Ahaz's Idolatry, Defeats, and Assyrian Subjugation
2 Chronicles 28:1-27
2 C.28.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הישר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כדויד: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:1-2 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Ahaz: gives his age, length of reign in Jerusalem and states he did evil in the sight of the LORD — essentially the same material as 2 Chronicles 28:1.
- Isaiah 7:1 (thematic): Sets the historical context of Ahaz’s reign — the alliance of Syria and Israel against Judah and the ensuing crisis that frames Ahaz’s unfaithfulness and political decisions.
- 2 Kings 18:3 (structural): Contrasts Ahaz by using the same royal evaluation formula for Hezekiah: ‘he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, like David his father,’ highlighting the Chronicles/Kings pattern of judgment.
- 1 Kings 15:11 (verbal): Uses the same comparative formula ('did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, as David his father') positively for King Asa, illustrating how Chronicles/Kings employ this stock phrase both to commend and, by contrast, to condemn rulers like Ahaz.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; he did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD, as his father David had done.
- Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; he did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD, like David his father.
2 C.28.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בדרכי: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cstr+1s
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגם: CONJ
- מסכות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לבעלים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:2 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Ahaz: the Kings version uses almost identical language about walking in the ways of the kings of Israel and making molten images for Baal.
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (thematic): Jeroboam’s establishment of idolatrous worship (golden calves) is a clear parallel theme of Israelite kings instituting alternative cults and leading the people into Baal/idolatry.
- 2 Kings 17:16 (thematic): Summarizes Israel’s persistent worship of Baal and other gods, providing the broader historical-theological background for Chronicles’ remark about a king promoting Baal-worship.
- Judges 2:11-13 (thematic): Early Israelite pattern: the people ‘served the Baals’ after doing evil in the LORD’s sight—this motif of recurring apostasy underlies the Chronicles critique of the king’s actions.
Alternative generated candidates
- He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and made molten images for the Baals.
- He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and he even made molten images for the Baals.
2 C.28.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- הקטיר: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- בגיא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויבער: VERB,qal,impf_vc,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כתעבות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הגוים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הריש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מפני: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:3 (quotation): Direct parallel account of Ahaz: states he burned his children in the Valley of the Son of Hinnom and practiced abominations—nearly verbatim correspondence with the Chronicler's report.
- Jeremiah 7:31 (verbal): Condemns child sacrifice in Topheth (valley of Ben‑Hinnom) — uses the same imagery of passing children through fire and links the act to an abomination before YHWH.
- Jeremiah 19:5 (verbal): Speaks of giving children to Molech and burning them in the valley of Ben‑Hinnom, explicitly identifying the practice as detestable and the reason for divine judgment—closely parallels the location and crime in 2 Chr 28:3.
- Leviticus 18:21 (allusion): Prohibits giving offspring to Molech (passing children through fire); provides the law behind the denunciation of child sacrifice affirmed in 2 Chr 28:3.
- Deuteronomy 12:31 (thematic): Condemns adopting the nations' detestable practices, including child sacrifice and burning children—thematises the same cultural/religious critique applied to Ahaz in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- He even burned his sons in the Valley of Ben‑Hinnom and offered his sons by fire, following the abominations of the nations that the LORD had driven out before the people of Israel.
- He burned sacrifices in the Valley of Ben‑hinnom and burned his children in the fire, doing the abominations of the nations that the LORD had driven out before the people of Israel.
2 C.28.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויזבח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ויקטר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בבמות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- הגבעות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ותחת: CONJ+PREP
- כל: DET
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רענן: ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:4 (quotation): Almost word-for-word parallel account of Ahaz’s worship — sacrificing and burning incense at high places, on hills, and under every green tree (Chronicles echoes Kings).
- 1 Kings 14:23-24 (verbal): Describes Israel’s similar practices — high places and offerings on every high hill and under every green tree — providing a broader pattern of syncretic worship in the northern kingdom.
- Deuteronomy 12:2-3 (structural): Commands the destruction of high places and forbids cultic activity on hills and under trees; provides the Mosaic legal/structural background against which Chronicles’ report is judged.
- Hosea 4:13-14 (thematic): Condemns sacrificial practices on mountain tops and under oaks/terebinths and links them to apostasy — thematically parallel and uses similar imagery of worship under trees and on hills.
Alternative generated candidates
- He sacrificed and burned incense on the high places, on the hills and under every green tree.
- He sacrificed and burned incense on the high places and on the hills and under every green tree.
2 C.28.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתנהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,obj3ms
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- שביה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גדולה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ויביאו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- דרמשק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגם: CONJ
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- מכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גדולה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5–6 (verbal): Direct parallel account in Kings: Ahaz is delivered into the hands of Aram and Israel, suffers a great slaughter and many captives are taken to Damascus; wording and sequence closely match Chronicles.
- Isaiah 7:1–2 (thematic): Describes the same geopolitical threat—Rezin king of Syria (Aram) and Pekah king of Israel attacking Judah and pressing Jerusalem—providing prophetic context for Ahaz’s defeats.
- Judges 2:14–15 (thematic): Expresses the recurring Deuteronomic/theological motif behind such defeats: because Israel/Judah did evil, the LORD delivered them into the hands of their enemies, a theological explanation for military capture and exile.
- Judges 3:8 (thematic): Another example of the pattern ‘the LORD sold them into the hand of an enemy’ after sinning; parallels 2 Chr 28:5 in the motif of divine judgment resulting in subjection and captivity.
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD delivered him into the hand of the king of Aram, who struck him; they carried off from him a great number of captives and brought them to Damascus. The LORD also delivered him into the hand of the king of Israel, who dealt him a heavy blow.
- So the LORD his God delivered him into the hand of the king of Aram, who struck him and took a great number of captives from him and brought them to Damascus. The LORD also gave him into the hand of the king of Israel, who dealt him a heavy blow.
2 C.28.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהרג: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמליהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאה: NUM,f,sg,abs
- ועשרים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- הכל: PRON,m,sg,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעזבם: PREP+VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אבותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5 (structural): Parallel narrative: Pekah son of Remaliah and Rezin of Syria attack Judah and defeat Ahaz—Kings recount the same military pressure on Judah that Chronicles summarizes, linking Pekah’s slaughter and Judah’s weakness.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (allusion): Same historical crisis: Isaiah reports that Rezin of Syria and Pekah of Israel invaded Judah and threatened Jerusalem; Chronicles’ note about Pekah’s killing of many is part of this Isaian context.
- Judges 2:14-15 (thematic): Theological parallel: Judges explains that Israel was given into plunderers because they forsook Yahweh; Chronicles explicitly connects Judah’s heavy losses to having ‘forsaken the LORD God of their fathers.’
- 1 Samuel 4:10-11 (thematic): Narrative parallel of catastrophic battlefield loss: Samuel records a sudden, massive slaughter of Israel in battle, providing a precedent for chroniclers’ motif of national defeat as consequence or calamity mirroring Chronicles 28:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- Pekah son of Remaliah struck in Judah a hundred and twenty thousand in one day, because they had abandoned the LORD, the God of their fathers.
- Pekah son of Remaliah killed in Judah one hundred and twenty thousand in a single day—all the valiant men—because they had forsaken the LORD, the God of their fathers.
2 C.28.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהרג: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- זכרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גבור: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מעשיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- עזריקם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נגיד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- אלקנה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- משנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5-6 (verbal): Parallel narrative to 2 Chronicles 28 describing the attack on Judah in Ahaz’s reign and the calamity brought by Israel and Syria; Chronicles’ account of slaughter and captives corresponds to the Kings account of the invasion.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (thematic): Describes Rezin of Aram and Pekah of Israel threatening Jerusalem in the days of Ahaz — the same geopolitical crisis in which Ephraimite violence against Judah (as in 2 Chr 28:7) occurs.
- 2 Chronicles 28:8-15 (structural): Immediate continuation of the chapter: verses following 28:7 recount the larger slaughter, spoil, and the prophetic intervention (Oded) and the release/return of captives — provides fuller context for the events in v.7.
- Hosea 5:5 (thematic): Speaks of Ephraim/Israel stumbling and bringing judgment — thematically parallels the depiction of Ephraimite aggression (Zechariah of Ephraim) and its role in Judah’s distress.
Alternative generated candidates
- Zechariah, a valiant man of Ephraim, killed Maaseiah the king’s son, and Azrikam the palace officer, and Elkanah second to the king.
- Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, killed Maaseiah the king's son, and Azrikam the palace officer, and Elkanah the king's deputy.
2 C.28.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאחיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- מאתים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- נשים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובנות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- וגם: CONJ
- שלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- בזזו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויביאו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- השלל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לשמרון: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5-6 (structural): Direct parallel in the Deuteronomistic history describing the Syro‑Ephraimite attack on Judah in Ahaz's day and the carrying off of spoil/captives to Samaria.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (thematic): Prophetic account of the same Syro‑Ephraimite threat (Rezin and Pekah) against Judah—provides the larger context for the invasion that produced captives and spoil.
- Numbers 31:7-9 (verbal): Describes Israelite troops taking women, children, and much spoil after battle and bringing the spoil to their commanders—parallels the language and practice of taking captives and booty.
- Deuteronomy 20:14 (thematic): Law concerning the spoils of war (including women and children) taken from conquered cities—provides legal/wider cultural background for the practice described in 2 Chronicles 28:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- The people of Israel carried away captive from their brothers two hundred thousand women, sons, and daughters; and much plunder they took, and brought the plunder to Samaria.
- The people of Israel carried off from their brethren two hundred thousand captives—women, sons, and daughters—and much plunder; they brought the plunder to Samaria.
2 C.28.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נביא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- עדד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לפני: PREP
- הצבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לשמרון: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- הנה: PART
- בחמת: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אבותיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- נתנם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,prsuf,3,m,pl
- בידכם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- ותהרגו: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,pl
- בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- בזעף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- לשמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הגיע: VERB,qal,perf,3,ms
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5-6 (structural): Describes the same Syro‑Israelite assault on Judah in Ahaz’s time; Kings records the campaign but omits the prophetic intervention (Oded) found in Chronicles.
- 2 Chronicles 15:1 (verbal): Names Oded as the father of the prophet Azariah; Chronicles thus links the name Oded with prophetic activity—verbal/name connection within the book.
- Deuteronomy 24:7 (thematic): Forbids kidnapping a fellow Israelite to sell as a slave; provides legal/ethical background for Oded’s rebuke against taking and enslaving Judahite captives.
- Leviticus 25:39-46 (thematic): Distinguishes the status of Israelite and foreign captives and limits servitude of kin—resonates with the demand to release and care for Israelite captives.
- Judges 2:14-15 (thematic): Describes Israelites being handed over to enemies because of the LORD’s anger; parallels Chronicles’ explanation that Yahweh’s wrath delivered Judah into Israel’s hand.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now a prophet of the LORD was there—his name was Oded. He went out before the host that came to Samaria and said to them: Behold, because of the fierce wrath of the LORD against Judah he has been given into your hand; you have slain them in your anger until the wrath reaches to the heavens.
- Now there was a prophet of the LORD there, whose name was Oded. He went out before the army that came to Samaria and said to them, “Behold, because of the wrath of the LORD, the God of your fathers, Judah has been delivered into your hand;
2 C.28.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועתה: CONJ
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- וירושלם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אמרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לכבש: PREP+VERB,qal,infc
- לעבדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולשפחות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- הלא: PART
- רק: PRT
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- עמכם: PREP+PRON,2,pl
- אשמות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 24:7 (thematic): Prohibits kidnapping and selling a fellow Israelite — legal background for rebuking those who would take Israelites as slaves.
- Leviticus 25:39-43 (verbal): Commands that an impoverished Israelite be treated as a hired worker, not as a slave to be ruled over ruthlessly — echoes the concern that fellow Israelites should not be reduced to servitude.
- Jeremiah 34:8-16 (allusion): God condemns Judah for re‑enslaving their Hebrew brothers after promising liberty; parallels the prophetic rebuke of treating fellow Israelites as bondservants and being guilty before the LORD.
- Nehemiah 5:1-13 (thematic): Nehemiah rebukes Jewish nobles for exacting usury and enslaving their countrymen’s children — a later instance of confronting exploitation of fellow Israelites.
- Amos 2:6 (thematic): Prophetic denunciation of selling the needy/righteous for profit — thematically related condemnation of treating people as commodities rather than brothers before God.
Alternative generated candidates
- And now, do you, men of Israel—are you going to enslave / to take captive and make them servants and handmaids for yourselves? Have you not thereby sinned against the LORD your God?
- and now you propose to bring the people of Judah and Jerusalem as slaves to yourselves—are you not adding to your own guilt against the LORD your God?”
2 C.28.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועתה: CONJ
- שמעוני: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg,obj:1,sg
- והשיבו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- השביה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- שביתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,pl
- מאחיכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- חרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אף: ADV
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עליכם: PREP+PRON,2mp
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:9-10 (structural): Immediate context — the prophet rebukes the captors and commands that the captives taken from their brethren be returned because God’s wrath is kindled; these verses frame and explain v.11.
- Jeremiah 34:8-16 (thematic): Jeremiah condemns Judah for re-enslaving Hebrew servants after promising to release them and commands their restoration; like 2 Chr 28:11 it links failure to restore people with the Lord’s judgment.
- Leviticus 25:10-13 (structural): Jubilee law ordering liberty and the return of property and persons — a cultic-legal background for the idea of restoring captives and release from bondage invoked in v.11.
- Isaiah 61:1 (thematic): Proclamation of liberty to captives and release for the oppressed resonates with the demand to restore captives in 2 Chr 28:11 and frames restoration as a divine concern.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now therefore hear me, and send back the captives whom you have taken from your brothers; for the fierce wrath of the LORD is upon you.
- Then hear me, he said, and send back the captives you have taken from your brothers, for the fierce anger of the LORD is upon you.
2 C.28.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקמו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מראשי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזריהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוחנן: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
- ברכיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משלמות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויחזקיהו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלם: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ועמשא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חדלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- הבאים: PART,qal,ptcp,masc,pl,def
- מן: PREP
- הצבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:11 (structural): Immediate context in the same episode; verse 11 introduces the arrival of Israelite forces in Judah just before the named Ephraimite leaders rise up in v.12.
- 2 Chronicles 28:13 (structural): Follows v.12 and describes the outcome—capture of people and spoil—continuing the same narrative about the Ephraimite action.
- 2 Kings 16:5-6 (structural): Parallel account in Kings of the hostile actions against Judah in Ahaz’s reign by Israel (Pekah) and Aram (Rezin); provides the corresponding historical narrative from the Deuteronomic tradition.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (thematic): Sets the prophetic backdrop for the same crisis in Judah: the alliance of Aram and Israel threatening Jerusalem during Ahaz’s reign, the broader political-military context for the Ephraimite activity.
- Judges 12:4-6 (thematic): Another episode where men of Ephraim confront and seize people from Israel, offering a thematic parallel in which Ephraimites act as an aggressive regional group opposed to neighboring Israelites.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then some of the chiefs of the men of Ephraim rose up: Azariah son of Jehohanan, Berechiah son of Meshillemoth, and Hezekiah son of Shallum, and Amasa son of Hadlai — they stood against those who came from the army.
- Some of the chiefs of the Ephraimites rose up—Azariah son of Jehohanan, Berechiah son of Meshillemoth, Hezekiah son of Shelem, and Amasa son of Hadlai—and they met the returning army.
2 C.28.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תביאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- את: PRT,acc
- השביה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הנה: PART
- כי: CONJ
- לאשמת: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אמרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- להסיף: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- על: PREP
- חטאתינו: NOUN,f,pl,def,1pl
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- אשמתינו: NOUN,f,sg+PRON,1,pl
- כי: CONJ
- רבה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- אשמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- וחרון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אף: ADV
- על: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:11 (structural): Immediate context of the same episode: earlier verse describes the taking of captives and spoil by Israel and Judah after the Arameans’ invasion — sets up the people’s refusal in v.13.
- 2 Chronicles 28:14–15 (structural): Direct continuation: recounts that the people returned the captives and spoil to Samaria and Jerusalem because they feared adding to Israel’s guilt and God’s wrath, explaining the outcome of the refusal in v.13.
- Deuteronomy 28:20–22 (thematic): Part of Deuteronomy’s curses: disobedience brings the Lord’s wrath, pestilence and frustration — parallels the fear that bringing captives would ‘add to our sin’ and draw God’s anger on Israel.
- Ezra 9:6–9 (verbal): Ezra’s confession emphasizes Israel’s great guilt and unworthiness and the peoples’ fear of God’s anger; the language of ‘great guilt’ and appeal to avoid provoking divine wrath echoes 2 Chr 28:13.
- Ezekiel 14:13–16 (thematic): Prophetic statement that when a land sins the Lord will not spare it but bring judgment; thematically parallels the idea that communal sin exposes the nation to God’s wrath, which the people in 2 Chr 28:13 wish to avoid increasing.
Alternative generated candidates
- They said to them, Do not bring the captives in here; for you propose to add guilt to our sin and to the trespass; for our guilt is great, and the fierce wrath is upon Israel.
- They said to them, “You shall not bring the captives in here, for you propose to add to our sin and to our guilt before the LORD; for our guilt is already great, and wrath is upon Israel.”
2 C.28.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעזב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- החלוץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- השביה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הבזה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לפני: PREP
- השרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הקהל: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5-9 (structural): Parallel narrative to 2 Chronicles 28: the account of King Ahaz’s wars and the assaults on Judah (Israel and Syria) appears in Kings and corresponds to the same events described in Chronicles.
- 1 Chronicles 18:11 (thematic): David’s removal of enemy shields and bringing of booty to the royal center parallels the motif of commanders presenting or leaving spoil before rulers or officials.
- 1 Samuel 30:18-20 (thematic): After battle David’s recovery and allocation of spoil—bringing goods and distributing them before the people/leadership—reflects the same concern with how captives and plunder are handled for the assembly.
- Judges 8:24-27 (thematic): Gideon’s collection and disposition of the enemy’s spoils (golden earrings) and the transfer of valuables in the aftermath of victory parallels the episode’s focus on the treatment of booty and its presentation to leaders or the community.
Alternative generated candidates
- So the armed men left the captives and the plunder before the officials and all the assembly.
- So the raiding party left the captives and the spoil before the commanders and the whole assembly.
2 C.28.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקמו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- נקבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בשמות: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ויחזיקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בשביה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- מערמיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הלבישו: VERB,hifil,perf,3,pl
- מן: PREP
- השלל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וילבשום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- וינעלום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- ויאכלום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- וישקום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- ויסכום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- וינהלום: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בחמרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לכל: PREP
- כושל: VERB,qal,ptc,-,m,sg
- ויביאום: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ירחו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- התמרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אצל: PREP
- אחיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,suff,3,m,pl
- וישובו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Judges 1:16 (verbal): Uses the identical phrase 'city (or place) of palm trees' (עיר/מקום התמרים), linking the geographic designation (Jericho) found in 2 Chr 28:15.
- 1 Samuel 30:18-20 (thematic): Narrative parallel in which captives and plunder are recovered and distributed; both passages describe rescuing people, restoring them and dealing with the spoils.
- Luke 10:34 (thematic): The Good Samaritan anoints, clothes/covers, and transports the injured to care—paralleling the practical mercy in 2 Chr 28:15 (anointing, clothing, feeding, carrying on animals to safety).
- Proverbs 25:21-22 (thematic): Commands to feed and give drink to an enemy who is hungry/thirsty resonate with the compassionate treatment of captives in 2 Chr 28:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the men who were named by name rose up, took the captives, and with all their plunder clothed all who were naked among them; they clothed them, gave them sandals, food, oil for anointing, and carried them on donkeys and mules, and brought them to their kinsmen at Jericho, the City of Palm Trees. Then they returned to Samaria.
- Then the men who were named by name rose up and took the captives; they clothed all who were naked among them from the spoil, gave them sandals, provided them with food and drink, anointed them, and carried them back to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brethren; then they returned to Samaria.
2 C.28.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההיא: DEM,f,sg
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- לעזר: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:7-9 (verbal): Direct parallel account: Ahaz sends to the king of Assyria for help (Tiglath‑pileser/Pul); Chronicles here abbreviates the same event recorded in Kings.
- 2 Kings 16:10-16 (structural): Continues the Kings narrative of Ahaz's dealings with Assyria—his visit to Damascus, payment of tribute and subsequent religious compromises—showing the consequences of seeking Assyrian aid.
- Isaiah 7:1-9 (thematic): Relates the same Syrian‑Israelite threat against Judah and Ahaz’s response; Isaiah challenges reliance on foreign help and urges faith in YHWH rather than diplomatic appeals to Assyria.
- Isaiah 8:7-8 (allusion): Portrays Assyria as a sweeping flood used against Israel and Syria—an interpretive echo of Assyria’s role in the events that Ahaz invoked by seeking Assyrian assistance.
Alternative generated candidates
- At that time King Ahaz sent to the kings of Assyria for help.
- At that time King Ahaz sent messengers to the kings of Assyria to help him.
2 C.28.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועוד: CONJ
- אדומים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ויכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שבי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:5-9 (structural): Parallel account of King Ahaz’s troubles — Israel/Aram’s attacks, great slaughter in Judah and loss of people — Chronicles 28 expands the events recorded in Kings about Ahaz’s defeats and captives.
- 2 Chronicles 21:8-10 (thematic): Later passage describing Edom’s rebellion and oppression of Judah (setting a king over themselves); thematically related as another episode of Edom’s hostility and subjugation of Judah.
- Obadiah 1:10-14 (thematic): Prophetic condemnation of Edom for violence against “brothers” and for seizing spoil and taking captives — thematically linked to Edom’s attack on Judah and taking of captives in 2 Chronicles 28:17.
- Amos 1:11-12 (verbal): Oracles against Edom for pursuing his brother with the sword and for violence and spoil-taking; echoes the charge that Edom attacked and carried off people from Judah.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also the Edomites came and struck Judah, and carried off captives.
- Also the Edomites came and struck Judah and carried away captives.
2 C.28.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופלשתים: CONJ+NOUN_PROP,m,pl,abs
- פשטו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בערי: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,const
- השפלה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ליהודה: PREP+PN,masc,sg
- וילכדו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- אילון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- הגדרות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ואת: CONJ
- שוכו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובנותיה: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- תמנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובנותיה: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- גמזו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- בנתיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss3fs
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:16-17 (structural): Immediate context in the same chapter: these verses describe the Philistine invasion and its effects (slaughter, captives, spoil) that lead directly to the list of towns in v.18.
- 2 Kings 16:5-6 (thematic): Parallel account of the crises in Ahaz’s reign — invasions by neighboring powers (Rezin of Syria and Pekah of Israel) and Judah’s military vulnerability, matching the theme of foreign incursions in 2 Chr 28.
- Judges 1:19 (thematic): Describes Judah’s failure to drive out the inhabitants of the valley/lowland because of the enemy’s chariots of iron; provides background for why Philistines could occupy Shephelah towns named in 2 Chr 28:18.
- 1 Samuel 6:19 (verbal): Mentions Beth‑shemesh (one of the towns listed in 2 Chr 28:18), linking that place across narratives and underscoring its recurring role in Israelite–Philistine interactions.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Philistines also invaded the cities of the lowland and of the Negev of Judah; they captured Beth‑shemesh, Aijalon, Gederoth, Socoh and its villages, Timnah and its villages, and Gimzo and its villages, and they dwelt there.
- The Philistines invaded the cities of the lowland and the Negeb of Judah and captured Bet‑shemesh, Aijalon, Gederoth, Socoh and its villages, Timnah and its villages, and Gimzo and its villages, and settled there.
2 C.28.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הכניע: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- בעבור: PREP
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- הפריע: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומעול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעל: PREP
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:1-4 (structural): Parallel royal account of Ahaz’s reign that highlights his unfaithfulness and idolatry; both passages link Ahaz’s apostasy to divine judgment on Judah.
- 2 Kings 16:7-9 (thematic): Describes Ahaz’s appeal to Tiglath‑pileser and the resulting Assyrian intervention—an episode that illustrates the political humiliation and foreign dominance tied to Ahaz’s policies referenced in Chronicles 28:19.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (structural): Isaiah situates the Syro‑Ephraimite threat against Ahaz and Judah in the same historical crisis; it provides the prophetic backdrop for Chronicles’ statement that the LORD humbled Judah because of Ahaz.
- 2 Chronicles 28:5-8 (thematic): Immediate narrative context in the same chapter describing military defeats, slaughter, and captives inflicted on Judah by Israel and Syria—these events concretely show how the LORD ‘humbled’ Judah for Ahaz’s unfaithfulness.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the LORD humbled Judah because of King Ahaz—he had caused Judah to err and had trespassed against the LORD.
- For the LORD humbled Judah because of Ahaz king of Israel, for he had made Judah transgress and had trespassed against the LORD.
2 C.28.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- תלגת: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- פלנאסר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ויצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- חזקו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:7-9 (verbal): Parallel narrative to 2 Chronicles 28: Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria intervenes in the affairs of Judah/Israel in the days of Ahaz; Chronicles' statement that the Assyrian king 'came against him' corresponds to Kings' account of Ahaz seeking Assyrian aid and the Assyrian campaign.
- 2 Kings 15:29 (verbal): Reports Tiglath-pileser's campaigns against Israel (taking Ijon, Abel, etc.) in the days of Pekah—background to the Assyrian operations referred to in Chronicles 28:20.
- Isaiah 7:1-2 (thematic): Describes the Aramean (Rezin) and Israelite (Pekah) threat to Judah in the days of Ahaz—the same geopolitical crisis in which Assyria (Tiglath‑Pileser) becomes involved as noted in Chronicles.
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (thematic): Presents Assyria as the instrument of God's judgment against Israel and Judah; thematically connects to the Chronicle's report of Tiglath‑Pileser's oppressive action against Judah/its neighbors.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Tiglath‑Pileser king of Assyria came against him; he attacked him, and he was distressed and could not stand fast.
- Then Tiglath‑pileser king of Assyria came against him and distressed him, but he could not help him.
2 C.28.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- חלק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והשרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- לעזרה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:7-9 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Ahaz sending to Tiglath‑Pileser (Pul) and giving treasures from the house of the LORD and the king to the king of Assyria.
- 2 Kings 15:19-20 (thematic): Menahem pays Pul king of Assyria silver to secure his rule—another example of Israelite/Judahite rulers paying Assyria for support.
- Hosea 5:13 (thematic): Ephraim (and Judah) turn to Assyria for help, but Assyria cannot heal or save them—parallels the futility noted in 2 Chr 28:21.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (allusion): Portrays Assyria as God’s instrument and an arrogant foreign power—background theology for why reliance on Assyria (paying tribute) is both problematic and ultimately ineffective.
Alternative generated candidates
- For Ahaz had given over to the king of Assyria the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king’s house and of the princes; he gave them into the hand of the king of Assyria, but it did not help him.
- For Ahaz had taken a portion from the house of the LORD and from the king's house and from the princes, and gave them to the king of Assyria; but it did not help him.
2 C.28.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובעת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הצר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ויוסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למעול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:2 (structural): Parallel narrative in the Kings account of Ahaz’s reign; both state that Ahaz did not act rightly before the LORD and place his misconduct in the context of his reign and crises.
- Isaiah 7:1-9 (thematic): Isaiah addresses the same Syro‑Ephraimite threat and Ahaz’s distress, offering prophetic warning and counsel that illuminates the historical and theological backdrop of Ahaz’s behavior in Chronicles.
- 2 Chr.26:16 (verbal): Shares the motif and similar language of a king’s pride — 'his heart was lifted up' — linking royal arrogance with ensuing punishment or disaster, a theme applied to both Uzziah and Ahaz.
- Proverbs 16:18 (thematic): A proverbial statement connecting pride (being 'lifted up') with downfall; it provides a wisdom‑literature parallel to the moral cause‑and‑effect implied in 2 Chronicles 28:22.
Alternative generated candidates
- In his distress he trespassed yet more against the LORD—this same King Ahaz.
- In his time of trouble he increased his trespass against the LORD—this is King Ahaz.
2 C.28.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויזבח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לאלהי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,const
- דרמשק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המכים: PART,qal,ptc,act,pl,m,def
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- מעזרים: VERB,piel,part,3,m,pl
- אותם: PRON,3,m,pl,obj
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אזבח: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- ויעזרוני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl+PRON,1,_,sg
- והם: CONJ+PRON,3,m,pl
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- להכשילו: PREP+VERB,hifil,inf+PRON,3,m,sg
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:7-10 (verbal): Parallel account of King Ahaz seeking foreign help (Assyria) and adopting foreign cultic practices; the narrative overlaps with Chronicles' report of sacrificing to the gods of Damascus.
- 2 Chronicles 28:22 (structural): Immediate context in Chronicles: describes Ahaz's appeal to the king of Assyria and the giving of treasures, which sets up verse 23's report of sacrifices to Damascus' gods.
- 2 Chronicles 33:3-7 (thematic): Manasseh's idolatry and establishment of foreign cults (including child sacrifice and altars to other gods) parallels Ahaz's turn to non‑Yahwistic worship and its destructive consequences.
- 1 Kings 11:5-8 (thematic): Solomon's construction of high places and worship of foreign deities (Chemosh, Molech, etc.) by a Judean king mirrors the pattern of royal adoption of foreign gods and resulting divine judgment.
- Judges 2:11-15 (thematic): Israel's recurring pattern of serving foreign gods and subsequently being handed over to their enemies echoes the cause‑and‑effect in 2 Chronicles 28:23 (idolatry linked to national calamity).
Alternative generated candidates
- He even sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, who had struck him, saying, Because the gods of the kings of Aram help them, I will sacrifice to them that they may help me. So they became his snare and the ruin of all Israel.
- He sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, who had struck him, saying, “Because the gods of the kings of Aram help them, I will sacrifice to them that they may help me.” And they became his snare and the snare of all Israel.
2 C.28.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאסף: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויקצץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויסגר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- דלתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- מזבחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פנה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 29:3-4 (structural): Hezekiah's restoration account explicitly cites Ahaz's actions — that he shut the doors of the house of the LORD and made altars in every corner of Jerusalem — and describes reopening and restoring the temple.
- 2 Kings 16:10-16 (verbal): Kings describes Ahaz copying a Syrian altar and altering the temple's furnishings (removing/relocating the bronze altar), paralleling Chronicles' report of his tampering with temple vessels and altars.
- 2 Kings 21:3; 2 Chronicles 33:5 (verbal): Manasseh 'built altars in the house of the LORD' and introduced idolatrous worship inside the temple, a closely parallel case of desecrating temple space and instruments.
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (thematic): Jeroboam's setting up of rival altars at Bethel and Dan (establishing altars/priests outside the Jerusalem cult) parallels Ahaz's creation of altars throughout the city and the decentralization/syncretism of worship.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ahaz took away the vessels of the house of God and cut in pieces the vessels of the house of the LORD; he shut the doors of the house of the LORD and made for himself altars in every corner of Jerusalem.
- Ahaz gathered the utensils of the house of God and cut in pieces the vessels of the house of God; he shut up the doors of the house of the LORD and made for himself altars in every corner of Jerusalem.
2 C.28.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועיר: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,const
- ליהודה: PREP+PN,masc,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במות: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לקטר: PREP+INF,qal
- לאלהים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחרים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ויכעס: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:4 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Ahaz making high places and burning incense to other gods; closely matches the Chronicler’s description.
- 2 Kings 21:3 (thematic): Manasseh’s restoration of high places and idolatrous worship in Judah—similar pattern of kings establishing shrines that provoke the LORD.
- 1 Kings 14:23-24 (thematic): Description of the people setting up high places and worshiping at them in the cities—reflects the common motif of nationwide high-place worship.
- Deuteronomy 12:2-4 (allusion): The Deuteronomic law commands the destruction of foreign shrines and forbids copying pagan worship—background law against making high places for other gods.
- Psalm 78:58 (verbal): Speaks of provoking the Most High with high places/images—language and theme echo the Chronicler’s charge that such worship angers God.
Alternative generated candidates
- In every city of Judah he built high places to burn incense to other gods, and he provoked the LORD, the God of his fathers, to anger.
- In every city of Judah he made high places to burn incense to other gods, provoking the LORD, the God of his fathers, to anger.
2 C.28.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- דבריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3m
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- דרכיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3ms
- הראשנים: ADJ,m,pl,def
- והאחרונים: CONJ+ADJ,m,pl,def
- הנם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כתובים: VERB,pual,ptcp,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- וישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:20 (quotation): Parallel/near‑identical closing for Ahaz in the Deuteronomistic history: 'the rest of the acts of Ahaz... are written in the book of the kings of Israel'—same tradition cited by Chronicles.
- 2 Chronicles 26:22 (verbal): Chronicles uses the same formula for Uzziah: 'the rest of the acts of Uzziah... are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah,' showing a standard chronicler's closing notice.
- 2 Chronicles 32:32 (structural): A comparable concluding statement about Hezekiah: the remainder of his deeds are recorded in the book of the kings (and other sources), reflecting the chronicler's formula and appeal to other records.
- 1 Kings 14:29 (thematic): Typical Deuteronomistic/royal annal formula for Rehoboam: 'the rest of the acts... are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah'—same genre of cross‑reference to royal archives.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now the rest of the acts of Ahaz, and all his ways, from first to last, are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.
- The rest of his acts and all his ways, first and last, are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.
2 C.28.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- ויקברהו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl,obj=3m
- בעיר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- הביאהו: VERB,hif,perf,3,f,sg+3ms(obj)
- לקברי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יחזקיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 16:20 (verbal): Parallel, essentially the same wording and report: Ahaz 'slept with his fathers', was buried in the city but not brought to the royal tombs, and Hezekiah succeeded him.
- 2 Kings 18:1 (structural): Records the accession of Hezekiah after Ahaz ('Hezekiah... began to reign'), paralleling the Chronicle's closing note that Hezekiah reigned in his father's stead.
- 2 Chronicles 33:20 (thematic): Uses a similar death/burial and succession formula for Manasseh—reports on burial place and immediate succession—illustrating Chronicles' conventional closing formula for kings.
- 2 Chronicles 21:20 (verbal): Another instance of the Chronicle formula ('slept with his fathers, and was buried... and his son reigned in his stead'), showing the standard narrative closure for a king's reign.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ahaz slept with his fathers; they buried him in the city, in Jerusalem, for they did not bring him to the tombs of the kings of Israel; and Hezekiah his son reigned in his place.
- Ahaz slept with his fathers and was buried in the city of David, for they did not bring him into the tombs of the kings of Israel; and Hezekiah his son reigned in his place.
Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. He did not do what was right in the sight of the LORD, as David his father had done.
He walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and he also made metal images for the Baals.
He burned incense in the Valley of Ben‑Hinnom and burned his sons in the fire, following the abominations of the nations that the LORD disposes of before the people of Israel.
He sacrificed and burned incense on the high places, on the hills, and under every green tree.
Therefore the LORD delivered him into the hand of the king of Aram, who defeated him and carried off a great number of captives and brought them to Damascus; and he was also given into the hand of the king of Israel, who struck him with a severe blow.
Pekah son of Remaliah killed in Judah one hundred twenty thousand in a single day—all the valiant men—because they had forsaken the LORD, the God of their fathers.
Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, struck down Maaseiah the king’s son, Azrikam the official in the palace, and Elkanah the second to the king.
The people of Israel carried off two hundred thousand captives from their kinsmen—women, sons, and daughters—and they took much plunder and brought the spoil to Samaria.
There was a prophet of the LORD there whose name was Oded. He went out before the army that was coming to Samaria and said to them, “Behold, because of the fierce anger of the LORD, the God of your fathers, he has delivered Judah into your hand; now, do not bring them in as captives in wrath, nor kill them—your wrath has reached to the heavens.” And now, men of Judah and Jerusalem, you say to make them slaves and handmaids for yourselves—are you not thereby bringing guilt upon yourselves before the LORD your God? Now listen to me: send back the captives you have taken from your brothers, for the LORD’s anger is upon you.
Then certain men rose up from the heads of the house of Ephraim—Azariah son of Johanan, Berechiah son of Meshillemoth, Jehizkiah son of Shelem, and Amasa son of Hadlai—and they confronted those coming from the army.
They said to them, “Do not bring the captives in here, for to add them as forced labor to our own sins and guilt would increase our transgression; indeed our guilt is already great, and wrath is upon Israel.” So the raiders left the captives and the plunder before the officers and the whole assembly.
The men who are named rose up and took the captives; they clothed all the naked ones from the spoil, gave them sandals, food and drink, anointed them, put them on donkeys, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their kinsmen; then they returned to Samaria.
At that time King Ahaz sent messengers to the king of Assyria, asking for help.
Moreover the Edomites came and defeated Judah and carried off captives.
The Philistines raided the cities of the lowland and the Negeb of Judah; they took Beth‑shemesh and Aijalon and Gederoth and Socoh and their villages, and Timnah and its villages, and Ekron and its settlements, and they settled there.
For the LORD humbled Judah on account of Ahaz king of Judah, because he had acted unfaithfully toward the LORD.
Then Tiglath‑Pileser king of Assyria came against him and harassed him, but he could not prevail against him.
For Ahaz had given to the king of Assyria the silver and gold from the house of the LORD and from the house of the king and from the leaders, and the king of Assyria did not help him.
In the time of his trouble he further acted unfaithfully toward the LORD—this was King Ahaz.
He sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, who had struck him, saying, “Because the gods of the kings of Aram help them, I will sacrifice to them, that they may help me.” But they became his ruin and the ruin of all Israel.
Ahaz took away the utensils of the house of God and cut in pieces the vessels of the house of the LORD; he shut the doors of the house of the LORD and made altars in every corner of Jerusalem.
In every city of Judah he made high places to offer incense to other gods, and he provoked the LORD, the God of his fathers, to anger.
As for the rest of his deeds and all his ways—first and last—are they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel?
Ahaz slept with his fathers and was buried in the City of David; for they did not bring him into the tombs of the kings of Israel. And Hezekiah his son reigned in his place.