darkness, to be held for judgment on the great day.
Likewise Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring towns, having indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing the punishment of eternal fire.
Yet in like manner these dreamers defile the flesh, reject authority, and blaspheme the glorious ones. But when the archangel Michael disputed with the devil about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment, but said, "The Lord rebuke you."
These men, however, blaspheme whatever things they do not understand; and whatever they do know instinctively, like unreasoning animals, by these things they are destroyed.
Woe to them! For they have gone the way of Cain; they have rushed headlong for profit into Balaam's error; they perished in Korah's rebellion.
These are hidden reefs at your love-feasts, feasting with you without fear—shepherds feeding themselves; waterless clouds carried along by winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead and uprooted.
They are wild waves of the sea, foaming up their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, "Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of his holy ones,"
to execute judgment upon all and to convict all the ungodly of all the deeds of ungodliness they have committed, and of all the harsh words ungodly sinners have spoken against him.
These are grumblers and faultfinders, following their own desires; they boast about themselves and flatter others for the sake of gain.