The Destruction of Sodom
Genesis 19:1-29
Gen.19.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- המלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- סדמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,prop
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולוט: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ישב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בשער: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לוט: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויקם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לקראתם: PREP,3,m,pl
- וישתחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.18:1-8 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel: Abraham meets divine visitors at his tent, 'sees,' 'runs to meet' and 'bows'—very similar language and hospitality motif to Lot's reception of the two visitors.
- Heb.13:2 (allusion): New Testament exhortation not to neglect hospitality because some 'entertained angels unawares' alludes to Genesis 18–19 tradition of visitors/angels and human hospitality to them.
- Judg.19:16-24 (esp. v.22) (thematic): The Levite's stay in Gibeah features men of the city surrounding the house and demanding sexual access to guests—a parallel episode that echoes the mob's intent toward Lot's visitors and the motif of communal violence against strangers.
- 2 Kgs.4:8-10 (thematic): The Shunammite woman's provision of lodging and food for the prophet Elisha reflects the positive Israelite hospitality norm exemplified by Lot and Abraham; used as a thematic parallel contrasting rightful hospitality to holy visitors with the hostility in Sodom.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the two messengers came to Sodom at evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. And Lot saw, and he rose to meet them, and bowed himself with his face to the ground.
- And the two messengers came to Sodom at evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom; and Lot saw, and he rose to meet them, and he bowed himself with his face to the ground.
Gen.19.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הנה: PART
- נא: PART
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- סורו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- נא: PART
- אל: NEG
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדכם: NOUN,m,sg,suff,2,m,pl
- ולינו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- ורחצו: VERB,qal,imperative,2,m,pl
- רגליכם: NOUN,f,pl,suff
- והשכמתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- והלכתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- לדרככם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,2mp
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- כי: CONJ
- ברחוב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נלין: VERB,qal,imprf,1,_,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 18:4-5 (verbal): Almost identical hospitality formula: 'wash your feet, rest under the tree, and I will bring a morsel'—Abraham entertaining divine visitors parallels Lot's offer to the men in Sodom.
- Judges 19:14 (thematic): A Levite and his concubine arrive at Gibeah and 'did not turn aside into one of the towns to spend the night, but went on and lodged in the open square'—echoes the danger and refusal/reluctance around lodging strangers.
- Judges 19:20 (thematic): An old man in Gibeah offers hospitality to the travelers, paralleling Lot's protective bringing of guests into his house and the social expectations of hosting wayfarers.
- Hebrews 13:2 (allusion): Urges not to neglect hospitality 'for thereby some have entertained angels unawares,' explicitly recalling episodes like Abraham/Lot where guests are angelic.
- Luke 10:7 (structural): Jesus instructs disciples to 'stay in the same house, eating and drinking what they provide'—reflects the normative expectation and structure of offering and accepting lodging to itinerant visitors.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said, Please, my lords, turn aside, please, into the house of your servant and lodge, and wash your feet; then you may rise early and go on your way. And they said, No; for in the square we will lodge.
- And he said, Please now, my lords, turn aside, please, into your servant’s house and lodge, and wash your feet; then you shall rise early and go on your way. And they said, No; for in the square we will spend the night.
Gen.19.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויפצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- מאד: ADV
- ויסרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- ביתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- משתה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומצות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אפה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ויאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 18:1-8 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel: Abraham receives visitors, hastens to prepare a meal and food (kneads/serves bread, prepares a feast), closely mirroring Lot’s hospitable provisioning of his guests.
- Hebrews 13:2 (allusion): Explicit New Testament admonition about hospitality — 'some have entertained angels unawares' — alluding to the divine visitors in Genesis 18–19 and the moral duty shown by hosts like Lot/Abraham.
- 1 Samuel 25:18-20 (thematic): Abigail’s quick provision of bread and supplies for David and his men parallels the motif of a host (or helper) preparing food to placate/protect travelers and potential protectors.
- Judges 19:5-6 (thematic): A comparable opening scene of hospitality: a host entertains a traveling Levite and prepares food. The passage provides a stark contrast in outcome (escalating violence), highlighting social expectations and risks tied to hospitality in the ancient context.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he urged them strongly, so they turned aside to him and entered his house. And he made for them a feast and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.
- And he pressed them greatly, and they turned aside to him and came into his house; and he made them a feast and baked unleavened cakes, and they ate.
Gen.19.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- טרם: ADV
- ישכבו: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,pl
- ואנשי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נסבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מנער: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- זקן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Judges 19:22 (verbal): A close narrative and linguistic parallel: men of the city surround the house and demand the visitors — the Gibeah episode echoes Sodom’s mob surrounding Lot’s house (similar phraseology and plot).
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Prophetic reflection on Sodom’s sins (pride, abundant idleness, and abominations) and their punishment — thematically linked to the mob violence and moral corruption implicit in Genesis 19.
- Jude 1:7 (allusion): Uses Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of sexual immorality and divine judgment; alludes to the kind of sexual violence and depravity dramatized in Genesis 19:4–5.
- Romans 1:26-27 (thematic): Paul interprets certain sexual behaviors as evidence of turning away from God and describes Gentile depravity; his reference to dishonorable passions is often read as drawing on the Sodom tradition exemplified in Genesis 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- Before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, from young to old, all the people from every quarter.
- Before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, from youth to elder, all the people from every quarter.
Gen.19.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקראו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- לוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- איה: ADV,interr
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הוציאם: VERB,hiph,imp,2,m,sg
- אלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- ונדעה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Judges 19:22-25 (structural): A parallel episode: men of a city surround a house and demand sexual access to a male guest, leading to violence against a concubine. The structure and intent (townsmen seeking to 'know' the visitors) closely mirror Genesis 19.
- Jude 1:7 (allusion): Refers to Sodom and Gomorrah's punishment for sexual immorality and 'going after strange flesh,' alluding to the Genesis account where townsmen demand to 'know' Lot’s guests.
- 2 Peter 2:6-8 (allusion): Invokes Sodom’s destruction and presents Lot as distressed by the depraved conduct of the city’s men—an interpretive echo of the Genesis scene in which townsmen seek the visitors.
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Identifies Sodom’s sins (pride, abundance, failure to aid the poor, committing abominations); thematically connects Genesis 19’s depiction of communal sexual violence and moral corruption.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they called to Lot and said to him, Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may know them.
- And they called to Lot and said to him, Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may have relations with them.
Gen.19.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- לוט: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הפתחה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והדלת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- סגר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אחריו: PREP,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 18:1-8 (thematic): Abraham meets three visitors and hastens out to offer hospitality and protection—parallel motif of going out to receive strange guests and provide refuge.
- Judges 19:16-21 (structural): A nighttime scene in which a household receives travelers and a mob surrounds the house with intent to abuse them; a dark structural and thematic echo of the mob-threat and house-as-refuge in Genesis 19.
- Hebrews 13:2 (allusion): “Do not neglect to show hospitality…for by this some have entertained angels unawares” echoes the tradition behind Genesis 18–19 (visitors/angels and human hospitality/protection).
- 2 Kings 4:33 (verbal): Elisha ‘went in and shut the door’ before a private, decisive action (prayer/raising a child); shares the concrete verb/image of closing the door to create a protected interior moment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Lot went out to them at the doorway, and he shut the door behind him.
- And Lot went out to them at the entrance, and the door he shut behind him.
Gen.19.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- נא: PART
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- תרעו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Judges 19:22-24 (thematic): A mob demands sexual violence against an outsider lodged in a household; the host again interposes and offers family members to protect the guest—close structural and thematic parallel to Sodom’s assault on Lot’s visitors.
- Genesis 18:23-33 (thematic): Abraham’s pleading with God to spare Sodom is another instance of earnest appeals on behalf of the city and its inhabitants, paralleling Lot’s plea to the men of Sodom to ‘not act wickedly.’
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Prophetic summary of Sodom’s sins and the rationale for its destruction; connects the wicked conduct that Lot condemns and that leads to Sodom’s judgment.
- 2 Peter 2:6-8 (allusion): New Testament reference to Sodom and Lot’s deliverance—portrays Lot as ‘righteous’ and oppressed by the depraved conduct of the city, alluding to the scene in which Lot protests the men of Sodom.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said, Please, my brothers, do not act wickedly.
- And he said, Please, my brothers, do not do evil.
Gen.19.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- נא: PART
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- שתי: NUM,card,f,dual
- בנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אוציאה: VERB,hiph,impf,1,sg
- נא: PART
- אתהן: PART+PRON,3,f,pl
- אליכם: PREP+PRON,2,pl
- ועשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- להן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
- כטוב: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
- בעיניכם: PREP+NOUN,pl,f,cons+PRON,2,pl
- רק: PRT
- לאנשים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- האל: DEM,pl
- אל: NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בצל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קרתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
Parallels
- Judges 19:24 (verbal): Host offers his virgin daughter (and concubine) to the mob to protect his guest—language and action closely parallel Lot’s offer of his daughters.
- Judges 19:22-26 (structural): Entire episode where a town’s men surround the house seeking to assault a guest and the host offers women instead; shares the same narrative structure and themes of hospitality gone wrong and sexual violence.
- Genesis 18:1-8 (thematic): Abraham’s exemplary hospitality to visiting strangers/angels provides a direct thematic contrast to Lot’s situation and highlights the motif of protecting or serving guests.
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Prophetic indictment of Sodom cites arrogance, abundance, and grievous wrongdoing—ties the city’s guilt to the kind of violent, inhospital behavior exemplified in Genesis 19.
- Jude 7 (allusion): New Testament reference to Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of sexual immorality and unnatural desire; alludes to the abusive, sexually violent nature of the events in Genesis 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, please, I have two daughters who have not known a man; let me bring them out to you, and do to them as is good in your eyes. Only to these men do not do a thing, for therefore they have come under the shadow of my roof.
- Please now, I have two daughters who have not known a man; let me, please, bring them out to you, and do to them as is good in your eyes; only to these men do nothing, for therefore have they come under the shadow of my roof.
Gen.19.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- גש: VERB,qal,imperat,2,m,sg
- הלאה: ADV
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- האחד: PRON,indef,sg,m
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לגור: VERB,qal,inf
- וישפט: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- שפוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עתה: ADV
- נרע: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,pl
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויפצרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- באיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
- בלוט: PREP+PNOUN,sg,m
- מאד: ADV
- ויגשו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- לשבר: VERB,qal,inf
- הדלת: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 19:4-5 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel in the same scene: the men of Sodom surround Lot's house and demand to 'know' his guests, echoing the mob's pressing at the door.
- Judges 19:22-24 (verbal): Close literary parallel: townsmen surround a house and seek sexual access to a male guest, leading to violence and the abuse of hospitality (the Levite's concubine episode).
- 2 Peter 2:7-8 (allusion): New Testament citation/allusion to Lot as a righteous man distressed by the depraved conduct of the wicked in Sodom, reflecting the moral horror of the mob's intent.
- Jude 1:7 (allusion): Uses Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of sexual immorality and unnatural desire; the verse alludes to the kind of communal depravity illustrated by the mob at Lot's door.
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Thematic indictment of Sodom—pride, failure to aid the needy, and abominations—provides a theological context for the city's violent and immoral behavior shown in Genesis 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they said, Stand back! And they said, This one came to sojourn, and he would surely judge—now we will deal worse with you than with them. And they pressed hard against the man, against Lot, and came near to break the door.
- And they said, Stand back! And they said, This one came to sojourn, and he would play the judge; now we will deal worse with you than with them. And they pressed hard against the man, against Lot, exceedingly, and drew near to break the door.
Gen.19.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישלחו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- את: PRT,acc
- ידם: NOUN,m,sg,suff,3,m,pl
- ויביאו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- לוט: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- אליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- הביתה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הדלת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- סגרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Gen.19:9 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel in the same episode—men of the city pressing against Lot’s door to assault his guests; both verses focus on the door and the attempt to force entry.
- Judges 19:22-24 (thematic): A similar motif of a town’s men surrounding a house at night and seeking sexual violence against guests; the host’s protective role and the threat at the door closely mirror Sodom’s scene.
- Exod.12:22-23 (thematic): The house-door as locus of divine protection or judgment: marking/sealing the door in Passover spares occupants from death, paralleling the closed door as protection against the city's violence and impending destruction.
- Matt.25:10-12 (structural): The motif of the door being shut to separate those who are saved/inside from those left outside; echoes the decisive, protective closing of Lot’s door and the exclusion of the city’s violence.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the men stretched out their hands and brought Lot into the house to them, and shut the door.
- And the men reached out their hands and brought Lot in to them into the house, and the door they shut.
Gen.19.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בסנורים: PREP,NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מקטן: PREP,ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ,PREP
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- וילאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- למצא: PREP,VERB,qal,inf
- הפתח: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 6:18-20 (verbal): Elisha prays and God strikes the enemy soldiers with blindness so they cannot find the city—closely parallels divine/blinding incapacitation of those who assault the house in Genesis 19.
- Acts 13:11 (verbal): Paul (through God) temporarily blinds Elymas the sorcerer as immediate judgment and incapacitation—echoes the motif of God-caused physical blindness to thwart hostile perpetrators.
- Judges 19:22-24 (thematic): The men of Gibeah surround and seek to sexually abuse a guest in a house—narratively and thematically parallels the mob violence and attempted rape in Sodom.
- Isaiah 6:9-10 (thematic): God commissions a message that will render people spiritually blind and unable to find the way—shares the motif of divinely effected blindness and inability to perceive or find the entrance/way.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the men who were at the doorway of the house they struck with blindness, from small to great, so that they wearied themselves to find the doorway.
- And the men who were at the entrance of the house they struck with blindness, from small to great, so that they wearied themselves to find the entrance.
Gen.19.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: NEG
- לוט: NOUN_PROP,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- פה: ADV
- חתן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובניך: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,suff:2,ms
- ובנתיך: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs,suff:2,ms
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- בעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוצא: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 19:15-16 (verbal): The angels repeat and specify the evacuation command — 'take thy wife, and thy two daughters' — continuing the same imperative to remove Lot and his household from the city.
- Genesis 19:14 (structural): Lot's attempt to warn his sons‑in‑law about the imminent destruction and to get them to leave parallels the appeal in v.12 to bring all family out of the city; the men do not heed him.
- Luke 17:28-33 (allusion): Jesus cites 'the days of Lot' as a typological warning to flee sudden judgment, echoing the call to escape the doomed city and the consequences for those who delay or look back.
- 2 Peter 2:7-8 (allusion): Peter alludes to Lot's rescue from Sodom and his righteous soul distressed by the lawless deeds of the wicked, referring back to the evacuation and deliverance motif in Genesis 19.
- Matthew 24:17-18 (thematic): Jesus' instruction that one who is on the housetop or in the field must flee without returning mirrors the urgent command in Gen 19:12 to take one's household and depart immediately from the place of destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the men said to Lot, Whom else have you here? A son-in-law, and your sons and your daughters, and whoever you have in the city—bring them out of the place.
- And the men said to Lot, Whom else have you here?—a son-in-law, and your sons, and your daughters, and all who are yours in the city—bring them out of the place.
Gen.19.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- משחתים: VERB,piel,ptc,0,m,pl
- אנחנו: PRON,1,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- גדלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- צעקתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss:3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וישלחנו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg+obj:1,pl
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לשחתה: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,0,f,sg+obj:3,f,sg
Parallels
- Gen.18:20-21 (verbal): The preceding account: God explains that the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is great and their sin very grave — the same rationale for sending judgment found in 19:13.
- Gen.19:24 (structural): The immediate narrative fulfillment of the threatened judgment: the LORD rains brimstone and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah, carrying out the destruction announced because of the outcry.
- Ezek.16:49-50 (thematic): Prophetic reflection on Sodom's guilt: Ezekiel identifies social injustice and abominable deeds as the cause for divine removal, providing an interpretive parallel to the 'outcry' that brought judgment.
- Luke 17:28-30 (thematic): Jesus cites the days of Lot (Sodom) as a typological example of sudden divine judgment, linking the city's destruction to human sinfulness and public outcry in prophetic/eschatological teaching.
- Jude 7 (allusion): New Testament allusion to Sodom and Gomorrah's punishment by fire for their immoral conduct; uses the cities as paradigmatic examples of God's punitive response to grave sin.
Alternative generated candidates
- For we are about to destroy this place, because their outcry has grown great before the face of YHWH, and YHWH has sent us to destroy it.
- For we are about to destroy this place, because their outcry has grown great before YHWH, and YHWH has sent us to destroy it.
Gen.19.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- חתניו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- לקחי: VERB,qal,infc
- בנתיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3ms
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- קומו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- צאו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- מן: PREP
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- משחית: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויהי: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כמצחק: PREP+VERB,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- חתניו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
Parallels
- Genesis 19:15 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: the angels compel Lot to rise and flee with his family, showing the divine rescue that follows his warning.
- Genesis 19:17 (verbal): Related imperatives to flee: the angel's command to 'escape'/'flee for your life' echoes Lot's urgent admonition to leave because the Lord will destroy the city.
- Luke 17:28-30 (thematic): Jesus compares the coming judgment to the days of Lot, where people were carrying on life and failed to heed warnings—paralleling Lot's ignored plea and sudden divine destruction.
- Matthew 24:37-39 (thematic): The Son of Man's coming is likened to Noah's days when people were unaware until judgment fell; similar motif of human unbelief and mockery in the face of imminent doom (cf. sons-in-law thinking Lot was joking).
- 2 Peter 2:7-8 (allusion): Peter cites Lot as a righteous man distressed by the wickedness around him and rescued by divine intervention—an interpretive recall of the Sodom story and Lot's failed attempts to warn others.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, those taking his daughters, and said, Get up, go out from this place, for YHWH is destroying the city. But in the eyes of his sons-in-law he was as one who was jesting.
- And Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, the men who were to marry his daughters, and said, Rise, go out from this place, for YHWH is destroying the city; but he was as one who jested in the eyes of his sons-in-law.
Gen.19.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכמו: CONJ+PREP
- השחר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ויאיצו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- המלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בלוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- קום: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- קח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- בנתיך: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss:2,m,pl
- הנמצאת: VERB,niphal,ptc,f,pl,def
- פן: CONJ
- תספה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- בעון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.19:17 (structural): Immediate continuation: the angels physically lead Lot, his wife, and daughters out of the city—same episode and divine imperative to flee before destruction.
- Matt.2:13 (thematic): An angelic warning to take one's family and flee from imminent danger (Joseph told to take Mary and Jesus to Egypt) — parallels urgency and divine protection in a family evacuation.
- Luke 17:28-32 (allusion): Jesus' reference to the days of Lot (and the admonition to 'remember Lot's wife') invokes the suddenness of judgment and the necessity of swift departure from Sodom-like danger.
- 2 Pet.2:6-8 (allusion): Peter recalls the destruction of Sodom and the rescue of Lot as evidence of judgment and deliverance; echoes Lot's distress among the wicked and his rescue after warning.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when the dawn came up, the messengers urged Lot, saying, Rise, take your wife and your two daughters who are found, lest you be swept away in the iniquity of the city.
- And as dawn was ascending, the messengers urged Lot, saying, Rise, take your wife and your two daughters who are here, lest you be swept away in the punishment of the city.
Gen.19.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתמהמה: VERB,hitpael,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ויחזקו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- וביד: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- וביד: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שתי: NUM,f,sg
- בנתיו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- בחמלת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- ויצאהו: VERB,hifil,imperfect,3,m,sg+obj:3,m,sg
- וינחהו: VERB,hifil,imperfect,3,m,sg+obj:3,m,sg
- מחוץ: PREP
- לעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.19.15 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same narrative — the angels urge Lot to take his wife and daughters and bring them out of the city; repeats the rescue motif and the mercy shown to Lot.
- Gen.19.22 (quotation): Continuation of the angelic instructions to Lot: the angel tells him to hurry to the mountain refuge and explains the timing of divine action — clarifies the reason for the angelic intervention and protection.
- Luke 17:28-29 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the days of Lot, noting that as Lot was rescued and Sodom destroyed, so will be the coming of the Son of Man — uses Lot’s deliverance as an example of sudden judgment and escape.
- 2 Peter 2:7-8 (allusion): Peter cites Lot’s rescue as an instance of righteous rescue amid wickedness, emphasizing his vexation by the lawless deeds of others and God’s merciful deliverance.
- Exodus 12:13 (thematic): Passover deliverance theme — as the blood-marked houses are spared when Egypt is judged, so Lot and his family are spared by God’s mercy while the city faces destruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- But he lingered; so the men seized his hand, and the hand of his wife, and the hands of his two daughters—because of the compassion of YHWH upon him—and they brought him out and set him outside the city.
- And he lingered; and the men seized his hand, and the hand of his wife, and the hand of his two daughters, because YHWH had compassion upon him; and they brought him out and set him outside the city.
Gen.19.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כהוציאם: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- החוצה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- המלט: VERB,hiphil,imperat,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- נפשך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
- אל: NEG
- תביט: VERB,qal,juss,2,m,sg
- אחריך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- תעמד: VERB,qal,juss,2,m,sg
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הככר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההרה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- המלט: VERB,hiphil,imperat,2,m,sg
- פן: CONJ
- תספה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 19:15 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — the angels urge Lot and his family to flee Sodom; reiterated command to escape without delay.
- Genesis 19:26 (verbal): Direct consequence of the injunction not to look back — Lot's wife looks back and is turned into a pillar of salt, fulfilling the warning.
- Luke 17:32 (quotation): Jesus' explicit allusion to the episode: 'Remember Lot's wife,' recalling the prohibition against looking back as a moral/warning example.
- 2 Peter 2:7–8 (thematic): New Testament reflection on Lot's rescue amid Sodom's destruction; emphasizes Lot's deliverance and distress at the wickedness that led to the city's judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And as they brought them out, one said, Escape for your life; do not look behind you, and do not stand anywhere in the Plain; escape to the hills, lest you be swept away.
- And it was, when they had brought them out to the outside, that he said, Escape for your life; do not look behind you, and do not stand anywhere in the plain; to the hill-country escape, lest you be swept away.
Gen.19.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לוט: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- נא: PART
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 18:3 (verbal): Abraham addresses the visiting men as 'My lord' (אדני), a similar polite form of address toward divine/men visitors and an anticipatory hospitality motif.
- Genesis 19:2 (structural): Earlier in the same chapter Lot meets and speaks to the two visitors—this verse continues the pattern of Lot's direct address and hospitality toward the men.
- Genesis 19:8 (thematic): Lot pleads to protect his guests from the townsmen; both verses show Lot interceding and speaking urgently on behalf of the visitors.
- Judges 19:22–24 (thematic): A parallel episode of house guests threatened by a hostile mob—shared themes of hospitality violated and the host's attempt to protect visitors (and to negotiate with the crowd).
Alternative generated candidates
- And Lot said to them, Oh no, my lord, please.
- And Lot said to them, Oh no, my lords.
Gen.19.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- נא: PART
- מצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עבדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
- חן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בעיניך: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,const,2,ms
- ותגדל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- חסדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- עמדי: PREP+1cs
- להחיות: VERB,hiphil,inf,NA,NA,NA
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
- ואנכי: PRON,1,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- אוכל: VERB,qal,part,1,m,sg
- להמלט: VERB,niphal,inf,NA,NA,NA
- ההרה: ADJ,f,sg
- פן: CONJ
- תדבקני: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg+1cs
- הרעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ומתי: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
Parallels
- Gen.6:8 (verbal): Both use the formula 'found favor in the eyes' (Heb. מצא חן) to describe divine favor that results in preservation—Noah finds favor and is saved, as Lot claims the angels have shown him favor in sparing his life.
- Exod.33:12-13 (verbal): Moses uses the same language of seeking and finding God's favor (מצא חן) when petitioning for guidance and assurance; parallels Lot's humble appeal to the mercy/kindness shown him.
- Luke 1:30 (verbal): The angel tells Mary she has 'found favor with God' (Greek: κεχαριτωμένη), echoing the biblical motif of divine favor as the basis for deliverance or special providence, similar to Lot's acknowledgement of mercy.
- Ps.116:8 (thematic): Expresses gratitude for being delivered from death ('You have delivered my soul from death'), thematically echoing Lot's recognition that God's kindness has preserved his life from imminent danger.
- Matt.24:16 (thematic): Invokes the motif of fleeing to the mountains for safety. Lot's refusal to flee to the mountains for fear of being overtaken by evil echoes the recurring biblical concern about flight, pursuit, and the limits of refuge in precipitous terrain.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, your servant has found favor in your eyes, and you have magnified your steadfast love which you have shown to me in preserving my life; but I cannot escape to the hills, lest the disaster overtake me and I die.
- Please now, your servant has found favor in your eyes, and you have magnified your kindness which you have done with me, to keep my life alive; but I am not able to escape to the hill-country, lest the disaster overtake me and I die.
Gen.19.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- נא: PART
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הזאת: DEM,f,sg,def
- קרבה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- לנוס: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- שמה: ADV
- והיא: CONJ+PRON,3,f,sg
- מצער: ADJ,f,sg
- אמלטה: VERB,qal,imprf,1,sg
- נא: PART
- שמה: ADV
- הלא: PART
- מצער: ADJ,f,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ותחי: VERB,qal,imprf,3,f,sg
- נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
Parallels
- Genesis 19:18-22 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel: Lot pleads with the angels to let him flee to 'Zoar' (a small town); the angels later grant his request (continuation of the same scene).
- Genesis 19:23-26 (structural): Direct continuation showing the result of Lot's plea — arrival at Zoar and the destruction of Sodom with Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt.
- Genesis 18:23-33 (thematic): Abraham's negotiation with God over Sodom—both passages involve pleading on behalf of life(s) in relation to the fate of a city and reflect concern for preservation amid impending judgment.
- Numbers 35:9-34 (thematic): Laws establishing cities of refuge where someone might flee for safety; thematically parallels the motif of hastening to a nearby city for protection.
- Joshua 2:1-14 (thematic): Rahab's protection of the Israelite spies and her plea for safety in the city parallels the exchange of hospitality/protection and the appeal to spare lives within a city setting.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, please, this city is near to flee to, and it is small; let me escape there—is it not small?—and my life shall live.
- Please now, this city is near to flee there, and it is small; let me escape there—Is it not small?—and my life shall live.
Gen.19.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- הנה: PART
- נשאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- פניך: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- גם: ADV
- לדבר: INF,qal
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לבלתי: PART,neg
- הפכי: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דברת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 18:23-33 (structural): Same narrative scene — Abraham’s bargaining with God for Sodom and God’s concession (the negotiation culminating in sparing the city if righteous are found).
- Exodus 32:11-14 (thematic): Moses’ intercession for Israel leads God to ‘relent’ (מנחם/וינחם) and withdraw the threatened judgment — a parallel instance of a mediator’s plea resulting in God’s withholding of punishment.
- Numbers 14:13-20 (verbal): Moses intercedes after Israel’s rebellion and God answers, “I have pardoned according to thy word” — language and concept of God granting the petitioner’s request echoing Genesis 19:21.
- Jonah 3:10 (verbal): After Nineveh’s repentance, “God relented concerning the calamity” (וינחם ה' על־הרעה) — same theological motif of God reversing intended judgment in response to petition/repentance.
- Jeremiah 26:3 (thematic): God tells Jeremiah that if the people heed the warning and turn from evil, He will relent and not bring the disaster pronounced — a prophetic conditional parallel to Abraham’s plea and God’s concession.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said to him, Behold, I grant you this request also: I will not overthrow the city of which you have spoken.
- And he said to him, See, I have shown you favor also in this matter, not to overturn the city of which you have spoken.
Gen.19.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מהר: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- המלט: VERB,hitp,imp,2,m,sg
- שמה: ADV
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- אוכל: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: CONJ
- באך: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- שמה: ADV
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- קרא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- צוער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 19:15 (verbal): Earlier in the same scene the angels urge Lot and his family to hurry and flee the doomed city—same command to escape immediately.
- Genesis 19:17 (verbal): The angel's injunction to 'escape for your life; do not look back' parallels the urgent directive to depart quickly and not delay.
- Genesis 19:23 (structural): Reports the immediate aftermath—Lot reaches Zoar before the destruction—showing the fulfillment of the angel’s instruction to flee there.
- Luke 17:32 (thematic): Jesus' admonition 'Remember Lot's wife' alludes to the episode of fleeing Sodom and the danger of looking back, reflecting the same theme of urgent escape.
- 2 Peter 2:7–8 (allusion): Peter recalls Lot's rescue as an example of God rescuing the righteous from a depraved city, alluding to the divine intervention and escape narrated in Genesis 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hurry, escape there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
- Hurry, escape there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
Gen.19.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ולוט: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- צערה: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.19.17 (structural): The angels command Lot to flee and offer the alternative of Zoar if he cannot reach the mountain — the immediate instruction that explains Lot’s movement into Zoar.
- Gen.19.24 (structural): God rains brimstone and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah as Lot flees; this verse gives the divine action that coincides with the timing of Lot’s escape (the context for the sunrise reference).
- Gen.19.26 (thematic): Lot’s wife looks back and is turned into a pillar of salt during the escape; thematically linked to the moment of rescue and the moral/emotional consequences of the flight described at dawn.
- Luke 17:28-32 (allusion): Jesus refers to events ‘as it was in the days of Lot’ and warns to ‘remember Lot’s wife,’ using Lot’s escape and the sudden judgment on Sodom as a typological warning.
- 2 Peter 2:6-8 (thematic): Peter recalls the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and notes that Lot was rescued (a righteous man distressed by the depraved conduct around him), echoing the account of Lot’s flight and deliverance.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sun had risen upon the land when Lot entered Zoar.
- The sun had risen upon the land when Lot came to Zoar.
Gen.19.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המטיר: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- עמרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גפרית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואש: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מאת: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מן: PREP
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Gen.19.25 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same event — the cities are overthrown, smoke rises from the land, repeating the motif of divine fire and brimstone.
- Deut.29.23 (verbal): Describes Sodom, Gomorrah and surrounding cities as becoming a smoke, brimstone and salt, echoing the imagery of fire and brimstone from heaven.
- Luke 17:29 (quotation): Jesus explicitly recalls the Genesis account, saying it 'rained fire and brimstone from heaven' and destroyed them, directly alluding to Gen 19:24.
- 2 Peter 2:6 (allusion): Uses the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as an example of divine judgment, saying God condemned them and reduced them to ashes — echoing the Genesis narrative.
- Jude 1:7 (thematic): Refers to Sodom and Gomorrah as an example punished with 'eternal fire' for sexual immorality, thematically linking their destruction to divine retribution by fire.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then YHWH rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah sulfur and fire from YHWH out of the heavens.
- And YHWH rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah sulfur and fire, from YHWH out of the heavens.
Gen.19.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהפך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הערים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- האל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- הככר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הערים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- וצמח: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- האדמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 29:23 (verbal): Uses language parallel to Genesis 19:25—cities overthrown like Sodom and Gomorrah and the vegetation/soil consumed as a warning about covenant judgment.
- Isaiah 13:19 (allusion): Declares Babylon will become like Sodom and Gomorrah when God overthrew them, directly evoking the destruction image of Gen 19:25.
- Luke 17:29 (allusion): Jesus refers to the moment Lot left Sodom and Sodom’s destruction by fire and brimstone—echoes the sudden divine overthrow described in Gen 19:25.
- 2 Peter 2:6 (allusion): Peter recalls God turning Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes as an example of judgment, citing the same catastrophic overturning of Gen 19:25 for moral instruction.
- Jude 7 (allusion): Refers to Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction by fire and links their overthrow to sexual immorality and divine punishment, drawing on the event of Gen 19:25.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he overturned those cities, and all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and the vegetation of the ground.
- And he overturned those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground.
Gen.19.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותבט: VERB,hifil,perf,3,f,sg
- אשתו: NOUN,f,sg,cs+3,m,sg
- מאחריו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- נציב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.19.15-17 (structural): Immediate narrative context: the command not to look back (v.17) directly frames the flight and sets up the wife's act of looking back and its consequence in v.26.
- Deut.29.22-23 (verbal): Uses imagery of 'sulfur and salt' and a land made like the 'overthrow of Sodom'—echoes the vocabulary and judgment imagery (salt/sulfur) associated with Sodom's destruction.
- Luke 17.32 (allusion): Jesus' brief injunction 'Remember Lot's wife' directly alludes to her looking back and serves as a moral warning—explicit New Testament reference to the Genesis episode.
- 2 Peter 2.6-8 (allusion): Peter cites the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the rescue of Lot as an example of divine judgment and deliverance, alluding to the Genesis narrative that includes Lot's wife's fate.
- Jude 1:7 (thematic): Uses Sodom and Gomorrah as paradigms of sexual immorality and judgment; thematically parallels Genesis' account of the cities' destruction and the surrounding moral lesson.
Alternative generated candidates
- But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
- But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
Gen.19.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישכם: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבקר: PREP
- אל: NEG
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עמד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- את: PRT,acc
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.18.22 (verbal): Same scene-language: Abraham 'stood before the LORD' (Heb. הָעֲמִדָה לִפְנֵי יְהוָה); continuity of Abraham's standing/waiting in the divine presence.
- Ps.5.3 (thematic): Morning devotion theme—'In the morning, O LORD, you hear my voice'—parallels Abraham rising early to stand before the LORD and seek God's action.
- Mark 1:35 (thematic): Jesus 'rising a long while before day to pray' echoes the motif of rising early to seek God and be in his presence, paralleling Abraham's early rising.
- Exod.33:7-11 (structural): The tent-of-meeting / 'standing before the LORD' motif where Moses meets God face-to-face parallels Abraham's approach to the place where he stood before the LORD—both depict intimate, personal access to God.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Abraham rose early in the morning to the place where he had stood before YHWH.
- And Abraham rose early in the morning to the place where he had stood before YHWH.
Gen.19.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישקף: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועמרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- כל: DET
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הככר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- והנה: ADV
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- קיטר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- כקיטר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הכבשן: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.19:24-25 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: God rained brimstone and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah, producing the smoke that Lot 'beheld' in 19:28.
- Isaiah 34:9-10 (verbal): Uses furnace/smoke imagery for divine destruction—'the smoke shall go up for ever'—paralleling the simile 'smoke... as the smoke of a furnace.'
- Luke 17:28-29 (allusion): Jesus cites the days of Lot and states that 'it rained fire and brimstone' on Sodom, echoing the event and its fiery aftermath described in Gen 19:28.
- 2 Peter 2:6 (thematic): Refers to Sodom and Gomorrah being reduced to ashes as an example of divine judgment, alluding to the same fire-and-smoke destruction in Genesis.
- Jude 1:7 (thematic): Cites Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of punishment by 'eternal fire,' thematically linking to the fiery destruction and smoke of Gen 19:28.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he looked out over the face of Sodom and Gomorrah and over all the face of the land of the Plain, and he saw, and behold, the smoke of the land went up like the smoke of a furnace.
- And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah and toward all the land of the plain, and he saw, and behold, the smoke of the land went up like the smoke of a furnace.
Gen.19.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בשחת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ערי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- הככר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויזכר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- לוט: PN,m,sg
- מתוך: PREP
- ההפכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- בהפך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הערים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ישב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בהן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
- לוט: PN,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 8:1 (verbal): Same verbal motif: 'God remembered...' (וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים). In Gen 8:1 God remembers Noah and brings deliverance after the Flood, paralleling divine remembrance that leads to rescue in Gen 19:29.
- Exodus 2:24–25 (thematic): God 'remembered his covenant with Abraham' and responds to deliver his people from Egypt—themewise like Gen 19:29 where God's memory of Abraham results in Lot's being sent out from the overthrow.
- Psalm 105:42 (verbal): The psalm states that God 'remembered his holy promise, Abraham his servant,' echoing the phrasing and covenantal reason for God's intervention found in Gen 19:29.
- 2 Peter 2:6–8 (allusion): The New Testament explicitly alludes to Sodom and Gomorrah's destruction and states that God 'rescued' Lot (described as righteous), directly paralleling the rescue of Lot noted in Gen 19:29.
- Luke 17:28–29 (allusion): Jesus compares coming judgment to 'the days of Lot' and recalls the day Lot left Sodom when fire rained down—an allusive reference to the overthrow of the cities and Lot's escape in Gen 19.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it happened, when God destroyed the cities of the Plain, that God remembered Abraham and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Lot had lived.
- And it happened, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and he sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow when he overthrew the cities in which Lot had dwelt.
And the two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. And Lot saw, and he rose to meet them, and bowed down with his face to the ground. And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn aside, I pray, into the house of your servant, and lodge, and wash your feet; and you shall rise early and go on your way. And they said, No, for in the square we shall spend the night. And he pressed them strongly, so they turned aside to him and came into his house. And he made them a feast, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.
Before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house—from young to old, all the people, to the last one. And they called to Lot and said to him, Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may have relations with them. And Lot went out to them at the entrance, and the door he shut behind him. And he said, I pray you, my brothers, do not do evil.
Behold now, I have two daughters who have not known a man; let me, I pray, bring them out to you, and do to them as is good in your eyes. Only to these men do not do a thing, for therefore they have come under the shadow of my roof. And they said, Stand back! And they said, This one came to sojourn, and he keeps acting the judge; now we will deal worse with you than with them. And they pressed hard against the man, against Lot, very much, and came near to break the door. But the men reached out their hands and brought Lot to them into the house, and they shut the door. And the men who were at the entrance of the house they struck with blindness, from small to great, so that they wearied themselves to find the doorway. And the men said to Lot, Whom else have you here? A son-in-law, and your sons and your daughters, and everyone you have in the city—bring out of the place.
For we are about to destroy this place, because their outcry has grown great before the face of YHWH; and YHWH has sent us to destroy it. And Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were to marry his daughters, and said, Rise, go out from this place, for YHWH is destroying the city. But he was as one joking in the eyes of his sons-in-law. And when the dawn came up, the angels urged Lot, saying, Rise, take your wife and your two daughters who are found, lest you be swept away in the iniquity of the city. And he lingered; but the men seized his hand, and the hand of his wife, and the hand of his two daughters—through the compassion of YHWH upon him—and they brought him out and set him outside the city. And it was, when they had brought them out, that he said, Escape for your life! Do not look behind you, and do not stop anywhere in the plain; escape to the hill-country, lest you be swept away. And Lot said to them, Oh no, my lords.
Behold now, your servant has found favor in your eyes, and you have made great your kindness which you have done with me to keep my life alive; but I cannot escape to the hill-country, lest the disaster overtake me and I die.
Behold now, this city is near to flee to, and it is small; let me escape there, I pray—is it not small?—that my life may live. And he said to him, Behold, I grant you this also, not to overthrow the city of which you have spoken.
Hurry, escape there, for I cannot do a thing until you arrive there. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
The sun had risen upon the land when Lot entered Zoar. And YHWH rained on Sodom and on Gomorrah sulfur and fire—from YHWH out of the heavens. And he overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew from the ground. And his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt. And Abraham rose early in the morning to the place where he had stood before YHWH. And he looked out over the face of Sodom and Gomorrah and over all the face of the land of the plain, and he saw—and behold—the smoke of the land was going up like the smoke of a furnace. And it was, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Lot had dwelt.