Jehoram's Wicked Reign, Revolts, and Judgment
2 Chronicles 21:4-20
2 C.21.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יהורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- ממלכת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ויתחזק: VERB,hitp,impf,3,m,sg
- ויהרג: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וגם: CONJ
- משרי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:16-18 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Jehoram (Joram) succeeding his father; explicitly states he strengthened himself and killed his brothers and some leaders—same event described in Chronicles.
- Judges 9:5-6 (thematic): Abimelech murders his seventy brothers to secure the kingship—a closely related motif of fratricide to obtain or secure royal power.
- 2 Samuel 13:28-29 (thematic): Absalom has his brother Amnon killed in revenge and to alter the royal family’s dynamics—another instance of intra-royal/brotherly killing affecting succession and power.
- Genesis 37:23-28 (thematic): Joseph’s brothers conspire to kill (and then sell) him out of jealousy—an earlier example of fraternal violence tied to rivalry within a family, echoing the motif of brothers slain in struggles over status or favor.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jehoram established himself over his father’s kingdom; he strengthened his rule and put all his brothers to the sword, and also the leaders of Israel.
- Jehoram established himself over his father's kingdom; he strengthened himself and slew all his brothers with the sword, and also the chiefs of Israel.
2 C.21.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלשים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ושתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ושמונה: NUM,card,f
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:17 (verbal): Direct parallel wording: gives the same age (thirty-two) at accession and the same eight-year reign in Jerusalem.
- 2 Kings 8:16-24 (structural): The Kings passage contains the full parallel account of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat, including his accession, reign, evil deeds and death—of which v.17 (age and years) corresponds to 2 Chr 21:5.
- 2 Chronicles 21:1 (structural): Immediate Chronicler context: the opening accession material for Jehoram (identifying his parentage and succession) frames the same reign notice that is summarized in v.5.
- 2 Chronicles 22:2 (thematic): Example of the Chronicler’s standard formula for reporting a king’s age at accession and length of reign (here of Ahaziah: age and years), illustrating the literary pattern used in 2 Chr 21:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.
- Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.
2 C.21.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בדרך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- אחאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הרע: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:18 (verbal): Parallel account of Jehoram (Joram) of Judah: he walked in the ways of the house of Ahab and did evil, noting his marriage to Ahab’s daughter as the cause.
- 2 Chronicles 18:1 (structural): Background context: Jehoshaphat’s alliance by marriage with Ahab (the basis for his son’s marriage to Ahab’s daughter), explaining how Ahab’s influence entered Judah’s royal house.
- 1 Kings 21:25-26 (thematic): Assessment of Ahab’s exceptional wickedness and Jezebel’s malign influence; explains why association with Ahab’s house leads kings to do evil before Yahweh.
- 2 Kings 9:22 (allusion): Jehu’s denunciation of Joram (and Jezebel) links the ‘whoredoms’ and witchcraft of Ahab’s house to the judgment and conflict surrounding those allied with that house.
Alternative generated candidates
- He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab had done; for he had taken a daughter of Ahab for his wife, and he did evil in the sight of the LORD.
- He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab had done; for he had a wife who was a daughter of Ahab, and he did evil in the sight of the LORD.
2 C.21.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- אבה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- להשחית: VERB,hif,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למען: PREP
- הברית: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- כרת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לדויד: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וכאשר: CONJ
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לתת: VERB,qal,inf
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ניר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולבניו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,constr,3ms
- כל: DET
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:19 (verbal): Direct parallel in Kings: same claim that the LORD would not destroy the house of David because of the covenant to give David a continual lamp/line.
- 2 Samuel 7:12-16 (quotation): The original divine covenant promise to David—establishing his house, throne and offspring forever—which explains why God spares David's line.
- 1 Chronicles 17:11-14 (verbal): Chronicler’s parallel retelling of the Davidic covenant (parallels 2 Samuel 7), which undergirds the statement that God preserves David’s house.
- Psalm 89:3-4, 35-37 (thematic): Psalm that affirms God’s steadfast covenant with David and the enduring nature of his throne and offspring—echoes the reason God will not destroy David’s house.
- Isaiah 55:3 (allusion): Promises 'the sure mercies of David' and an everlasting covenant—an independent prophetic formulation that alludes to the Davidic covenant invoked in 2 Chronicles 21:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet the LORD would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that he had made with David and his promise to give him a lamp for his sons always.
- Yet the LORD would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that he had made with David, and as he had promised to give a lamp to him and to his sons forever.
2 C.21.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בימיו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- פשע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתחת: PREP
- יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- וימליכו: VERB,hiph,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:20 (quotation): Direct parallel report: likewise states that in his days Edom revolted from under Judah’s control and set up a king.
- 2 Samuel 8:12-14 (structural): Earlier account of David putting garrisons in Edom and making the Edomites subject — provides historical background and contrast to the later Edomite revolt.
- Obadiah 1:1,10-14 (thematic): Prophetic condemnation of Edom’s hostility toward Israel/Judah and its dealings with the ‘brother’ — thematically linked to Edom’s assertion of independence and enmity.
- Jeremiah 49:7-16 (thematic): Oracle against Edom describing its overthrow of Judah’s territory and predicting judgment — thematically connected to the consequences of Edom’s revolt against Judah.
Alternative generated candidates
- In his days Edom revolted from under the rule of Judah, and they set up a king over themselves.
- In his days Edom revolted from under the rule of Judah, and they set up a king over themselves.
2 C.21.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- שריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3m
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הרכב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- קם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הסובב: ADJ,ptcp,qal,act,m,sg,def
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- שרי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- הרכב: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:21 (quotation): Near-verbatim parallel in the Deuteronomic history: Jehoram goes out with his princes and chariots by night and strikes the Edomites surrounding him (same incident reported from a different editorial perspective).
- 2 Samuel 8:13-14 (thematic): Earlier Israelite tradition of campaigning against Edom under David—both passages reflect the recurring motif of Judean/Israelite military action against Edom and control over the region.
- 1 Chronicles 18:12 (verbal): Chronicles/Samuel parallel describing David’s subjugation of Edom; provides a verbal and thematic echo of Israel/Judah’s conflicts with Edom recorded in the historical books.
- Obadiah 1:1-4 (allusion): Prophetic denunciation of Edom’s hostility and violence toward Israel—provides theological and literary context for the longstanding antagonism between Edom and Israel/Judah reflected in the narrative of Jehoram’s attack.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jehoram marched out with his commanders and all his chariotry; by night they rose up and struck the Edomites who surrounded him and the commanders of the chariots.
- Then Jehoram went out with his princes and all his chariots; and he rose up by night and struck the Edomites who were round about him and the commanders of the chariots.
2 C.21.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויפשע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתחת: PREP
- יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- עד: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- אז: ADV
- תפשע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- לבנה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההיא: DEM,f,sg
- מתחת: PREP
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- עזב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:20-22 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Jehoram of Judah: Edom revolts from under Judah in his days (language and event closely mirror 2 Chr 21:10).
- 2 Chronicles 12:2-3 (thematic): Rehoboam 'abandoned the LORD' and as a result Egypt came and took Judah's fortified cities—thematic pattern: apostasy by a Judahite king leads to loss of territory/control.
- Judges 2:11-15 (thematic): Israel 'forsook the LORD' and consequently God allowed enemies to oppress them—illustrates the recurrent Deuteronomic theme that forsaking Yahweh results in subjugation by outsiders (applies to Edom/Libnah revolts here).
- Psalm 78:59-64 (thematic): The Psalm recounts Israel’s provoking God by idolatry and God delivering them into the hands of enemies and scattering them—parallels the moral cause-and-effect (apostasy → loss of control/territory) expressed in 2 Chr 21:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah to this day. At that time Libnah also revolted from under his hand, because he had forsaken the LORD, the God of his fathers.
- So Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah to this day. Libnah also revolted at that time from under his hand, for he had abandoned the LORD, the God of his fathers.
2 C.21.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גם: ADV
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במות: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בהרי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,constr
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ויזן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וידח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:18 (structural): Parallel account of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat doing evil; Chronicles expands the report (high places, leading Jerusalem into whoredom) while Kings gives the corresponding narrative of his apostasy and Ahab's influence.
- 1 Kings 12:31 (verbal): Describes Jeroboam's erection of high places and establishment of illicit worship that led the people into idolatrous 'whoredom'—thematically parallel to making high places in Judah and causing Jerusalem to play the harlot.
- 1 Kings 11:7 (thematic): Solomon's building of high places for foreign gods and the resulting apostasy parallels the motive and consequence of installing high places in Judah and provoking spiritual unfaithfulness.
- Ezekiel 16:15 (allusion): Uses the metaphor of Jerusalem 'playing the harlot' to describe idolatry; Chronicles 21:11 uses the same imagery to portray Jerusalem's spiritual adultery under the king's policies.
Alternative generated candidates
- He also built high places in the hills of Judah; he seduced the inhabitants of Jerusalem and led Judah astray.
- He also made high places in the hill country of Judah, and led the inhabitants of Jerusalem into harlotry; he turned aside the people of Judah.
2 C.21.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- מכתב: NOUN,m,sg,const
- מאליהו: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- הנביא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביך: NOUN,m,sg,suff+2ms
- תחת: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- הלכת: VERB,qal,perf,2,f,sg
- בדרכי: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cstr+1s
- יהושפט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביך: NOUN,m,sg,suff+2ms
- ובדרכי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,construct
- אסא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:16-19 (structural): Direct royal parallel in the Deuteronomistic history recounting Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat’s reign; overlaps with Chronicles’ account of Jehoram’s apostasy and its political consequences (Chronicles adds the prophetic letter from Elijah).
- 1 Kings 21:17-24 (thematic): Elijah’s denunciation of Ahab after Naboth’s vineyard: an example of Elijah delivering a divine judgment‑oracle against a king. Chronicles’ letter to Jehoram echoes the same prophet’s role of announcing God’s punishment.
- 2 Chronicles 36:15-16 (thematic): Summarizes the recurring pattern of Judah’s kings rejecting God’s messengers and suffering divine judgment. Echoes the theme in 2 Chr 21:12 of a king failing to walk in the ways of his righteous predecessors and being rebuked by a prophet.
- 2 Samuel 7:14-16 (allusion): The Davidic covenant provides the theological background for the formula “the LORD, God of David your father.” Invoking God as David’s God frames prophetic pronouncements against David’s descendants in terms of covenant faithfulness and consequences.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then a letter came to him from the prophet Elijah, saying, Thus says the LORD, the God of David your father:
- Then a letter came to him from Elijah the prophet, saying, Thus says the LORD, the God of David your father: Because you have not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat your father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah,
2 C.21.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- בדרך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותזנה: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואת: CONJ
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כהזנות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,def
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגם: CONJ
- את: PRT,acc
- אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביך: NOUN,m,sg,suff+2ms
- הטובים: ADJ,m,pl,def
- ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- הרגת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:16-19 (verbal): Parallel narrative of Jehoram of Judah: explicitly states he walked in the ways of the house of Ahab, took an Ahabite wife, did evil, and slew his brothers—direct verbal and narrative correspondence.
- 1 Kings 16:30-33 (thematic): Describes Ahab’s wickedness (doing more to provoke the LORD), providing the background for the charge that Jehoram followed ‘the ways of the house of Ahab’ and led Judah into similar sexual/idolatrous corruption.
- 2 Chronicles 21:4-6 (structural): Close internal parallel within the Chronicler’s account that repeats and frames the same themes—Jehoram’s marriage into Ahab’s house, imitation of Israelite/Ahabite practices, and leading Judah into sin—showing the verse’s place in the book’s larger condemnation of his reign.
Alternative generated candidates
- Because you have not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat your father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah; but have walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and have led Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem into whoredom, as the house of Ahab did; and you have slain your brothers, the house of your father, who were better than you.
- but have walked in the way of the kings of Israel and have made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to play the harlot, like the house of Ahab; and you have slain your brothers, the men of your father's house, who were better than you.
2 C.21.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נגף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מגפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גדולה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- בעמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,2ms
- ובבניך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,2ms
- ובנשיך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+SUFF,2ms
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- רכושך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,2ms
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 28:21-22 (verbal): Part of the covenant curse list: the LORD will make pestilence cleave to the people as judgment—language and concept of plague sent on people and their possessions parallel this verse.
- 2 Kings 8:18-19 (structural): Parallel narrative of Jehoram of Judah in Kings; Chronicles' statement about divine punishment (including calamities on his people and house) has its counterpart in this Kings account.
- 2 Samuel 24:15-17 (thematic): A nationwide plague sent by the LORD as punishment for sin (the counting of Israel) — an analogous instance of divine pestilence affecting people and causing widespread death.
- Ezekiel 14:21 (thematic): Lists pestilence alongside sword, famine, and wild beasts as one of the four sore judgments the LORD sends upon a land—thematic parallel to plague as divine punishment.
- Psalm 78:49-50 (thematic): Speaks of God sending pestilence and death upon the people as an act of his anger—language and imagery echo the idea of plague falling on a people as divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, the LORD will bring a great plague upon your people, upon your children, upon your wives, and upon all your possessions.
- Behold, the LORD will strike your people, your sons, your wives, and all your possessions with a great plague.
2 C.21.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- בחליים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- במחלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מעיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מעיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- החלי: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:17-18 (quotation): Parallel narrative of Jehoram (king of Judah) being struck with a severe, incurable disease as divine judgment; language and circumstance correspond to the Chronicler's account.
- 2 Chronicles 26:16-21 (thematic): Uzziah is punished with leprosy for unfaithfulness/pride; another example in Chronicles of a king struck with a debilitating bodily disease as divine judgment.
- 2 Chronicles 16:12 (thematic): Asa is diseased in his feet in his old age and dies of his illness—another Chronicler instance where a king's physical ailment is related to covenant unfaithfulness and judgment.
- 2 Kings 9:30-37 (structural): Account of Jezebel’s violent, shameful death and prophetic retribution; parallels the motif of violent/disgraceful divine punishment brought on wicked royal figures.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall be struck with grievous disease in your bowels, so that your intestines shall come out because of your sickness—day by day.
- And you yourself shall be afflicted with severe diseases of your bowels, until your bowels come out because of the sickness, day by day.
2 C.21.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויער: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- יהורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הפלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- והערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כושים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:21 (quotation): Direct parallel account of the same event: both verses state that the LORD stirred up the Philistines and Arabians (near the Cushites) against Jehoram.
- Judges 2:14 (thematic): Shows the recurring theological motif that the LORD hands Israel/Judah over to foreign enemies as punishment for unfaithfulness—God ‘sells’ or ‘stirs up’ enemies against his people.
- Isaiah 10:5–6 (thematic): God uses foreign nations as instruments of judgment (here Assyria; analogous to God stirring up Philistines/Arabians against Jehoram).
- 2 Chronicles 12:2 (thematic): Illustrates the Chronicles theme that foreign invasions (Shishak's attack) come as divine punishment for apostasy, parallel to the Lord stirring up neighbors against Jehoram.
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines and of the Arabians who are near the Cushites.
- And the LORD stirred up against him the spirit of the Philistines and of the Arabians who are near the Cushites.
2 C.21.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויבקעוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הרכוש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הנמצא: PART,nif,ptc,ms,sg,def
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וגם: CONJ
- בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- ונשיו: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3ms
- ולא: CONJ
- נשאר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- יהואחז: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- קטן: ADJ,m,sg
- בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:26-29 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Jehoram of Judah: foreign raiders plunder the king's house and carry off his sons and wives, leaving only the youngest son (Jehoahaz) — wording and events closely match Chronicles.
- 2 Kings 8:18-19 (thematic): Presents the theological context: Jehoram's wrongdoing, the LORD's judgment by invasion, and God's restraint for David's sake — explains why the dynasty was not wholly extinguished despite the plundering.
- 2 Chronicles 22:1 (structural): Narrative continuation: the people of Jerusalem make the surviving son (identified as Ahaziah/Azariah/Jehoahaz in different traditions) king, showing the immediate consequence of the loss of the other royal sons.
- 1 Chronicles 3:11 (verbal): Genealogical notice listing Jehoahaz (son of Jehoram) among the royal descendants of David — confirms the identity of the surviving youngest son named in 2 Chronicles 21:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- They came up against Judah and broke into it; they carried off all the king’s possessions and also his sons and his wives. There remained no son to him except Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons.
- They came up into Judah and broke into it, and carried off all the possessions found in the king's house; they also took his sons and his wives, and there was left him no son except Jehoahaz the youngest of his children.
2 C.21.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואחרי: CONJ
- כל: DET
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- נגפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- במעיו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- לחלי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאין: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מרפא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:27 (verbal): Parallel narrative of Jehoram (same king) stating he was struck in his bowels with an incurable disease; the Kings account reiterates the same affliction and outcome.
- 2 Chronicles 21:20 (structural): Immediate continuation in Chronicles describing the progressive pain, the people's reaction, the intestines' discharge, and Jehoram's death—same episode expanded.
- Acts 12:23 (thematic): Herod is struck by an angel and 'eaten by worms' as divine judgment, paralleling the motif of God inflicting an internal, fatal disease as punishment.
- 1 Samuel 5:6-12 (thematic): The Philistines are smitten with tumors/hemorrhoids by the hand of the LORD—another instance of God sending bodily disease as punitive action, thematically akin to Jehoram's affliction.
Alternative generated candidates
- After all this the LORD struck him in his bowels with an incurable disease.
- After all this the LORD struck him in his bowels with an incurable disease.
2 C.21.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וכעת: ADV
- צאת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- הקץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מעיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- חליו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וימת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בתחלאים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- שרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כשרפת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cns
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:16-24 (verbal): Parallel account of Joram (Jehoram) of Judah; verse 24 in Kings uses virtually the same wording about his bowels and painful death—direct verbal/structural parallel to the Chronicles report.
- 2 Chronicles 21:12-15 (structural): Immediate context in Chronicles: the prophetic letter condemning Joram and announcing judgment—sets up the affliction and ignominious death described in v.19.
- 2 Chronicles 26:19-23 (thematic): Uzziah’s affliction and enforced separation as divine punishment; both passages portray a king struck with bodily disease as a consequence of sin and suffering death with diminished honor.
- 1 Samuel 31:11-13 (thematic): Description of postmortem treatment (burning and burial) highlights ancient practices of honoring the dead—used here as a contrast to Joram’s dishonorable end where 'no burning' like his fathers was performed.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass, at the end of two years, that his intestines came out because of his disease, and he died of an incurable sickness. And they did not make a burning for him like the burnings of his fathers.
- It came to pass, after some days, and at the end of two years, that his bowels came out because of his sickness, and he died of an abominable disease; his people did not make for him a burning like the burnings for his fathers.
2 C.21.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלשים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ושתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ושמונה: NUM,card,f
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בלא: PREP
- חמדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויקברהו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl,obj=3m
- בעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- בקברות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,const
- המלכים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 8:17 (verbal): Same biographical data: Jehoram is thirty-two when he begins to reign and rules eight years; the verse also links his reign with evil actions — a close verbal parallel to the Chronicle's age/reign formula.
- 2 Kings 8:26 (verbal): Directly parallels the burial notice: 'they buried him in the city of David, but not in the sepulchers of the kings' appears verbatim in the Kings account.
- 2 Chronicles 21:18 (structural): Describes the fatal disease that befell Jehoram ('his bowels') and his wasting away — the chronological cause that leads to the burial statement in v.20.
- 2 Chronicles 21:4 (thematic): Earlier in the chapter the report that Jehoram 'walked in the ways of the house of Ahab' and was led by his mother provides the moral/thematic context for the king's evil reign summarized in v.20.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. He departed without honor; they buried him in the City of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.
- He was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. He departed without being desired; they buried him in the city of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.
Jehoram established himself over his father's kingdom; he made himself strong and killed all his brothers with the sword, and also some of the princes of Israel.
Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.
He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab had done, for he had taken a daughter of Ahab as his wife; he did evil in the sight of the LORD.
Yet the LORD would not destroy the house of David, for the sake of the covenant that He made with David, and as He had promised to give him and his sons a lamp for all time.
In his days Edom revolted from under the rule of Judah, and they set over themselves a king.
Jehoram marched with his princes and all his chariotry; by night he rose and struck the Edomites who compassed him and the commanders of the chariots.
Edom broke away from under Judah's hand to this day. At that time Libnah likewise revolted from under his hand, for he had forsaken the LORD, the God of his fathers.
He also built high places in the hill country of Judah; he made the inhabitants of Jerusalem commit harlotry, and he led Judah into sin.
A letter came to him from Elijah the prophet, saying, Thus says the LORD, the God of your father David:
Because you have not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat your father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah; but have walked in the way of the kings of Israel, and have made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem commit harlotry, like the harlotries of the house of Ahab—moreover you have slain your own brothers, the sons of your father, who were better than you—
behold, the LORD will strike your people with a great affliction: your sons, your wives, and all your possessions. And you yourself shall have severe sickness in your bowels, until your bowels come forth because of your sickness, day after day. And the LORD stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines and the Arabs who are near the Cushites.
They came up against Judah and broke into it; they carried off all the goods that were found in the king's house, and also his sons and his wives—there was no son left to him except Jehoahaz, the youngest of his sons.
After all this the LORD struck him in his bowels with an incurable disease.
In the course of time, after the end of two years, his bowels came out because of his sickness, and he died in great pain. They made no burning like the burnings of his fathers.
He was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. He departed without favor; they buried him in the City of David, but not in the tombs of the kings.