A Living Hope and the Certainty of Salvation
1 Peter 1:1-12
1Pet.1.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Πετρος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αποστολος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εκλεκτοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- παρεπιδημοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- διασπορας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- Ποντου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Γαλατιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- Καππαδοκιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- Ασιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Βιθυνιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- James 1:1 (verbal): Both openings address believers in the 'Dispersion/diapospora' (διασπορά), using a similar epistolary greeting to scattered Jewish/Christian communities.
- Romans 1:1 (verbal): Paul's self-designation 'apostle of Jesus Christ' (or 'called to be an apostle') parallels Peter's apostolic title at the start of his letter.
- Acts 2:9 (allusion): The Pentecost list of regions (including Pontus, Cappadocia, Asia) echoes the same geographical provinces named as Peter's recipients, linking the communities to the wider diaspora.
- 1 Peter 2:11 (verbal): Internal parallel: 1 Pet 2:11 calls believers 'sojourners and exiles' (παροίκους/παρεπίδημους), echoing the opening address's characterization of the audience as παρεπιδημοι (exiles).
- Jude 1:1 (thematic): Another NT epistolary greeting to believers 'who are called'/'beloved,' reflecting a common apostolic address to the elect and those kept for Christ.
Alternative generated candidates
- Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the chosen exiles scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia:
- Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the elect exiles scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia:
1Pet.1.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- κατα: PREP
- προγνωσιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- πατρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- αγιασμω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- πνευματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- εις: PREP
- υπακοην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- ραντισμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αιματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου·χαρις: NOUN,gen,sg,m;NOUN,nom,sg,f
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- ειρηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- πληθυνθειη: VERB,aor,pass,opt,3,sg
Parallels
- 2 Thessalonians 2:13 (verbal): Very close language: God’s choosing and sanctification by the Spirit—echoes 1 Pet 1:2’s 'according to the foreknowledge of God' and 'in sanctification of the Spirit.'
- Hebrews 9:14 (verbal): Connects the cleansing/sanctifying work of the Spirit with the blood of Christ—parallels 1 Pet 1:2’s 'sanctification of the Spirit' and 'sprinkling of the blood of Jesus.'
- Romans 8:29 (thematic): Uses the theme of God's foreknowledge in relation to his saving purpose ('those he foreknew…predestined'), paralleling 1 Pet 1:2’s 'according to the foreknowledge of God the Father.'
- Romans 1:7 (structural): The greeting formula 'grace to you and peace' mirrors the closing salutation of 1 Pet 1:2; demonstrates a common early Christian epistolary salutation linking grace and peace.
Alternative generated candidates
- chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, sanctified by the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood: May grace and peace be multiplied to you.
- chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, sanctified by the Spirit, for obedience and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: may grace and peace be multiplied to you.
1Pet.1.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ευλογητος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- πατηρ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- κατα: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πολυ: ADV
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ελεος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αναγεννησας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- εις: PREP
- ελπιδα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ζωσαν: VERB,pres,act,part,acc,sg,f
- δι᾽αναστασεως: PREP,gen+NOUN,gen,sg,f
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- νεκρων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
Parallels
- Titus 3:5-7 (verbal): Speaks of God’s mercy and ‘washing of regeneration and renewal’ (regeneration/born again) and the resulting hope/inheritance — closely parallels Peter’s language of mercy, rebirth, and living hope.
- Romans 6:4 (thematic): Links Christ’s resurrection to believers’ new life (‘just as Christ was raised… we also might walk in newness of life’), echoing Peter’s ‘born again… through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.’”},{
Alternative generated candidates
- Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ—by his great mercy he has given us new birth to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
- Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to his great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
1Pet.1.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εις: PREP
- κληρονομιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αφθαρτον: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- αμιαντον: ADJ,acc,sg,neut
- και: CONJ
- αμαραντον: ADJ,acc,sg,neut
- τετηρημενην: VERB,perf,pass,ptc,acc,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- ουρανοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
Parallels
- Matthew 25:34 (thematic): Jesus speaks of inheriting the kingdom 'prepared' for the righteous — parallels 1 Pet 1:4's promise of a heavenly inheritance reserved for believers.
- Ephesians 1:13-14 (verbal): Paul uses the language of believers receiving and being 'sealed' with the Spirit as a guarantee of an inheritance — complements Peter's description of an inheritance kept for you in heaven.
- Colossians 1:12 (verbal): Paul thanks God for qualifying believers 'to share in the inheritance of the saints in light,' echoing the theme of a holy, heavenly inheritance promised to Christians.
- 1 Corinthians 2:9 (thematic): Paul cites unseen blessings 'which God has prepared for those who love him,' resonating with Peter's emphasis on a reserved, imperishable inheritance kept in heaven.
- Romans 8:17 (thematic): Believers are described as 'heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ,' linking the identity of Christians as heirs to the inheritance Peter says is reserved in heaven.
Alternative generated candidates
- to an inheritance imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you,
- to an inheritance imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you,
1Pet.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- δυναμει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- φρουρουμενους: VERB,pres,pass,ptc,acc,pl,m
- δια: PREP
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- σωτηριαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ετοιμην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- αποκαλυφθηναι: VERB,aor,pass,inf
- εν: PREP
- καιρω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- εσχατω: ADJ,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Peter 1:3-4 (structural): Immediate context: believers are born again to a living hope and an inheritance imperishable and 'kept' in heaven—same theme of preservation for a future salvation.
- John 10:28-29 (thematic): Jesus’ promise that his sheep have eternal life and cannot be snatched from the Father’s hand parallels the idea of believers being guarded by divine power.
- Romans 8:38-39 (thematic): Paul’s assurance that nothing can separate believers from God’s love echoes the assurance of being preserved by God's power until final salvation.
- 1 Corinthians 1:8 (verbal): Paul’s declaration that God will 'sustain you to the end, guiltless' parallels the language and idea of being kept/guarded until the revelation of the Lord.
- Ephesians 1:13-14 (thematic): Believers are sealed with the Spirit as a 'guarantee' of their inheritance—echoes the motif of God’s ongoing preserving action until the full revelation of salvation.
Alternative generated candidates
- who by God's power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.
- who are guarded by God’s power through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.
1Pet.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εν: PREP
- ω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- αγαλλιασθε: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,2,pl
- ολιγον: ADV
- αρτι: ADV
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- δεον: ADJ,neut,nom,sg
- λυπηθεντες: VERB,aor,pass,part,nom,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- ποικιλοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- πειρασμοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- James 1:2-3 (verbal): Direct verbal/thematic parallel: believers are urged to 'count it all joy' when facing trials, since testing produces steadfastness—closely echoing Peter's linking of joy with various trials.
- Romans 5:3-4 (thematic): Thematic parallel: suffering/trials lead to endurance and character, and are presented as a basis for rejoicing and hope, similar to Peter's juxtaposition of joy and present trials.
- 1 Peter 4:13 (allusion): Close intra‑epistolary parallel: Peter elsewhere connects rejoicing with sharing in Christ's sufferings so that believers may also rejoice at the revelation of his glory.
- 2 Corinthians 6:10 (thematic): Thematic parallel: Paul describes the paradoxical Christian condition as 'sorrowful, yet always rejoicing,' reflecting the same tension of present pain and joy in 1 Peter 1:6.
- Acts 5:41 (thematic): Narrative parallel: the apostles 'rejoiced that they were counted worthy to suffer' for Jesus' name—an early example of rejoicing amid persecution that undergirds Peter's statement.
Alternative generated candidates
- In this you rejoice—though now, for a little while, if necessary, you have been grieved by various trials—
- In this you rejoice, though now for a little while, if necessary, you are grieved by various trials,
1Pet.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ινα: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- δοκιμιον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- πολυτιμοτερον: ADJ,comp,nom,sg,n
- χρυσιου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- απολλυμενου: PART,pres,mid,gen,sg,m
- δια: PREP
- πυρος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- δε: CONJ
- δοκιμαζομενου: PART,pres,pass,gen,sg,m
- ευρεθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- επαινον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- τιμην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- αποκαλυψει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- James 1:2-4 (thematic): Trials produce perseverance and maturity in faith—both passages present suffering/testing as a means to achieve a valuable, perfected outcome.
- Romans 5:3-5 (thematic): Suffering produces endurance and character leading to hope; parallel idea that trials yield a valuable, divinely-wrought result.
- 1 Corinthians 3:13 (verbal): Uses the image of each one's work being tested by fire so that what remains is rewarded—directly parallels the fire-testing metaphor and the resulting appraisal.
- Malachi 3:3 (allusion): God as a refiner who purifies by fire—an Old Testament background for the refining-by-fire motif used to describe testing of faith.
- 1 Peter 4:13 (structural): Within the same letter connects sharing Christ's sufferings with rejoicing at his revelation—closely parallels the promise of praise/glory/honor at Christ's revelation after suffering/testing.
Alternative generated candidates
- so that the tested genuineness of your faith, more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire, may result in praise, glory, and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ.
- so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious than gold which perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise, glory, and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ.
1Pet.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ον: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- ιδοντες: VERB,aor,act,ptc,nom,pl,m
- αγαπατε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
- εις: PREP
- ον: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- αρτι: ADV
- μη: PART
- ορωντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- πιστευοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- δε: CONJ
- αγαλλιασθε: VERB,pres,mid/pass,imp,2,pl
- χαρα: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ανεκλαλητω: ADJ,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- δεδοξασμενη: VERB,perf,pass,part,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- John 20:29 (quotation): Jesus' declaration 'blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed' closely parallels 1 Pet 1:8's emphasis on loving and rejoicing in the one not seen but believed.
- Hebrews 11:1 (thematic): Defines faith as conviction of things not seen, echoing 1 Pet 1:8's stress on belief and joy in what is not physically seen.
- 2 Corinthians 5:7 (thematic): 'We walk by faith, not by sight' parallels the contrast between not seeing Christ and yet believing and rejoicing in 1 Pet 1:8.
- Romans 5:2 (thematic): Speaks of rejoicing 'in hope of the glory of God' through faith—paralleling 1 Pet 1:8's 'inexpressible and glorious joy' experienced by believers who trust without seeing.
Alternative generated candidates
- Though you have not seen him, you love him; though now you do not see him, yet believing, you rejoice with joy inexpressible and filled with glory,
- Although you have not seen him, you love him; though you do not now see him, you believe in him and rejoice with an inexpressible and glorious joy,
1Pet.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- κομιζομενοι: VERB,pres,mid/pass,part,nom,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τελος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- σωτηριαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ψυχων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
Parallels
- Matthew 10:22 (thematic): Endurance of believers to the end results in salvation — parallels 1 Pet 1:9's 'outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.'
- James 1:12 (thematic): The blessedness and reward (crown of life) promised to the one who endures trial echoes the idea of perseverance in faith leading to a salvific reward.
- Hebrews 10:39 (verbal): Speaks of those 'who have faith and preserve their souls' — closely parallels the language and concept of faith resulting in the preservation/salvation of the soul.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:9 (verbal): States that God has not destined believers for wrath but for obtaining salvation through Jesus Christ — echoes the verb and goal language of 'obtaining... salvation' in 1 Pet 1:9.
- 1 Corinthians 15:2 (verbal): Paul warns believers that they are 'saved, if you hold firmly to the word' — linking continued faith/holding fast with the reality of salvation, as in 1 Pet 1:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- obtaining the goal of your faith—the salvation of your souls.
- obtaining the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
1Pet.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Περι: PREP
- ης: PRON,gen,sg,f
- σωτηριας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εξεζητησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- εξηραυνησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- προφηται: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- περι: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- χαριτος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- προφητευσαντες: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- 1 Peter 1:11 (structural): Immediate context—continues the thought, explaining that the prophets searched and inquired about the person and time of the salvation they foretold.
- Luke 24:25-27 (allusion): Jesus interprets the Law and the Prophets as speaking about his suffering and vindication—shows prophets pointed forward to the salvation fulfilled in Christ.
- Acts 3:18-21 (thematic): Peter connects the prophetic witness to the coming of Christ and the 'restoration of all things,' echoing that prophets anticipated future salvation.
- Isaiah 52:13–53:12 (thematic): The Suffering Servant passages portray the atoning, restorative work the prophets anticipated—core content of the salvation they sought to understand.
- Ephesians 3:5 (allusion): Speaks of the mystery of Christ revealed to apostles and prophets by the Spirit, linking prophetic anticipation to the later revelation of grace to the church.
Alternative generated candidates
- Concerning this salvation the prophets searched and inquired carefully, prophesying about the grace that was to come to you.
- Concerning this salvation the prophets who prophesied of the grace destined for you inquired and searched carefully,
1Pet.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εραυνωντες: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- τινα: PRON,acc,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ποιον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- καιρον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εδηλου: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- εν: PREP
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- προμαρτυρομενον: PART,pres,pass,acc,sg,n
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- εις: PREP
- Χριστον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- παθηματα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- μετα: PREP
- ταυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- δοξας·: NOUN,acc,pl,f
Parallels
- Isaiah 53:1-12 (allusion): The prophetic portrayal of the suffering servant who bears suffering and is followed by vindication/glory is the key Old Testament background to 'the sufferings of Christ and the glories that follow.'
- Luke 24:25-27, 44-47 (thematic): Jesus interprets the scriptures as testifying to his suffering and resurrection—parallel to the idea that the prophets, moved by the Spirit, foretold Christ's sufferings and subsequent glory.
- Acts 8:30-35 (quotation): Philip explains Isaiah (quoted) as referring to Jesus' suffering and exaltation—an early apostolic example of reading the prophets as foretelling Christ's passion and glory, similar to 1 Peter's claim about prophetic inquiry.
- Romans 8:18-23 (thematic): Paul links present sufferings with future glory for believers and creation—echoing 1 Peter's contrast between Christ's sufferings and the subsequent glory.
- 1 Peter 3:18 (verbal): Peter's own theology states that Christ suffered once for sins and was raised/put to life—directly reflecting the theme of Christ's sufferings and the glory that follows.
Alternative generated candidates
- They sought to know the time and the circumstances—what the Spirit of Christ within them was indicating—when he testified beforehand about the sufferings destined for Christ and the glories that would follow.
- seeking to know what or what kind of time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he foretold the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow.
1Pet.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- απεκαλυφθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- ουχ: PART,neg
- εαυτοις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- δε: CONJ
- διηκονουν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- αυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- α: PRON,nom,sg,n
- νυν: ADV
- ανηγγελη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- δια: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ευαγγελισαμενων: VERB,aor,pass,part,gen,pl,m
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- πνευματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- αγιω: ADJ,dat,sg,n
- αποσταλεντι: VERB,aor,pass,part,dat,sg,n
- απ᾽ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- α: PRON,nom,sg,n
- επιθυμουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- αγγελοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- παρακυψαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 2:10-11 (verbal): Both passages attribute the disclosure of divine mysteries to the Spirit: God reveals what prophets/teachers did not fully know through the Spirit who searches and reveals.
- Hebrews 1:14 (thematic): Speaks of angels as ministering spirits sent to serve those inheriting salvation, paralleling 1 Peter’s image of angels’ interest in the revelation of salvation.
- Romans 1:1-2 (allusion): Paul describes the gospel as promised beforehand through the prophets, echoing 1 Peter’s claim that the prophets served future believers by testifying about Christ.
- Luke 24:25-27 (allusion): Jesus interprets Scripture concerning himself, showing how prophetic testimony points forward to Christ—parallel to 1 Peter’s stress that prophets proclaimed Christ for the benefit of later hearers.
Alternative generated candidates
- It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the things now announced to you through those who preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things into which angels long to look.
- It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the things now proclaimed to you through those who preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things into which angels long to look.
Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the elect exiles of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia.
Chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, sanctified by the Spirit, for obedience and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: may grace and peace be multiplied to you.
Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! By his great mercy he has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
and into an inheritance imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you,
who by God's power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.
In this you rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials,
so that the tested genuineness of your faith—far more precious than gold that perishes though tried by fire—may result in praise, glory, and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ.
Though you have not seen him, you love him; and though you do not see him now, you believe in him and rejoice with inexpressible and glorious joy,
obtaining the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
Concerning this salvation the prophets who prophesied of the grace intended for you made careful search and inquiry,
seeking to know the time and circumstances which the Spirit of Christ within them indicated, predicting the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow.
It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the things now announced to you by those who preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things into which angels long to look.