The Priests’ Garments
Exodus 28:1-5
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Exo.28.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- הקרב: VERB,hifil,imp,2,m,sg
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
- אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- מתוך: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכהנו: VERB,qal,inf
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
- נדב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואביהוא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלעזר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואיתמר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
Parallels
- Exodus 29:1 (structural): Direct continuation of the same topic — after naming Aaron and his sons as priests (28:1), 29:1 begins the instructions for their ordination and service.
- Leviticus 8:1–5 (structural): Narrative account of Moses bringing Aaron and his sons forward to consecrate them as priests, paralleling the calling/bringing near described in Exod 28:1.
- Numbers 3:10 (thematic): Declares the duty and appointment of Aaron and his sons as the priestly family responsible for the sanctuary, echoing the identification of Aaron’s sons in Exod 28:1.
- Exodus 40:12–15 (verbal): Record of Moses dressing and anointing Aaron and his sons to consecrate them for priestly service — the actual enactment of the calling announced in 28:1.
- Hebrews 5:4 (allusion): New Testament reflection on priestly appointment: no one takes the honor of priesthood on himself but is called by God 'as Aaron was,' alluding to the divine calling of Aaron and his sons in texts like Exod 28:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall bring near to yourself Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the Israelites, to serve me as priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, the sons of Aaron.
- And you shall bring near to yourself Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the Israelites, to serve me as priests: Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, the sons of Aaron.
Exo.28.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בגדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לאהרן: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- לכבוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולתפארת: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.29:5-9 (structural): Part of the same consecration sequence: Moses girds and clothes Aaron with the priestly garments as the rite of ordination, directly continuing the command to make holy garments.
- Exod.39:1-31 (verbal): A narrative fulfillment of the command in 28:2 — this passage gives the detailed making of the holy garments for Aaron and his sons, using similar language about the vestments.
- Lev.8:7-9 (structural): Describes Moses putting the tunic, sash, robe, ephod and breastpiece on Aaron during his consecration — the actual dressing episode that implements the instruction of Exodus 28:2.
- Zech.3:3-5 (thematic): Joshua the high priest has his filthy garments removed and is clothed in clean, festal garments — a post‑exilic theological echo of clothing as purification, honor, and priestly fitness.
- Isa.61:10 (thematic): Speaks of being clothed with garments of salvation and a robe of righteousness — a prophetic/poetic parallel linking divine dressing imagery to joy, honor and beauty analogous to the glory and splendor of priestly garments.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother, for glory and for splendor.
- And you shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother, for glory and for splendor.
Exo.28.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- תדבר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- חכמי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מלאתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חכמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- בגדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
- לקדשו: VERB,hiph,inf,3,m,sg
- לכהנו: VERB,qal,inf,3,m,sg
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
Parallels
- Exod.31:1-6 (verbal): God fills Bezalel (and Oholiab) with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding and knowledge to craft the tabernacle and its fittings—paralleling the provision of skilled, Spirit‑endowed artisans called to make Aaron’s sacred garments.
- Exod.35:30-35 (quotation): Reiteration of Exod.31: God again declares that He has filled Bezalel and Oholiab with skill and wisdom to execute the work—repeats the vocational commissioning of craftsmen for holy service, including the priestly vestments.
- Exod.39:1-31 (structural): Narrative account of the craftsmen actually making the garments for Aaron and his sons 'according to all that the LORD commanded Moses,' showing the concrete fulfillment of the commission in Exod.28:3.
- Lev.8:7-9 (thematic): Description of Moses dressing Aaron with the linen tunic, sash, robe, ephod and breastpiece as part of his consecration—directly connects to the purpose of the garments in Exod.28:3 ('to consecrate him, to minister unto me').
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall speak to all who are wise of heart, whom I have filled with a spirit of wisdom, and they shall make the garments of Aaron to consecrate him, that he may serve me as priest.
- And you shall speak to all who are wise of heart, whom I have filled with a spirit of wisdom, and they shall make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may serve me as priest.
Exo.28.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- הבגדים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יעשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- חשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואפוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומעיל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכתנת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תשבץ: ADJ,f,sg
- מצנפת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואבנט: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- בגדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לאהרן: PREP+PN,m,sg
- אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ולבניו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,3ms
- לכהנו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 39:1-2 (verbal): Narrative fulfillment that repeats the catalogue of priestly garments (the ephod, breastplate, robe, tunic, turban, and sash) described in Exod 28.
- Exodus 39:27-29 (structural): Account of putting the finished holy garments on Aaron and his sons, paralleling the purpose stated in Exod 28:4 (to serve as priests).
- Leviticus 8:7-9 (quotation): Scene from Aaron's consecration in which Moses clothes Aaron with the tunic, robe, ephod, breastpiece, turban, and sash—the same items listed in Exod 28:4.
- Leviticus 16:4 (thematic): Instruction for the high priest to don specific holy linen garments for the Day of Atonement, reflecting the broader theme of distinctive sacred attire for priestly service.
- Ezekiel 44:17-19 (thematic): Later prophetic regulations about priests' linen garments (tunics, turbans, undergarments), echoing the concern for proper, holy clothing for those who serve at the sanctuary.
Alternative generated candidates
- And these are the garments that they shall make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a checkered tunic, a turban, and a sash; and they shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother and for his sons, to serve me as priests.
- And these are the garments that they shall make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a tunic of patterned weave, a turban, and a sash. And they shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother and for his sons, to serve me as priests.
Exo.28.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והם: CONJ+PRON,3,m,pl
- יקחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הזהב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- התכלת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הארגמן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- תולעת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השש: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 25:4 (verbal): Lists the same materials (blue, purple, scarlet/crimson, fine linen, gold) as contributions for the tabernacle; wording and catalogue of colors/materials closely parallel Exodus 28:5.
- Exodus 26:1 (verbal): Prescribes curtains and hangings 'of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine twined linen'—uses the same color palette and linen as materials for sacred fittings, paralleling the priestly garment materials.
- Exodus 28:6 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same instruction set: repeats the specification that the ephod (priestly garment) be made of gold, blue, purple, crimson, and fine linen—near-verbatim overlap with v.5.
- Exodus 39:1-2 (quotation): Narrative account of the artisans executing the command: the ephod is actually made 'of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen,' quoting/applies the material list from Exodus 28:5 in the construction.
- Leviticus 16:4 (thematic): Describes the high priest putting on 'holy linen' when performing sacred rites; thematically connects to Exodus 28:5's specification of fine linen as essential priestly attire.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they shall take gold, blue, purple, and crimson yarn, and fine linen.
- And they shall take the gold, and blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
And you shall bring near to yourself Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the Israelites, to serve me as priests: Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, the sons of Aaron. And you shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother, for glory and for splendor. And you shall speak to all who are wise of heart, whom I have filled with a spirit of wisdom, and they shall make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may serve me as priest. And these are the garments that they shall make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a checkered tunic, a turban, and a sash; and they shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother and for his sons, to serve me as priests. And they shall take the gold, the blue, the purple, the scarlet yarn, and the fine linen.