Holiness in Everyday Life
Leviticus 19:1-37
Lev.19.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Lev.1.1 (verbal): Almost identical opening formula (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵאמֹר) introducing priestly/legal material in Leviticus.
- Lev.18.1 (verbal): Same wording (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵאמֹר) used to introduce a block of commands concerning holiness and sexual conduct.
- Exod.20.1 (structural): Uses a closely related divine-speech formula (וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֵת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה לֵאמֹר) to introduce the Decalogue — same function of divine address to Moses/Israel.
- Num.15.1 (verbal): Same verbal formula (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵאמֹר) introducing further cultic/communal legislation, showing the recurring introductory trope for commandments.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Lev.19.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תהיו: VERB,qal,imf,2,pl
- כי: CONJ
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.11.44-45 (verbal): Uses the same holiness formula ('be holy... for I am holy') in the context of purity laws, linking ritual conduct to God’s character.
- Lev.20.7 (verbal): Repeats the call to consecrate and be holy because the LORD is holy, applying the imperative to communal/ethical behavior.
- Lev.20.26 (verbal): Closely parallel wording ('ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy'), reinforcing holiness as separation to God.
- 1 Pet.1.15-16 (quotation): Directly cites the OT injunction 'Be holy, for I am holy' to urge moral holiness in the Christian community.
- Matt.5.48 (thematic): Jesus' command to be 'perfect' as the heavenly Father is perfect echoes the OT demand to imitate God's moral purity and character.
Alternative generated candidates
- Speak to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them: You shall be holy, for I, the LORD your God, am holy.
- Speak to all the congregation of the sons of Israel and you shall say to them: You shall be holy, for holy am I, the LORD your God.
Lev.19.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואביו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRONSUF,3,m,sg
- תיראו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ואת: CONJ
- שבתתי: NOUN,f,sg,poss,1,sg
- תשמרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 20:12 (quotation): The fifth commandment—'Honor your father and your mother'—parallels Lev 19:3's injunction to 'fear' (respect) one's parents.
- Deuteronomy 5:12 (quotation): The Deuteronomic restatement of the Ten Commandments commands to 'observe the Sabbath day,' directly paralleling 'keep my Sabbaths' in Lev 19:3.
- Leviticus 26:2 (verbal): Commands to 'keep my Sabbaths' and reverence God ('I am the LORD') echo the phrasing and covenantal formula of Lev 19:3.
- Ezekiel 20:12 (thematic): Speaks of God giving the sabbaths to Israel as a sign between God and people, developing the theological significance of 'keeping my Sabbaths' found in Lev 19:3.
- Leviticus 19:32 (thematic): Nearby Levitical ethic commanding respect for the aged—'stand up before the gray head'—extends the social ethic of honoring parents expressed in Lev 19:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- Each of you shall revere his mother and his father, and my Sabbaths you shall keep; I am the LORD your God.
- Each of you shall revere his mother and his father, and my Sabbaths you shall keep; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תפנו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- אל: NEG
- האלילים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ואלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מסכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 20:3-4 (verbal): The Decalogue's direct prohibition against other gods and carved images closely parallels Leviticus' command not to turn to idols or make molten gods.
- Deuteronomy 5:7-8 (verbal): Repetition of the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy reiterates the injunction against following other gods and fashioning idols, echoing Leviticus' warning and its covenantal formula.
- Deuteronomy 4:15-19 (thematic): Leviticus' prohibition is thematically developed here: Moses warns Israel not to make visual representations of God or be led astray by heavenly phenomena—explaining the rationale behind the ban on idols.
- Isaiah 44:9-20 (thematic): A prophetic polemic contrasting the living LORD with useless, human-made idols; it develops the theological consequence of Leviticus' command by exposing idols' impotence and folly.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): The psalm portrays idols as lifeless and powerless and contrasts trust in YHWH, resonating with Leviticus' prohibition and its affirmation 'I am the LORD your God.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Do not turn to idols, and gods of cast metal you shall not make for yourselves; I am the LORD your God.
- Do not turn to idols, and gods of cast metal you shall not make for yourselves; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- תזבחו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- זבח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלמים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- לרצנכם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,prsfx:2,m,pl
- תזבחהו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg,prsfx:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.3:1 (verbal): Uses the same phrase and formula for a 'zevach shelamim' (peace offering), prescribing how such offerings are to be presented to YHWH.
- Lev.7:11-21 (thematic): Expanded legal treatment of peace offerings: who may eat, portions for priests, and regulations governing thanksgiving and fellowship meals associated with the zevach shelamim.
- Num.6:14-15 (verbal): In the context of the Nazirite conclusion, lists a peace offering (zevach shelamim) among prescribed sacrifices, echoing the terminology and ritual category.
- Deut.12:6-7 (structural): Prescribes bringing offerings to the central sanctuary and eating them there with one's household — reflects the communal/fellowship aspect inherent in peace offerings.
- Ps.50:14 (allusion): Calls for offering 'a sacrifice of thanksgiving' to God; thematically parallels the peace/offering-as-thanksgiving and fellowship character of the zevach shelamim.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when you sacrifice a sacrifice of well-being to the LORD, you shall sacrifice it for your acceptance.
- And when you sacrifice a sacrifice of well-being to the LORD, for your acceptance you shall sacrifice it.
Lev.19.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביום: PREP
- זבחכם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m,pl
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- וממחרת: CONJ+ADV
- והנותר: VERB,qal,ptcp,NA,m,sg,def
- עד: PREP
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השלישי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישרף: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.7.15 (verbal): Repeats the same legal formula about eating the sacrifice on the day and the next day, and burning what remains on the third day (virtually identical wording).
- Exod.29.33-34 (verbal): In the instructions for consecrating Aaron and his sons, sacrificial flesh is to be eaten on the day and the next day, with leftovers on the third day burned — same prescription applied to priestly offerings.
- Lev.7.17 (thematic): Prohibits eating the flesh of a peace offering on the third day (it will not be accepted and is an abomination), explaining the rationale behind the rule to burn third-day remnants.
- Lev.22.29 (thematic): Regulates timely consumption of thanksgiving offerings — they must be eaten on the same day and not left until morning — related concern for when sacrificial meat may be kept and eaten.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the day you sacrifice it it shall be eaten, and on the morrow; and what remains until the third day shall be burned with fire.
- On the day you sacrifice it, it shall be eaten, and on the next day; and what remains until the third day shall be burned in fire.
Lev.19.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואם: CONJ
- האכל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- השלישי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- פגול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- ירצה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.7:18 (verbal): A near‑identical regulation: eating the flesh of a peace offering on the third day is piggul (an abomination) and will not be accepted — same wording and legal ruling.
- Lev.7:15–21 (structural): The broader section on peace offerings that frames the rule (who may eat, where and when it may be eaten, and the prohibition on eating on the third day); provides the legal context for the single‑verse ruling.
- Num.18:11–13 (thematic): Rules governing the consumption of sacred portions by priests (what may be eaten, where, and by whom); thematically related regulation of proper use and timing of sacrificial meat.
- Deut.12:17–18 (thematic): Restrictions on where and how sacrificial/tithe meat may be eaten (before the LORD at the chosen place, within prescribed times); parallels the concern to regulate the proper consumption of holy food.
Alternative generated candidates
- But if it is eaten on the third day, it is tainted; it will not be accepted.
- But if it is eaten on the third day, it is an offensive thing; it will not be accepted.
Lev.19.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואכליו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,poss3ms
- עונו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ישא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- את: PRT,acc
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- חלל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ונכרתה: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- מעמיה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,f,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 7:20-21 (verbal): Law concerning eating the flesh of peace offerings while unclean — uses the same formula that the person 'shall be cut off' for profaning what is holy.
- Leviticus 22:3 (verbal): Direct reiteration: 'whoever eats of the holy things of the LORD and profanes them shall be cut off' — nearly identical wording and legal consequence.
- 2 Samuel 6:7 (thematic): Uzzah is struck down for touching the ark — narrative example of severe divine judgment for improperly handling or profaning holy things.
- Ezekiel 22:26 (thematic): Prophetic indictment that priests 'have defiled' and 'profane' God's holy things — connects priestly profanation with divine punishment and loss of sanctity.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the one who eats it shall bear his iniquity, for he has profaned the holy thing of the LORD; and that person shall be cut off from his people.
- And the one who eats it shall bear his iniquity, for he has profaned the holy thing of the LORD; and that person shall be cut off from his people.
Lev.19.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובקצרכם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons,suff,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- קציר: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- ארצכם: NOUN,f,sg,cons,suff,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תכלה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- פאת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- לקצר: VERB,qal,inf
- ולקט: CONJ+VERB,qal,inf
- קצירך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תלקט: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:10 (verbal): Same chapter and legal cluster; forbids stripping the vineyard and gathering the fallen grapes—closely parallel wording and application to different crops.
- Leviticus 23:22 (verbal): A near-duplicate command in the festival laws: do not reap to the edges and leave the gleanings for the poor and sojourner—repetition of the injunction.
- Deuteronomy 24:19–21 (verbal): Restates the rule about leaving gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and not re-harvesting for the benefit of the poor, widow, and stranger—same legal principle with additional social beneficiaries.
- Ruth 2:2–3 (thematic): Narrative example of the gleaning practice: Ruth follows the reapers to glean in the fields, illustrating how the law functioned in everyday life and provided for the vulnerable.
- Exodus 23:11 (thematic): Related land‑care provision: produce of the seventh (sabbatical) year is left for the poor and animals—shares the underlying social‑justice concern for providing to needy members of the community.
Alternative generated candidates
- When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap your field to its edge, and the gleanings of your harvest you shall not gather.
- And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap your field to its edge, and the gleanings of your harvest you shall not gather.
Lev.19.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכרמך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,suff_2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעולל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ופרט: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,suff_2ms
- כרמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff_2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תלקט: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לעני: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולגר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תעזב: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:9 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: commands not to reap the edges and to leave gleanings for the poor and the sojourner — essentially the same legal formulation and intent.
- Leviticus 23:22 (verbal): Festival law repetition: instructs not to reap to the edges and to leave the gleanings of the harvest for the poor and the sojourner, with similar wording and the divine claim 'I am the LORD your God.'
- Exodus 23:11 (verbal): A closely related Pentateuchal instruction to leave the gleanings for the poor and the sojourner; parallels both content and the theological rationale.
- Deuteronomy 24:19-21 (verbal): Restates and expands the rule: when you reap, do not go over leftover sheaves but leave them for the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow — same social-justice concern applied to harvest practices.
- Ruth 2:2–3, 15–16 (thematic): Narrative illustration of the law in practice: Ruth, a foreigner, gleans in Boaz’s field; Boaz protects and instructs gleaners, demonstrating the social provision the law envisions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And your vineyard you shall not strip bare, and the fallen fruit of your vineyard you shall not gather; for the poor and for the sojourner you shall leave them; I am the LORD your God.
- And your vineyard you shall not strip bare, and the fallen fruit of your vineyard you shall not glean; you shall leave them for the poor and for the sojourner; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תגנבו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תכחשו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תשקרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעמיתו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
Parallels
- Exodus 20:15 (quotation): Direct repetition of the prohibition 'You shall not steal' in the Decalogue; a core legal/ethical command common to both texts.
- Deuteronomy 25:13-16 (structural): Legal injunctions against dishonest weights and measures—a related statutory concern with cheating, false dealing, and economic deception.
- Zechariah 8:16 (verbal): Commands truthful speech among neighbors ('speak the truth to one another'), echoing Lev 19:11's prohibition of lying and deceit.
- Proverbs 12:22 (thematic): Declares lying lips an abomination to the Lord, thematically aligning with Leviticus' ban on falsehood and deceptive conduct.
- Psalm 15:2-3 (thematic): Portrays the righteous as one who does not slander or deceive and keeps his word—an ethical description that parallels Leviticus' prohibitions.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not steal; you shall not deal falsely; you shall not lie, one to another.
- You shall not steal; you shall not deal falsely; you shall not lie, one to another.
Lev.19.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- תשבעו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בשמי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,pr1s
- לשקר: VERB,qal,inf
- וחללת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- שם: ADV
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.20.7 (verbal): The Decalogue prohibition 'You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain' closely parallels Leviticus' ban on false swearing and profaning God's name in form and content.
- Deut.5.11 (verbal): The repetition of the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy restates the prohibition against misusing God's name, echoing the Levitical injunction against false oaths.
- Lev.24.16 (thematic): A related Levitical law prescribing punishment for one who blasphemes or profanes the Name; underscores the cultic and legal seriousness of dishonoring God's name.
- Num.30.2 (thematic): Regulates vows and oaths by which a person binds himself to the LORD, thematically connected to prohibitions against making false or profane sworn statements.
- Matt.5.33-37 (allusion): Jesus' teaching against swearing oaths and his call to simple, truthful speech echoes and reinterprets Israelite prohibitions on false oaths and profaning God's name.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall not swear by my name falsely, and so profane the name of your God; I am the LORD.
- And you shall not swear by my name falsely, and so profane the name of your God; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשק: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- רעך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תגזל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תלין: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- פעלת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- שכיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אתך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deut 24:14-15 (verbal): Direct legal parallel: forbids oppressing a hired servant and commands timely payment of wages; closely echoes the wording and concern of Lev 19:13.
- Jeremiah 22:13 (verbal): Condemns building wealth by unrighteousness and making a neighbor work without giving wages—an explicit denunciation of withholding pay that echoes Levitical law.
- Malachi 3:5 (thematic): Prophetic indictment of those who oppress hired workers and defraud people; picks up the same theme of divine judgment on wage-related injustice found in Lev 19:13.
- James 5:4 (allusion): New Testament echo condemning those who withhold the wages of laborers—presents the withheld wages as crying out to God, reflecting the moral and judicial concern of Lev 19:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not oppress your neighbor, and you shall not rob; the wages of a hired worker shall not remain with you until morning.
- You shall not oppress your neighbor or rob him; the wages of a hired worker shall not remain with you until morning.
Lev.19.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תקלל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- חרש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ולפני: CONJ+PREP
- עור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תתן: VERB,qal,imprf,2,_,sg
- מכשל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויראת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- מאלהיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deut.27.18 (verbal): A closely related legal curse: declares cursed whoever causes the blind to wander—parallels the prohibition against putting a stumbling block before the blind and the harm done to those with sensory impairment.
- Prov.31.8-9 (thematic): Urges speaking up for the mute and defending the rights of the destitute—resonates with Leviticus' care for the deaf/blind and the call not to oppress vulnerable people.
- Isa.1.17 (thematic): Commands learning to do good, seek justice, rescue the oppressed and defend the fatherless/widow—echoes the ethical imperative to protect the weak and 'fear your God' as motive for justice.
- Prov.24.11-12 (thematic): Exhorts rescuing those led to death and warns against claiming ignorance before God's judgment—parallels the ban on placing stumbling blocks before the blind and the moral responsibility to prevent harm.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not curse the deaf, and before the blind you shall not put a stumbling block; and you shall fear your God; I am the LORD.
- You shall not curse the deaf, and before the blind you shall not put a stumbling block; but you shall fear your God; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- עול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במשפט: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- דל: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תהדר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בצדק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תשפט: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- עמיתך: NOUN,m,sg,suf
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 1:17 (verbal): Commands judges not to show partiality between small and great and to judge righteously—close verbal and legal parallel to Lev 19:15's prohibition of partiality in judgment.
- Deuteronomy 16:19 (verbal): Direct injunction against perverting justice, showing partiality, and accepting bribes—echoes Lev 19:15's emphasis on impartial, righteous judgment.
- Exodus 23:3 (verbal): Prohibits favoring the poor in a legal dispute (and similarly not favoring the great), reflecting the same concern with impartiality found in Lev 19:15.
- Proverbs 24:23 (verbal): States that showing partiality in judgment is not good—wisdom literature echo of the legal principle articulated in Lev 19:15.
- Psalm 82:2-4 (thematic): Accuses unjust judges of showing partiality and calls for defending the weak and needy—thematic continuation of Lev 19:15's demand for just, impartial justice.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not do injustice in judgment. You shall not show favoritism to the poor, nor defer to the great; in righteousness you shall judge your fellow.
- You shall not do injustice in judgment; you shall not show favoritism to the poor nor defer to the great; in righteousness you shall judge your fellow.
Lev.19.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תלך: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- רכיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעמיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעמד: VERB,qal,juss,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- דם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רעך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 23:1 (verbal): Prohibits spreading false reports/false witness — closely parallels the ban on talebearing and harming a neighbor by speech.
- Leviticus 19:17 (structural): Neighboring command in the same holiness code: forbids hatred, requires proper rebuke and forbids bearing a grudge — complements the prohibition against slander and endangering a neighbor.
- Proverbs 11:13 (thematic): Condemns the gossiping/talebearer and praises discretion — a wisdom parallel addressing the social harm of slander.
- Psalm 15:3 (thematic): Describes the righteous as one who does not slander or harm a neighbor — echoes Lev.19:16's ethical demand regarding speech and protection of others.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not go about as a slanderer among your people; you shall not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor; I am the LORD.
- You shall not go about as a slanderer among your people; you shall not stand by the blood of your neighbor; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשנא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- בלבבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms-suff
- הוכח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- תוכיח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עמיתך: NOUN,m,sg,suf
- ולא: CONJ
- תשא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- חטא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Matthew 18:15 (thematic): Prescribes confronting a brother who sins—go and tell him his fault—paralleling Lev.19:17’s command to rebuke a neighbor rather than harbor hatred.
- Ezekiel 3:18-19 (verbal): God warns that failing to warn the wicked makes the prophet guilty—closely parallels Lev.19:17’s prohibition against ‘bearing sin’ for a brother when one fails to reprove him.
- Proverbs 27:5-6 (thematic): Affirms that open rebuke from a friend is better than hidden love and that faithful wounds are from a friend, echoing the positive duty to rebuke in Lev.19:17.
- Matthew 5:21-22 (thematic): Jesus expands the law to include internal attitudes—hatred in the heart equated with murder—resonating with Leviticus’ prohibition against hating a brother in the heart.
- James 5:19-20 (thematic): Urges believers to turn a sinner from error to save his soul, reflecting Lev.19:17’s concern that corrective rebuke seeks the brother’s restoration and avoids shared guilt.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not hate your brother in your heart; you shall surely rebuke your fellow, and you shall not incur sin because of him.
- You shall not hate your brother in your heart; you shall surely reprove your fellow, and you shall not bear sin because of him.
Lev.19.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תקם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תטר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- ואהבת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לרעך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg
- כמוך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:17 (structural): Same chapter: commands against hating a brother and taking revenge, setting the immediate context for loving one’s neighbor and forbidding personal vengeance.
- Leviticus 19:34 (verbal): Uses the same formula “love him as yourself” applied to the resident alien/sojourner, extending the Lev.19.18 ethic to outsiders.
- Matthew 22:37-40 (quotation): Jesus cites Deut.6:5 and Lev.19:18 as the greatest commandments (the second being ‘love your neighbor as yourself’), framing it as central to the law and prophets.
- Romans 13:8-10 (thematic): Paul argues that love fulfills the law and echoes the command to love one’s neighbor, linking Lev.19.18 to the moral purpose of the law.
- James 2:8 (quotation): James calls Lev.19.18 the ‘royal law’ and cites ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself’ to argue that faith must be expressed in loving action toward others.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not take vengeance, and you shall not bear a grudge against the sons of your people; but you shall love your neighbor as yourself; I am the LORD.
- You shall not take vengeance, and you shall not keep a grudge against the sons of your people; and you shall love your neighbor as yourself; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- חקתי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תשמרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בהמתך: NOUN,f,sg,suf2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תרביע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כלאים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שדך: NOUN,m,sg,suf2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תזרע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כלאים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובגד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כלאים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שעטנז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליך: PREP+2ms
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 22:9-11 (verbal): Repeats and elaborates the same three prohibitions as Lev 19:19: do not sow mixed seed, do not yoke different animals together, and do not wear garments of mixed wool and linen (shatnez).
- Genesis 1:24-25 (thematic): Creation account that animals are made 'after their kinds,' providing a theological principle of distinct 'kinds' that undergirds prohibitions against mixing species or seed.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Prohibition against intermarriage with the Canaanite nations; thematically parallels Leviticus' concern to avoid 'mixing' (here human groups) to preserve communal/ritual distinctiveness.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (structural): Narrative enforcement of separation—Nehemiah rebukes and acts against Israelites who married foreign women—illustrating a practical application and social enforcement of the biblical concern with avoiding prohibited mixtures.
Alternative generated candidates
- My statutes you shall keep: You shall not breed your livestock with mixed kinds; you shall not sow your field with mixed kinds; and a garment of mixed material, interwoven, shall not come upon you.
- My statutes you shall keep: You shall not let your livestock breed with two kinds; you shall not sow your field with two kinds; and a garment of two kinds, mixed fabric, shall not come upon you.
Lev.19.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שכבת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- שפחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נחרפת: VERB,nip,perf,3,f,sg
- לאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והפדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- נפדתה: VERB,nip,perf,3,f,sg
- או: CONJ
- חפשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- בקרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יומתו: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- חפשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 21:7-11 (thematic): Regulates the status and rights of a female slave/maidservant sold into service, including protections and obligations when a master takes her as a wife—contextually related to sexual relations with slave-women and their legal treatment.
- Deuteronomy 22:25-27 (verbal): When a man forces a betrothed woman in the field, the law holds the man guilty and exonerates the woman (she shall not be put to death); the rationale and protective outcome parallel Lev 19:20’s exemption of the woman from capital punishment.
- Deuteronomy 22:28-29 (thematic): Prescribes penalties and obligations for a man who lies with a virgin who is not betrothed (financial payment and marriage), shifting culpability/resolution to the man rather than imposing death on the woman—analogous legal approach to sexual intercourse with non-free or unmarried women.
- Exodus 22:16-17 (thematic): Requires a man who seduces an unbetrothed virgin to pay a bride-price and/or marry her, again redirecting legal responsibility onto the man in cases of sexual relations with a woman who is not married/free, resonating with Lev 19:20’s protective provision for the woman.
Alternative generated candidates
- And if a man lies with a woman, a lying of seed, and she is a slave-woman designated for a man, but she has not been redeemed and freedom has not been given her, there shall be a penalty; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free.
- And if a man lies with a woman, a lying of seed, and she is a slave-woman designated for a man, and she has not been redeemed, nor has freedom been given to her—there shall be a penalty; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free.
Lev.19.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והביא: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אהל: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 5:6 (verbal): Uses the same terminology and ritual: the offender 'brings his guilt (asham) to the LORD'—the same offering-type and cultic transaction as Lev 19:21.
- Leviticus 6:4-7 (thematic): Gives the procedure for a guilt (asham) case involving injury to a neighbor: restitution plus an additional payment and the bringing of a ram as a guilt offering—parallels the purpose and composition of the asham in Lev 19:21.
- Numbers 5:6-8 (verbal): Orders that one who has committed a trespass bring a trespass/guilt offering 'to the priest, to the door of the tent of meeting' with confession and restitution—echoes both the location and legal-ritual function of Lev 19:21.
- Leviticus 4:2-3 (structural): Describes bringing a sin offering to the door/entrance of the tabernacle of meeting—shows the same sacrificial locus and cultic pattern invoked in Lev 19:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he shall bring his guilt-offering to the LORD, to the entrance of the tent of meeting: a ram for a guilt-offering.
- And he shall bring his guilt-offering to the LORD, to the entrance of the tent of meeting—a ram for a guilt-offering.
Lev.19.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכפר: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- הכהן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- באיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
- האשם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- חטאתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRSFX,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- חטא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ונסלח: CONJ+VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- מחטאתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- אשר: PRON,rel
- חטא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.5:6-10 (verbal): Uses the same procedure and language for a guilt/sin offering: the offender brings an animal and the priest makes atonement so the sin is forgiven.
- Lev.4:20 (verbal): Nearly identical formula—'and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin... and it shall be forgiven him'—applied to unintentional sin offerings.
- Num.5:7-8 (thematic): Prescribes restitution plus a sacrificial offering administered by the priest, resulting in atonement for an unintentional wrong—same legal/atonement setting.
- Lev.16:20-22 (structural): Part of the Day of Atonement ritual where the priest effects atonement for the people (including the scapegoat rite), illustrating the priestly means of removing sin from the community.
- Heb.9:26 (allusion): New Testament summation of atonement: Christ appears once to put away sin by his sacrifice—theological fulfillment of the priestly atonement language and function found in Leviticus.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt-offering before the LORD for his sin that he sinned, and it shall be forgiven him for the sin that he sinned.
- And the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt-offering before the LORD for the sin that he committed, and he shall be forgiven for the sin that he committed.
Lev.19.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- תבאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ונטעתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאכל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וערלתם: NOUN,f,sg,poss2,m,pl
- ערלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פריו: NOUN,m,sg,poss3,ms
- שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ערלים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:24–25 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same law: specifies that in the fourth year the tree's fruit is holy and in the fifth year the fruit may be eaten, completing the three‑year 'orlah' sequence begun in 19:23.
- Leviticus 27:30–33 (verbal): Regulates the status of produce from land and trees as holy (tithes) and addresses redemption/exemption — a related legal concern about how fruit of trees is treated under sacred law.
- Deuteronomy 20:19–20 (thematic): Instruction not to destroy fruit trees in war but to preserve and use them; reflects the broader Israelite policy of protecting and valuing fruit‑bearing trees rather than treating them as disposable.
- Mark 11:12–14, 20–21 (thematic): Jesus seeks fruit on a fig tree, finds none, and the tree withers — a prophetic action that echoes the expectation that trees should produce fruit and the consequences of barrenness.
- Luke 13:6–9 (thematic): Parable of the barren fig tree in which the owner gives the tree a limited time and cultivation to bear fruit before ordering it cut down — parallels the theme of allowable waiting periods and judgment for unfruitfulness found in the orlah instruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when you come into the land and plant any fruit tree, you shall regard its fruit as uncircumcised; three years it shall be uncircumcised to you; it shall not be eaten.
- And when you come into the land and you plant any tree for food, you shall regard its fruit as uncircumcised; three years it shall be uncircumcised for you; it shall not be eaten.
Lev.19.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובשנה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הרביעת: ADJ,f,sg,def
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- פריו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הלולים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:23-25 (structural): Immediate context: the law about planted trees — fruit is forbidden for first three years (orlah), holy in the fourth year (neta revai), and may be eaten in the fifth; directly continues and explains v.24.
- Exodus 34:26 (verbal): Commands bringing the first of the firstfruits to the LORD; verbally and theologically parallels the consecration of early produce (dedicating harvest to God).
- Exodus 23:10-11 (thematic): Law requiring the land to lie fallow every seventh year and stipulating who may eat of the produce; parallels the regulation of agricultural produce according to a divinely ordered year-cycle.
- Leviticus 25:3-5 (thematic): Rules for the sabbath year (seventh year) and how the land's produce is to be treated and shared; thematically related to temporal commandments governing when produce is consecrated or may be consumed.
- Deuteronomy 14:28-29 (thematic): A three‑year tithe cycle requiring setting aside produce for Levites, aliens and the needy; parallels the use of multi‑year intervals in law for allocating agricultural produce to religious and social obligations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And in the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, for giving praise to the LORD.
- And in the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, for giving praise to the LORD.
Lev.19.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובשנה: CONJ+PREP
- החמישת: ADJ,ord,f,sg,def
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- את: PRT,acc
- פריו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- להוסיף: VERB,hif,inf
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- תבואתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.19.23-24 (verbal): Immediate context: verses 23–24 lay out the same regulation about newly planted trees—not to eat fruit for three years and the fourth year’s fruit being holy—of which 19:25 (fifth‑year eating) is the conclusion.
- Lev.25.3-5 (thematic): Agricultural legislation about sabbath years and regulated use of land (letting land rest and God’s provision), thematically related to laws governing when produce may be eaten and how yield is sustained.
- Lev.25.20-22 (thematic): God’s promise to provide increased yield (so the people will have enough in the sabbath year) echoes the concern in 19:25 that delayed consumption leads to greater future productivity.
- Exod.23.10-11 (thematic): Law requiring the land to lie fallow every seventh year and provision for the poor connects to the broader biblical pattern of regulated agricultural practice and deferred use of produce for social and ecological benefit.
- Deut.20.19 (thematic): Prohibition against cutting down fruit trees during siege protects long‑term fruit production, reflecting the same valuation of future yield and preservation of trees that underlies the rule in Lev.19:25.
Alternative generated candidates
- And in the fifth year you shall eat its fruit, so that it may increase its yield for you; I am the LORD your God.
- And in the fifth year you shall eat its fruit, to increase its yield for you; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- על: PREP
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- תנחשו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תעוננו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 17:10-12 (verbal): Explicit prohibition against eating blood; states that life is in the blood and commands its proper disposition—directly parallels Lev 19:26's ban on eating blood.
- Deuteronomy 12:23-25 (thematic): Repeats the injunction not to eat blood in the context of lawful slaughter and worship meals—echoes the dietary/legal concern behind Lev 19:26.
- Deuteronomy 18:10-11 (verbal): Forbids divination, soothsaying, and related occult practices—closely parallels Lev 19:26's prohibition 'do not practice divination or soothsaying.'
- Leviticus 19:31 (verbal): Neighboring verse in the same chapter forbids consulting mediums and spiritists—reinforces and expands the ban on seeking occult practices found in Lev 19:26.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not eat with the blood; you shall not practice divination, and you shall not practice soothsaying.
- You shall not eat with the blood; you shall not practice divination, and you shall not tell fortunes.
Lev.19.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תקפו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- פאת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- ראשכם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תשחית: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פאת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- זקנך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg
Parallels
- Lev.21.5 (verbal): A nearly identical prohibition applied specifically to priests: they shall not make baldness on their heads or shave off the edges of their beards.
- Deut.14.1 (thematic): Forbids cutting oneself or making baldness for the dead—another law restricting certain forms of hair‑cutting tied to ritual/ethical boundaries.
- Num.6.5 (thematic): The Nazirite vow forbids cutting the hair of the head; different context (vow) but similarly regulates cutting hair for religious reasons.
- Ezek.44.20 (verbal): Priestly regulation that they shall not shave their heads or let their locks grow long, echoing Levitical restraints on hair and beard grooming.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not round off the side-growth of your heads, and you shall not mar the edges of your beard.
- You shall not round off the hair on the sides of your head, and you shall not mar the edges of your beard.
Lev.19.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושרט: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תתנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בבשרכם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכתבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- קעקע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תתנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בכם: PREP+PRON,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 14:1 (verbal): Explicitly repeats the prohibition against cutting or making marks for the dead—'You shall not cut yourselves'—same legal concern about bodily mutilation in mourning.
- Leviticus 21:5 (verbal): Closely related priestly regulation forbidding making baldness, shaving corners of the beard, or making cuts in the flesh—same vocabulary and prohibition within the holiness code.
- Leviticus 19:27 (structural): Nearby holiness-law regulating hair and beard practices ('not round off the hair of your temples…')—part of the same block of body-related cultic/identity commands.
- Ezekiel 24:17 (thematic): Prophetic injunction forbidding customary mourning practices (weeping, traditional marks)—reflects later prophetic reinforcement/reform of ritual mourning customs condemned by Leviticus 19:28.
- Numbers 6:5 (thematic): Nazirite rule forbids cutting the hair during the vow—another biblical regulation governing modification of the body for religious reasons, contrasting permitted vows with forbidden mourning mutilation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall not make cuts in your flesh for the dead, and you shall not put tattoo marks on yourselves; I am the LORD.
- You shall not make cuts in your flesh for the dead, and you shall not put tattoo marks on yourselves; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תחלל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,m
- להזנותה: VERB,hiphil,inf,3,f,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תזנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ומלאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- זמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 23:17-18 (verbal): Explicit legal prohibition against cultic prostitution and forbidding the use of its wages—parallels Lev 19:29’s ban on prostituting daughters and concern for ritual/social impurity.
- Deuteronomy 22:21 (thematic): Law concerning a virgin found not chaste and the community’s response—shares thematic concern for sexual conduct of women and communal honor/purity.
- Ezekiel 16:15-34 (allusion): Extended metaphor of Jerusalem ‘playing the whore’ and God’s condemnation; echoes Lev 19:29’s link between sexual prostitution and the land’s moral corruption.
- Ezekiel 23:37-41 (verbal): Graphic depiction of the sisters (Oholah and Oholibah) prostituting their daughters to foreign lovers; closely parallels the image of daughters prostituted and national defilement.
- Hosea 4:14 (thematic): Prophetic denunciation addressing mothers and daughters engaged in prostitution and the resulting judgment—resonates with Lev 19:29’s moral/prognostic warning about land filled with wickedness.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, lest the land fall into prostitution and the land be filled with depravity.
- Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, lest the land fall into prostitution and the land be filled with depravity.
Lev.19.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- שבתתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
- תשמרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ומקדשי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- תיראו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 20:8 (quotation): The Decalogue command to 'remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy' parallels Leviticus 19:30's injunction to keep the Sabbaths as a divine command.
- Exodus 31:13 (verbal): God instructs Israel to 'observe my Sabbaths' as a sign that 'I am the LORD,' language very close in vocabulary and theology to Leviticus 19:30.
- Leviticus 26:2 (verbal): Within the same book the covenant formula repeats: 'Keep my Sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary; I am the LORD,' echoing both wording and covenantal tone of 19:30.
- Ezekiel 20:12 (quotation): Ezekiel recalls that God gave the Israelites 'my Sabbaths' as a sign that they might know 'I am the LORD,' explicitly drawing on the same theological link between Sabbath observance and divine identity.
- Isaiah 56:2 (thematic): Isaiah blesses those who 'hold fast' the Sabbath and not profane it, reflecting the prophetic theme that Sabbath-keeping expresses fidelity to God's covenant (the same concern in Lev. 19:30).
Alternative generated candidates
- My Sabbaths you shall keep, and my sanctuary you shall revere; I am the LORD.
- My Sabbaths you shall keep, and my sanctuary you shall revere; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תפנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- האבת: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- הידענים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: NEG
- תבקשו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לטמאה: PREP+ADJ,f,sg,abs
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 18:10-12 (verbal): Directly parallels the prohibition language against divination, soothsaying, necromancy and consulting the dead; frames such practices as abominations to be avoided.
- Leviticus 20:6 (structural): Within the same legal corpus; condemns turning to mediums and wizards and announces divine opposition to those who do so, reinforcing Lev 19:31's warning.
- Leviticus 20:27 (verbal): A companion statute in Leviticus that prescribes severe penalty for mediums and spiritists, underlining the practical legal consequence of the prohibition in 19:31.
- 1 Samuel 28:7-19 (thematic): Narrative example: King Saul seeks a medium at Endor (the witch of Endor) to summon Samuel, illustrating the illicit practice condemned in Lev 19:31 and its tragic outcome.
- Isaiah 8:19 (verbal): Prophetic rebuke against consulting the dead and spiritists; urges people to seek the law and testimony instead, echoing Lev 19:31's prohibition and its theological rationale.
Alternative generated candidates
- Do not turn to mediums and to spiritists; do not seek them out, to be made unclean by them; I am the LORD your God.
- Do not turn to the mediums and to the spiritists; do not seek them, to become unclean by them; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מפני: PREP
- שיבה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תקום: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- והדרת: VERB,hif,perf,2,ms
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- זקן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ויראת: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- מאלהיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,suff,2ms
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 20:12 (thematic): Both command respect for family/elders—'Honor your father and your mother' parallels the call to rise and honor the aged as a social obligation grounded in divine command.
- Proverbs 16:31 (verbal): Proverbs links gray hair with honor and glory ('Gray hair is a crown of glory'), echoing the Old Testament ethic that age merits respect.
- Proverbs 20:29 (thematic): Contrast and complement: this proverb praises the 'splendor' of old men’s gray hair, reinforcing the cultural value of venerating the elderly found in Leviticus 19:32.
- 1 Timothy 5:1–2 (allusion): Paulic pastoral instruction—'Do not rebuke an older man but exhort him as a father'—echoes the Levitical demand to treat elders with deference and honor, rooted in reverence for God.
Alternative generated candidates
- Before the gray head you shall stand, and you shall honor the presence of the elder, and you shall fear your God; I am the LORD.
- Before gray hair you shall rise, and you shall honor the aged; you shall fear your God; I am the LORD.
Lev.19.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- יגור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- גר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארצכם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,SUF,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תונו: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
Parallels
- Exodus 22:21 (verbal): Commands not to wrong or oppress a sojourner/foreigner echo the same legal prohibition against mistreating an alien living among Israel.
- Exodus 23:9 (verbal): Explicit injunction not to oppress a resident foreigner parallels Leviticus' protection of aliens in the land.
- Deuteronomy 10:19 (thematic): Calls Israel to love the sojourner because they were sojourners in Egypt, developing the ethical motive behind Leviticus' prohibition.
- Leviticus 24:22 (structural): Affirms equal application of the law to the native and the stranger, reinforcing the legal principle underlying 19:33.
- Matthew 25:35 (thematic): New Testament depiction of welcoming strangers ('I was a stranger and you welcomed me') echoes the ethic of hospitality and protection due to aliens in the Hebrew law.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when a sojourner sojourns with you in your land, you shall not mistreat him.
- And when a sojourner sojourns with you in your land, you shall not wrong him.
Lev.19.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כאזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- ואהבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כמוך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- גרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:33 (verbal): Immediate context: commands not to wrong a sojourner and introduces the obligation toward the stranger that 19:34 then intensifies (treat the stranger as a native; love him as yourself).
- Leviticus 19:18 (verbal): Shares the exact ethical formula 'love your neighbor as yourself,' which 19:34 applies explicitly to the resident alien (the stranger).
- Exodus 22:21 (thematic): Earlier legal injunction forbidding mistreatment of sojourners ('You shall not wrong a sojourner'), echoing the protective/dutiful stance toward foreigners found in Lev 19:34.
- Deuteronomy 10:19 (quotation): Direct parallel in Deuteronomy repeating the principle 'love the sojourner, for you were sojourners in Egypt,' closely reflecting both motive and wording of Lev 19:34.
- Matthew 25:35–40 (thematic): New Testament application: welcoming and caring for strangers is presented as service to God/Christ—resonant with Leviticus' command to treat and love the stranger as oneself."}]}
Alternative generated candidates
- The sojourner who sojourns with you shall be to you as the native among you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were sojourners in the land of Egypt; I am the LORD your God.
- The sojourner who sojourns with you shall be to you as the native among you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were sojourners in the land of Egypt; I am the LORD your God.
Lev.19.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- עול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במשפט: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במדה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במשקל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובמשורה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 25:13-16 (verbal): Direct legal parallel forbidding differing/false weights and measures; repeats the command not to have dishonest scales and condemns such practices as abhorrent to the LORD.
- Proverbs 11:1 (verbal): Proverbial restatement: 'A false balance is an abomination to the LORD, but a just weight is his delight' — echoes the moral/religious sanction against dishonest measures.
- Proverbs 16:11 (thematic): Affirms that just balances and scales belong to the LORD, underscoring divine concern for honesty in weights and measures similar to Leviticus' legal demand.
- Micah 6:10-12 (thematic): Condemns the use of wicked scales and deceitful balances and highlights social injustice that results from dishonest measurements, reflecting the social-ethical context of Lev 19:35.
- Ezekiel 45:10-12 (structural): Temple/state regulations that prescribe honest measures for commerce and offerings; applies the principle of fair weights/measures within a cultic/legal framework echoing Leviticus.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not do injustice in judgment, in measure, in weight, or in volume.
- You shall not do injustice in judgment, in measuring length, weight, or volume.
Lev.19.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מאזני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איפת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והין: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הוצאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Deut.25:13-16 (verbal): Repeats the legal prohibition against having differing or dishonest weights and measures; closely parallels Leviticus' injunction and frames it as covenantal fidelity to God.
- Prov.11:1 (verbal): Declares that dishonest scales are an abomination to the LORD, echoing Leviticus' moral linkage between fair measures and divine command.
- Prov.20:10 (verbal): Mentions a pair of differing weights and a pair of differing measures as an abomination, repeating the same concrete example of commercial dishonesty found in Leviticus.
- Ezek.45:10-12 (thematic): Prescribes honest measures for trade and temple dealings in the restored-order legislation; carries forward Leviticus' concern for just economic practice within cultic/communal life.
- Amos 8:5-6 (thematic): Prophetic denunciation of merchants who cheat with small measures and exploit the poor; applies Leviticus' ethical principle to condemn economic injustice in Israel's society.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin; I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt.
- You shall have honest scales, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin; I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt.
Lev.19.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- חקתי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- משפטי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ועשיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Lev.18.4 (verbal): Uses the same imperative to keep God’s statutes and judgments (same vocabulary of חקתי ומשפטי/עשיתם), a near-verbatim instruction to obedience.
- Lev.20.22 (verbal): Repeats the call to observe God’s laws and do them and closes with the divine identification (“I am the LORD”), echoing Lev.19.37’s formulation.
- Lev.26.3 (thematic): Conditional promise tied to walking in and keeping God’s statutes and commandments — thematically parallel emphasis on obedience to statutes leading to divine blessing.
- Deut.4.1-2 (structural): An extended exhortation to hear, keep, and do the statutes and rules (ועשיתם אתם) and a warning not to add or subtract — parallels Lev.19.37’s imperative to observe God’s prescriptions and the authority behind them.
- Num.15.40 (thematic): Connects remembering and doing God’s statutes with holiness before the LORD (וזכרתם ועשיתם את כל משפטי), reflecting the same duty to observe divine regulations found in Lev.19.37.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall keep all my statutes and all my ordinances and do them; I am the LORD.
- And you shall keep all my statutes and all my ordinances, and you shall do them; I am the LORD.
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Speak to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, and you shall say to them: You shall be holy, for I, the LORD your God, am holy.
Each of you shall revere his mother and his father, and my Sabbaths you shall keep; I am the LORD your God.
Do not turn to idols, and gods of cast metal you shall not make for yourselves; I am the LORD your God. And when you offer a sacrifice of well-being to the LORD, you shall offer it so that you may be accepted.
On the day you sacrifice it it shall be eaten, and on the next day; and what remains until the third day shall be burned with fire. And if it is eaten on the third day, it is tainted; it will not be accepted. And the one who eats it shall bear his iniquity, for he has profaned what is holy to the LORD; that person shall be cut off from among his people. And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not finish the edge of your field in reaping, and the gleanings of your harvest you shall not gather. And your vineyard you shall not strip bare, and the fallen fruit of your vineyard you shall not glean; for the poor and the sojourner you shall leave them; I am the LORD your God.
You shall not steal; you shall not deal falsely; you shall not lie, each to his fellow. And you shall not swear by my name falsely, and so profane the name of your God; I am the LORD.
You shall not oppress your neighbor, and you shall not rob; the wages of a hired worker shall not remain with you until morning.
You shall not curse the deaf, and before the blind you shall not put a stumbling block; and you shall fear your God; I am the LORD.
You shall not do injustice in judgment; you shall not show partiality to the poor, and you shall not defer to the great; with justice you shall judge your fellow.
You shall not go about as a slanderer among your people; you shall not stand by the blood of your neighbor; I am the LORD.
You shall not hate your brother in your heart; you shall surely reprove your fellow, and you shall not incur sin because of him.
You shall not take vengeance, and you shall not keep a grudge against the sons of your people; and you shall love your neighbor as yourself; I am the LORD.
My statutes you shall keep: you shall not breed your livestock with mixed kinds; your field you shall not sow with mixed seed; and a garment of mixed kinds—interwoven—shall not come upon you. And if a man lies with a woman with an emission of seed, and she is a slave-woman assigned to a man, and she has not been redeemed, nor has freedom been given her—there shall be punishment; they shall not be put to death, because she was not free. And he shall bring his guilt-offering to the LORD, to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting, a ram for a guilt-offering. And the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt-offering before the LORD for his sin that he has sinned, and he shall be forgiven for his sin that he has sinned. And when you come into the land and you plant any food tree, you shall regard its fruit as uncircumcised; three years it shall be uncircumcised for you; it shall not be eaten. And in the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, an offering of praise to the LORD. And in the fifth year you shall eat its fruit, that it may increase its yield for you; I am the LORD your God.
You shall not eat over the blood. You shall not practice divination, and you shall not practice soothsaying.
You shall not round off the edge of your head, and you shall not destroy the edge of your beard. And you shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, and you shall not put tattoo marks upon yourselves; I am the LORD.
Do not profane your daughter, to make her a prostitute, lest the land prostitute itself and the land be filled with depravity.
My Sabbaths you shall keep, and my sanctuary you shall fear; I am the LORD.
Do not turn to mediums or to spiritists; do not seek them out, to be defiled by them; I am the LORD your God.
Before the gray-haired you shall rise, and you shall honor the face of the aged; and you shall fear your God; I am the LORD. And when a sojourner resides with you in your land, you shall not wrong him.
As a native among you shall the sojourner who resides with you be to you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were sojourners in the land of Egypt; I am the LORD your God.
You shall not do injustice in judgment—in measurement, in weight, or in capacity.
Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin you shall have; I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt. And you shall keep all my statutes and all my judgments, and you shall do them; I am the LORD.