Job's Extended Defense: God's Power and the Friends' Failings

Job 26:1-31:40

About APB

Genesis

The Creation of the World 1:1-2:3 The Creation of Man and Woman 2:4-25 The Fall of Man 3:1-24 Cain and Abel 4:1-26 From Adam to Noah 5:1-32 The Flood 6:1-8:22 God’s Covenant with Noah 9:1-17 Noah’s Drunkenness and Curse 9:18-29 Nations Descended from Noah 10:1-32 The Tower of Babel 11:1-9 From Shem to Abram 11:10-32 The Call of Abram 12:1-9 Abram in Egypt 12:10-20 Abram and Lot Separate 13:1-18 Abram Rescues Lot 14:1-24 God’s Covenant with Abram 15:1-21 Hagar and Ishmael 16:1-16 The Covenant of Circumcision 17:1-27 A Son Promised to Sarah 18:1-15 Abraham Intercedes for Sodom 18:16-33 The Destruction of Sodom 19:1-29 The Origin of Moab and Ammon 19:30-38 Abraham and Abimelech 20:1-18 The Birth of Isaac 21:1-7 Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away 21:8-21 A Treaty with Abimelech 21:22-34 The Sacrifice of Isaac 22:1-19 Nahor’s Children 22:20-24 The Death and Burial of Sarah 23:1-20 A Wife for Isaac 24:1-67 The Death of Abraham 25:1-11 Ishmael’s Descendants 25:12-18 Esau and Jacob 25:19-34 Isaac and Abimelech 26:1-35 Jacob Takes Esau’s Blessing 27:1-40 Jacob Sent to Paddan-aram 27:41-28:9 Jacob’s Dream at Bethel 28:10-22 Jacob Meets Rachel 29:1-14 Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel 29:15-30 The Children of Jacob 29:31-30:24 Jacob’s Prosperity 30:25-43 Jacob Flees from Laban 31:1-21 Jacob and Laban Make a Covenant 31:22-55 Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau 32:1-21 Jacob Wrestles with God 32:22-32 Jacob Meets Esau 33:1-20 Dinah and the Shechemites 34:1-31 God Blesses Jacob at Bethel 35:1-15 Deaths of Rachel and Isaac 35:16-29 Esau’s Descendants 36:1-30 The Kings of Edom 36:31-43 Joseph’s Dreams 37:1-11 Joseph Sold by His Brothers 37:12-36 Judah and Tamar 38:1-30 Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife 39:1-23 Joseph Interprets Dreams in Prison 40:1-23 Pharaoh’s Dreams 41:1-40 Joseph Rises to Power 41:41-57 Joseph’s Brothers Go to Egypt 42:1-38 Joseph’s Brothers Return with Benjamin 43:1-34 The Silver Cup 44:1-34 Joseph Reveals Himself 45:1-28 Jacob Goes to Egypt 46:1-47:12 Joseph and the Famine 47:13-31 Jacob Blesses Ephraim and Manasseh 48:1-22 Jacob Blesses His Sons 49:1-28 The Death and Burial of Jacob 49:29-50:14 Joseph Reassures His Brothers 50:15-21 The Death of Joseph 50:22-26

Exodus

Israel Increases in Egypt 1:1-22 The Birth of Moses 2:1-10 Moses Flees to Midian 2:11-25 The Burning Bush 3:1-22 Signs for Moses 4:1-17 Moses Returns to Egypt 4:18-31 Moses and Aaron Before Pharaoh 5:1-21 God Promises Deliverance 5:22-6:12 The Genealogy of Moses and Aaron 6:13-27 Moses and Aaron Sent to Pharaoh 6:28-7:7 Aaron’s Staff Becomes a Serpent 7:8-13 The First Plague: Water to Blood 7:14-24 The Second Plague: Frogs 7:25-8:15 The Third Plague: Gnats 8:16-19 The Fourth Plague: Flies 8:20-32 The Fifth Plague: Livestock Die 9:1-7 The Sixth Plague: Boils 9:8-12 The Seventh Plague: Hail 9:13-35 The Eighth Plague: Locusts 10:1-20 The Ninth Plague: Darkness 10:21-29 A Final Plague Threatened 11:1-10 The Passover 12:1-30 The Exodus 12:31-42 Passover Regulations 12:43-51 Consecration of the Firstborn 13:1-16 Crossing the Red Sea 13:17-14:31 The Song of Moses 15:1-21 Bitter Water Made Sweet 15:22-27 Manna from Heaven 16:1-36 Water from the Rock 17:1-7 Amalek Defeated 17:8-16 Jethro’s Advice 18:1-27 Israel at Mount Sinai 19:1-25 The Ten Commandments 20:1-21 Laws About Altars 20:22-21:1 Laws About Slaves 21:2-11 Laws About Personal Injuries 21:12-36 Laws About Restitution 22:1-15 Laws About Holiness 22:16-31 Laws About Justice 23:1-9 Sabbath Years and Weeks 23:10-13 The Three Feasts 23:14-19 The Angel and the Promises 23:20-33 The Covenant Confirmed 24:1-18 Contributions for the Sanctuary 25:1-9 The Ark of the Testimony 25:10-22 The Table for Bread 25:23-30 The Golden Lampstand 25:31-40 The Tabernacle 26:1-37 The Bronze Altar 27:1-8 The Court of the Tabernacle 27:9-19 Oil for the Lamp 27:20-21 The Priests’ Garments 28:1-5 The Ephod 28:6-14 The Breastpiece of Judgment 28:15-30 Other Priestly Garments 28:31-43 Consecration of the Priests 29:1-46 The Altar of Incense 30:1-10 The Census Tax 30:11-16 The Bronze Basin 30:17-21 The Anointing Oil 30:22-33 The Incense 30:34-38 Oholiab and Bezalel 31:1-11 The Sabbath Sign 31:12-18 The Golden Calf 32:1-33:6 The Tent of Meeting 33:7-11 Moses’ Intercession and God’s Glory 33:12-23 New Tablets and Covenant 34:1-28 The Shining Face of Moses 34:29-35 Sabbath Regulations 35:1-3 Freewill Offerings for the Tabernacle 35:4-29 Bezalel and Oholiab Set Apart 35:30-36:7 Making the Tabernacle 36:8-38 Making the Ark 37:1-9 Making the Table 37:10-16 Making the Lampstand 37:17-24 Making the Altar of Incense 37:25-29 Making the Bronze Altar 38:1-7 Making the Bronze Basin 38:8 Making the Court 38:9-20 Materials of the Tabernacle 38:21-31 Making the Priests’ Garments 39:1 The Ephod Made 39:2-7 The Breastpiece Made 39:8-21 Other Garments Made 39:22-31 The Work Completed 39:32-43 The Tabernacle Erected 40:1-33 The Glory Fills the Tabernacle 40:34-38

Leviticus

The Burnt Offering 1:1-17 The Grain Offering 2:1-16 The Peace Offering 3:1-17 The Sin Offering 4:1-5:13 The Guilt Offering 5:14-6:7 The Burnt Offering—Priests’ Duties 6:8-13 The Grain Offering—Priests’ Portion 6:14-23 The Sin Offering—Priests’ Portion 6:24-30 The Guilt Offering—Priests’ Portion 7:1-10 The Peace Offering—Thanksgiving and Vows 7:11-21 Prohibited Fat and Blood 7:22-27 Concluding Regulations 7:28-38 The Priests Ordained 8:1-36 Priestly Ministry Begins 9:1-24 Nadab and Abihu 10:1-20 Clean and Unclean Animals 11:1-47 Purification After Childbirth 12:1-8 Laws for Leprosy—Skin Diseases 13:1-46 Leprous Garments 13:47-59 Cleansing of a Leper 14:1-32 Leprous Houses 14:33-57 Bodily Discharges 15:1-33 The Day of Atonement 16:1-34 The Place of Sacrifice; No Blood 17:1-16 Unlawful Sexual Relations 18:1-30 Holiness in Everyday Life 19:1-37 Penalties for Unholiness 20:1-27 Holiness of the Priests 21:1-22:16 Acceptable Offerings; Appointed Feasts Intro 22:17-23:2 The Sabbath 23:3 Passover and Unleavened Bread 23:4-8 Firstfruits 23:9-14 Weeks (Pentecost) 23:15-22 Trumpets 23:23-25 Day of Atonement 23:26-32 Booths 23:33-44 Tabernacle Lamps, Bread, and Blasphemer 24:1-23 Sabbath Year 25:1-7 The Year of Jubilee 25:8-55 Blessings for Obedience 26:1-13 Curses for Disobedience 26:14-46 Vows and Dedications 27:1-34

Numbers

The Census of Israel 1:1-54 Arrangement of the Camp 2:1-34 The Levites’ Duties 3:1-51 Kohathites’ Service 4:1-20 Gershonites’ Service 4:21-28 Merarites’ Service 4:29-33 Census of the Levites 4:34-49 Unclean Removed from Camp 5:1-4 Restitution for Wrongs 5:5-10 The Test for Adultery 5:11-31 The Nazirite Vow 6:1-21 The Priestly Blessing 6:22-27 Offerings of the Leaders 7:1-89 The Lamps 8:1-4 The Levites Consecrated 8:5-26 The Passover Celebrated 9:1-14 The Cloud Over the Tabernacle 9:15-23 The Silver Trumpets 10:1-10 Departure from Sinai 10:11-36 Complaint and Quail; Seventy Elders 11:1-35 Miriam and Aaron Oppose Moses 12:1-16 Spies Sent into Canaan 13:1-25 Report of the Spies 13:26-33 The People Rebel 14:1-45 Offerings and Firstfruits 15:1-21 Unintentional Sin and Presumptuous Sin 15:22-31 The Sabbath-Breaker 15:32-36 Tassels on Garments 15:37-41 Korah’s Rebellion 16:1-50 Aaron’s Staff Buds 17:1-13 Priests’ and Levites’ Duties 18:1-7 Portions for Priests and Levites 18:8-32 The Red Heifer 19:1-22 Water from the Rock at Meribah 20:1-13 Edom Refuses Passage 20:14-21 Aaron’s Death 20:22-29 Arad Defeated 21:1-3 The Bronze Serpent 21:4-9 Journeys in the Wilderness 21:10-20 Victories over Sihon and Og 21:21-35 Balaam Summoned 22:1-20 Balaam’s Donkey and the Angel 22:21-41 Balaam’s First Oracle 23:1-12 Balaam’s Second Oracle 23:13-26 Balaam’s Third Oracle 23:27-24:14 The Star out of Jacob 24:15-19 Balaam’s Final Sayings 24:20-25 Baal of Peor and Phinehas 25:1-18 The Second Census 26:1-65 Daughters of Zelophehad 27:1-11 Joshua Appointed 27:12-23 Daily Offerings 28:1-8 Sabbath Offerings 28:9-10 Monthly Offerings 28:11-15 Passover Offerings 28:16-25 Weeks (Firstfruits) Offerings 28:26-31 Trumpets Offerings 29:1-6 Day of Atonement Offerings 29:7-11 Booths Offerings 29:12-40 Vows 30:1-16 War with Midian—Spoils 31:1-24 Division of the Spoils 31:25-54 Reuben, Gad, and Half-Manasseh 32:1-42 Stages of Israel’s Journey 33:1-56 Boundaries of the Land 34:1-29 Levitical Cities 35:1-5 Cities of Refuge 35:6-34 Marriage of Zelophehad’s Daughters 36:1-13

Deuteronomy

Preamble and Setting 1:1-8 Leaders Appointed 1:9-18 Spies Sent 1:19-25 Rebellion and Judgment 1:26-46 Journey Through Edom, Moab, Ammon 2:1-23 Victory over Sihon 2:24-37 Victory over Og 3:1-11 Allotment East of Jordan 3:12-20 Moses Forbidden to Enter 3:21-29 Call to Obey 4:1-14 No Idols 4:15-31 The LORD Alone Is God 4:32-40 Cities of Refuge East 4:41-43 Introduction to the Law 4:44-49 The Ten Commandments Rehearsed 5:1-33 The Shema and Instruction 6:1-25 Warning Against the Nations 7:1-26 Do Not Forget the LORD 8:1-20 Not for Your Righteousness 9:1-6 Israel’s Rebellions Recounted 9:7-29 New Tablets; Ark 10:1-11 Fear the LORD 10:12-22 Love, Obey, Choose 11:1-32 The Place of Worship 12:1-32 False Prophets and Idolatry 13:1-18 Clean and Unclean Foods 14:1-21 Tithes 14:22-29 Sabbatical Year 15:1-11 Hebrew Slaves 15:12-18 Firstborn Animals 15:19-23 Passover 16:1-8 Weeks 16:9-12 Booths 16:13-17 Justice 16:18-20 Forbidden Worship 16:21-17:7 Difficult Cases 17:8-13 Laws for the King 17:14-20 Provision for Levites 18:1-8 Abominable Practices 18:9-13 A Prophet Like Moses 18:14-22 Cities of Refuge 19:1-14 Witnesses and Penalties 19:15-21 Rules for War 20:1-20 Unsolved Murder 21:1-9 Wives from War 21:10-14 Rights of the Firstborn 21:15-17 Rebellious Son 21:18-21 Various Laws 21:22-22:12 Laws of Chastity 22:13-30 Assembly Exclusions 23:1-8 Camp Purity 23:9-14 Various Laws Continued 23:15-25:19 Firstfruits and Tithes Confession 26:1-15 You Are the LORD’s People 26:16-19 Law on Stones and Altar 27:1-8 Curses Pronounced 27:9-26 Blessings for Obedience 28:1-14 Curses for Disobedience 28:15-68 Renewal in Moab 29:1-29 Choose Life 30:1-20 Joshua Commissioned 31:1-8 Public Reading of the Law 31:9-13 Moses’ Warning of Apostasy 31:14-29 The Song of Moses 31:30-32:47 Moses to Die on Nebo 32:48-52 Moses Blesses Israel 33:1-29 The Death of Moses 34:1-12

Joshua

Joshua Commissioned and Encouraged 1:1-18 Rahab Protects the Spies 2:1-24 Crossing the Jordan and Memorial Stones 3:1-4:24 Renewal at Gilgal: Circumcision and Passover 5:1-12 The Commander Appears and the Fall of Jericho 5:13-6:27 Defeat at Ai and Achan's Sin Revealed 7:1-26 The Capture and Destruction of Ai 8:1-29 Altar on Mount Ebal and the Law Proclaimed 8:30-35 The Gibeonite Deception and Treaty 9:1-27 Victory at Gibeon and the Long Day 10:1-15 Capture and Execution of the Five Kings 10:16-28 The Southern Campaign and Conquest of Cities 10:29-43 Defeat of the Northern Coalition and Hazor Destroyed 11:1-23 Lists of Kings Defeated East and West of the Jordan 12:1-24 Land Remaining to Be Possessed 13:1-7 Allotments East of the Jordan 13:8-33 Procedure for Distributing the Land and Levitical Cities 14:1-5 Caleb's Claim and Inheritance of Hebron 14:6-15 Boundaries and Towns of Judah 15:1-63 Ephraim and West Manasseh: Boundaries and Claims 16:1-17:18 Shiloh Established and the Land Surveyed 18:1-10 Territory and Towns of Benjamin 18:11-28 Territory of Simeon 19:1-9 Territory of Zebulun 19:10-16 Territory of Issachar 19:17-23 Territory of Asher 19:24-31 Territory of Naphtali 19:32-39 Territory of Dan 19:40-48 Completion of the Allotments and Joshua's Inheritance 19:49-51 Cities of Refuge Established 20:1-9 Levitical Cities and Their Holdings 21:1-45 The Eastern Tribes' Altar and the Reconciliation 22:1-34 Joshua's Farewell Exhortation and Warning 23:1-16 Renewal of the Covenant at Shechem 24:1-27 Death and Burial of Joshua and Eleazar 24:28-33

Judges

Israel's Conquest and Incomplete Possession 1:1-36 The Angel's Rebuke at Bokim 2:1-5 Israel's Apostasy and the Rise of Oppressors 2:6-3:6 Othniel Delivers Israel 3:7-11 Ehud's Assassination and Israel's Deliverance 3:12-30 Shamgar's Deliverance of Israel 3:31 Deborah and Barak's Victory Over Sisera 4:1-24 Deborah's Song of Victory 5:1-31 The Call of Gideon and the Signs of Faith 6:1-40 Gideon's 300 and the Defeat of Midian 7:1-25 Gideon's Pursuit and Execution of the Midianite Kings 8:1-21 Gideon Refuses Kingship and Makes an Ephod 8:22-27 Gideon's Death and Israel's Return to Idolatry 8:28-35 Abimelech's Usurpation and Destruction 9:1-57 Tola Judges Israel 10:1-2 Jair of Gilead Judges Israel 10:3-5 Israel's Apostasy and Jephthah's Tragic Deliverance 10:6-11:40 Jephthah's Clash with Ephraim and the 'Shibboleth' 12:1-7 Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon Rule Israel 12:8-15 The Birth of Samson and the Angelic Announcement 13:1-25 Samson's Marriage, Riddle, and Retaliation 14:1-20 Samson's Vengeance and Triumph over the Philistines 15:1-20 Samson and Delilah: Betrayal and Capture 16:1-22 Samson's Death and the Fall of the Philistine Temple 16:23-31 Micah's Idol and the Levite Priest 17:1-13 The Danites' Migration and the Theft of Micah's Idols 18:1-31 The Atrocity at Gibeah and the Levite's Grievance 19:1-30 Civil War: Israel vs. Benjamin 20:1-48 Aftermath of Civil War: Preservation of Benjamin 21:1-25

Ruth

Naomi's Loss and Ruth's Loyalty 1:1-22 Ruth Gleans in Boaz's Field 2:1-23 Ruth Entreats Boaz for Redemption 3:1-18 Boaz Redeems Ruth at the City Gate 4:1-12 Obed's Birth and David's Lineage 4:13-22

1 Samuel

Hannah's Prayer for a Son 1:1-20 Hannah Presents Samuel to the Lord 1:21-28 Hannah's Song of Praise 2:1-11 Eli's Corrupt Sons and Samuel's Childhood 2:12-26 Prophecy of Judgment on Eli's House 2:27-36 Samuel's Call and the Lord's Word to Eli 3:1-4:1 Israel Defeated and the Ark Captured 4:2-11 Eli's Death and the Birth of Ichabod 4:12-22 The Ark Brings Judgment in Philistine Cities 5:1-12 The Ark Returned to Israel 6:1-7:1 Samuel Judges Israel and Delivers Them at Mizpah 7:2-17 Israel Demands a King 8:1-22 Saul Chosen and Given Signs 9:1-10:8 Saul Proclaimed King by Lot 10:9-27 Saul's Victory at Jabesh-Gilead 11:1-11 Saul Confirmed as King at Gilgal 11:12-15 Samuel's Farewell and Exhortation to Israel 12:1-25 Saul's Unauthorized Sacrifice and Rebuke 13:1-15 Philistine Pressure and Israel's Lack of Arms 13:16-22 Jonathan's Bold Assault and Victory 13:23-14:14 Saul's Rash Oath and Its Consequences 14:15-23 Saul's Pursuit and Jonathan's Exploits 14:24-48 Saul's Family and Mighty Men 14:49-52 Saul's Disobedience and Rejection as King 15:1-35 David Anointed by Samuel 16:1-13 David Serves Saul and Eases His Torment 16:14-23 David and Goliath 17:1-58 David's Rise and Saul's Jealousy 18:1-30 Saul's Attempts on David's Life and Jonathan's Intervention 19:1-24 David and Jonathan's Covenant 20:1-42 David at Nob: Bread and Goliath's Sword 21:1-9 David Feigns Madness at Gath 21:10-15 David Gathers Followers and Seeks Priestly Aid 22:1-5 Massacre at Nob and Abiathar Joins David 22:6-23 David Delivers Keilah and Inquires of God 23:1-6 Saul's Pursuit, Ziphite Betrayal, and David's Escape 23:7-29 David Spares Saul in a Cave 24:1-22 Nabal's Folly and Abigail's Intervention 25:1-44 David Again Spares Saul in His Camp 26:1-25 David Seeks Refuge with Achish 27:1-12 Saul and the Witch of Endor 28:1-25 The Philistines Reject David 29:1-11 David Recovers His Family and Defeats the Amalekites 30:1-31 The Death of Saul and His Sons 31:1-13

2 Samuel

An Amalekite Reports Saul and Jonathan's Death 1:1-16 David's Lament for Saul and Jonathan 1:17-27 David Anointed King of Judah at Hebron 2:1-7 Ish‑Bosheth Made King; Civil War with David Begins 2:8-3:5 Abner Seeks Alliance with David 3:6-21 Joab Murders Abner; David's Protest and Mourning 3:22-39 Ish‑Bosheth Assassinated 4:1-12 David Anointed King over All Israel 5:1-5 David Captures Jerusalem and Establishes His House 5:6-16 David's Victories over the Philistines 5:17-25 Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem; Uzzah's Death and David's Joy 6:1-23 God's Covenant with David 7:1-17 David's Prayer of Thanksgiving for God's Promise 7:18-29 David's Military Victories 8:1-14 David's Officials and Mighty Men 8:15-18 David Shows Kindness to Mephibosheth 9:1-13 War with the Ammonites and Syrians 10:1-19 David and Bathsheba; the Death of Uriah 11:1-27 Nathan Rebukes David; Judgment and Aftermath 12:1-31 Amnon's Crime against Tamar 13:1-22 Absalom Kills Amnon and Flees 13:23-39 Joab Secures Absalom's Return and Reconciliation 14:1-33 Absalom's Conspiracy and Rise to Power 15:1-12 David Flees Jerusalem; Loyal Followers Accompany Him 15:13-37 Ziba Brings Provisions to David 16:1-4 Shimei Curses David as He Flees 16:5-14 Counsel in Absalom's Court; Ahithophel's Plan and Hushai's Counterplot 16:15-17:29 Battle in the Forest of Ephraim and Absalom's Death 18:1-18 Reports of Victory and David's Grief for Absalom 18:19-19:8 David's Return to Jerusalem; Reconciliation and Disputes 19:9-43 Sheba's Revolt and Its Suppression 20:1-26 Famine and the Gibeonites' Demand; Saul's Descendants Executed 21:1-14 David's Battles with the Philistines and the Valor of His Men 21:15-22 David's Song of Deliverance 22:1-51 David's Final Oracle 23:1-7 The Deeds of David's Mighty Warriors 23:8-39 David's Census and the Resulting Plague 24:1-17 David Purchases the Threshing Floor; Sacrifice and End of Plague 24:18-25

1 Kings

Adonijah Attempts to Seize the Throne 1:1-27 Solomon Anointed King 1:28-53 David's Charge to Solomon and Death 2:1-12 Solomon Consolidates His Power 2:13-46 Solomon's Request for Wisdom 3:1-15 Solomon's Wise Judgment 3:16-28 Solomon's Officials and Administrative Order 4:1-19 The Wealth and Prosperity of Israel 4:20-28 Solomon's Wisdom and Fame 4:29-34 Alliances and Preparations for the Temple 5:1-18 Solomon Builds the Temple 6:1-38 Solomon's Palace and Structural Works 7:1-12 Temple Furnishings and the Work of Hiram 7:13-51 The Ark Brought into the Temple 8:1-21 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication 8:22-61 The Dedication Celebrated with Sacrifice 8:62-66 God's Promise and Warning to Solomon 9:1-9 Solomon's Building Projects and Trade 9:10-28 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 10:1-13 The Wealth and Splendor of Solomon's Reign 10:14-29 Solomon's Foreign Wives and Apostasy 11:1-13 Adversaries Raised Against Solomon 11:14-25 Jeroboam's Call and the Promise of Division 11:26-40 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 11:41-43 Rehoboam's Folly and the Kingdom Divides 12:1-24 Jeroboam Establishes Golden Calves 12:25-33 Prophetic Rebuke at Bethel and Deception 13:1-34 Ahijah's Prophecy Against Jeroboam 14:1-20 Rehoboam's Unfaithfulness and Shishak's Invasion 14:21-31 Abijam's Short Reign in Judah 15:1-8 Asa's Reforms and Early Reign 15:9-24 Nadab's Reign and Baasha's Conspiracy 15:25-32 Baasha's Reign and Jehu's Prophecy 15:33-16:7 Elah Assassinated and Zimri's Usurpation 16:8-14 Zimri's Suicide and Omri's Rise to Power 16:15-20 Omri Establishes Samaria as Capital 16:21-28 Ahab and Jezebel Introduce Baal Worship 16:29-34 Elijah Announces the Drought and Is Fed by Ravens 17:1-6 Elijah in Zarephath: Provision and Resurrection 17:7-24 Elijah Confronts Ahab and Prepares for Confrontation 18:1-15 Elijah on Mount Carmel and the Fall of Baal's Prophets 18:16-46 Elijah Flees to Horeb and Is Renewed 19:1-9 God's Response to Elijah and New Commissions 19:10-18 The Call of Elisha 19:19-21 Ben‑hadad Besieges Samaria; Israel's Defiant Response 20:1-12 Israel's Victories Over Aram and Ahab's Mercy 20:13-34 A Prophet Enacts Judgment on the King 20:35-43 Naboth's Vineyard: Ahab and Jezebel's Crime and Punishment 21:1-29 Ahab and Jehoshaphat Seek Counsel; Micaiah's True Prophecy 22:1-28 Ahab Dies at Ramoth‑Gilead 22:29-40 Jehoshaphat's Reign in Judah 22:41-50 Ahaziah Succeeds Ahab and Does Evil 22:51-53

2 Kings

Ahaziah Seeks Counsel and Elijah’s Judgment 1:1-18 Elijah Taken Up; Elisha Succeeds 2:1-18 Elisha Purifies Jericho’s Water 2:19-22 Mockers of Elisha Mauled by Bears 2:23-25 Alliance Against Moab and Elisha’s Miracle 3:1-27 The Widow’s Oil Multiplied 4:1-7 Elisha Restores the Shunammite’s Son 4:8-37 Poisoned Stew Made Safe 4:38-41 Elisha Feeds a Hundred Men 4:42-44 Naaman Healed of Leprosy and Gehazi’s Greed 5:1-27 The Floating Axe Head 6:1-7 Elisha Foils the Aramean Raid 6:8-23 Famine Besieges Samaria 6:24-7:2 Arameans Flee; Samaria’s Deliverance 7:3-20 The Shunammite Restored to Her Land 8:1-6 Elisha Foretells Hazael’s Rise 8:7-15 Jehoram’s Reign in Israel 8:16-24 Ahaziah of Judah Ascends the Throne 8:25-29 Anointing of Jehu as King 9:1-13 Jehu Slays Joram and the House of Ahab 9:14-29 The Death of Jezebel 9:30-37 Jehu Executes Ahab’s Kin at Jezreel 10:1-17 Jehu Destroys Baal Worship 10:18-36 Joash Crowned; Athaliah Overthrown 11:1-21 Joash Repairs the Temple 12:1-21 Jehoahaz of Israel and Aramean Oppression 13:1-9 Jehoash of Israel and Elisha’s Final Acts 13:10-25 Amaziah of Judah: Victory and Pride 14:1-22 Jeroboam II Restores Israel’s Borders 14:23-29 Azariah (Uzziah) King of Judah 15:1-7 Zechariah’s Short Reign and Assassination 15:8-12 Shallum’s Brief Usurpation and Murder 15:13-16 Menahem’s Reign and Tribute to Assyria 15:17-22 Pekahiah Murdered; Pekah’s Conspiracy 15:23-26 Pekah Rules and Wars with Judah 15:27-31 Jotham King of Judah 15:32-38 Ahaz’s Reign and Submission to Assyria 16:1-20 Fall of Samaria and Israel’s Exile 17:1-6 Reasons for Israel’s Exile 17:7-23 Resettling Samaria and Syncretistic Worship 17:24-41 Hezekiah’s Reforms and Fortifications 18:1-16 Rabshakeh’s Taunts before Jerusalem 18:17-37 Hezekiah’s Plea and Isaiah’s Prophecy 19:1-13 Hezekiah’s Prayer of Surrender 19:14-19 The LORD Delivers Jerusalem from Sennacherib 19:20-37 Hezekiah’s Illness, Recovery, and the Sign 20:1-11 Hezekiah’s Pride and a Warning about Babylon 20:12-21 Manasseh’s Long, Wicked Reign 21:1-18 Amon’s Short Reign and Assassination 21:19-26 Josiah Finds the Book of the Law and Reforms 22:1-20 Josiah’s Covenant Renewal and Passover 23:1-30 Jehoahaz Deposed; Jehoiakim Installed by Egypt 23:31-35 Jehoiakim’s Reign and Babylonian Pressure 23:36-24:7 Jehoiachin’s Brief Reign and First Exile 24:8-17 Zedekiah Appointed as Babylon’s Vassal 24:18-19 Siege and Fall of Jerusalem; Destruction and Exile 24:20-25:26 Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Prison 25:27-30

1 Chronicles

Genealogies from Adam to Abraham 1:1-27 The Descendants of Abraham 1:28-34 The Edomite Genealogies (Esau and Seir) 1:35-54 The Sons of Israel 2:1-2 The Genealogy and Families of Judah 2:3-55 David’s Descendants and the Royal Line 3:1-24 Judahite Families and Notable Descendants 4:1-23 The Families and Settlements of Simeon 4:24-43 Transjordanian Tribes and Their Chiefs 5:1-10 Wars and Settlements East of the Jordan 5:11-22 Loss of Territory and Exile East of the Jordan 5:23-26 The Levites: Genealogy and Temple Service 6:1-81 The Tribe of Issachar 7:1-5 A Register of Benjamin’s Households 7:6-12 A Brief Genealogical Note 7:13 The Tribe of Naphtali 7:14-19 The Tribe of Manasseh 7:20-29 The Tribe of Ephraim 7:30-40 The Genealogy of Benjamin (including Saul’s Line) 8:1-9:1 Resettlement of Jerusalem: Residents and Officials 9:2-34 Gatekeepers and Temple Servants in Jerusalem 9:35-44 The Death of Saul and the End of His House 10:1-14 David Anointed King over Israel 11:1-3 David Captures Jerusalem (Zion) 11:4-9 David’s Mighty Men and Warriors 11:10-47 Those Who Came to David at Hebron (Judah’s Support) 12:1-22 Israel’s Warriors Join David at Hebron 12:23-40 Bringing the Ark: Preparations and Uzzah’s Death 13:1-14 David’s Household and Philistine Submission 14:1-7 David’s Victories over the Philistines 14:8-17 Preparations for Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem 15:1-16:6 David Institutes Worship and a Song of Praise 16:7-43 God’s Covenant with David (Nathan’s Oracle) 17:1-15 David’s Prayer of Thanksgiving for the Covenant 17:16-27 David’s Military Victories and Tribute 18:1-13 David’s Officials and the Spoils of War 18:14-17 War with the Ammonites and Their Allies 19:1-19 The Campaign against Rabbah (Ammon) 20:1-3 Defeat of the Philistines and Their Champions 20:4-8 David’s Census, Plague, and Purchase of the Temple Site 21:1-22:1 David’s Preparations and Instructions for Solomon 22:2-19 David Organizes the Levites 23:1-6 Levitical Families and Their Heads 23:7-11 Age Regulations and Duties of the Levites 23:12-20 Assignments of Levites: Singers, Gatekeepers, Treasurers 23:21-32 Divisions of the Priests into Twenty‑Four Courses 24:1-19 Priestly Families and Their Cities 24:20-31 The Levitical Musicians and Their Organization 25:1-31 Gatekeepers and Their Lineages 26:1-19 Officials Responsible for Treasuries and Records 26:20-32 Military Divisions and Their Commanders 27:1-15 David’s Civil Officials and Overseers 27:16-24 Heads of the King’s Household and Provisions 27:25-34 David’s Charge to Solomon and the Temple Plan 28:1-21 The Nation’s Offerings for the Temple 29:1-9 David’s Prayer of Praise and Blessing for Solomon 29:10-20 David’s Final Acts and Organization of the Kingdom 29:21-25 The Death of David and Solomon’s Accession 29:26-30

2 Chronicles

Solomon's Sacrifice at Gibeon and Prayer for Wisdom 1:1-17 Solomon Secures Materials and Craftsmen for the Temple 2:1-18 The Temple: Foundation and Structure 3:1-17 Temple Furnishings and Completion of the Work 4:1-5:1 The Ark Installed and Solomon's Dedication Prayer 5:2-6:11 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication and God's Assurance 6:12-42 The Lord Fills the Temple and the Dedication Festival 7:1-10 God Appears to Solomon and Gives a Conditional Promise 7:11-22 Solomon's Other Buildings and Relations with Hiram 8:1-18 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 9:1-12 Solomon's Wealth, Trade, and Administration 9:13-28 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 9:29-31 Rehoboam's Folly and the Division of the Kingdom 10:1-11:4 Rehoboam Fortifies Judah and Consolidates Support 11:5-17 Rehoboam's Descendants and Death 11:18-23 Shishak's Invasion and Judah's Loss 12:1-16 Abijah's Victory over Israel and His Death 13:1-14:1 Asa's Reforms and Victory over Ethiopia 14:2-15 Asa Strengthened by Prophecy and Covenant Renewal 15:1-19 Asa's Alliance with Aram and Reproof by Hanani 16:1-14 Jehoshaphat Strengthens Judah and Reforms Justice 17:1-19 Jehoshaphat's Alliance with Ahab and the Battle at Ramoth-gilead 18:1-27 Jehu Rebukes Jehoshaphat for the Alliance with Ahab 18:28-19:3 Judicial Reforms: Judges Appointed to Administer Justice 19:4-11 Jehoshaphat's Deliverance through Prayer and Praise 20:1-30 End of Jehoshaphat's Reign and Jehoram's Accession 20:31-21:3 Jehoram's Wicked Reign, Revolts, and Judgment 21:4-20 Ahaziah Succeeds His Father and Is Wounded 22:1-9 Athaliah's Usurpation Overthrown and Joash Crowned 22:10-23:21 Joash's Temple Restoration under Jehoiada 24:1-16 Joash's Apostasy, Punishment, and Assassination 24:17-27 Amaziah's Reign: Victory, Pride, and Defeat by Israel 25:1-28 Uzziah's Prosperity and Pride; Leprosy for Presumption 26:1-23 Jotham's Reign: Fortifications and Prosperity 27:1-9 Ahaz's Idolatry, Defeats, and Assyrian Subjugation 28:1-27 Hezekiah's Temple Restoration and Religious Reforms 29:1-36 Hezekiah's Passover and National Repentance 30:1-31:1 Hezekiah's Religious Administration and Temple Support 31:2-21 Hezekiah's Defense Against Sennacherib and Divine Deliverance 32:1-23 Hezekiah's Illness, Pride, and the Babylonian Envoys 32:24-33 Manasseh's Idolatry, Captivity, Repentance, and Restoration 33:1-20 Amon's Wicked Reign and Assassination 33:21-25 Josiah's Early Reforms and Temple Repair 34:1-13 The Book of the Law Found, Huldah's Prophecy, and Josiah's Covenant 34:14-33 Josiah's Observance of the Passover 35:1-19 Josiah Killed at Megiddo and National Mourning 35:20-36:1 Jehoahaz Reigns Briefly and Is Deposed by Pharaoh 36:2-4 Jehoiakim's Reign and Disobedience 36:5-8 Jehoiachin's Short Reign and Exile to Babylon 36:9-10 Zedekiah's Reign and Rejection of Prophetic Warnings 36:11-14 Judgment, Exile, and the Decree of Cyrus 36:15-23

Ezra

Cyrus' Decree and the Return of Temple Vessels 1:1-11 The List of Returning Exiles 2:1-70 The Altar Rebuilt and Worship Restored 3:1-6 Laying the Temple Foundation 3:7-13 Samaritans' Offer Rejected and Opposition Begins 4:1-5 Hostile Letters and the Suspension of Rebuilding 4:6-24 Prophets Renew the Work and Officials Inquire 5:1-17 Darius Confirms Cyrus' Decree and Orders the Temple Rebuilt 6:1-12 Completion and Dedication of the Temple 6:13-18 The Passover Celebrated by the Returnees 6:19-22 Ezra's Lineage, Call, and Preparations 7:1-10 Artaxerxes' Decree Granting Ezra Authority 7:11-28 The Register of Ezra's Companions 8:1-14 Ezra's Fast, Prayer, and Safe Journey to Jerusalem 8:15-36 Ezra's Confession over Intermarriage and Plea for Mercy 9:1-15 Public Repentance and the Proposal to Send Away Foreign Wives 10:1-17 The List of Men Who Separated from Foreign Wives 10:18-44

Nehemiah

Nehemiah's Prayer for Jerusalem 1:1-11 Nehemiah's Appeal and Commission 2:1-10 Nehemiah Inspects the Walls and Faces Opposition 2:11-20 The Repair of Jerusalem's Walls and Gates 3:1-32 Opposition to the Work and Defensive Preparations 4:1-23 Reform of Economic Oppression 5:1-19 Plots Against Nehemiah and His Steadfastness 6:1-14 The Wall Is Completed and Leaders Appointed 6:15-7:3 Enrollment of the Returned Exiles 7:4-72 The Law Is Read; Renewal and Celebration 7:73-8:18 Confession, Praise, and a Recital of Israel's History 9:1-37 Covenant Renewal and Commitments 9:38-10:39 Resettlement of Jerusalem and Its Towns 11:1-36 Register of Priests and Levites 12:1-26 Dedication of the Wall and Festal Processions 12:27-47 Nehemiah's Final Reforms and Purification 13:1-31

Esther

Ahasuerus' Banquet and Vashti's Removal 1:1-22 Esther Chosen as Queen 2:1-18 Mordecai Exposes a Plot Against the King 2:19-23 Haman Elevated and the Decree Against the Jews 3:1-15 Mordecai's Plea and Esther's Resolve 4:1-17 Esther Approaches the King and Invites Haman 5:1-8 Haman's Pride and Mordecai's Scorn 5:9-14 Mordecai Honored and Haman Humiliated 6:1-14 Esther Reveals Haman's Plot and He Is Hanged 7:1-10 Mordecai Elevated and a New Decree Permits Jewish Defense 8:1-17 The Jews Defend Themselves and Prevail in Susa 9:1-17 The Victory Celebrated and Purim Instituted 9:18-32 Mordecai's Exaltation and Legacy 10:1-3

Job

Job's Righteousness and Prosperity 1:1-5 The Accuser's Challenge and Job's Calamities 1:6-22 Satan's Second Test and Job's Endurance 2:1-10 Job's Friends Visit and Mourn Silently 2:11-13 Job's Lament: Cursing the Day of His Birth 3:1-26 Eliphaz's Accusation and Counsel 4:1-5:27 Job's Protest and Despair 6:1-7:21 Bildad's Assertion of Retributive Justice 8:1-22 Job on God's Sovereignty and His Complaint 9:1-10:22 Zophar's Rebuke and Call to Repentance 11:1-20 Job on God's Power and Human Mortality 12:1-14:22 Eliphaz Reproves Job and Defends Retribution 15:1-35 Job's Lament and Plea for a Mediator 16:1-17:16 Bildad's Description of the Wicked's Doom 18:1-21 Job's Lament, Isolation, and Declaration of Hope 19:1-29 Zophar on the Swift Punishment of the Wicked 20:1-29 Job Challenges Retribution Theology 21:1-34 Eliphaz Accuses Job and Urges Repentance 22:1-30 Job Seeks God and Laments Injustice 23:1-24:25 Bildad on God's Majesty and Human Insignificance 25:1-6 Job's Extended Defense: God's Power and the Friends' Failings 26:1-31:40 Elihu's Intervention: Rebuke and Praise of God's Majesty 32:1-37:24 God's Response from the Whirlwind and the Wonders of Creation 38:1-41:34 Job's Confession and Repentance 42:1-6 God Rebukes the Friends and Restores Job 42:7-17

Psalm

Psalms 1–2 1:1-2:12 Psalms 3–8 3:1-8 Psalms 4–8 4:1-8 Psalms 5–12 5:1-12 Psalms 6–10 6:1-10 Psalms 7–17 7:1-17 Psalms 8–9 8:1-9 Psalms 9–10 9:1-10:18 Psalms 11–7 11:1-7 Psalms 12–8 12:1-8 Psalms 13–6 13:1-6 Psalms 14–7 14:1-7 Psalms 15–5 15:1-5 Psalms 16–11 16:1-11 Psalms 17–15 17:1-15 Psalms 18–50 18:1-50 Psalms 19–14 19:1-14 Psalms 20–9 20:1-9 Psalms 21–13 21:1-13 Psalms 22–31 22:1-31 Psalms 23–6 23:1-6 Psalms 24–10 24:1-10 Psalms 25–22 25:1-22 Psalms 26–12 26:1-12 Psalms 27–14 27:1-14 Psalms 28–9 28:1-9 Psalms 29–11 29:1-11 Psalms 30–12 30:1-12 Psalms 31–24 31:1-24 Psalms 32–33 32:1-33:22 Psalms 34–22 34:1-22 Psalms 35–28 35:1-28 Psalms 36–12 36:1-12 Psalms 37–40 37:1-40 Psalms 38–22 38:1-22 Psalms 39–13 39:1-13 Psalms 40–17 40:1-17 Psalms 41–13 41:1-13 Psalms 42–43 42:1-43:5 Psalms 44–26 44:1-26 Psalms 45–17 45:1-17 Psalms 46–11 46:1-11 Psalms 47–9 47:1-9 Psalms 48–14 48:1-14 Psalms 49–20 49:1-20 Psalms 50–23 50:1-23 Psalms 51–19 51:1-19 Psalms 52–9 52:1-9 Psalms 53–6 53:1-6 Psalms 54–7 54:1-7 Psalms 55–23 55:1-23 Psalms 56–13 56:1-13 Psalms 57–11 57:1-11 Psalms 58–11 58:1-11 Psalms 59–17 59:1-17 Psalms 60–12 60:1-12 Psalms 61–8 61:1-8 Psalms 62–12 62:1-12 Psalms 63–11 63:1-11 Psalms 64–10 64:1-10 Psalms 65–13 65:1-13 Psalms 66–20 66:1-20 Psalms 67–7 67:1-7 Psalms 68–35 68:1-35 Psalms 69–36 69:1-36 Psalms 70–71 70:1-71:24 Psalms 72–20 72:1-20 Psalms 73–28 73:1-28 Psalms 74–23 74:1-23 Psalms 75–10 75:1-10 Psalms 76–12 76:1-12 Psalms 77–20 77:1-20 Psalms 78–72 78:1-72 Psalms 79–13 79:1-13 Psalms 80–19 80:1-19 Psalms 81–16 81:1-16 Psalms 82–8 82:1-8 Psalms 83–18 83:1-18 Psalms 84–12 84:1-12 Psalms 85–13 85:1-13 Psalms 86–17 86:1-17 Psalms 87–7 87:1-7 Psalms 88–18 88:1-18 Psalms 89–52 89:1-52 Psalms 90–91 90:1-91:16 Psalms 92–97 92:1-97:12 Psalms 98–99 98:1-99:9 Psalms 100–5 100:1-5 Psalms 101–8 101:1-8 Psalms 102–28 102:1-28 Psalms 103–106 103:1-106:48 Psalms 107–43 107:1-43 Psalms 108–13 108:1-13 Psalms 109–31 109:1-31 Psalms 110–118 110:1-118:29 Psalms 119–8 119:1-8 Psalms 119–16 119:9-16 Psalms 119–24 119:17-24 Psalms 119–32 119:25-32 Psalms 119–40 119:33-40 Psalms 119–48 119:41-48 Psalms 119–56 119:49-56 Psalms 119–64 119:57-64 Psalms 119–72 119:65-72 Psalms 119–80 119:73-80 Psalms 119–88 119:81-88 Psalms 119–176 119:89-176 Psalms 119–104 119:96-104 Psalms 119–112 119:105-112 Psalms 119–120 119:113-120 Psalms 119–128 119:121-128 Psalms 119–136 119:129-136 Psalms 119–144 119:137-144 Psalms 119–152 119:145-152 Psalms 119–160 119:153-160 Psalms 119–168 119:161-168 Psalms 119–176 119:169-176 Psalms 120–7 120:1-7 Psalms 121–8 121:1-8 Psalms 122–9 122:1-9 Psalms 123–4 123:1-4 Psalms 124–8 124:1-8 Psalms 125–5 125:1-5 Psalms 126–6 126:1-6 Psalms 127–5 127:1-5 Psalms 128–6 128:1-6 Psalms 129–8 129:1-8 Psalms 130–8 130:1-8 Psalms 131–3 131:1-3 Psalms 132–18 132:1-18 Psalms 133–3 133:1-3 Psalms 134–137 134:1-137:9 Psalms 138–8 138:1-8 Psalms 139–24 139:1-24 Psalms 140–13 140:1-13 Psalms 141–10 141:1-10 Psalms 142–7 142:1-7 Psalms 143–12 143:1-12 Psalms 144–15 144:1-15 Psalms 145–150 145:1-150:6

Proverbs

Introduction: The Purpose of Proverbs and the Fear of the Lord 1:1-7 Warning Against Enticement by Sinners 1:8-19 Wisdom's Public Call and the Folly of Rejection 1:20-33 The Value of Wisdom and Its Protection 2:1-22 Trusting God and Walking in Wisdom 3:1-35 A Father's Exhortation to Hold Fast to Wisdom 4:1-27 Warning Against Adultery and a Call to Fidelity 5:1-23 Warnings: Surety, Laziness, and Wickedness 6:1-19 Obey Parental Commands and the Dangers of Adultery 6:20-35 The Example of a Young Man Seduced 7:1-27 Wisdom's Proclamation and Blessings 8:1-36 Contrasting Invitations of Wisdom and Folly 9:1-18 Solomon's Proverbs: Contrasts of Righteousness and Folly 10:1-32 Proverbs on Justice, Integrity, and Righteous Living 11:1-31 Wise Conduct, Diligence, and Righteous Speech 12:1-28 Discipline, Wealth, and the Wise Child 13:1-25 Sayings on Wisdom, Folly, and the Fear of the Lord 14:1-35 The Power of Speech and the Benefits of Wisdom 15:1-33 God's Sovereignty Over Human Plans 16:1-33 Relations and Righteousness: Peace, Speech, and Integrity 17:1-28 The Power of Words and the Nature of Companionship 18:1-24 Advice on Wealth, Conduct, and Discipline 19:1-29 Counsel, Justice, and Warnings Against Excess 20:1-30 Divine Sovereignty, Justice, and the King's Role 21:1-31 Reputation, Generosity, and Child Discipline 22:1-16 Sayings of the Wise: Practical Moral Instruction 22:17-24:34 Solomon's Proverbs on Restraint and Leadership 25:1-28 Folly and Foolish Behavior in Speech and Deeds 26:1-28 Friendship, Counsel, and Practical Wisdom for Life 27:1-27 Justice, Righteousness, and the Results of Rebellion 28:1-28 Discipline, Leadership, and Social Order 29:1-27 The Sayings of Agur: Humility and Observations 30:1-33 Advice to King Lemuel and the Virtuous Woman 31:1-31

Ecclesiastes

The Preacher’s Theme: The Vanity of Human Endeavors 1:1-11 The Search for Wisdom and Its Burden 1:12-18 Experimenting with Pleasure and Achievement 2:1-11 Wisdom, Folly, and the Inevitability of Death 2:12-16 Toil, God's Gift, and Finding Satisfaction 2:17-26 A Time for Every Season: God’s Sovereignty and Human Limits 3:1-22 Oppression, Futility, and the Strength of Companionship 4:1-12 The Rise and Decline of a Youthful Leader 4:13-16 Approach God with Reverence: Beware Rash Vows and Idle Words 5:1-7 Injustice and the Emptiness of Wealth and Desire 5:8-6:12 Proverbs on Wisdom, Patience, and Righteous Living 7:1-8:1 The Limits of Wisdom: Authority, Injustice, and Life’s Uncertainties 8:2-17 The Common Destiny of All and the Call to Enjoy Life 9:1-12 Assorted Proverbs on Wisdom, Folly, and Disorder 9:13-10:20 Cast Your Bread Upon the Waters: Counsel on Risk and Generosity 11:1-6 Enjoy Youth and Remember Your Creator: The Approach of Old Age 11:7-12:8 Epilogue: The Teacher’s Conclusion — Fear God and Keep His Commands 12:9-14

Song

Prologue: Yearning for the Beloved's Kiss 1:1-4 The Shulamite's Humble Beauty and Search 1:5-7 An Invitation to Seek the Beloved 1:8 The Beloved's Praise and Bridal Adornments 1:9-11 Sensual Invitation: Spices and Fragrance 1:12-14 Mutual Admiration: You Are Beautiful 1:15 Mutual Belonging and Sheltered Love 1:16-17 The Bride's Humble Self‑Image 2:1 The Beloved as a Nourishing Presence 2:2 Protection of Love and the Coming Spring 2:3-13 A Call to the Daughters; Guard the Love 2:14-15 Belonging, a Night Search, and the Vineyard Charge 2:16-3:11 The Beloved's Bridal Ode: A Detailed Praise 4:1-16 A Visit to the Garden and a Missed Moment 5:1 The Bride's Night Search and Distress 5:2-8 Renewed Exclamation of the Beloved's Beauty 5:9 The Beloved's Encomium: A Garden of Delight 5:10-16 The Daughters Question the Beloved's Whereabouts 6:1 Confession: My Beloved Is Splendid 6:2-3 Regal Portrait of the Bride and Daughters' Praise 6:4-9 Recognition: Who Is This Rising? 6:10 A Journey to the King's House and Adornments 6:11-7:9 Mutual Possession and an Invitation to Intimacy 7:10-8:4 The Power and Permanence of Love 8:5-7 Concerns for the Young Sister's Marriage 8:8-9 The Bride's Independence and the Vineyard Metaphor 8:10-12 A Final Invitation and the Seal of Love 8:13-14

Isaiah

Judah's Rebellion and Call to Repentance 1:1-31 The Mountain of the Lord and the Nations' Hope 2:1-6 Judgment on Arrogance and Idolatry 2:7-22 Judgment on Jerusalem's Leaders and Social Order 3:1-4:1 The Branch and the Renewal of Zion 4:2-6 The Song of the Vineyard: Israel's Failure 5:1-7 Woes to Israel and Coming Judgment 5:8-30 Isaiah's Vision and Commission 6:1-13 Ahaz, the Immanuel Sign, and Invasion 7:1-25 The Sign of Plunder and a Call to Courage 8:1-10 Trust the Lord, Not Alliances or Diviners 8:11-22 A Child Is Born: Promise of Peace 9:1-7 Israel's Arrogance and Coming Punishment 9:8-10:4 Assyria: Instrument of Judgment and Its Doom 10:5-19 The Remnant and the Fall of Assyria 10:20-34 The Righteous Branch and the Peaceable Kingdom 11:1-16 A Song of Praise for God's Salvation 12:1-6 Babylon's Doom and the Day of the Lord 13:1-14:23 God's Decree: Assyria Overthrown 14:24-27 Oracle Concerning Philistia and Promise to Zion 14:28-32 Lament for Moab 15:1-16:14 Judgment on Damascus and Northern Israel 17:1-14 A Message to Cush (Ethiopia) 18:1-7 Judgment on Egypt and Future Salvation 19:1-25 Isaiah's Sign against Egypt and Cush 20:1-6 Prophecy of Babylon's Fall (The Watchman's Report) 21:1-10 Oracle concerning Dumah: The Night Watchman's Lament 21:11-12 Oracle Against Arabia (Dedan and Kedar) 21:13-17 The Valley of Vision: Jerusalem's Fall and Leadership Change 22:1-25 Tyre's Fall and Future Restoration 23:1-18 The Lord's Universal Judgment and Final Reign 24:1-23 Praise for God's Triumph and Deliverance 25:1-12 Trust in God and Hope for Deliverance 26:1-21 The Slaying of Leviathan and Israel's Restoration 27:1-13 Woe to Ephraim and Judah: Drunkenness and Judgment 28:1-29 Woe to Ariel (Jerusalem) and Promise of Enlightenment 29:1-24 Rebuke for Seeking Egypt's Help; Call to Trust the Lord 30:1-33 Egypt Is No Help; The Lord Will Save Jerusalem 31:1-9 A Righteous King and Just Leadership 32:1-8 Call to Repentance and Promise of Renewal 32:9-20 A Plea for Deliverance and the Lord's Judgment 33:1-24 The Lord's Vengeance on the Nations (Edom) 34:1-17 The Glorious Restoration of the Redeemed 35:1-10 Sennacherib's Siege and Rabshakeh's Taunt 36:1-22 Hezekiah Seeks Isaiah; Rabshakeh's Threat 37:1-13 Hezekiah's Prayer and Isaiah's Assurance 37:14-20 God Delivers Jerusalem and Sennacherib's Defeat 37:21-38 Hezekiah's Illness, Prayer, and Recovery 38:1-22 Babylonian Envoys and the Announcement of Exile 39:1-8 Comfort for Zion and the Majesty of God 40:1-31 God Defends Israel Against the Nations and Idols 41:1-29 The Servant of the Lord: Covenant and Mission 42:1-9 A Call to Praise and God's Guidance for the Blind 42:10-17 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Resulting Judgment 42:18-25 Israel Redeemed: God's Sovereign Deliverer 43:1-13 The Lord Proclaims Redemption and Rebukes Israel 43:14-28 Israel Chosen and Blessed by the Spirit 44:1-5 The Folly of Idols and God's Uniqueness 44:6-23 God the Creator and the Call of Cyrus for Israel's Restoration 44:24-45:25 The God Who Carries and Redeems: Yahweh's Sovereignty over Idols 46:1-13 The Humbling of Babylon the Mistress 47:1-15 Israel's Stubbornness and God's Resolute Purpose 48:1-11 God's Sovereign 'I Am' and Call to Return 48:12-22 The Servant's Commission to Restore Israel and the Nations 49:1-8 Restoration and Promise to Gather Israel 49:9-26 The Servant's Suffering and Israel's Rejection 50:1-11 Comfort for Zion: Remember Abraham; God's Salvation 51:1-16 Awakening of Zion and Proclamation of Salvation 51:17-52:12 The Suffering Servant and Atonement 52:13-53:12 The Exalted Zion: Promise of Restoration and Protection 54:1-17 Invitation to Life and the Power of God's Word 55:1-13 Justice, Inclusion, and Sabbath Observance 56:1-8 Condemnation of Idolatry and Complacency 56:9-57:13 Restoration for the Humble and Promise of Peace 57:14-21 True Fasting: Justice, Mercy, and Sabbath Blessing 58:1-14 Sin's Consequences and God's Redeeming Intervention 59:1-21 The Glory and Gathering of Zion 60:1-22 The Year of the Lord's Favor and Joyful Restoration 61:1-11 Zion's Vindication and New Name 62:1-12 The Lord's Vengeance: Treading the Winepress 63:1-6 Remembering God's Mercy and Plea for Restoration 63:7-64:12 God's Grace to the Faithful and Judgment on the Rebellious 65:1-16 A New Creation: Joy and Peace 65:17-25 The Lord's Final Judgment and the New Creation 66:1-24

Jeremiah

The Call and Commission of Jeremiah 1:1-19 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Call to Repentance 2:1-3:5 Judah's Spiritual Adultery and Call to Return 3:6-4:4 The Coming Calamity on the Land 4:5-31 An Accusation against Jerusalem's Corruption 5:1-31 The Siege and Devastation of Jerusalem 6:1-30 The Temple Sermon: False Security Condemned 7:1-29 Violence and Corruption in the Land 7:30-8:3 Persistent Idolatry and Coming Punishment 8:4-9:26 The Folly of Idols 10:1-16 Judah's Flight and Jeremiah's Lament 10:17-22 A Prayer for Direction and Deliverance 10:23-25 The Broken Covenant and a Public Warning 11:1-17 Conspiracy against Jeremiah and God's Vindication 11:18-23 Jeremiah's Complaint to God 12:1-4 A Call to Endure and Judgment on Nations 12:5-17 The Linen Belt: Symbol of Judah's Humiliation 13:1-11 A Sign of Shame and Pronounced Judgment 13:12-14 A Lament of Shame and Imminent Disaster 13:15-27 Famine, False Prophets, and Divine Judgment 14:1-15:21 Symbolic Acts and the People's Sinfulness 16:1-17:18 Warning about Sabbath Violations 17:19-27 The Potter and the Broken Jar: Judgment on Jerusalem 18:1-19:15 Persecution by Pashhur the Priest 20:1-6 Jeremiah's Lament and Resolve 20:7-18 A Message to the Royal House: Doom for Jerusalem 21:1-14 Judgment on the Kings and Royal House 22:1-30 False Shepherds Condemned and a Righteous Branch Promised 23:1-8 Condemnation of False Prophets 23:9-32 The Lord Rebukes False Oracles 23:33-40 The Two Figs: Exile and Remnant 24:1-10 Seventy Years of Babylonian Dominion 25:1-14 The Cup of God's Wrath on the Nations 25:15-38 Jeremiah's Temple Address, Arrest, and Vindication 26:1-24 The Yoke of Babylon and Call to Submit 27:1-22 Hananiah's False Prophecy and Its Rebuke 28:1-17 Letter to the Exiles: Seek the Welfare of Babylon 29:1-23 Shemaiah's Letter and Its Condemnation 29:24-32 The Book of Comfort: Restoration and the New Covenant 30:1-31:40 Jeremiah Buys a Field: Faith and Hope in Captivity 32:1-44 Promise of Restoration and the Davidic Covenant 33:1-26 Zedekiah's Appeal and Jeremiah's Warning 34:1-7 Breach of Covenant and Punishment for Oppression 34:8-22 The Rechabites' Fidelity as a Rebuke to Judah 35:1-19 Baruch Writes Jeremiah's Words and the Scroll Is Burned 36:1-32 Jeremiah Imprisoned during the Siege of Jerusalem 37:1-21 Jeremiah Cast into a Cistern 38:1-13 Ebed‑Melech Rescues Jeremiah; Zedekiah's Failure 38:14-28 The Fall of Jerusalem and Jeremiah's Release 39:1-18 Gedaliah Appointed Governor and Jeremiah's Choice 40:1-6 Assassination of Gedaliah and the Terror in Judah 40:7-41:15 Rejection of Jeremiah's Counsel and Flight to Egypt 41:16-43:13 The Jews in Egypt: Idolatry and Condemnation 44:1-30 A Word to Baruch: Encouragement and Warning 45:1-5 Oracles against Egypt 46:1-28 Judgment on the Philistines 47:1-7 Judgment on Moab 48:1-47 Judgment on Ammon 49:1-6 Judgment on Edom 49:7-22 Judgment on Damascus and Aram 49:23-27 Destruction of Kedar and the Nomads 49:28-33 Judgment on Elam and Future Restoration 49:34-39 Judgment on Babylon and Its Final Fall 50:1-51:64 The Fall of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's Fate 52:1-30 Jehoiachin's Release from Babylonian Captivity 52:31-34

Lamentations

Jerusalem's Lament over Her Desolation 1:1-22 The Lord's Wrath and Zion's Destruction 2:1-22 Suffering and Hope in God's Steadfast Love 3:1-66 The Fall of Jerusalem and Widespread Famine 4:1-22 A Communal Plea for Mercy and Restoration 5:1-22

Ezekiel

The Vision of God's Glory and the Living Creatures 1:1-28 Ezekiel's Commission and the Eating of the Scroll 2:1-3:15 Ezekiel Appointed as Watchman and Made Speechless 3:16-27 Symbolic Acts of Siege and Judgment on Jerusalem 4:1-5:17 Judgment on Israel for Idolatry 6:1-14 The Day of the Lord: Impending Disaster 7:1-27 Visions of Temple Abominations 8:1-18 The Execution of Jerusalem's Wicked and the Marked Few 9:1-11 The Departure of God's Glory from the Temple 10:1-22 Condemnation of Jerusalem's Leaders 11:1-15 The Departure of God's Glory and Promise of Restoration 11:16-25 Signs of Exile and the Futility of False Hopes 12:1-28 Condemnation of False Prophets and Diviners 13:1-23 Elders' Idolatry and Its Consequences 14:1-11 Judgment on Nations and the Limits of Intercession 14:12-23 Jerusalem Portrayed as a Useless Vine 15:1-8 Jerusalem's Infidelity: Shame, Judgment, and Vindication 16:1-63 The Parable of the Two Eagles: Zedekiah's Folly 17:1-24 Individual Responsibility and the Call to Repentance 18:1-32 A Lament for Israel's Princes 19:1-14 Israel's History of Rebellion and Divine Judgment 20:1-29 Punishment for Profane Worship and Promise of Restoration 20:30-44 A Prophecy Against the Mountains of Israel 20:45-49 The Sword of the Lord: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations 21:1-32 Jerusalem's Corruption and the Search for a Righteous Remnant 22:1-31 The Sisters' Harlotry: Samaria and Jerusalem Condemned 23:1-49 The Boiling Pot: Prophecy of Jerusalem's Siege 24:1-14 The Sign of Ezekiel's Wife's Death: Judgment and Changed Lament 24:15-27 Oracle Against Ammon 25:1-7 Oracles Against Moab and Seir 25:8-11 Judgment on the Philistines 25:12-14 Oracle Against Tyre 25:15-17 The Fall of Tyre Foretold 26:1-21 Lamentation for Tyre, the Merchant City 27:1-36 The Pride and Fall of Tyre's Ruler 28:1-19 Judgment on Sidon and Promise of Israel's Security 28:20-26 Egypt's Humiliation and Years of Desolation 29:1-21 The Day of the Lord Against Egypt and Its Allies 30:1-26 Egypt Compared to the Fallen Cedar: Pride and Doom 31:1-18 Lament for Egypt's Collapse and Descent into Sheol 32:1-32 The Watchman's Duty and Personal Responsibility 33:1-20 Report of Jerusalem's Fall and the People's Alarm 33:21-33 Condemnation of Bad Shepherds and Promise of a Good Shepherd 34:1-31 Judgment on Edom for Rejoicing over Israel 35:1-15 Promise of Israel's Restoration and Spiritual Renewal 36:1-38 The Valley of Dry Bones: National Revival 37:1-14 The Two Sticks: Unity of Israel and the Davidic Covenant 37:15-28 The Invasion of Gog and Its Defeat 38:1-39:29 Vision of the Future Temple: Introduction and Commission 40:1-4 Measurements of the Outer Court and Gateways 40:5-16 Courtyard Entrances and Portico Dimensions 40:17-19 Inner Court Entrances and Chambers 40:20-23 Vestibules and Side Entrance Specifications 40:24-27 Details of Inner Chambers and Gate Structure 40:28-37 Porches, Chambers, and Steps of the Temple Court 40:38-43 Priests' Chambers and the Prince's Quarters 40:44-47 The Inner Sanctuary and Holy Place Measurements 40:48-41:26 Priestly Chambers and the Inner Court Layout 42:1-20 The Return of God's Glory to the Temple 43:1-12 Altar Design and Sacrificial Regulations 43:13-27 Temple Gates, Priestly Roles, and Exclusions 44:1-31 Land Allotments and the Prince's Portion 45:1-12 Worship Regulations: Offerings, Festivals, and the Prince 45:13-46:24 The Life-Giving River Flowing from the Temple 47:1-12 Division of the Land and Inheritance Boundaries 47:13-23 Tribal Allotments in the Restored Land 48:1-29 The City Gates and the Name: 'The Lord Is There' 48:30-35

Daniel

Daniel and His Companions in Babylon 1:1-21 Daniel Prays for the King's Dream 2:1-23 The Statue Dream: Four Kingdoms and God's Kingdom 2:24-49 Faith Tested in the Fiery Furnace 3:1-30 Nebuchadnezzar's Dream of a Great Tree 4:1-18 Daniel's Counsel: A Call to Humble Repentance 4:19-27 Nebuchadnezzar's Humbling and Restoration 4:28-37 Belshazzar and the Writing on the Wall 5:1-31 Daniel in the Lions' Den 6:1-28 Vision of Four Beasts and the Son of Man 7:1-14 Interpretation: The Little Horn and Final Deliverance 7:15-28 Vision of the Ram and Goat and the Little Horn 8:1-14 Gabriel Explains the Vision to Daniel 8:15-27 Daniel's Prayer for Jerusalem 9:1-19 The Seventy Weeks Prophecy 9:20-27 A Heavenly Vision and Spiritual Conflict 10:1-11:1 Kings of the North and South: Wars and Persecution 11:2-35 The Willful King and His Doom 11:36-45 The Time of the End: Deliverance and Resurrection 12:1-13

Hosea

Hosea's Marriage and Symbolic Children 1:1-2:1 Israel Accused and Promised Restoration 2:2-23 Hosea Redeems His Unfaithful Wife 3:1-5 Israel's Corruption and Priestly Failure 4:1-19 Judgment on Leaders and Nation 5:1-15 Call to Repentance and Persistent Rebellion 6:1-7:16 Idolatry and Its Consequences 8:1-14 Exile Foretold and Judgment on Leaders 9:1-10:15 God's Compassion for Israel 11:1-11 Ephraim's Deceit and Call to Return 11:12-12:14 Ephraim's Destruction for Idolatry 13:1-16 Repentance and Promise of Restoration 14:1-9

Joel

The Locust Plague Devastates the Land 1:1-12 A Call to Lamentation and Fasting 1:13-20 The Alarm: The Day of the Lord Approaches 2:1-11 A Call to National Repentance 2:12-17 God's Promise to Restore the Harvest 2:18-27 The Outpouring of the Spirit and the Day of the Lord 2:28-32 The Judgment of the Nations in the Valley of Decision 3:1-16 Zion Restored and the Renewal of the Land 3:17-21

Amos

Judgment on the Nations and Judah 1:1-2:5 Israel Condemned for Social Injustice and Violence 2:6-16 Covenant Accountability and Certain Judgment 3:1-15 Ignored Warnings and Impending Judgment 4:1-13 A Lament and Call to Seek Justice 5:1-17 The Day of the Lord Is Darkness and Exile Foretold 5:18-27 Condemnation of the Complacent Elite 6:1-7 Judgment and National Downfall 6:8-14 Visions of Locusts, Fire, and the Plumb Line 7:1-9 Amos Confronts Amaziah; Judgment on the King's House 7:10-17 The End Has Come: Economic Oppression and Spiritual Famine 8:1-14 The Lord's Inescapable Judgment on Israel 9:1-10 Restoration: The Booth of David and Renewal of the Land 9:11-15

Obadiah

Oracle Against Edom: Judgment and Israel’s Restoration 1:1-21

Jonah

Jonah's Flight, the Storm, and the Great Fish 1:1-17 Jonah's Prayer from the Fish's Belly and Deliverance 2:1-10 Jonah Preaches in Nineveh; The City Repents 3:1-10 Jonah's Anger and God's Lesson of Compassion 4:1-11

Micah

The Lord Announces Judgment on Samaria 1:1-7 Lament Over the Desolation of Judah's Towns 1:8-16 Condemnation of Oppressors Who Covet Land 2:1-5 Rebuke of False Prophets and Complacent People 2:6-11 The Gathering of Jacob's Remnant 2:12-13 Condemnation of Corrupt Leaders and Prophets 3:1-12 The Mountain of the Lord and the Return of the Remnant 4:1-13 The Coming Shepherd from Bethlehem 5:1-5 Deliverance from Assyria and Judgment on Nations 5:6-15 God's Lawsuit and What the Lord Requires 6:1-8 Punishment for Social and Religious Corruption 6:9-16 A Prophet's Lament and Trust in God 7:1-7 Vindication and the Restoration of the Remnant 7:8-13 A Prayer for Restoration and God's Forgiving Mercy 7:14-20

Nahum

The Lord’s Judgment on Nineveh and Comfort for Judah 1:1-15 The Siege and Fall of Nineveh 2:1-13 Nineveh’s Wickedness and Doom 3:1-19

Habakkuk

The Prophet's Cry for Justice 1:1-4 God's Answer: Judgment by the Chaldeans 1:5-11 Questioning God's Justice and Watching for a Reply 1:12-2:1 The Written Vision, 'The Righteous Live by Faith,' and Woes on the Proud 2:2-20 A Prayer of Remembrance and Faithful Trust 3:1-19

Zephaniah

Superscription and Universal Judgment 1:1-3 Judgment on Judah and Jerusalem for Corruption 1:4-13 The Imminent Day of the Lord and Call to Repentance 1:14-2:3 Judgment on the Philistines and Promise to the Remnant 2:4-7 Condemnation of Moab and Ammon; Yahweh's Sovereignty Over the Nations 2:8-11 Judgment on Cush (Ethiopia) 2:12 The Fall of Nineveh and the Desolation of Assyria 2:13-15 Jerusalem's Guilt, Purification, and Promised Restoration 3:1-20

Haggai

The Call to Rebuild the Temple 1:1-15 Encouragement and Promise of the Temple's Glory 2:1-9 Cleansing, Holiness, and the Lord's Blessing 2:10-19 Zerubbabel Appointed as God's Signet 2:20-23

Zechariah

Call to Repentance and the Vision of Horsemen 1:1-17 The Horns and the Craftsmen: Judgment and Restoration 1:18-21 The Measuring Line and the Promise for Jerusalem 2:1-13 The Cleansing of Joshua the High Priest and the Promised Branch 3:1-10 The Lampstand, the Olive Trees, and Zerubbabel's Task 4:1-14 The Flying Scroll: Curse on Theft and Falsehood 5:1-4 The Basket and the Removal of Wickedness 5:5-11 The Four Chariots: God's Judgments Abroad 6:1-8 A Crown for the Priest and the Coming Branch 6:9-15 The Question of Fasting and a Call to Justice 7:1-14 Promises of Restoration and a Joyful Jerusalem 8:1-23 Oracle Concerning the Land of Hadrach 9:1 Judgment on Tyre and the Coastal Nations 9:2-8 The Coming Humble King and Israel's Return 9:9-13 The Lord's Triumph and Blessings on Zion 9:14-17 God's Power to Restore Israel and Judgment on Its Enemies 10:1-11:3 The Shepherd, the Two Staffs, and Israel's Rejection 11:4-17 Oracle Concerning Israel 12:1 God Will Defend Jerusalem Against the Nations 12:2-9 Mourning for the Pierced One and National Repentance 12:10-14 A Fountain of Cleansing and the End of False Prophets 13:1-6 The Struck Shepherd and the Purified Remnant 13:7-9 The Day of the Lord: Victory, Restoration, and Universal Worship 14:1-21

Malachi

God's Love for Jacob and Judgment on Edom 1:1-5 Priests Rebuked for Polluting the Offerings 1:6-14 Priests Condemned for Violating the Covenant 2:1-9 Faithlessness and Violation of the Marriage Covenant 2:10-16 Accusing God and the Coming Purifier 2:17-3:5 The Tithe Test and God's Promise to the Faithful 3:6-18 The Day of Judgment and the Coming of Elijah 4:1-6

Matthew

The Genealogy of Jesus 1:1-17 The Birth of Jesus Foretold to Joseph 1:18-25 The Visit of the Magi 2:1-12 Flight into Egypt and the Slaughter of the Innocents 2:13-18 Return to Nazareth 2:19-23 John the Baptist Prepares the Way 3:1-12 The Baptism of Jesus 3:13-17 The Temptation of Jesus 4:1-11 Jesus Begins His Galilean Ministry 4:12-17 Jesus Calls the First Disciples 4:18-22 Jesus Ministers Throughout Galilee 4:23-25 The Beatitudes 5:1-12 Salt and Light 5:13-16 Jesus and the Law 5:17-20 Teaching on Anger and Reconciliation 5:21-26 Teaching on Adultery and Lust 5:27-30 Teaching on Divorce 5:31-32 Teaching on Oaths and Honesty 5:33-37 Teaching on Retaliation and Generosity 5:38-42 Love Your Enemies 5:43-48 Giving to the Needy in Secret 6:1-4 Prayer and the Lord's Prayer 6:5-15 Teaching on Fasting 6:16-18 Treasures and Serving God 6:19-24 Do Not Worry 6:25-34 Do Not Judge 7:1-6 Ask, Seek, Knock and the Golden Rule 7:7-12 The Narrow and Wide Gates 7:13-14 Recognizing False Prophets 7:15-23 Parable of the Wise and Foolish Builders 7:24-29 Jesus Cleanses a Leper 8:1-4 The Faith of the Centurion 8:5-13 Jesus Heals Many and Fulfills Prophecy 8:14-17 The Cost of Discipleship 8:18-22 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:23-27 Healing of Two Demon-Possessed Men 8:28-34 Jesus Heals a Paralytic 9:1-8 Jesus Calls Matthew and Eats with Sinners 9:9-13 Fasting and the New Cloth and Wineskins 9:14-17 A Daughter Restored and a Woman Healed 9:18-26 Two Blind Men Healed and a Mute Man Restored 9:27-34 Jesus' Compassion and the Call for Workers 9:35-38 The Mission of the Twelve 10:1-42 John's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony about John 11:1-19 Woe to Unrepentant Cities 11:20-24 The Father's Revelation and Rest for the Weary 11:25-30 Sabbath Controversies: Grain and Healing 12:1-14 Jesus Heals and Fulfills Isaiah's Prophecy 12:15-21 Accusation, Blasphemy Against the Spirit, and the Heart's Fruit 12:22-37 The Sign of Jonah and the Unclean Spirit 12:38-45 Jesus Redefines Family 12:46-50 The Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 13:1-23 The Parable of the Weeds 13:24-30 The Mustard Seed and the Yeast 13:31-35 Explanation of the Weeds and End-Time Judgment 13:36-43 Treasure and Pearl: The Kingdom's Value 13:44-46 The Net and New and Old Treasures 13:47-52 Jesus Rejected at Nazareth 13:53-58 The Execution of John the Baptist 14:1-12 Feeding the Five Thousand 14:13-21 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals Many 14:22-36 Tradition, Purity, and the Canaanite Woman's Faith 15:1-28 Jesus Heals Many and Feeds the Four Thousand 15:29-39 Pharisees Demand a Sign 16:1-4 Warning About the Teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees 16:5-12 Peter's Confession: You Are the Christ 16:13-20 Jesus Foretells His Death and Discipleship 16:21-28 The Transfiguration 17:1-13 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy and a Second Prediction of Death 17:14-23 Payment of the Temple Tax 17:24-27 Humility and Care for Little Ones 18:1-9 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 18:10-14 Church Discipline and Prayer 18:15-20 Forgiveness and the Unforgiving Servant 18:21-35 Marriage, Divorce, and Children 19:1-15 The Rich Young Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 19:16-30 The Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard 20:1-16 Jesus Predicts His Death and Resurrection 20:17-19 Request for Honor and Teaching on Servanthood 20:20-28 Two Blind Men Healed Near Jericho 20:29-34 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 21:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Heals 21:12-17 The Withered Fig Tree and Teaching on Faith 21:18-22 Jesus' Authority Challenged 21:23-27 The Parable of the Two Sons 21:28-32 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 21:33-46 The Parable of the Wedding Banquet 22:1-14 Question about Paying Taxes to Caesar 22:15-22 The Sadducees and the Resurrection 22:23-33 The Greatest Commandment 22:34-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees about the Messiah 22:41-46 Seven Woes on the Scribes and Pharisees 23:1-39 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of the End and the Temple's Destruction 24:1-35 The Olivet Discourse: Watchfulness and Judgment 24:36-51 The Parable of the Ten Virgins 25:1-13 The Parable of the Talents 25:14-30 The Final Judgment: Sheep and Goats 25:31-46 The Plot to Arrest Jesus 26:1-5 The Anointing at Bethany 26:6-13 Judas Agrees to Betray Jesus 26:14-16 The Last Supper 26:17-30 Jesus Predicts Peter's Denial 26:31-35 Prayer in Gethsemane 26:36-46 The Arrest of Jesus 26:47-56 Jesus Before the Sanhedrin 26:57-68 Peter's Denial and Repentance 26:69-75 Judas' Remorse and Suicide 27:1-10 Jesus Sentenced by Pilate 27:11-26 Jesus Mocked and Scourged 27:27-31 The Crucifixion and Mockery 27:32-44 The Death of Jesus 27:45-56 Jesus Is Buried 27:57-61 The Tomb Secured by the Authorities 27:62-66 The Resurrection: Women at the Tomb 28:1-10 The Guards' Report and the Chief Priests' Lie 28:11-15 The Great Commission 28:16-20

Mark

John the Baptist Prepares the Way 1:1-8 The Baptism and Temptation of Jesus 1:9-13 Jesus Begins His Ministry and Calls the First Disciples 1:14-20 Jesus Teaches with Authority and Casts Out an Unclean Spirit 1:21-28 Healings and Demons Cleansed at Simon's Home 1:29-34 Jesus Prays and Proclaims the Kingdom in Galilee 1:35-39 Healing of a Man with Leprosy 1:40-45 Forgiveness and Healing of a Paralytic 2:1-12 Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 2:13-17 Questions about Fasting; New Cloth and Wineskins 2:18-22 Sabbath Controversies: Grain, Healing, and Plot Against Jesus 2:23-3:6 Great Crowds Follow; Unclean Spirits Acknowledge Jesus 3:7-12 Jesus Appoints the Twelve Apostles 3:13-19 Accusations of Beelzebul and the Parable of the Strong Man 3:20-30 Jesus Redefines True Family 3:31-35 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 4:1-20 A Lamp, Measure, and the Principle of Growth 4:21-25 Parable of the Growing Seed 4:26-29 The Mustard Seed and the Kingdom's Growth 4:30-34 Jesus Calms the Storm 4:35-41 The Gerasene Demoniac Restored 5:1-20 A Woman Healed and Jairus' Daughter Raised 5:21-43 Jesus Rejected in His Hometown 6:1-6 Jesus Sends Out the Twelve 6:7-13 Herod, Herodias, and the Death of John the Baptist 6:14-29 Feeding of the Five Thousand 6:30-44 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals at Gennesaret 6:45-56 Tradition, Inner Purity, and What Truly Defiles 7:1-23 A Gentile Woman's Faith and the Healing at Tyre 7:24-30 Jesus Heals a Deaf Man Who Could Not Speak Clearly 7:31-37 Feeding the Four Thousand and the Pharisees' Demand for a Sign 8:1-13 Beware the Yeast of the Pharisees and Herod 8:14-21 Healing of a Blind Man at Bethsaida 8:22-26 Peter Confesses Jesus as the Christ 8:27-30 Jesus Predicts His Death and Calls Disciples to Take Up the Cross 8:31-9:1 The Transfiguration and the Return of Elijah 9:2-13 Healing of a Boy with an Unclean Spirit; Jesus Predicts His Passion Again 9:14-32 Who Is the Greatest? A Child as the Model of Service 9:33-37 Tolerance for Those Who Serve in Jesus' Name 9:38-41 Warnings about Causing Sin; Exhortations on Salt and Holiness 9:42-50 Jesus' Teaching on Divorce 10:1-12 Jesus Blesses Little Children 10:13-16 The Rich Young Man and the Cost of Discipleship 10:17-31 Jesus Again Predicts His Suffering, Death, and Resurrection 10:32-34 Ambition and Servanthood: The Way of True Greatness 10:35-45 Jesus Heals Blind Bartimaeus 10:46-52 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 11:1-11 Withered Fig Tree and the Cleansing of the Temple 11:12-19 Faith, Prayer, and the Call to Forgiveness 11:20-26 Religious Leaders Question Jesus' Authority 11:27-33 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 12:1-12 Render to Caesar: Taxes and Allegiance 12:13-17 Sadducees Challenge Resurrection; Jesus Teaches Eternal Life 12:18-27 The Greatest Commandment: Love God and Neighbor 12:28-34 Jesus Questions the Messiah and Warns Against Scribes 12:35-40 The Widow's Offering: True Generosity 12:41-44 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of Destruction and the End 13:1-31 No One Knows the Day: Be Watchful 13:32-37 Plot to Kill Jesus and the Anointing at Bethany 14:1-11 The Passover Meal and Institution of the Lord's Supper 14:12-26 Jesus Predicts the Disciples' Flight and Peter's Denial 14:27-31 Gethsemane: Jesus' Agony and Prayer 14:32-42 The Arrest of Jesus in Gethsemane 14:43-52 Jesus Before the Council 14:53-65 Peter's Denial and His Remorse 14:66-72 Jesus Before Pilate; Barabbas Released 15:1-15 The Soldiers Mock and Scourge Jesus 15:16-20 The Way of the Cross and the Crucifixion 15:21-32 Jesus' Death and the Centurion's Confession 15:33-41 The Burial of Jesus 15:42-47 The Resurrection: Women Find the Empty Tomb 16:1-8 Appearances of the Risen Lord and the Commission 16:9-20

Luke

Purpose and Order of the Gospel 1:1-4 Announcement of John the Baptist's Birth 1:5-25 The Annunciation to Mary 1:26-38 Mary Visits Elizabeth 1:39-45 Mary's Song (The Magnificat) 1:46-56 The Birth and Naming of John 1:57-66 Zechariah's Prophecy and John's Mission 1:67-80 The Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem 2:1-7 Angels Announce the Shepherds' Good News 2:8-20 Presentation in the Temple; Simeon and Anna 2:21-40 The Boy Jesus in the Temple 2:41-52 John the Baptist's Call to Repentance 3:1-20 The Baptism and Genealogy of Jesus 3:21-38 Jesus Tested in the Wilderness 4:1-13 Rejection at Nazareth 4:14-30 Authority over Unclean Spirits in Capernaum 4:31-37 Healings and Preaching in Galilee 4:38-44 The Call of the First Disciples 5:1-11 Healing a Man with Leprosy 5:12-16 A Paralytic Forgiven and Healed 5:17-26 The Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 5:27-32 Questions about Fasting; New Wine and Old Wineskins 5:33-39 Lord of the Sabbath and a Sabbath Healing 6:1-11 The Appointment of the Twelve Apostles 6:12-16 The Sermon on the Plain: Blessings and Woes 6:17-26 Love Your Enemies and Be Merciful 6:27-36 Judging Others and the Speck and Log 6:37-42 A Tree and Its Fruit: True Character Revealed 6:43-45 The Wise and Foolish Builders 6:46-49 The Faith of the Centurion 7:1-10 Raising the Widow's Son at Nain 7:11-17 John the Baptist's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony 7:18-35 A Sinful Woman Forgiven 7:36-50 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 8:1-15 Lighted Lamp and Hearing the Word 8:16-18 Jesus Redefines His Family 8:19-21 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:22-25 Healing the Gerasene Demoniac 8:26-39 Jairus' Daughter Raised and a Woman Healed 8:40-56 The Twelve Sent Out 9:1-9 Feeding the Five Thousand 9:10-17 Peter's Confession and the Way of the Cross 9:18-27 The Transfiguration 9:28-36 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy; A Second Passion Prediction 9:37-45 Who Is Greatest and a Servant's Ministry 9:46-50 Jesus Resolves for Jerusalem; Samaritan Rejection 9:51-56 The Cost of Discipleship 9:57-62 The Seventy Sent Out and Their Return 10:1-24 The Good Samaritan 10:25-37 Mary and Martha: Choosing the Better Part 10:38-42 The Lord's Prayer and Persistent Prayer 11:1-13 Jesus, Beelzebul, and True Blessedness 11:14-28 Demand for a Sign; Jonah and the Queen of the South 11:29-32 The Light of the Body and Inner Purity 11:33-36 Woes to the Pharisees and Lawyers 11:37-54 Warnings against Hypocrisy and Confession before Men 12:1-12 The Parable of the Rich Fool 12:13-21 Do Not Worry; Seek God's Kingdom 12:22-34 Watchfulness and Faithful Stewardship 12:35-48 Division Caused by Christ 12:49-53 Interpreting the Times and Settling with Adversaries 12:54-59 Call to Repentance and the Barren Fig Tree 13:1-9 Healing on the Sabbath and Jesus' Rebuke 13:10-17 Parables of the Mustard Seed and Yeast 13:18-21 The Narrow Door and the Cost of Entry 13:22-30 Jesus Laments over Jerusalem 13:31-35 Healing at a Pharisee's House and Humility at the Table 14:1-14 Parable of the Great Banquet 14:15-24 The Cost of Following Jesus; Salt and Saltiness 14:25-35 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 15:1-7 The Parable of the Lost Coin 15:8-10 The Parable of the Prodigal Son 15:11-32 The Shrewd Manager and Teaching on Wealth 16:1-15 Law, the Kingdom, and Divorce 16:16-18 The Rich Man and Lazarus 16:19-31 Teachings on Temptation, Forgiveness, and Duty 17:1-10 Healing of the Ten Lepers 17:11-19 The Coming of the Kingdom and End-Time Sayings 17:20-37 Parable of the Persistent Widow 18:1-8 Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector 18:9-14 Jesus Blesses Little Children 18:15-17 The Rich Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 18:18-30 Jesus Predicts His Death Again 18:31-34 Healing of Blind Bartimaeus 18:35-43 Zacchaeus: Salvation Comes to His House 19:1-10 Parable of the Ten Minas 19:11-27 Triumphal Entry and Lament over Jerusalem 19:28-44 Cleansing the Temple and Teaching 19:45-48 Jesus' Authority Challenged 20:1-8 Parable of the Wicked Tenants 20:9-19 Paying Taxes to Caesar 20:20-26 Question about the Resurrection 20:27-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees; Warnings against Hypocrisy 20:41-47 The Widow's Offering 21:1-4 The Destruction of the Temple and Signs of the End 21:5-38 The Plot to Kill Jesus and Judas' Agreement 22:1-6 The Last Supper and Predictions of Denial 22:7-38 Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane 22:39-46 Jesus Arrested 22:47-53 Peter's Denial Fulfilled 22:54-62 Jesus Mocked and Beaten 22:63-65 Jesus before the Council and Pilate; Sentencing 22:66-23:25 The Way of the Cross and the Penitent Thief 23:26-43 The Death of Jesus and the Centurion's Confession 23:44-49 The Burial of Jesus 23:50-56 The Empty Tomb and the Women's Report 24:1-12 The Road to Emmaus and Recognition of the Risen Lord 24:13-35 Jesus Appears to the Disciples and Explains Scripture 24:36-49 The Ascension and the Disciples' Worship 24:50-53

John

The Word Became Flesh 1:1-18 John the Baptist's Witness 1:19-28 Behold the Lamb of God 1:29-34 The First Disciples and Simon Peter 1:35-42 Calling of Philip and Nathanael 1:43-51 The Wedding at Cana: Water Made Wine 2:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Speaks of His Body 2:12-25 Nicodemus and the New Birth 3:1-21 John the Baptist Exalts Jesus 3:22-36 Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well 4:1-26 The Harvest Is Ready 4:27-38 Samaritans Believe in Jesus 4:39-42 Healing of the Royal Official's Son 4:43-54 Jesus Heals at Bethesda 5:1-15 Jesus Claims Authority Over Life and Judgment 5:16-30 Witnesses to Jesus and Israel's Unbelief 5:31-47 Feeding the Five Thousand 6:1-15 Jesus Walks on the Sea 6:16-24 Jesus the Bread of Life 6:25-59 Many Turn Away; Peter's Confession 6:60-71 Jesus Stays Away from Judea 7:1-13 Jesus Teaches at the Festival 7:14-24 Growing Division Over Jesus 7:25-44 Temple Officers and the Adulterous Woman 7:45-8:11 Jesus the Light and His Claim 8:12-30 True Discipleship and Freedom 8:31-41 Jesus' Divine Origin and Opposition 8:42-47 Jesus' 'I Am' and Preexistence 8:48-59 Healing of a Man Born Blind 9:1-12 Controversy with the Pharisees over the Healing 9:13-34 Spiritual Sight and Blindness 9:35-41 The Good Shepherd and His Sheep 10:1-21 Feast of Dedication and Controversy over Jesus 10:22-42 Lazarus' Sickness and Jesus' Intention 11:1-16 Jesus Weeps at Lazarus' Tomb 11:17-37 Jesus Raises Lazarus from the Dead 11:38-44 Plot to Kill Jesus and Caiaphas' Counsel 11:45-57 Mary Anoints Jesus; Plot to Kill Lazarus 12:1-11 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 12:12-19 Greeks Seek Jesus; He Predicts His Death 12:20-36 Unbelief and Jesus' Final Appeal 12:37-50 Jesus Washes the Disciples' Feet 13:1-17 The Prediction of Judas' Betrayal 13:18-30 The New Commandment and Peter's Denial 13:31-38 Jesus Promises a Place in the Father's House 14:1-4 Jesus the Way to the Father 14:5-14 Promise of the Holy Spirit and Peace 14:15-31 The Vine and the Command to Love 15:1-17 The World's Hatred and the Cost of Discipleship 15:18-16:4 The Holy Spirit's Work 16:5-16 Sorrow Turned to Joy; Peace in Christ 16:17-33 The Son's Prayer for Glory 17:1-5 Prayer for the Disciples' Protection and Sanctification 17:6-19 Prayer for Unity Among Believers 17:20-26 Jesus Arrested in Gethsemane 18:1-11 Jesus Brought to Annas 18:12-14 Peter's First Denial 18:15-18 Jesus Questioned and Struck Before the High Priest 18:19-24 Peter Denies Jesus Three Times 18:25-27 Jesus Before Pilate 18:28-40 Jesus Scourged, Mocked, and Sentenced to Crucifixion 19:1-16 The Crucifixion and Jesus' Care for His Mother 19:17-27 Jesus' Death and the Fulfillment of Scripture 19:28-37 Jesus' Burial 19:38-42 The Empty Tomb Discovered 20:1-9 Mary Magdalene Meets the Risen Lord 20:10-18 Jesus Appears to His Disciples and Breathes the Spirit 20:19-23 Thomas Believes; Purpose of John's Gospel 20:24-31 The Miraculous Catch and Breakfast by the Sea 21:1-14 Peter Reinstated and the Beloved Disciple 21:15-25

Acts

The Ascension of Jesus 1:1-11 Prayer in the Upper Room and the Choosing of Matthias 1:12-26 Pentecost: The Coming of the Spirit 2:1-13 Peter's Sermon and Three Thousand Converted 2:14-41 The Early Christian Community 2:42-47 Healing at the Beautiful Gate 3:1-10 Peter's Address at Solomon's Colonnade 3:11-26 The Apostles Before the Sanhedrin 4:1-22 Believers Pray for Boldness 4:23-31 The Believers Share Possessions 4:32-37 Ananias and Sapphira 5:1-11 Signs Performed by the Apostles 5:12-16 Persecution of the Apostles and Their Witness 5:17-42 The Appointment of the Seven Deacons 6:1-7 Stephen's Wisdom and Opposition 6:8-15 Stephen's Speech before the Sanhedrin 7:1-53 The Stoning of Stephen and the Persecution of the Church 7:54-8:1 Saul's Persecution Scatters the Church 8:2-3 Philip Proclaims Christ in Samaria 8:4-8 Simon Magus and Peter's Rebuke 8:9-25 Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch 8:26-40 The Conversion of Saul 9:1-19 Saul's Early Ministry and Acceptance by the Church 9:20-31 Peter Heals Aeneas and Raises Tabitha 9:32-43 Cornelius' Vision and the Call for Peter 10:1-8 Peter's Vision and the Messengers from Cornelius 10:9-23 Peter at Cornelius' House: Gentiles Receive the Spirit 10:24-48 Peter Defends the Conversion of Gentiles 11:1-18 The Church in Antioch and Famine Relief 11:19-30 Herod Executes James; Peter Miraculously Freed 12:1-19 Herod's Death and the Church's Continued Growth 12:20-25 The First Missionary Sending 13:1-3 Ministry in Cyprus and Elymas's Blinding 13:4-12 Paul's Mission in Pisidian Antioch 13:13-52 Paul and Barnabas in Iconium 14:1-7 Healing in Lystra and Paul's Stoning 14:8-20 Paul and Barnabas Strengthen the Churches 14:21-28 The Jerusalem Council on Gentile Circumcision 15:1-21 The Council's Letter and Peace with Antioch 15:22-35 Paul and Barnabas Separate 15:36-41 Timothy Joins Paul and Churches Are Strengthened 16:1-5 The Call to Macedonia 16:6-10 Lydia's Conversion at Philippi 16:11-15 Paul and Silas Imprisoned and Released in Philippi 16:16-40 Preaching in Thessalonica and Opposition 17:1-9 Berea's Noble Reception and Paul's Departure 17:10-15 Paul's Address at the Areopagus 17:16-34 Paul's Ministry in Corinth and Conflict 18:1-17 Paul Departs; Apollos Instructed by Priscilla and Aquila 18:18-28 Paul's Ministry and the Ephesian Disciples 19:1-22 The Ephesian Riot over Artemis 19:23-41 Paul's Journeys Through Macedonia and Greece 20:1-6 Eutychus Raised in Troas 20:7-12 Paul's Farewell to the Ephesian Elders 20:13-38 Paul's Voyage to Jerusalem 21:1-16 Paul's Arrival in Jerusalem and the Temple Ritual 21:17-26 Paul Seized in the Temple 21:27-36 Paul's Defense: His Conversion and Mission 21:37-22:21 Paul's Arrest and the Council's Division 22:22-23:11 The Plot to Kill Paul and the Soldier's Intervention 23:12-22 Paul Escorted to Caesarea under Guard 23:23-35 Paul's Defense before Governor Felix 24:1-27 Paul Brought before Festus and the Jewish Charges 25:1-12 King Agrippa Learns of Paul's Case 25:13-22 Paul's Defense Before Agrippa 25:23-26:32 Paul's Voyage to Rome Begins 27:1-12 The Storm at Sea and God's Promise of Safety 27:13-26 Shipwreck and Deliverance on Malta 27:27-44 Paul on Malta: Healing and Hospitality 28:1-10 Voyage to Rome and Arrival 28:11-16 Paul in Rome: Preaching under House Arrest 28:17-31

Romans

Paul's Greeting and the Gospel's Power 1:1-17 God's Wrath Against Ungodliness 1:18-32 God's Impartial Judgment and Conscience 2:1-16 The Law, True Circumcision, and Jewish Identity 2:17-29 Israel's Advantage and God's Faithfulness 3:1-8 Universal Sinfulness and the Law's Condemnation 3:9-20 Righteousness Through Faith and Justification 3:21-31 Abraham: Justification by Faith 4:1-25 Peace with God and Reconciliation 5:1-11 Adam and Christ: Death, Grace, and Righteousness 5:12-21 Dead to Sin, Alive in Christ 6:1-14 Slavery to Sin or to Righteousness 6:15-23 Released from the Law to Serve in the Spirit 7:1-6 The Inner Conflict: Law, Sin, and the Flesh 7:7-25 Life in the Spirit: Freedom and Adoption 8:1-17 Future Glory and the Spirit's Intercession 8:18-27 Assurance of God's Love: Nothing Can Separate Us 8:28-39 Paul's Sorrow and God's Sovereign Election 9:1-29 Righteousness by Faith and Israel's Unbelief 9:30-10:21 A Remnant Preserved and Israel's Hardening 11:1-10 Gentiles Grafted In and a Warning Against Boasting 11:11-24 The Mystery of Israel's Salvation and God's Mercy 11:25-32 Doxology: Praise for God's Wisdom and Sovereignty 11:33-36 A Living Sacrifice and the Diversity of Gifts 12:1-8 Christian Conduct: Love, Humility, and Ethical Duties 12:9-21 Submission to Authorities and Civic Duty 13:1-7 Love Fulfills the Law; Walk in the Light 13:8-14 Christian Liberty, Conscience, and Mutual Acceptance 14:1-15:13 Paul's Service to the Gentiles and Missionary Ambition 15:14-22 Paul's Travel Plans and Prayer Requests 15:23-33 Personal Greetings, Final Warnings, and Doxology 16:1-27

1 Corinthians

Paul's Greeting and Thanksgiving for God's Faithfulness 1:1-9 Appeal for Unity in the Church 1:10-17 The Wisdom of the Cross versus Worldly Wisdom 1:18-2:5 Spiritual Wisdom and the Mind of Christ 2:6-16 Spiritual Immaturity, Ministry, and God's Building 3:1-23 Paul's Ministry and the Lord's Authority 4:1-21 Church Discipline for Immorality 5:1-13 Do Not Litigate among Believers; Lives Transformed 6:1-11 The Body as Temple: Flee Sexual Immorality 6:12-20 Marriage, Singleness, and Conjugal Duties 7:1-40 Christian Liberty and the Weak Conscience 8:1-13 Paul's Rights, Mission Strategy, and Self‑Discipline 9:1-27 Warnings from Israel's Example: Avoid Idolatry and Temptation 10:1-13 Warning against Idolatry and Shared Participation 10:14-22 Christian Liberty for Edification; Imitate Christ 10:23-11:1 Headship and Head Coverings in Worship 11:2-16 Correction of Abuses at the Lord's Supper 11:17-34 Spiritual Gifts and the Church as One Body 12:1-31 The Supremacy of Love 13:1-13 Prophecy, Tongues, and Edifying Worship 14:1-25 Guidelines for Orderly Worship 14:26-40 The Gospel of Christ's Resurrection and Paul's Witness 15:1-11 The Necessity and Implications of the Resurrection 15:12-34 The Resurrection Body and Victory over Death 15:35-58 Collection for the Jerusalem Saints 16:1-4 Paul's Travel Plans and Commendations 16:5-18 Final Greetings, Exhortations, and Benediction 16:19-24

2 Corinthians

God's Comfort and Deliverance in Affliction 1:1-11 Paul's Defense of His Integrity and Concern 1:12-2:4 Forgiveness and Restoration of the Offender 2:5-11 Paul's Apostolic Authority and Ministry by the Spirit 2:12-3:6 From the Veil to the Glory: The Ministry of the Spirit 3:7-18 Treasure in Jars of Clay: Perseverance in Ministry 4:1-18 Our Eternal Dwelling and Accountability to Christ 5:1-10 The Ministry of Reconciliation and the Call to Receive Grace 5:11-6:2 Paul's Hardships and Open Hearts 6:3-13 Do Not Be Unequally Yoked: A Call to Holiness 6:14-7:1 Godly Sorrow and Joy over Their Repentance 7:2-16 The Example and Principle of Generous Giving 8:1-15 Delegation and Preparation for the Relief Collection 8:16-9:5 Cheerful Giving and God's Abundant Provision 9:6-15 Paul's Apostolic Authority and Spiritual Warfare 10:1-18 Paul's Jealousy for Christ and the Deception of False Apostles 11:1-15 Paul's Hardships as Apostolic Credentials 11:16-33 Paul's Revelations and the Thorn: Strength in Weakness 12:1-10 Paul's Concern for Corinth and Warning of Discipline 12:11-21 Final Admonition: Test Yourselves and Repent 13:1-10 Final Greetings and Benediction 13:11-14

Galatians

Paul's Greeting and Defense of the Gospel 1:1-10 Paul's Divine Call and Conversion 1:11-24 Paul and the Jerusalem Apostles Confirm the Gospel 2:1-10 Paul Rebukes Peter; Justification by Faith 2:11-21 Faith in Christ, Not the Law 3:1-14 The Law's Temporary Role and the Promise 3:15-25 Adoption as God's Children through Faith 3:26-4:7 Paul's Personal Appeal and Warning 4:8-20 Hagar and Sarah: Two Covenants Allegory 4:21-31 Freedom in Christ and Warning against Legalism 5:1-15 Live by the Spirit and Bear Its Fruit 5:16-26 Restore the Fallen and Sow to the Spirit 6:1-10 Final Appeal and Boast in the Cross 6:11-18

Ephesians

Spiritual Blessings in Christ 1:1-14 Prayer for Wisdom and Christ's Exaltation 1:15-23 From Death to Life by Grace 2:1-10 One New Humanity: Reconciliation in Christ 2:11-22 The Mystery Revealed: Paul's Ministry to the Gentiles 3:1-13 Prayer for Strength and Knowledge of Christ's Love 3:14-21 Unity and Maturity in the Body of Christ 4:1-16 Living as a New Creation: Ethical Exhortations 4:17-5:21 Marriage: Christ and the Church 5:22-33 Children and Parents: Duties in the Home 6:1-4 Servants and Masters: Mutual Duties 6:5-9 Spiritual Warfare: The Armor of God 6:10-20 Final Greetings and Benediction 6:21-24

Philippians

Paul's Greeting and Prayer for the Church 1:1-11 The Gospel Advances Despite Paul's Imprisonment 1:12-30 Christ's Humility and Exaltation 2:1-11 Work Out Your Salvation and Shine as Lights 2:12-18 Timothy and Epaphroditus: Examples of Faithful Service 2:19-30 No Confidence in the Flesh; Righteousness in Christ 3:1-11 Pressing Toward the Heavenly Goal; Stand Firm 3:12-4:1 Unity, Rejoicing, Prayer, and Right Thinking 4:2-9 Paul's Thanks for Support and God's Provision 4:10-20 Final Greetings and Benediction 4:21-23

Colossians

Greeting, Thanksgiving, and Prayer for Spiritual Strength 1:1-14 The Supremacy of Christ and Reconciliation 1:15-23 Paul’s Suffering and the Mystery of Christ for the Church 1:24-2:5 Fullness in Christ and Warnings against Human Traditions 2:6-23 Seek the Things Above and Put on the New Self 3:1-17 Instructions for Christian Households 3:18-4:1 Devote Yourselves to Prayer; Wise and Gracious Conduct 4:2-6 Final Greetings and Personal Commendations 4:7-18

1 Thessalonians

Thanksgiving for Their Faith and Witness 1:1-10 Paul's Integrity in Ministry and the Church's Persecution 2:1-16 Paul's Longing, Timothy's Mission, and Concern for the Church 2:17-3:5 Timothy's Encouraging Report and Paul's Prayer for Strength and Love 3:6-13 Instructions for Holy Living: Purity, Love, and Work 4:1-12 The Coming of the Lord: Hope for the Dead and Call to Watchfulness 4:13-5:11 Final Exhortations on Church Life and Closing Benediction 5:12-28

2 Thessalonians

Perseverance in Persecution and God's Righteous Judgment 1:1-12 The Man of Lawlessness and the Day of the Lord 2:1-12 God's Calling, Sanctification, and Encouragement to Stand Firm 2:13-17 Prayers for the Gospel and the Lord's Strength 3:1-5 Discipline for the Idle and the Call to Work 3:6-15 The Lord of Peace and Paul's Final Greeting 3:16-18

1 Timothy

Paul's Greeting and the Purpose of the Law Against False Teaching 1:1-11 Paul's Testimony and the Reproof of Apostates 1:12-20 Prayers for All and Conduct in Worship 2:1-15 Qualifications for Church Leaders and the Mystery of Godliness 3:1-16 Warning Against False Teaching and Exhortation to Godly Living 4:1-16 Honor and Care: Elders, Widows, and Community Conduct 5:1-6:2 Rejecting False Teaching and the Dangers of Loving Money 6:3-10 Charge to Timothy: Pursue Godliness and Guard the Faith 6:11-21

2 Timothy

Be Strong in Grace and Guard the Gospel 1:1-2:13 Rightly Handling the Message and Gentle Correction 2:14-26 Perilous Times and the Rise of False Teachers 3:1-9 Paul's Example, the Authority of Scripture, and the Charge to Preach 3:10-4:8 Personal Commendations, Desertion, and Divine Deliverance 4:9-18 Final Greetings and a Benediction 4:19-22

Titus

Qualifications for Elders and Rebuke of False Teachers 1:1-16 Exhortations to Godly Living and Sound Doctrine 2:1-15 Good Works, Salvation by God's Mercy, and Warnings Against Division 3:1-11 Personal Instructions, Final Requests, and Closing Greetings 3:12-15

Philemon

Greeting and Thanksgiving for Philemon's Faith and Love 1:1-7 Paul's Appeal for Onesimus' Acceptance and Reconciliation 1:8-25

Hebrews

The Supremacy of the Son 1:1-14 Warning Against Neglecting Salvation 2:1-4 The Incarnate Son and the Salvation of Humanity 2:5-18 Christ Superior to Moses 3:1-6 Warning from Israel’s Example: Beware Unbelief 3:7-19 God’s Rest and the Danger of Unbelief 4:1-13 Jesus the Great High Priest 4:14-5:10 Warning Against Spiritual Immaturity 5:11-6:12 God’s Oath and Our Hope, the Anchor of the Soul 6:13-20 Melchizedek and Abraham’s Tithe 7:1-10 The Superior Priesthood of Christ after Melchizedek 7:11-28 The New Covenant and Christ’s Heavenly Ministry 8:1-13 The Earthly Tabernacle and Its Rituals 9:1-10 Christ’s Once-for-All Sacrifice in the Heavenly Sanctuary 9:11-28 Christ’s Perfect Sacrifice and Call to Persevere 10:1-39 The Hall of Faith: Heroes of Faith 11:1-40 Run with Endurance: God’s Disciplining Love 12:1-13 Pursue Holiness: Fearful Judgment and the Heavenly Zion 12:14-29 Final Exhortations and Benediction 13:1-25

James

Trials, Wisdom, and the Source of Good Gifts 1:1-18 Hearing, Doing, and Pure Religion 1:19-27 Impartiality and the Royal Law 2:1-13 Faith and Works: Living Faith 2:14-26 The Power and Danger of the Tongue 3:1-12 Earthly Wisdom versus Heavenly Wisdom 3:13-18 Quarrels, Covetousness, and Humility 4:1-12 Boasting About Tomorrow 4:13-17 A Warning to Wealthy Oppressors 5:1-6 Patience in Suffering and the Lord’s Coming 5:7-12 Prayer, Healing, and Restoring the Erring 5:13-20

1 Peter

A Living Hope and the Certainty of Salvation 1:1-12 Called to Holiness and Spiritual Growth 1:13-2:3 Christ the Living Stone and a Chosen People 2:4-12 Submission to Authorities and Christ’s Example in Suffering 2:13-25 Wives and Husbands: Mutual Honor and Conduct 3:1-7 Suffering for Righteousness, Christ’s Victory, and Baptism 3:8-22 Living for God: Love, Service, and Stewardship of Gifts 4:1-11 Persevering in Suffering and Entrusting Oneself to God 4:12-19 Shepherding the Flock, Humility, and Standing Firm 5:1-11 Conclusion: Final Exhortation and Greetings 5:12-14

2 Peter

Pursue Christian Virtue and Assured Calling 1:1-11 Eyewitness Testimony and the Truth of Prophecy 1:12-21 The Danger and Judgment of False Teachers 2:1-22 The Day of the Lord and Call to Godly Living 3:1-18

1 John

The Word of Life and Fellowship 1:1-4 Life in the Light: Sin, Forgiveness, and Love 1:5-2:14 Warning Against Loving the World 2:15-17 Antichrists and the Anointing of Truth 2:18-27 Abiding in Christ: Children of God and Righteous Living 2:28-3:10 The Command to Love: Evidence of True Faith 3:11-24 Testing Spirits: Confess Christ and Reject Deception 4:1-6 God Is Love: The Source and Command of Love 4:7-21 Faith in the Son of God: Overcoming and Eternal Life 5:1-12 Assurance of Eternal Life and Warnings Against Sin 5:13-21

2 John

Truth and Love; Warning Against Deceivers 1:1-13

3 John

John's Commendation of Gaius and Rebuke of Diotrephes 1:1-15

Jude

Appeal to Defend the Faith and Condemnation of False Teachers 1:1-16 Exhortations to Persevere, Pray, and Show Mercy 1:17-23 Doxology: God’s Power to Preserve 1:24-25

Revelation

The Revelation Announced and the Blessing 1:1-3 Greeting and the Lord's Self‑Declaration 1:4-8 John's Vision of the Glorified Son of Man 1:9-20 Letter to Ephesus: Faithfulness and the Call to Repent 2:1-7 Letter to Smyrna: Persecution and the Crown of Life 2:8-11 Letter to Pergamum: Fidelity and False Teaching 2:12-17 Letter to Thyatira: Tolerance of Immorality and Promise to Overcomers 2:18-29 Letter to Sardis: Wakefulness and Repentance 3:1-6 Letter to Philadelphia: An Open Door and a Promise of Protection 3:7-13 Letter to Laodicea: Lukewarmness and the Call to Repent 3:14-22 The Throne in Heaven and Heavenly Worship 4:1-11 The Sealed Scroll and the Worthy Lamb 5:1-14 The Six Seals: Tribulation and Cosmic Disturbance 6:1-17 The Sealing of the 144,000 7:1-8 The Multitude Before the Throne: Salvation and Comfort 7:9-17 The Seventh Seal and the Prayers of the Saints 8:1-5 The Trumpet Judgments: Plagues and Woes 8:6-9:21 The Mighty Angel and the Little Scroll 10:1-11 The Two Witnesses: Prophecy, Death, and Resurrection 11:1-14 The Seventh Trumpet: God's Kingdom Proclaimed and the Temple Opened 11:15-19 The Cosmic Conflict: The Woman, the Dragon, and the Male Child 12:1-13:1 The Sea Beast: Blasphemy and Persecution 13:2-10 The Earth Beast and the Mark of the Beast 13:11-18 The Lamb on Mount Zion and the 144,000 14:1-5 The Three Angels' Messages and the Call to Endure 14:6-13 The Harvest of the Earth: Reaping God's Judgment 14:14-20 The Seven Last Plagues and the Victors' Song 15:1-8 The Bowl Judgments: The Seven Bowls of God's Wrath 16:1-21 The Fall of Babylon the Great and the Beast's Doom 17:1-18:24 Heavenly Praise and the Marriage of the Lamb 19:1-10 Christ's Triumphant Return and the Defeat of the Beast 19:11-21 Satan Bound and the Reign of the Saints 20:1-6 Satan's Final Rebellion and Defeat 20:7-10 The Great White Throne and the Final Judgment 20:11-15 The New Heaven and New Earth and the New Jerusalem 21:1-27 The River of Life and the Throne of God 22:1-6
1 And Job answered and said:

Job.26.1 - Details

Original Text

ויען איוב ויאמר׃

Morphology

  • ויען: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • איוב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 3:1 (verbal): Same formulaic speech-introduction (וַיַּעַן אִיוֹב וַיֹּאמַר) marking the start of a major speech by Job.
  • Job 6:1 (verbal): Another immediate speech-heading introducing Job's reply (וַיַּעַן אִיוֹב), showing the recurring formula for his responses in the dialogue cycles.
  • Job 29:1 (structural): A structural parallel in which Job begins a prolonged first-person monologue (וַיֹּאמַר אִיוֹב בִּימִים), functioning like 26:1 as a speech marker for a new section.
  • Job 31:35 (thematic): Though not the same formula, this verse introduces Job's appeal to vindication (שִׁמְעוּ יָדַעְתִּי פְּעוּלָתִי), thematically connected as another turn in Job's direct defense and speech-self-reference.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Job answered and said:
  • Then Job answered and said:
2 What help is the powerless, and what profit is the arm that has no strength?

Job.26.2 - Details

Original Text

מה־ עזרת ללא־ כח הושעת זרוע לא־ עז׃

Morphology

  • מה: PRON,int
  • עזרת: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
  • ללא: PREP
  • כח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הושעת: VERB,hifil,perf,2,m,sg
  • זרוע: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • עז: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Isaiah 40:29 (verbal): Directly addresses God giving strength to the powerless—'He gives power to the faint, and to them that have no might he increases strength'—counterpoint to Job's question about how the powerless are helped.
  • Psalm 72:12 (thematic): Describes the ideal ruler who 'delivereth the needy when he crieth, the poor also, and him that hath no helper,' echoing the theme of rescuing those without strength or aid.
  • Psalm 82:3 (thematic): Calls for defending 'the poor and fatherless' and doing justice for the afflicted and needy—a parallel ethical demand to assist those who lack power or strength.
  • Job 5:15 (verbal): Within the same book, this verse affirms that God 'saveth the poor from the sword, from their mouth, and from the hand of the mighty,' resonating with Job 26:2's concern about saving the powerless.

Alternative generated candidates

  • What help is there for one without power? And how is the arm of rescue strong?
  • What help is there for one who has no power? Is the arm of the weak made strong?
3 What counsel have you without wisdom? What insight have you declared to the mighty?

Job.26.3 - Details

Original Text

מה־ יעצת ללא חכמה ותושיה לרב הודעת׃

Morphology

  • מה: PRON,int
  • יעצת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • ללא: PREP
  • חכמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ותושיה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הודעת: VERB,hiph,perf,2,f,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 18:2 (verbal): Both verses condemn speaking without understanding—Proverbs says a fool delights not in understanding but in expressing opinion, echoing Job’s rebuke of counsel lacking wisdom.
  • Proverbs 1:7 (thematic): Contrasts true knowledge (fear of the LORD as the beginning of knowledge) with despising wisdom and instruction, paralleling Job’s critique of advice offered without wisdom.
  • Isaiah 5:21 (thematic): Woe to those ‘wise in their own eyes’ mirrors Job’s scorn for counsel given by those who lack true understanding.
  • Psalm 94:8 (verbal): The psalmist’s rebuke (“Understand, O dullest of the people…when will you be wise?”) echoes the tone and demand for real understanding found in Job 26:3.
  • Job 13:4 (structural): Another passage within Job where Job directly rebukes his friends as giving worthless counsel—serves as an internal parallel in the book’s dialogue structure and rhetorical strategy.

Alternative generated candidates

  • What counsel is there for one without wisdom, and sound insight for one with much learning?
  • What counsel have you without wisdom, and what insight do you show to the multitude?
4 To whom have you declared words? Whose spirit has gone forth from you?

Job.26.4 - Details

Original Text

את־ מי הגדת מלין ונשמת־ מי יצאה ממך׃

Morphology

  • את: PRT,acc
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • הגדת: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,sg
  • מלין: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • ונשמת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cst
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • יצאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 40:13 (verbal): Both pose a rhetorical question about who can direct or originate the divine spirit/counsel—challenging human claim to such knowledge or authority ('Who has directed the Spirit of the LORD…').
  • Proverbs 30:4 (thematic): A cluster of rhetorical questions about who has ascended, descended, or knows the name of God—similarly challenges human presumption to speak for or about divine realities.
  • Job 33:4 (verbal): Speaks of the Spirit of God and the breath of the Almighty giving life—connects to Job 26:4's concern with the source of spirit and speaking with divine authority.
  • Psalm 104:30 (thematic): Describes God sending forth his spirit to create/renew life—parallels the idea that spirit comes from God, not from human speakers.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Whom have you instructed with words, and whose spirit has gone forth from you?
  • Whom have you declared a thing to? Whose spirit has gone from you?
5 The shades tremble beneath the waters and their inhabitants.

Job.26.5 - Details

Original Text

הרפאים יחוללו מתחת מים ושכניהם׃

Morphology

  • הרפאים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • יחוללו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • מתחת: PREP
  • מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ושכניהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,poss

Parallels

  • Isaiah 14:9 (verbal): Sheol beneath is stirred up to meet the fallen and rouses the shades (Rephaim); closely mirrors Job’s image of the shades/Rephaim active under the depths.
  • Ezekiel 32:21 (thematic): Describes the mighty and nations lying down with those who descend to the Pit/Sheol—parallel portrayal of the dead gathered in the underworld.
  • Jonah 2:5-6 (thematic): The psalm-like cry places the speaker ‘in the belly of Sheol’, with waters and the deep around him and the earth’s bars closed—shares the motifs of waters, the deep, and the pit.
  • Psalm 88:3-6 (thematic): The psalmist speaks of being among those who go down to the pit and dwelling in deep darkness—echoes Job’s focus on the dead/Sheol and their condition.
  • Job 26:6 (structural): Immediate context in Job: the following verse declares Sheol and Abaddon exposed before God, completing the same cluster of imagery about the netherworld and the dead.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The shades tremble beneath the waters and their inhabitants.
  • The departed tremble beneath the waters, and their inhabitants.
6 Sheol is naked before him, and Abaddon has no cover.

Job.26.6 - Details

Original Text

ערום שאול נגדו ואין כסות לאבדון׃

Morphology

  • ערום: ADJ,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נגדו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
  • כסות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לאבדון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 15:11 (verbal): Uses the same pair of concepts—Sheol (the Pit) and Abaddon (Destruction)—declaring they lie open/before the LORD, echoing Job’s statement about their exposure before God.
  • Psalm 139:8 (thematic): Affirms God’s presence and sovereign reach even into Sheol/the Pit, paralleling Job’s theme of God’s authority over the realm of death.
  • Revelation 9:11 (verbal): Directly reuses the term 'Abaddon' (Apollyon) for the realm/angel of the abyss, reflecting the Old Testament concept of Abaddon as the place/personification of destruction.
  • Jonah 2:6 (thematic): Speaks of going down to the 'pit'/Sheol and being delivered by God, thematically linked to Job’s portrayal of the pit/Sheol in relation to God’s power.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Sheol is naked before him, and Abaddon has no covering.
  • Sheol is naked before him, and Abaddon has no covering.
7 He spreads out the north over the void; he hangs the earth upon nothing.

Job.26.7 - Details

Original Text

נטה צפון על־ תהו תלה ארץ על־ בלי־ מה׃

Morphology

  • נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • צפון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • תהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • בלי: PREP
  • מה: PRON,int

Parallels

  • Isaiah 40:22 (thematic): God exalted above the earth and the stretching out of the heavens — similar theological picture of God’s transcendence over the created world.
  • Psalm 104:2-3 (verbal): Imagery of God stretching out the heavens/covering the heavens like a tent and establishing cosmic order, echoing Job’s language of spreading/stretching the cosmos.
  • Jeremiah 10:12 (verbal): Declares that the Lord has made the earth by his power and stretched out the heavens — close verbal parallel to Job’s claim that God 'hangs the earth' and spreads out the heavens.
  • Amos 9:6 (thematic): Speaks of God building his chambers in the heavens and founding the vaults of the earth, reflecting the theme of God as cosmic architect/founder of the earth.
  • Hebrews 11:3 (thematic): Affirms that the visible world was formed from the unseen by God’s command, resonating with Job’s portrayal of the earth as suspended/hung by God (emphasizing divine creation beyond visible supports).

Alternative generated candidates

  • He stretches out the north over empty space; He hangs the earth on nothing.
  • He hangs the north over empty space; he suspends the earth upon nothing.
8 He binds the waters in his thick clouds, and the cloud does not burst under them.

Job.26.8 - Details

Original Text

צרר־ מים בעביו ולא־ נבקע ענן תחתם׃

Morphology

  • צרר: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
  • מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • בעביו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3ms
  • ולא: CONJ
  • נבקע: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
  • ענן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תחתם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Genesis 8:2 (thematic): Speaks of God restraining the waters and stopping the rain after the Flood—parallel theme of God controlling and binding up waters.
  • Job 38:8-11 (verbal): God describes shutting up the sea with doors and setting its limits—closely parallels Job 26:8's motif of God confining and restraining waters.
  • Psalm 33:7 (allusion): Declares that God gathers the waters of the sea into a heap and stores them—similar image of God containing and ordering the waters.
  • Psalm 104:3-4, 13 (thematic): Speaks of God making clouds, providing rain, and governing the waters—uses cloud-and-rain imagery akin to Job 26:8's picture of waters bound in thick clouds.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He binds up the waters in his thick clouds; the cloud is not rent beneath them.
  • He binds the waters in his thick clouds, and the cloud does not burst under them.
9 He covers the face of the full moon and spreads his cloud over it.

Job.26.9 - Details

Original Text

מאחז פני־ כסה פרשז עליו עננו׃

Morphology

  • מאחז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • כסה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • פרשז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • עננו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 9:7 (verbal): Both verses depict God's sovereign control over celestial bodies—Job 9:7 speaks of commanding the sun and 'sealing up the stars,' echoing the motif of God covering or obscuring heavenly lights as in 26:9.
  • Genesis 1:16-18 (thematic): Creation account assigning roles to sun, moon, and stars to govern day and night; thematically parallels Job 26:9's portrayal of God as ruler over the moon and heavenly order.
  • Isaiah 13:10 (thematic): Isaiah speaks of stars not giving their light and the moon not shedding its light—a vivid image of celestial darkening that parallels Job 26:9's image of God covering the moon with a cloud.
  • Psalm 18:11 (verbal): Describes God making darkness his covering and a canopy of thick clouds—linguistically and thematically close to Job 26:9's image of God spreading a cloud over the moon.
  • Psalm 104:19 (thematic): Speaks of the moon's appointed role in the created order; parallels Job 26:9 by treating the moon as subject to God's sovereign ordering and control of the heavens.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He covers the face of the moon and spreads his cloud over it.
  • He conceals the face of his throne and spreads his cloud over it.
10 He has inscribed a circle upon the face of the waters to mark the limit between light and darkness.

Job.26.10 - Details

Original Text

חק־ חג על־ פני־ מים עד־ תכלית אור עם־ חשך׃

Morphology

  • חק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • חג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • עד: PREP
  • תכלית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עם: PREP
  • חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:27 (verbal): Uses the same image and Hebrew verb of drawing a circle on the face of the deep—'when he drew a circle on the face of the waters/deep' (close verbal parallel to Job 26:10).
  • Job 38:8-11 (thematic): God describes confining the sea with bars and setting a limit—'Thus far shall you come, and no farther'—directly parallels Job 26:10's theme of God marking boundaries for the waters.
  • Psalm 104:6-9 (structural): Depicts God covering the earth with the deep and then setting boundaries so the waters do not pass—parallels Job's motif of God ordering and bounding the waters.
  • Genesis 1:6-9 (thematic): Creation account where God separates and gathers the waters and establishes limits (the expanse, gathering of seas), a foundational parallel to the idea of inscribing bounds on the waters.
  • Isaiah 40:22 (verbal): Speaks of God 'sitting above the circle of the earth' and stretching out the heavens—echoes the 'circle' imagery in Job 26:10 and links divine ordering of cosmos and waters.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He has inscribed a horizon on the face of the waters, to the limit between light and darkness.
  • He has inscribed a boundary on the face of the waters, to separate light from darkness.
11 The pillars of heaven tremble, and are astonished at his rebuke.

Job.26.11 - Details

Original Text

עמודי שמים ירופפו ויתמהו מגערתו׃

Morphology

  • עמודי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ירופפו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • ויתמהו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,pl
  • מגערתו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 9:5-6 (verbal): Uses the same motif of cosmic pillars trembling at God's action—language about the earth and its foundations/pillars being shaken closely parallels 'pillars of heaven tremble.'
  • 2 Samuel 22:8 (verbal): Speaks of the 'foundations of the heavens' being moved and shaken in God's wrath—a near verbal parallel to the pillars of heaven trembling at his rebuke.
  • Isaiah 13:13 (thematic): Proclaims that God will 'shake the heavens' and move the earth as part of divine judgment—shared theme of cosmic upheaval in response to God's anger or rebuke.
  • Nahum 1:5 (thematic): Describes mountains quaking and hills melting before God's presence—similar motif of creation trembling and being astonished at the LORD's power and judgment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his rebuke.
  • The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his rebuke.
12 By his power he stilled the sea; by his understanding he crushed Rahab.

Job.26.12 - Details

Original Text

בכחו רגע הים ובתבונתו מחץ רהב׃

Morphology

  • בכחו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3ms
  • רגע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
  • ובתבונתו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
  • מחץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • רהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 74:13-14 (verbal): Describes God dividing the sea and crushing the heads of Leviathan (sea-monster/Rahab), echoing Job's image of God subduing the sea and striking Rahab.
  • Psalm 89:9 (thematic): Speaks of God ruling the surging sea and calming its waves—a parallel theme of divine power and sovereignty over the waters.
  • Isaiah 51:9-10 (allusion): Calls on God to awake and recalls how he cut Rahab in pieces and pierced the dragon, directly invoking the Rahab motif used in Job 26:12.
  • Psalm 104:7-9 (thematic): Depicts the waters fleeing at God's rebuke so the mountains stand—another portrayal of God's control over chaotic waters like in Job 26:12.
  • Job 9:8 (structural): Within the same book, this verse emphasizes God's mastery over the sea ('he alone stretches out the heavens and treads on the waves of the sea'), reinforcing the theme of divine control found in 26:12.

Alternative generated candidates

  • By his power he stilled the sea; by his understanding he struck down Rahab.
  • By his power he stilled the sea; by his understanding he struck down Rahab.
13 By his spirit he adorned the heavens; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent.

Job.26.13 - Details

Original Text

ברוחו שמים שפרה חללה ידו נחש בריח׃

Morphology

  • ברוחו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • שפרה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
  • חללה: INTJ
  • ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • נחש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בריח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Genesis 1:2 (verbal): The Spirit of God (רוּחַ) hovering over the waters — parallels Job’s attribution of the heavens’ ordering to God’s spirit and uses the same motif of divine ruach in cosmic creation.
  • Psalm 104:30 (verbal): “When you send forth your Spirit, they are created” — an explicit statement that creation is effected by God’s Spirit, closely echoing Job 26:13’s claim about the Spirit’s role in forming the heavens.
  • Psalm 33:6 (verbal): “By the word of the LORD were the heavens made... by the breath of his mouth” — the language of divine breath/breathing (spirit) producing the heavens parallels Job’s wording that God’s spirit fashioned the skies.
  • Psalm 74:13–14 (thematic): Describes God dividing the sea and crushing the heads of sea-monsters/Leviathan — connects to Job’s image of God forming or subduing the crooked/chaotic serpent, sharing the motif of divine mastery over sea-serpents.
  • Isaiah 27:1 (allusion): Speaks of the Lord punishing Leviathan the twisting serpent — echoes the ‘crooked serpent’ motif in Job 26:13 and the theme of God’s sovereignty over cosmic serpents.

Alternative generated candidates

  • By his wind the heavens were made fair; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent.
  • By his spirit the heavens were adorned; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent.
14 Behold, these are but the fringes of his ways—how slight a whisper of him is heard! The thunder of his power—who can comprehend?

Job.26.14 - Details

Original Text

הן־ אלה ׀ קצות דרכיו ומה־ שמץ דבר נשמע־ בו ורעם גבורותיו מי יתבונן׃

Morphology

  • הן: PART
  • אלה: DEM,pl,abs
  • קצות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • דרכיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3ms
  • ומה: CONJ+PRON,int
  • שמץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נשמע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
  • בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ורעם: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg+3mp
  • גבורותיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,sg
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • יתבונן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 11:7-9 (verbal): Zophar challenges human ability to comprehend God—'Canst thou by searching find out God?'—echoing Job 26:14's claim that God's ways and power are beyond human hearing and understanding.
  • Job 37:23-24 (thematic): Elihu/poetic reflection on the Almighty's inscrutable power and judgment and the inability of humans to find him out, paralleling the image of thunderous power in 26:14.
  • Isaiah 40:25-26 (thematic): Isaiah stresses God's incomparable greatness and invites reflection on the Creator's unmatched power—an emphasis on divine transcendence comparable to Job 26:14's portrayal of God's ways as far beyond human grasp.
  • Psalm 145:3 (verbal): 'Great is the LORD... his greatness is unsearchable' uses language close to Job 26:14's claim that God's power and ways are beyond human understanding.
  • Romans 11:33 (verbal): Paul's doxology—'O the depth... how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out'—directly echoes Job's theme that God's ways and power cannot be fully comprehended.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Lo—these are but the outskirts of his ways; how faint a whisper we have heard of him! The thunder of his power—who can comprehend?
  • Behold, these are the fringes of his ways—how faint a whisper of him we hear! The thunder of his power—who can understand it?
1 And Job again took up his discourse and said:

Job.27.1 - Details

Original Text

ויסף איוב שאת משלו ויאמר׃

Morphology

  • ויסף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • איוב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • שאת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • משלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 29:1 (verbal): Uses the identical formula (’And Job again took up his parable, and said’), marking a renewed speech by Job and a structural reprise of his address to the friends.
  • Job 6:1 (structural): Introduction to Job’s first major reply to his friends (‘Then Job answered and said’); parallels Job 27:1 in functioning as a speech-opening that launches a sustained defense/complaint.
  • Job 21:1 (thematic): Begins a long response by Job to his friends’ arguments; thematically parallels Job 27 in defending his innocence and challenging the friends’ theology of retribution.
  • Job 23:1 (thematic): Another speech-opening where Job addresses God’s justice and his desire to present his case before God; continues the same argumentative and emotional trajectory found in Job 27.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Job again took up his discourse and said:
  • And Job again took up his discourse and said:
2 As God lives—who has taken away my right—and the Almighty, who has made my soul bitter—

Job.27.2 - Details

Original Text

חי־ אל הסיר משפטי ושדי המר נפשי׃

Morphology

  • חי: ADJ,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • הסיר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • משפטי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • ושדי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • המר: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
  • נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 20:3 (verbal): Uses the same Hebrew oath-formula ('As the LORD lives' / חַי־) invoking God as witness — a close verbal parallel to Job's opening oath.
  • Job 31:35 (structural): Both verses employ courtroom/legal language and invoke God or a witness in defence of the speaker's innocence — part of Job's extended self‑vindication motif.
  • Isaiah 45:23 (allusion): Divine oath language ('I have sworn... every knee shall bow') parallels the theme of sworn claims about justice and right, here reversed as Job swears by God regarding his own rights.
  • Psalm 119:106 (thematic): A human vow to uphold righteous judgments ('I have sworn, and I will perform it') resonates with Job's use of oath-language to assert commitment to justice and truth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • As God lives, who has taken away my right, and the Almighty, who has embittered my soul,
  • By the life of God, who has taken away my right, and by the Almighty, my soul refuses to give up my integrity:
3 so long as my breath is in me and the spirit of God is in my nostrils,

Job.27.3 - Details

Original Text

כי־ כל־ עוד נשמתי בי ורוח אלוה באפי׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • כל: DET
  • עוד: ADV
  • נשמתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,1s
  • בי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ורוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • באפי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,suf,1,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 2:7 (verbal): Direct verbal echo: God 'breathes into his nostrils' and grants the 'breath of life' (נשמת חיים), paralleling Job’s wording about breath/spirit in the nostrils.
  • Job 33:4 (verbal): Close lexical parallel within Job tradition: 'The spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life'—both tie life to God’s spirit/breath.
  • Psalm 104:29-30 (thematic): Speaks of God taking away breath so they die and sending forth his spirit to create/renew life—theme of human life dependent on God’s breath/spirit.
  • Psalm 146:4 (thematic): Notes that when a person’s breath departs they return to the earth, echoing the concern with the duration of life while 'breath' or spirit remains.

Alternative generated candidates

  • while my breath is in me and the breath of God is in my nostrils,
  • As long as my breath is in me, and the breath of God is in my nostrils,
4 my lips shall not speak falsehood, nor shall my tongue utter deceit.

Job.27.4 - Details

Original Text

אם־ תדברנה שפתי עולה ולשוני אם־ יהגה רמיה׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • תדברנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
  • שפתי: NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • עולה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ולשוני: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s
  • אם: CONJ
  • יהגה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • רמיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 13:7 (verbal): Job challenges speech that is false or deceitful for God—language about speaking deceitfully echoes Job 27:4’s denial of falsehood in his lips and tongue.
  • Proverbs 4:24 (verbal): Commands to remove a deceitful mouth and perverse lips parallel Job’s refusal to allow his lips or tongue to utter deception.
  • Proverbs 12:22 (thematic): Contrast between truthful speech and lying lips (an abomination to the LORD) matches Job’s insistence that his lips and tongue will not speak falsehood.
  • Exodus 20:16 (structural): The prohibition against bearing false witness provides the covenant-ethical background for Job’s personal vow not to speak falsehood.
  • Psalm 15:2 (thematic): The ideal of one who 'speaks truth in his heart' resonates with Job’s affirmation that his lips and tongue will not utter deceit.

Alternative generated candidates

  • my lips will not speak falsehood, nor will my tongue utter deceit.
  • my lips will not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter deceit.
5 Far be it from me that I should justify you—till I die I will not abandon my integrity.

Job.27.5 - Details

Original Text

חלילה לי אם־ אצדיק אתכם עד־ אגוע לא־ אסיר תמתי ממני׃

Morphology

  • חלילה: INTJ
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • אם: CONJ
  • אצדיק: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
  • עד: PREP
  • אגוע: VERB,qal,impf,1,NA,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אסיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תמתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1,sg
  • ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 27:6 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same speech—repeats and amplifies Job’s resolve to hold fast to his integrity (verbal and thematic continuity with v.5).
  • Psalm 26:1 (thematic): A claim of innocence and integrity before God (“Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity”) parallels Job’s insistence on preserving his righteousness.

  • Proverbs 28:6 (thematic): Affirms the moral value of walking in integrity (“Better is the poor that walketh in his integrity…”)—echoes Job’s determination to keep his integrity despite circumstances.

  • Romans 3:4 (verbal): Paul’s formulaic rejection (Greek μη γενοιτο, “God forbid”) parallels the force of Hebrew חלילה לי in Job 27:5; both expressions categorically repudiate an unacceptable conclusion.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Far be it from me that I should declare you righteous—until I die I will not remove my integrity from me.
  • Far be it from me to declare you righteous—until I die I will not put away my integrity.
6 I will keep hold of my righteousness and not let it go; my heart will not reproach me all my days.

Job.27.6 - Details

Original Text

בצדקתי החזקתי ולא ארפה לא־ יחרף לבבי מימי׃

Morphology

  • בצדקתי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
  • החזקתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,_,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • ארפה: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יחרף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לבבי: NOUN,m,sg,suff
  • מימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Job 27:5 (verbal): Immediate context and near-repeat: the speaker reiterates his refusal to abandon his righteousness—language and claim of holding fast to integrity echo across the two verses.
  • Job 13:15 (thematic): Job affirms he will maintain his ways before God even under threat of death—same theme of clinging to personal integrity amid suffering.
  • Psalm 26:1 (verbal): The psalmist appeals to walking in integrity as the ground for vindication; parallels Job’s claim that his heart will not reproach him because he holds to righteousness.
  • Job 31:6 (thematic): Part of Job’s extended oath of innocence—he invites testing/weighing and asserts his integrity, echoing the confident defense of righteousness found in 27:6.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I will hold fast my righteousness and not let it go; my heart shall not reproach me as long as I live.
  • I will hold fast to my righteousness and will not let it go; my heart will not reproach me as long as I live.
7 Let my enemy be as the wicked, and let my adversary be like the unrighteous.

Job.27.7 - Details

Original Text

יהי כרשע איבי ומתקוממי כעול׃

Morphology

  • יהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
  • כרשע: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
  • איבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss=1s
  • ומתקוממי: CONJ+VERB,hitpael,part,3,m,sg,poss:1s
  • כעול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 109:6 (thematic): An imprecatory plea against an enemy—Psalm 109 asks God to 'appoint a wicked man against him,' echoing Job's wish that his adversary be treated as the wicked.
  • Psalm 35:8 (thematic): Both passages use imprecatory language calling for sudden ruin on an opponent; Psalm 35 prays that destruction overtake the enemy like an unexpected snare.
  • Isaiah 3:11 (thematic): Isaiah pronounces woe on the wicked and declares they will receive disaster for their deeds; thematically parallels Job's linking of enemy and the wicked and the expectation of retributive judgment.
  • Job 31:29–30 (structural): Within Job's own speeches: 31:29–30 addresses attitudes toward enemies and denies rejoicing at their misfortune, providing an internal structural contrast/parallel to the imprecatory tone of 27:7 while staying within Job's oath-defense framework.

Alternative generated candidates

  • May my enemy be as the wicked, and my adversary as the unjust.
  • Let my enemy be as the wicked, and my opponent as the unrighteous.
8 For what is the hope of the godless when God cuts him off, when God takes away his life?

Job.27.8 - Details

Original Text

כי מה־ תקות חנף כי יבצע כי ישל אלוה נפשו׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • מה: PRON,int
  • תקות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • חנף: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • כי: CONJ
  • יבצע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • ישל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+PRON,2,m,sg
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 11:7 (verbal): Speaks directly of the perish­ing of the wicked's expectation at death — 'When a wicked man dies, his expectation shall perish,' closely mirroring Job's question about the hope of the wicked when God takes his life.
  • Proverbs 10:28 (thematic): Contrasts the hope of the righteous with the perishing of the wicked's expectation — thematic parallel about the futility of the wicked's hope at the end.
  • Psalm 49:6-9 (thematic): Denounces trust in wealth and asserts that no one can ransom a soul from death or prolong life — parallels Job's point that gain offers no ultimate hope when God removes life.
  • Job 20:4-11 (structural): Zophar's speech describing the brief triumph and eventual sudden ruin of the wicked echoes Job 27:8's concern with the ultimate fate and nullified hope of the godless.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For what hope has the godless when God takes away his life?
  • For what is the hope of the godless, if God cuts him off, if God takes away his life?
9 Will his cry be heard by the Almighty when trouble comes upon him?

Job.27.9 - Details

Original Text

הצעקתו ישמע ׀ אל כי־ תבוא עליו צרה׃

Morphology

  • הצעקתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
  • ישמע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • כי: CONJ
  • תבוא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • צרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 34:17 (thematic): Affirms that when the righteous cry out in trouble the LORD hears them—contrasts Job’s question whether God will heed a sufferer’s cry when distress comes.
  • Psalm 22:24 (verbal): Speaks of God hearing when one cries: “when he cried unto him, he heard,” echoing the motif of hearing a cry in distress found in Job 27:9.
  • Proverbs 15:29 (thematic): Asserts that the LORD is distant from the wicked but hears the prayer of the righteous, paralleling Job’s concern about whether God will respond to the cry of one under trouble (especially if morally culpable).
  • Isaiah 59:1 (allusion): Declares that God’s arm is not too short to save nor his ear too dull to hear—serves as a theological counterpoint to the worry in Job 27:9 that God might not hear a cry in time of trouble.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Will God hear his cry when trouble comes upon him?
  • Will his cry be heard by God when trouble comes upon him?
10 If he delights in his wealth, will he call upon God at all times?

Job.27.10 - Details

Original Text

אם־ על־ שדי יתענג יקרא אלוה בכל־ עת׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • על: PREP
  • שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יתענג: VERB,hithpael,impf,3,m,sg
  • יקרא: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons

Parallels

  • Psalm 37:4 (verbal): Uses the same idea/language of 'delighting in the LORD' (take pleasure in the Almighty), linking delight in God with a lived relationship toward him.
  • Psalm 50:15 (thematic): Commands to 'call upon me in the day of trouble'—parallels Job's question about calling on God and relying on the Almighty in times of need.
  • Psalm 55:17 (verbal): Speaks of calling/crying to God regularly ('evening, morning and at noon'), echoing the notion of calling on God 'at all times.'
  • Psalm 86:3 (verbal): The psalmist's plea 'for I cry unto thee daily' parallels the theme of continual calling upon God and dependence on the Almighty.
  • Jeremiah 33:3 (thematic): God's invitation 'Call unto me, and I will answer thee' relates thematically to the expectation/implied possibility of calling on the Almighty and receiving response.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Will he delight himself in the Almighty, call to God at all times?
  • Will he take delight in the Almighty and call upon God at every turn?
11 I will declare to you the hand of God that is upon me; I will not conceal the dealings of the Almighty.

Job.27.11 - Details

Original Text

אורה אתכם ביד־ אל אשר עם־ שדי לא אכחד׃

Morphology

  • אורה: ADV,loc
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
  • ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • עם: PREP
  • שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אכחד: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 29:29 (thematic): Contrasts 'secret things' that belong to God with the things revealed to humans—echoes Job's concern with what of the Almighty may be disclosed or concealed.
  • Amos 3:7 (verbal): Affirms that the LORD reveals his counsel to his servants (the prophets); parallels Job's claim to disclose what is with the Almighty rather than hide it.
  • Daniel 2:22 (thematic): Speaks of God 'revealing deep and hidden things,' aligning with Job's vow not to conceal what is with the Almighty.
  • Matthew 10:26 (verbal): Jesus' assertion that 'nothing is concealed that will not be revealed' mirrors Job's insistence on not hiding the truth about the Almighty.
  • Psalm 19:1-2 (thematic): The heavens 'declare' God's glory—an instance of divine realities being made known, resonating with Job's intent to 'teach' about God's hand rather than conceal it.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I will instruct you concerning the hand of God; that which is with the Almighty I will not conceal.
  • I will declare to you the hand of God that is upon me; what the Almighty has with me I will not conceal.
12 Behold, you have all seen it—why then do you utter empty words?

Job.27.12 - Details

Original Text

הן־ אתם כלכם חזיתם ולמה־ זה הבל תהבלו׃

Morphology

  • הן: PART
  • אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
  • כלכם: PRON,2,m,pl
  • חזיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • ולמה: CONJ
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • הבל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תהבלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl

Parallels

  • Ecclesiastes 1:2 (verbal): Uses the same Hebrew term הבל (vanity/hebel) and the theme of human futility—'Vanity of vanities' echoes Job’s charge of things being 'vanity.'
  • Psalm 39:5 (verbal): Both verses begin with a demonstrative ('Behold') and speak of human life as 'vanity'/'altogether vanity,' linking the language and sentiment about human emptiness.
  • Job 21:7-16 (thematic): Job earlier confronts the observable prosperity and ease of the wicked; Job 27:12 continues this legal/forensic challenge to his friends’ assertions, calling their conclusions vain.
  • Psalm 73:3-12 (thematic): Expresses the same problem of the apparent success of the wicked and the resulting sense that traditional wisdom or charges are empty—parallels Job’s rebuke of his friends’ vain talk.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Behold, you all have seen it—so why do you boast empty things?
  • Behold, you are all witnesses—why then do you prove yourselves worthless?
13 This is the portion of a wicked man from God, and the heritage of oppressors from the Almighty.

Job.27.13 - Details

Original Text

זה ׀ חלק־ אדם רשע ׀ עם־ אל ונחלת עריצים משדי יקחו׃

Morphology

  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • חלק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • רשע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עם: PREP
  • אל: NEG
  • ונחלת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • עריצים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • משדי: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • יקחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl

Parallels

  • Job 20:29 (structural): Within the same book — another speech on the fate/portion of the wicked; echoes the theme that the godless do not keep their hoped-for inheritance.
  • Psalm 73:18-20 (thematic): Contrasts the apparent prosperity of the wicked with their ultimate ruin — like Job 27:13’s claim about the wicked’s portion before God.
  • Psalm 16:5 (verbal): Uses the language of 'portion' and 'inheritance' with respect to the LORD, providing a contrasting use of the same metaphors (portion/heritage) in relation to God.
  • Deuteronomy 32:8-9 (verbal): Speaks of the Most High allotting inheritances to the nations — parallels Job’s coupling of God (the Almighty) and the distribution or withdrawal of heritage.
  • Proverbs 2:22 (thematic): Declares that the wicked will be cut off and their place removed — thematically similar to Job’s assertion about the ultimate fate/portion of the wicked and oppressors.

Alternative generated candidates

  • This is the portion of a wicked man with God, and the heritage of oppressors from the Almighty.
  • This is the portion of a wicked man with God, and the heritage of oppressors from the Almighty.
14 If his children are many, it is for the sword; his descendants will not be satisfied with bread.

Job.27.14 - Details

Original Text

אם־ ירבו בניו למו־ חרב וצאצאיו לא ישבעו־ לחם׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • ירבו: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,pl
  • בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • למו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • וצאצאיו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ישבעו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
  • לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Ezekiel 14:13-16 (thematic): God warns that he will bring disaster (sword, famine, pestilence) on a land so that even numerous offspring suffer—children perish despite their number, echoing Job’s image of many sons yet destruction by the sword and lack of bread.
  • Deuteronomy 28:30 (thematic): As part of covenant curses, Israel may have sons and daughters yet not enjoy them—an outcome of judgment in which offspring do not secure well‑being, paralleling Job’s claim that multiplied children nonetheless face sword and lack of food.
  • Lamentations 4:10 (thematic): Graphic depiction of famine and its effect on children (mothers forced to extreme measures) provides a vivid parallel to Job’s theme that descendants suffer hunger and death despite numerical increase.
  • Exodus 20:5 (thematic): The principle that the consequences of sin can affect later generations (visiting iniquity on children) resonates with Job’s observation that a man’s multiplied offspring may still experience calamity (sword, lack of bread).

Alternative generated candidates

  • If his children multiply, it is for the sword; and his offspring shall not be satisfied with bread.
  • Though his children multiply, the sword will devour them; his offspring will not be satisfied with bread.
15 Those remaining in his house are given to death, and his widows do not weep.

Job.27.15 - Details

Original Text

שרידיו במות יקברו ואלמנתיו לא תבכינה׃

Morphology

  • שרידיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3ms
  • במות: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יקברו: VERB,niphal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • ואלמנתיו: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,pronominal3ms
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • תבכינה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,pl

Parallels

  • Psalm 37:28 (thematic): Speaks of the fate of the wicked's offspring—'the seed of the wicked shall be cut off'—paralleling Job's image of his descendants being buried.
  • Psalm 109:8-9 (verbal): A judicial curse that his children be left fatherless and his wife a widow echoes the wording and theme of bereaved widows and lost posterity in Job 27:15.
  • Hosea 13:16 (thematic): Prophetic description of violent judgment leaving mothers bereaved and children destroyed; thematically parallels Job's assertion that a man's survivors will perish and his widows will not mourn.
  • Job 27:16-17 (structural): Immediate context and continuation of v.15 within Job: stresses that the wicked will have no one to extend mercy or lament for them—directly develops the same motif.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Those who remain of him are buried by death; his widows do not weep.
  • His survivors are buried—his widows do not lament.
16 Though he heap up silver like dust and pile garments like clay—

Job.27.16 - Details

Original Text

אם־ יצבר כעפר כסף וכחמר יכין מלבוש׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • יצבר: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
  • כעפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וכחמר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יכין: PNOUN,m,sg
  • מלבוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 49:6-9,16-20 (thematic): Warnings that wealth cannot redeem or avert death and that one should not trust in riches, paralleling Job’s point that silver and clothing cannot save.
  • Proverbs 23:4-5 (thematic): Advises not to toil for riches because they are fleeting—echoes the image of piled-up silver as ultimately worthless.
  • Job 31:24-25 (verbal): Within the same book Job denies making gold his hope or rejoicing in great wealth, directly paralleling the refusal to trust in silver/clothing.
  • Ecclesiastes 5:13-15 (thematic): Describes the futility of hoarded wealth—what a man gains is left behind at death—resonating with the ineffectiveness of amassed silver and garments.
  • Proverbs 11:4 (thematic): States that riches do not profit in the day of wrath, reinforcing Job’s theme that silver and clothing cannot deliver in crisis.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If he piles up silver like dust and prepares clothing like clay,
  • Though he piles up silver like dust and clothes like clay,
17 he may prepare them, yet the righteous will wear them, and the refined silver will be scattered.

Job.27.17 - Details

Original Text

יכין וצדיק ילבש וכסף נקי יחלק׃

Morphology

  • יכין: PNOUN,m,sg
  • וצדיק: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ילבש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • וכסף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נקי: ADJ,m,sg
  • יחלק: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 61:10 (verbal): Isaiah speaks of being clothed with a 'robe of righteousness'—direct verbal and conceptual parallel to 'the righteous shall wear' (clothing as the image of righteousness).
  • Zechariah 3:4–5 (verbal): The high priest Joshua is cleansed and 'clothed with garments' (clean robes); a close verbal/scene parallel where divine vindication is enacted by clothing the righteous.
  • Revelation 19:8 (allusion): The bride is given 'fine linen' identified as the righteous deeds of the saints—New Testament theological development of the motif of clothing as the reward/mark of the righteous.
  • Psalm 37:16–17 (thematic): Contrasts the fates of righteous and wicked and the transfer of prosperity: the righteous fare better and the wicked's goods fail—echoing the idea that the innocent/righteous receive or divide the wealth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • he may prepare it, and the righteous will wear it; the silver shall be divided in the dust.
  • he prepares them, but the righteous will wear them; the innocent will divide the silver.
18 He builds his house like a moth; he fashions his dwelling like a spider's shelter.

Job.27.18 - Details

Original Text

בנה כעש ביתו וכסכה עשה נצר׃

Morphology

  • בנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
  • כעש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ביתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וכסכה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • נצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Matthew 7:26-27 (thematic): Jesus' parable of the foolish builder: a house built on an insecure foundation is destroyed by storm — parallels Job's image of a house whose construction is ultimately fragile and liable to collapse.
  • Psalm 49:11-12 (thematic): The psalm criticizes the confidence of the wealthy in their houses and possessions, noting that human honor does not endure — echoing Job's theme of the transience and futility of a man's house and security.
  • Proverbs 18:11 (thematic): Proverbs describes the rich man's wealth as a seeming stronghold that gives him false confidence; like Job's image, it underlines the illusory stability of houses founded on wealth or wicked gain.
  • Job 20:5-11 (structural): In Zophar's speech the prosperity and houses of the wicked are depicted as short-lived and destined for swift ruin — a close thematic parallel within the book emphasizing the ephemeral nature of the wicked's dwelling and gains.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He builds his house but it is but a moth; he makes a booth, its roof like a spider's web.
  • He builds his house like a moth’s dwelling and makes a booth as one who shelters.
19 The rich man lies down, but he is not gathered; he opens his eyes—and he is gone.

Job.27.19 - Details

Original Text

עשיר ישכב ולא יאסף עיניו פקח ואיננו׃

Morphology

  • עשיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישכב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • יאסף: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
  • עיניו: NOUN,f,pl,suff
  • פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
  • ואיננו: VERB,qal,pres,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 49:18 (thematic): Both stress that wealth cannot be carried off at death— the rich man’s possessions fail to preserve him; death negates his advantage.
  • Proverbs 23:5 (verbal): Uses eye imagery and sudden disappearance of wealth—what one eyes may vanish quickly, echoing the transience and loss described in Job 27:19.
  • Ecclesiastes 5:15 (thematic): States that a person comes naked and leaves naked, underscoring that accumulated riches are ultimately not retained at death, paralleling Job’s point about the rich man’s loss.
  • Luke 12:20 (thematic): The parable of the rich fool—death arrives unexpectedly and the man cannot keep his goods—parallels Job’s depiction of the rich who lie down but are not ‘gathered’.
  • Job 1:21 (thematic): Job’s confession that the Lord gives and takes away connects to the theme of sudden loss of possessions and the inability of the one who is rich to hold onto what he has.

Alternative generated candidates

  • A rich man lies down, but he shall not be gathered; he opens his eyes, and he is gone.
  • A rich man lies down and is not gathered; he opens his eyes and is gone.
20 Terrifying waters will seize him in the night; a tempest will carry him off.

Job.27.20 - Details

Original Text

תשיגהו כמים בלהות לילה גנבתו סופה׃

Morphology

  • תשיגהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg+OBJ:3,m
  • כמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • בלהות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • גנבתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • סופה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 1:27 (verbal): Uses the same storm/flood imagery for sudden calamity — “when your calamity comes like a storm” — paralleling Job 27:20’s ‘caught like waters… a storm steals him.’
  • Job 20:8-9 (verbal): Within Job’s corpus this passage speaks of the wicked fleeing ‘as a dream’ and being ‘chased away as a vision of the night,’ echoing Job 27:20’s night‑terror/vanishing imagery.
  • Psalm 73:19-20 (thematic): Describes the swift overthrow of the wicked ‘as in a moment’ and likens their end to a dream on waking, resonating with Job 27:20’s sudden, nocturnal engulfing by waters/storm.
  • Ecclesiastes 9:12 (thematic): Speaks of unexpected seizure (‘time and chance happen to them all; as fish are taken in an evil net’), echoing the theme of sudden, uncontrollable capture expressed in Job 27:20.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Terrors will take him as waters in the night; a storm will carry him off from his place.
  • Terrors overtake him like a night flood; a storm snatches him away.
21 The east wind will bear him away—he will go; it will sweep him from his place.

Job.27.21 - Details

Original Text

ישאהו קדים וילך וישערהו ממקמו׃

Morphology

  • ישאהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+PRON,3,m,sg
  • קדים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • וישערהו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ממקמו: PREP

Parallels

  • Job 21:18 (verbal): Uses the same chaff/stubble-before-the-wind imagery to describe the swift removal and dispersion of the wicked—parallel language and metaphor within Job.
  • Psalm 1:4 (verbal): The wicked are compared to chaff driven away by the wind—a near-verbal parallel depicting helpless removal from place and position.
  • Psalm 37:35-36 (thematic): Describes the sudden disappearance of the wicked (‘he passed away; and, lo, he was not’), echoing Job’s theme of loss of place and memorial.
  • Isaiah 29:5 (thematic): Enemies are likened to fine dust or chaff scattered by the wind—similar motif of dispersal and removal from their stand or place.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The east wind will lift him up and carry him away; it will cast him out of his place.
  • The east wind lifts him up and he is gone; it carries him away from his place.
22 It will hurl him without pity; he will flee before its power.

Job.27.22 - Details

Original Text

וישלך עליו ולא יחמל מידו ברוח יברח׃

Morphology

  • וישלך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • יחמל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מידו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ברוח: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יברח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 20:8 (structural): Within Job itself: uses the same motif of the wicked's sudden disappearance—“they shall fly away as a dream”/fleeing imagery closely parallels Job 27:22.
  • Psalm 1:4 (verbal): Similar wind-driven image: the wicked compared to chaff driven away by the wind, echoing Job 27:22’s motif of being driven off or fleeing by wind.
  • Proverbs 1:27 (verbal): Speaks of fear and destruction coming “as a whirlwind,” using wind/storm language to describe sudden ruin like the flight in Job 27:22.
  • Psalm 37:20 (thematic): The theme of the wicked’s sudden end and disappearance from the earth parallels Job 27:22’s depiction of the fate of the unrighteous.

Alternative generated candidates

  • It will hurl at him and will not spare; he will flee from its hand.
  • It hurls him with no pity; in its anger it passes him by.
23 It pours out upon him its indignation and whistles him away from his place.

Job.27.23 - Details

Original Text

ישפק עלימו כפימו וישרק עליו ממקמו׃

Morphology

  • ישפק: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • עלימו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • כפימו: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • וישרק: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • ממקמו: PREP

Parallels

  • Psalm 78:49 (verbal): Speaks of God casting 'the fierceness of his anger' upon the nations—language close to Job’s image of God pouring out wrath on the wicked.
  • Isaiah 30:30 (verbal): Describes the LORD’s glorious voice and 'the indignation of his anger' coming down—similar imagery of divine wrath being manifested from on high.
  • Nahum 1:6 (thematic): Rhetorically asks who can stand before God’s indignation and fierceness—echoes Job’s theme of overwhelming divine wrath poured out on foes.
  • Romans 2:5-8 (allusion): Paul speaks of God 'storing up wrath' and repaying those who do evil—New Testament reflection on divine wrath being reserved and then executed on the wicked, thematically parallel to Job.
  • Revelation 14:10 (verbal): Speaks of drinking 'the wine of the wrath of God'—uses liquid/wine imagery for divine wrath that parallels Job’s motif of pouring out indignation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • It will clap its hands at him and hiss him from his place.
  • It pours out upon him its indignation and whistles at him from his place.
1 Surely there is a mine for silver and a place where gold is refined.

Job.28.1 - Details

Original Text

כי יש לכסף מוצא ומקום לזהב יזקו׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • יש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לכסף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מוצא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ומקום: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לזהב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יזקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl

Parallels

  • Proverbs 2:4 (verbal): Seeks wisdom 'as silver' and 'as for hidden treasures,' using the same mining/treasure imagery Job employs for silver and gold.
  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (verbal): Compares wisdom to silver and choice gold, echoing Job's juxtaposition of mined wealth with the deeper quest for wisdom.
  • Proverbs 3:14 (thematic): States that gaining wisdom is better than silver and gold, thematically parallel to Job's meditation on the value and source of precious metals.
  • Isaiah 45:3 (allusion): Speaks of 'treasures of darkness' and 'hidden riches' given by God—similar imagery of secret mines and concealed wealth found in Job 28.
  • Haggai 2:8 (thematic): Declares that 'the silver and the gold are mine,' thematically relating to the source/ownership of precious metals mentioned in Job 28:1.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For there is a mine for silver, and a place where they refine gold.
  • Surely there is a mine for silver, and a place for gold which they refine.
2 Iron is taken from the earth, and ore is smelted from the stone.

Job.28.2 - Details

Original Text

ברזל מעפר יקח ואבן יצוק נחושה׃

Morphology

  • ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מעפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • ואבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יצוק: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
  • נחושה: ADJ,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 8:9 (verbal): Speaks of a land 'whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass' — closely parallels the imagery of iron taken from the earth and brass/bronze from the rock.
  • Genesis 4:22 (thematic): Mentions Tubal‑cain as an artificer of every work in brass and iron, linking early human knowledge of extracting and working metals to Job's mining imagery.
  • 1 Samuel 13:19–22 (thematic): Describes metalworking and the manufacture of weapons (the presence/absence of smiths and Philistine control of iron tools), illustrating the social and technological context of iron and bronze production alluded to in Job 28:2.
  • Isaiah 44:12–13 (thematic): Portrays the smith shaping metal with hammer and hands, echoing the motif of human skill in transforming raw ores (iron/brass) into worked metal objects as in Job 28:2.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Iron is taken from the earth, and copper is smelted from the stone.
  • Iron is taken from the earth, and copper is smelted from the ore.
3 He ends the darkness and searches to the farthest bound; he probes the rock in gloom and the shadow of death.

Job.28.3 - Details

Original Text

קץ ׀ שם לחשך ולכל־ תכלית הוא חוקר אבן אפל וצלמות׃

Morphology

  • קץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שם: ADV
  • לחשך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תכלית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • חוקר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
  • אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אפל: ADV
  • וצלמות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Job 12:22 (verbal): Uses near-identical language about revealing/bringing to light the ‘deep things of darkness’ — shared vocabulary of searching and exposing what lies in darkness.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (thematic): Contrasts concealment and the honour of searching out hidden things; echoes the motif of probing into darkness to discover what is hidden.
  • Isaiah 45:3 (verbal): Speaks of giving ‘treasures of darkness’ and hidden riches of secret places — similar imagery of valuables concealed in darkness that are sought out.
  • Psalm 139:7-12 (thematic): Affirms that darkness is not hidden from God and that he penetrates the deepest darkness, resonating with the theme of searching beyond night and shadow.
  • 1 Corinthians 2:10 (allusion): Speaks of the Spirit searching the depths and revealing what is hidden, echoing the idea of probing into darkness to discover hidden truth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Man puts an end to the darkness and searches every thing out to the farthest limit; he brings what was hidden to light.
  • A boundary there is for the deep darkness; they probe out an entrance for the blackest stone.
4 A shaft they dig from afar, forgotten by travelers, shut away from men.

Job.28.4 - Details

Original Text

פרץ נחל ׀ מעם־ גר הנשכחים מני־ רגל דלו מאנוש נעו׃

Morphology

  • פרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נחל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מעם: PREP
  • גר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הנשכחים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
  • רגל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • דלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • מאנוש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Job 28:9-11 (verbal): Immediate context: the chapter expands the image of digging/mining and bringing what is hidden in the earth to light—same vocabulary and theme of searching out what lies beneath the surface.
  • Deuteronomy 8:7-9 (thematic): Describes the land as one of streams, wheat and 'iron and copper' hidden in the hills—parallel theme of the earth yielding food but also concealing mineral riches.
  • Isaiah 45:3 (thematic): God promises to give 'the treasures of darkness' and 'hidden riches of secret places'—a close thematic echo of hidden things/mines in the earth made known.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (thematic): 'It is the glory of God to conceal a matter; to search out a matter is the glory of kings'—connects the idea of concealed things and human/divine pursuit of what is hidden.
  • Matthew 13:44 (thematic): The kingdom compared to a 'treasure hidden in a field' which is found and revealed—New Testament parallel of hidden value in the ground being discovered and brought to light.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He opens shafts in the valleys; their eyes see every precious thing.
  • They traverse the forelands where forgotten feet have passed; man makes a path there.
5 The earth, from it comes food, yet beneath it is turned up as by fire.

Job.28.5 - Details

Original Text

ארץ ממנה יצא־ לחם ותחתיה נהפך כמו־ אש׃

Morphology

  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ממנה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותחתיה: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
  • נהפך: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
  • כמו: PREP
  • אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 104:14-15 (verbal): Uses nearly identical language and imagery—God causes the earth to bring forth plants and ‘to bring forth bread from the earth,’ echoing Job’s line about the earth producing food.
  • Isaiah 55:10 (thematic): Compares heavenly rain making the earth bring forth seed and bread for the eater; parallels Job’s theme of the earth’s fertility and provision of food.
  • Psalm 65:9-13 (thematic): Describes God visiting and watering the earth so it yields grain and increases its produce—similar portrayal of the earth as yielding sustenance.
  • Genesis 1:11-12 (structural): In the creation account the earth is commanded to ‘bring forth’ vegetation and seed—a foundational motif of the earth producing living food, underlying Job’s observation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The earth, out of which comes bread, and beneath is turned as by fire.
  • The earth, out of which food comes, is turned upside down as by fire.
6 There is a place for sapphires and for every precious stone; there is a place for gold.

Job.28.6 - Details

Original Text

מקום־ ספיר אבניה ועפרת זהב לו׃

Morphology

  • מקום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ספיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אבניה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
  • ועפרת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 2:11-12 (thematic): Describes a region producing both gold and precious stones (bdellium/onyx), paralleling Job's image of earth yielding sapphires and gold dust — motif of the land as source of treasures.
  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (thematic): Wisdom literature that contrasts wisdom with silver, gold, and jewels; parallels Job 28's focus on precious metals and stones as objects of human seeking and valuation.
  • Isaiah 45:3 (allusion): God promises to give 'treasures of darkness' and 'hidden riches of secret places,' echoing Job 28's theme of valuable things hidden in the earth and discovered by men.
  • Ezekiel 28:13 (verbal): Catalogue of precious stones associated with Eden/Tyre (sardius, topaz, etc.); resonates with Job's concrete mention of sapphire and gold, using gemstone imagery to signify wealth and splendor.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Its rocks are the place of sapphires, and its dust contains gold.
  • There is a place for sapphires, and dust of gold.
7 A path no bird of prey knows, nor has any eye of the fowl seen it.

Job.28.7 - Details

Original Text

נתיב לא־ ידעו עיט ולא שזפתו עין איה׃

Morphology

  • נתיב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • עיט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ולא: CONJ
  • שזפתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • עין: NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • איה: ADV,interr

Parallels

  • Proverbs 30:18-19 (verbal): Lists 'the way of an eagle in the sky' among inscrutable ways—verbal and thematic echo of Job's 'path no bird of prey knows.'
  • Deuteronomy 29:29 (thematic): Affirms that secret things belong to the LORD and are hidden from humans, paralleling Job 28's theme of hidden paths/knowledge.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (thematic): States that God conceals things and humans search them out, reflecting Job 28's contrast between hidden realities and human pursuit of wisdom.
  • Romans 11:33 (allusion): Paul's exclamation about the unsearchable judgments and ways of God echoes Job's depiction of wisdom and paths that are beyond creaturely sight.
  • 1 Corinthians 2:7-10 (thematic): Speaks of God's hidden wisdom revealed only by the Spirit—connects to Job 28's motif that true wisdom and the paths to it are concealed from ordinary sight.

Alternative generated candidates

  • No bird of prey knows the way; the falcon's eye has not seen it.
  • The bird knows its path; the falcon’s eye has not seen it.
8 Proud beasts have not trod it; no lion has passed over it.

Job.28.8 - Details

Original Text

לא־ הדריכהו בני־ שחץ לא־ עדה עליו שחל׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • הדריכהו: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • שחץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • עדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • שחל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 28:7 (structural): Immediate context—continues the same image of a path unknown to birds of prey; 28:7–8 form a unit stressing that certain ways are hidden from raptors.
  • Job 39:27-30 (thematic): Uses hawk/eagle imagery to show that the bird's flight is beyond human control or understanding, paralleling Job 28:8's point that the raptor's eye does not discover that path.
  • Proverbs 30:18-19 (verbal): Lists ‘the way of an eagle in the sky’ among inscrutable things; thematically parallels Job 28's assertion that some paths are mysterious and not perceived by birds.
  • Isaiah 40:31 (thematic): Employs eagle imagery to signify transcendent strength and hidden ascent; thematically related to Job's use of raptor imagery to indicate realities beyond human sight and control.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Proud beasts have not trodden it, nor has the fierce lion passed over it.
  • The proud beasts have not trodden it, nor has the lion passed over it.
9 He opens a shaft and overturns the root of the mountains.

Job.28.9 - Details

Original Text

בחלמיש שלח ידו הפך משרש הרים׃

Morphology

  • בחלמיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • הפך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • משרש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הרים: NOUN,m,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Job 28:10 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same mining motif—cutting channels in rock and uncovering valuables; closely connected verbally and thematically.
  • Isaiah 45:2-3 (thematic): God promises to open the way and give 'treasures of darkness' and 'hidden riches,' using the same imagery of uncovering wealth from deep or secret places.
  • Psalm 18:7-16 (thematic): Describes mountains trembling, splitting, and being overturned by divine power—parallels the image of mountains uprooted, though applied to God's action rather than human mining.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (thematic): Speaks of seeking out concealed matters as a noble task—resonates with the human effort to probe rock and extract hidden treasures in Job 28.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He puts forth his hand upon the flinty rock; he overturns the mountains from their roots.
  • Man’s hand lays hold on the flinty rock and overturns the mountains at the root.
10 He cleaves out channels in the rocks; all that is precious lies before his eyes.

Job.28.10 - Details

Original Text

בצורות יארים בקע וכל־ יקר ראתה עינו׃

Morphology

  • בצורות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • יארים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • בקע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
  • יקר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • ראתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • עינו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 2:4 (verbal): Uses the same searching-for-treasure motif—'seek it like silver, search for it as for hidden treasures'—paralleling miners seeking precious things in the rock.
  • Deuteronomy 8:9 (thematic): Describes a land 'whose stones are iron and out of whose hills you can dig copper,' echoing the image of extracting valuable minerals from rock and hills.
  • Isaiah 45:3 (thematic): Speaks of giving 'treasures of darkness and hidden riches of secret places,' thematically related to hidden valuables discovered by mining in Job 28.
  • Matthew 13:44 (thematic): Parable of a hidden treasure found in a field—a New Testament parallel to the idea of seeking and finding great value hidden in the earth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He cuts out channels in the rocks; his eye sees every precious thing.
  • He cuts out channels in the rocks; his eye sees every precious thing.
11 He stops the flow of rivers so they do not trickle; he brings hidden things to light.

Job.28.11 - Details

Original Text

מבכי נהרות חבש ותעלמה יצא אור׃

Morphology

  • מבכי: PREP
  • נהרות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • חבש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותעלמה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 38:8-11 (verbal): God’s control over the waters—shutting up the sea and setting its bounds—parallels Job 28:11’s image of binding the floods and restraining their overflow.
  • Psalm 104:6-9 (thematic): Psalmic depiction of God rebuking and appointing limits for the waters echoes the theme of God restraining floods and ordering the waters.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (thematic): Proverbs contrasts God’s concealment with human searching—resonates with Job 28:11’s second half about bringing hidden things to light.
  • Mark 4:22 (allusion): ‘‘Nothing is hidden that will not be revealed’’ closely parallels Job 28:11’s claim that what is hidden God brings forth into the light, a shared conviction about disclosure of secrets.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He dams the streams so that they do not trickle; what is hidden sees the light.
  • He binds the streams and they do not trickle; what is hidden he brings forth to light.
12 But where shall wisdom be found, and where is the place of understanding?

Job.28.12 - Details

Original Text

והחכמה מאין תמצא ואי זה מקום בינה׃

Morphology

  • והחכמה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
  • מאין: ADV,interrog
  • תמצא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • ואי: CONJ+INT
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • מקום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 28:20 (verbal): Repeats and reframes the question about the origin/location of wisdom — a direct verbal parallel within the same chapter.
  • Job 28:28 (structural): Gives the chapter's answer to 28:12 — declares 'the fear of the LORD' as the place or essence of true wisdom.
  • Proverbs 2:6 (thematic): Attributes the source of wisdom to the LORD ('For the LORD gives wisdom'), echoing Job's concern with where wisdom is found.
  • Proverbs 8:22-36 (allusion): Personifies Wisdom and speaks of her origin, dwelling, and blessing for seekers — thematically parallel to Job's inquiry into wisdom's location.
  • Colossians 2:3 (thematic): Locates the 'treasures of wisdom and knowledge' in Christ, a New Testament parallel to the question of where wisdom resides.

Alternative generated candidates

  • But where shall wisdom be found? and where is the place of understanding?
  • But where shall wisdom be found? And where is the place of understanding?
13 Man does not know its price, nor is it found in the land of the living.

Job.28.13 - Details

Original Text

לא־ ידע אנוש ערכה ולא תמצא בארץ החיים׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אנוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ערכה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • תמצא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
  • החיים: NOUN,m,pl,def

Parallels

  • Job 28:28 (structural): Closes the same chapter that begins with the question of wisdom's source; verse 28 gives God's answer (fear of the LORD) to the problem that 'man does not know' its value.
  • Proverbs 3:13-15 (thematic): Celebrates the surpassing value of wisdom—'more profitable than silver…than gold'—echoing Job's claim that its true worth is not known or found among the living.
  • Proverbs 9:10 / 1:7 (thematic): Proverbs 9:10 ('The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom') and 1:7 stress that true wisdom begins with God/fear of the LORD, addressing Job's assertion that humans cannot determine wisdom's value on their own.
  • Jeremiah 9:23-24 (thematic): Rejects human boast in wisdom, strength, or riches and emphasizes knowledge of God as true wisdom—paralleling Job's point about human inability to grasp wisdom's real worth.
  • Psalm 49:10-12 (thematic): Reflects the theme that human riches and life on earth are transient and that human insight into ultimate value is limited—resonating with Job's statement that wisdom's value is not found among the living.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Man does not know its worth, neither is it found in the land of the living.
  • Man does not know its value, nor is it found in the land of the living.
14 The deep says, 'It is not in me,' and the sea says, 'It is not with me.'

Job.28.14 - Details

Original Text

תהום אמר לא בי־ היא וים אמר אין עמדי׃

Morphology

  • תהום: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • בי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • וים: CONJ
  • אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אין: PART,neg
  • עמדי: PREP+1cs

Parallels

  • Job 28:12-13 (structural): Immediate context — the question “Where shall wisdom be found?” is answered by declaring that the deep and the sea deny having wisdom (verse 14 follows directly).
  • Job 26:12-14 (thematic): Job speaks of God’s control over the deeps and sea and the hiddenness of God’s ways; both passages contrast human inability to find ultimate wisdom in the waters and celebrate God as source and revealer of wisdom and power.
  • Proverbs 8:22-31 (thematic): Personified Wisdom claims a primordial relationship with God and involvement in creation; echoes Job’s claim that wisdom is not located in cosmic depths or sea but belongs to the divine sphere.
  • Proverbs 3:19-20 (verbal): Attributes the founding of the earth and the breaking up of the deeps to God’s wisdom/understanding — connects the motif of ‘deeps’ (תהום) with divine, not human, wisdom.
  • 1 Corinthians 2:7-10 (thematic): Paul contrasts hidden, divine wisdom with human insight and says the Spirit searches the ‘depths of God,’ paralleling Job’s claim that the depths and sea do not possess wisdom and that true wisdom is revealed by God.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The deep says, 'It is not in me'; and the sea says, 'It is not with me.'
  • The deep says, 'It is not in me,' and the sea says, 'It is not with me.'
15 It cannot be bought for gold, nor can its price be weighed out in silver.

Job.28.15 - Details

Original Text

לא־ יתן סגור תחתיה ולא ישקל כסף מחירה׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
  • סגור: ADJ,m,sg
  • תחתיה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • ישקל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מחירה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (verbal): Directly parallels Job’s valuation of wisdom—‘Choose my instruction... for wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared to it’ (language and theme closely echo Job 28).
  • Proverbs 3:15-16 (thematic): Describes wisdom as more precious than rubies and the source of life and wealth, reinforcing Job’s claim that wisdom cannot be bought with silver or weighed with gold.

  • Proverbs 16:16 (verbal): Explicitly contrasts wisdom and understanding with gold and silver—‘How much better is it to get wisdom than gold!’—a concise parallel in both content and moral point.

  • Psalm 119:72 (thematic): The psalmist values God’s law above vast quantities of gold and silver, echoing Job’s assertion that true wisdom (or divine truth) surpasses material wealth.

  • Matthew 13:45-46 (structural): Parable of the pearl of great price: the merchant sells all to obtain the pearl, illustrating the New Testament equivalent of Job’s theme that the kingdom/wisdom is worth far more than all earthly riches.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Neither can it be bought for gold, nor can silver be weighed as its price.
  • It cannot be bought for gold, nor can its price be weighed in silver.
16 It is not to be valued in the gold of Ophir, in precious onyx or sapphire.

Job.28.16 - Details

Original Text

לא־ תסלה בכתם אופיר בשהם יקר וספיר׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • תסלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • בכתם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אופיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בשהם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יקר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • וספיר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 3:15-16 (thematic): Wisdom is described as more valuable than rubies and brings long life and favor—a thematic parallel valuing wisdom above precious stones and wealth, echoing Job’s claim that it cannot be bought with gold or gems.
  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (verbal): States that wisdom is better than jewels and that none of the desirable things compare to it—language closely parallels Job’s statement that it cannot be valued with Ophir gold, onyx, or sapphire.
  • Proverbs 8:19 (verbal): Declares that the fruit of wisdom is better than gold and fine gold, and its yield better than choice silver—directly echoes the contrast between wisdom’s worth and precious metals in Job 28:16.
  • Psalm 19:10 (thematic): The precepts/law are said to be more to be desired than gold, even much fine gold—uses the same comparative motif placing spiritual/ethical goods above precious metals and gems.
  • Proverbs 16:16 (thematic): ‘How much better to get wisdom than gold!’—a concise proverbial expression of the same theme that wisdom surpasses wealth and precious stones in value.

Alternative generated candidates

  • It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious onyx, or the sapphire.
  • It cannot be valued in the gold of Ophir, in precious onyx or sapphire.
17 Gold and glass cannot compare, nor can it be exchanged for vessels of fine gold.

Job.28.17 - Details

Original Text

לא־ יערכנה זהב וזכוכית ותמורתה כלי־ פז׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יערכנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
  • זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וזכוכית: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ותמורתה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
  • כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
  • פז: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (verbal): Wisdom is explicitly declared more valuable than gold and jewels—parallels Job's claim that gold cannot be compared with (or exchanged for) true wisdom.
  • Proverbs 16:16 (verbal): Direct proverb: 'How much better to get wisdom than gold, and understanding rather than silver'—a succinct verbal parallel to Job's valuation of wisdom over precious metals.
  • Psalm 19:10 (thematic): The divine word (law) is described as 'more to be desired than gold, yea, than much fine gold,' echoing Job's theme that spiritual/ethical truth surpasses material wealth.
  • Psalm 119:72 (verbal): States that God's law is 'better to me than thousands of gold and silver,' reinforcing the same comparison of spiritual good outweighing monetary riches as in Job 28:17.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Gold and glass cannot equal it, neither can it be exchanged for vessels of fine gold.
  • Gold and glass cannot equal it, nor can it be exchanged for jewelry.
18 Coral and crystal cannot be named in its worth; the price of wisdom is above pearls.

Job.28.18 - Details

Original Text

ראמות וגביש לא יזכר ומשך חכמה מפנינים׃

Morphology

  • ראמות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • וגביש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יזכר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ומשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • חכמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מפנינים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Job 28:15 (structural): Immediate context in the same chapter contrasts the value of precious stones and metals (gold, onyx, sapphire) with the inaccessible nature of wisdom—sets up the same contrast continued in v.18.
  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (verbal): Explicitly compares wisdom to silver and choice gold and declares wisdom 'better than rubies,' echoing Job's claim that wisdom surpasses costly gems.
  • Proverbs 3:14-15 (verbal): States that the acquisition of wisdom is more profitable than silver and fine gold and that 'she is more precious than rubies,' a near-verbal thematic parallel to Job's valuation of wisdom.
  • Proverbs 16:16 (thematic): Affirms the superior worth of wisdom and understanding over gold and silver, underlining the same theme that material wealth cannot equal wisdom's value.
  • Psalm 119:72 (thematic): The psalmist declares God's law (instruction/wisdom) better than thousands of gold and silver, resonating with Job 28:18's elevation of wisdom above precious commodities.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Coral and crystal cannot be mentioned; and the acquisition of wisdom is far above pearls.
  • Coral and crystal do not recall it; the price of wisdom is beyond pearls.
19 Topaz of Cush cannot be given in exchange for it, nor can pure gold be its price.

Job.28.19 - Details

Original Text

לא־ יערכנה פטדת־ כוש בכתם טהור לא תסלה׃

Morphology

  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יערכנה: VERB,qal,imf,3,f,sg
  • פטדת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • כוש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • בכתם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • טהור: ADJ,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • תסלה: VERB,qal,imf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Exodus 28:17-20 (verbal): Lists the gemstones of the high priest's breastplate including 'pitdah' (topaz) and links 'Cush' as a source—verbal overlap with Job's mention of the topaz of Cush.
  • Proverbs 8:10-11 (thematic): Wisdom is contrasted with silver and gold and declared more valuable than jewels—same theme of comparing priceless wisdom to precious stones and pure gold.
  • Proverbs 3:15 (thematic): Affirms that wisdom is more precious than rubies (or precious stones), echoing Job's valuation language that jewels and gold cannot equal the thing being praised.
  • Job 28:16 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same chapter: uses similar gem imagery (coral/topaz/pearls) and valuation language to stress that wisdom's worth surpasses costly gems and gold.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The topaz of Ethiopia cannot equal it, nor can it be exchanged for pure gold.
  • The topaz of Cush cannot compare, nor can it be valued with pure gold.
20 Where then does wisdom come from? And where is the place of understanding?

Job.28.20 - Details

Original Text

והחכמה מאין תבוא ואי זה מקום בינה׃

Morphology

  • והחכמה: NOUN,f,sg,def+CONJ
  • מאין: ADV,interrog
  • תבוא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • ואי: CONJ+INT
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • מקום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:1-11 (allusion): Personified Wisdom speaks and calls out, exploring where wisdom is found and celebrating its value—parallel to Job 28's inquiry into wisdom's source and nature.
  • Proverbs 2:6 (thematic): States that 'the LORD gives wisdom'—direct thematic answer to Job's question about the origin of wisdom (God as its giver).
  • Psalm 111:10 (verbal): Declares 'The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom,' echoing Job 28's broader conclusion that true wisdom is rooted in relationship to God.
  • James 3:13-17 (thematic): Contrasts earthly and heavenly wisdom and links true wisdom with godly character—New Testament reflection on where authentic wisdom comes from.
  • Jeremiah 9:23-24 (thematic): Emphasizes that any boasting should be in knowing God rather than in wisdom or might, affirming that wisdom's true source and value are tied to God, as Job 28 investigates.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Where then does wisdom come from? and where is the place of understanding?
  • Where then does wisdom come from, and where is the place of understanding?
21 It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing and concealed from the birds of the heavens.

Job.28.21 - Details

Original Text

ונעלמה מעיני כל־ חי ומעוף השמים נסתרה׃

Morphology

  • ונעלמה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
  • מעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,1,sg
  • כל: DET
  • חי: ADJ,m,sg
  • ומעוף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • נסתרה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 29:29 (thematic): Declares that ‘the secret things belong to the LORD,’ echoing Job’s assertion that wisdom (or the thing sought) is hidden from human eyes and reserved to God.
  • Proverbs 25:2 (verbal): Speaks of God’s glory in concealing a matter and human glory in searching it out—paralleling Job’s theme of divinely hidden wisdom beyond the sight of living creatures.
  • Isaiah 40:28 (allusion): Affirms that the LORD’s understanding is unsearchable and his power beyond human appraisal, resonating with Job’s claim that what is sought is concealed from all living beings.
  • 1 Corinthians 2:7-8 (allusion): Paul speaks of a ‘hidden wisdom of God’ which the rulers of this age did not understand—reflecting the New Testament appropriation of the OT theme that divine wisdom is hidden from ordinary eyes.
  • Romans 11:33 (thematic): Exclaims the depth and unsearchable character of God’s judgments and ways, reflecting Job’s insistence that certain realities are hidden from all living creatures and known only to God.

Alternative generated candidates

  • It is hidden from the eyes of all living, and kept close from the birds of the air.
  • It is hidden from the eyes of all living and kept from the birds of the sky.
22 Death and Sheol say, 'We have heard only rumor of it.'

Job.28.22 - Details

Original Text

אבדון ומות אמרו באזנינו שמענו שמעה׃

Morphology

  • אבדון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ומות: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אמרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • באזנינו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss_1pl
  • שמענו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
  • שמעה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 27:20 (verbal): Uses the same pair 'Sheol and Abaddon' (Heb. שְׁאוֹל וְאֲבַדּוֹן) and personifies them—both passages employ the lexical pairing to portray Death/Destruction as active forces.
  • Job 26:6 (verbal): Within the same book Abaddon and Sheol are invoked (’Sheol is naked before God, and Abaddon has no covering’), showing a shared vocabulary and personification of the realm of the dead.
  • Isaiah 5:14 (thematic): Personifies Sheol/Death as an opening mouth or appetite ('Sheol has enlarged its appetite and opened its mouth beyond measure'), paralleling Job 28:22’s depiction of Death/Destruction as speaking/hearing.
  • Isaiah 14:9 (allusion): Sheol is personified as rousing the shades to meet the fallen king ('Sheol beneath is stirred up to meet you'), echoing the motif of the grave/Death as an agent that responds or speaks.
  • Ezekiel 32:21 (thematic): Describes the mighty in Sheol speaking and raising lamentation ('the chiefs among the nations shall speak out of the midst of Sheol'), a parallel instance of the dead/Sheol being depicted as speaking entities.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Destruction and Death say, 'We have heard a report thereof with our ears.'
  • Destruction and Death say, 'With our ears we have heard a report of it.'
23 God understands its way and knows its place.

Job.28.23 - Details

Original Text

אלהים הבין דרכה והוא ידע את־ מקומה׃

Morphology

  • אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • הבין: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • דרכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
  • והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • מקומה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3fs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 3:19-20 (thematic): Depicts the LORD as ordering creation by wisdom and understanding, linking divine wisdom/knowledge with the ordering of the world—paralleling Job’s claim that God alone understands wisdom’s way.
  • Proverbs 8:22-31 (allusion): Wisdom is personified and described in relation to God’s acts at creation; Job 28 treats wisdom as hidden and known only to God, echoing the relationship between God and Wisdom in Proverbs 8.
  • Job 12:13 (verbal): Within the same book this verse states that 'With God are wisdom and strength; he has counsel and understanding,' a close verbal/thematic parallel to 'God understands its way' in 28:23.
  • Psalm 139:2-3 (verbal): Speaks of God’s intimate knowledge of a person’s movements and thoughts—another expression of the theme that God 'knows' and 'understands' what creatures cannot, paralleling Job 28:23’s emphasis on divine knowledge of wisdom’s way.
  • Isaiah 40:28 (thematic): Affirms that the everlasting God’s understanding is unsearchable, resonating with Job’s point that the path and place of wisdom are known only to God.

Alternative generated candidates

  • God understands its way, and he knows its place.
  • God understands its way, and he knows its place.
24 For he looks to the ends of the earth and sees under the whole heavens.

Job.28.24 - Details

Original Text

כי־ הוא לקצות־ הארץ יביט תחת כל־ השמים יראה׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • לקצות: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • יביט: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • תחת: PREP
  • כל: DET
  • השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • יראה: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg

Parallels

  • 2 Chronicles 16:9 (verbal): Uses similar language about God's eyes 'running to and fro throughout the whole earth' to observe hearts—verbal parallel to God looking to the ends of the earth.
  • Psalm 33:13-14 (thematic): Speaks of the LORD looking down from heaven and seeing all the inhabitants of the earth, a thematic parallel about God's comprehensive observation.
  • Proverbs 15:3 (verbal): Declares 'The eyes of the LORD are in every place,' a concise verbal parallel emphasizing God's omnipresent sight.
  • Job 34:21-22 (structural): Within the same book, asserts that God's eyes are on the ways and steps of mortals—a close structural and thematic echo of 28:24.
  • Psalm 11:4 (thematic): Describes the LORD enthroned in heaven whose eyes behold the children of men, similarly portraying God observing the world from above.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For he looks to the ends of the earth, and sees under the whole heaven;
  • For he looks to the ends of the earth and sees everything under the heavens.
25 When he assigned a weight to the wind and apportioned the waters by measure,

Job.28.25 - Details

Original Text

לעשות לרוח משקל ומים תכן במדה׃

Morphology

  • לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
  • לרוח: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • משקל: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • ומים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • תכן: VERB,qal,perf,3,ms
  • במדה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:27-29 (verbal): Wisdom speaks of being present when God 'set a circle on the face of the deep,' 'established the clouds,' and 'set limits for the sea'—language closely echoing Job's image of God measuring winds and apportioning waters.
  • Job 38:8-11 (thematic): In God's speech He describes shutting up the sea with doors and setting its limits (‘Thus far shall you come…’), paralleling Job 28:25's theme of divine control and measurement of the waters and powers of nature.
  • Isaiah 40:12 (verbal): Rhetorical questions about who 'measured the waters in the hollow of his hand' and 'meted out the heavens' echo Job 28:25's focus on God's precise measurement of natural forces.
  • Psalm 104:3-9 (thematic): The psalm celebrates God's rule over wind and sea—making winds his messengers and setting boundaries for the waters—paralleling Job's portrayal of divine ordering of wind and water.
  • Proverbs 3:19-20 (allusion): Speaks of the LORD using wisdom to lay the earth's foundations and 'establish the heavens' and 'divide the sea,' reflecting the same tradition of divine wisdom regulating creation as in Job 28:25.

Alternative generated candidates

  • to establish a weight for the wind and apportion the waters by measure;
  • When he established the wind its measure, and apportioned the waters by measure,
26 when he made a statute for the rain and a path for the thunderbolt,

Job.28.26 - Details

Original Text

בעשתו למטר חק ודרך לחזיז קלות׃

Morphology

  • בעשתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • למטר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • חק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ודרך: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לחזיז: VERB,qal,inf
  • קלות: NOUN,f,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:27-29 (verbal): Wisdom speaks of God setting limits for the sea, establishing the clouds, and appointing the winds—language closely paralleling God’s measuring and bounding of wind and waters.
  • Isaiah 40:12 (verbal): God is described as measuring the waters in his hand and weighing the mountains—an image of divine measurement and ordering akin to Job 28:26.
  • Job 26:8-10 (verbal): Within the same book, these verses portray God binding the waters in clouds and marking a boundary on the face of the waters—directly resonant with the motif of measured control over wind and water.
  • Psalm 104:8-9 (thematic): Speaks of God setting a boundary for the sea so it will not pass its limit, echoing the theme of God’s sovereign restraint and measurement of the waters.
  • Psalm 147:8 (thematic): Attributes to God the provision of rain and control over weather; thematically linked to Job’s depiction of God determining winds and meting out waters.

Alternative generated candidates

  • when he made a decree for the rain and a way for the lightning of the thunder;
  • when he set a decree for the rain and a path for the thunderbolt,
27 then he saw it and declared it; he prepared it and searched it out.

Job.28.27 - Details

Original Text

אז ראה ויספרה הכינה וגם־ חקרה׃

Morphology

  • אז: ADV
  • ראה: VERB,qal,imperat,2,m,sg
  • ויספרה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • הכינה: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,sg
  • וגם: CONJ
  • חקרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 8:22-31 (thematic): Both passages personify Wisdom and relate wisdom to God's creative and ordering activity; Job 28:27's depiction of God 'seeing' and 'establishing' wisdom echoes Proverbs' account of Wisdom's place with God in creation.
  • Proverbs 3:19-20 (thematic): Attributes the founding of the earth and heavens to God's wisdom and understanding, paralleling Job 28's theme that divine wisdom undergirds creation and is known/ordained by God.
  • Job 12:13 (verbal): Within the same book, this verse states that 'with God are wisdom and might'—a close thematic and verbal affirmation of Job 28:27's claim that God alone knows, establishes, and explores wisdom.
  • Psalm 104:24 (thematic): Praises the manifold works of God made in wisdom; complements Job 28's emphasis on God's unique knowledge and ordering power manifested through wisdom in creation.
  • Isaiah 40:28 (thematic): Asserts God's everlasting nature and unsearchable understanding—paralleling Job 28:27's portrayal of God's exclusive insight into the place and nature of wisdom.

Alternative generated candidates

  • then he saw it and declared it; he prepared it, yea, and searched it out.
  • then he saw it and declared it; he established it and also searched it out.
28 And he said to man, 'Behold, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to turn away from evil is understanding.'

Job.28.28 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר ׀ לאדם הן יראת אדני היא חכמה וסור מרע בינה׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הן: PART
  • יראת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
  • אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • חכמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • וסור: CONJ+VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
  • מרע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 9:10 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel: 'The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom' closely echoes Job's declaration that the fear of the Lord is wisdom.
  • Psalm 111:10 (verbal): Very similar wording: 'The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom; all those who practice it have good understanding,' paralleling Job's link between fear of YHWH, wisdom, and understanding.
  • Proverbs 3:7 (verbal): Shares the counsel to 'fear the LORD' and 'turn from evil' (or 'be not wise in your own eyes; fear the LORD, and depart from evil'), echoing Job's coupling of reverence for God with turning from evil as true insight.
  • Proverbs 1:7 (thematic): Thematic parallel: Proverbs states 'The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge,' reflecting the same theological conviction in Job that fear of God is the foundation of true wisdom/knowledge.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And he said to man, 'Behold, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to turn away from evil is understanding.'
  • And he said to man, 'Behold, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding.'
1 And Job again took up his discourse and said:

Job.29.1 - Details

Original Text

ויסף איוב שאת משלו ויאמר׃

Morphology

  • ויסף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • איוב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • שאת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • משלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 27:1 (verbal): Uses the same introductory formula—'And Job again took up his parable...'—marking a continuation of Job's direct speech and signaling another extended monologue (verbal parallel).
  • Job 26:1 (structural): Another speech-introduction formula ('Then Job answered and said') that performs the same structural function of introducing a distinct section of Job's response within the book's dialogic framework (structural parallel).
  • Psalm 73:2-3 (thematic): Both passages grapple with reversals of fortune and the speaker's wrestling with apparent prosperity or honor (Psalmist's near-falling at the prosperity of the wicked vs. Job's remembrance of former honor)—a thematic parallel about prosperity, reputation, and suffering.
  • Lamentations 3:19-21 (thematic): Lament's act of recalling former affliction and past circumstances echoes Job's introductory move to 'take up his parable' and recount his past condition—both begin a reflective lament grounded in memory of earlier days.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Job again took up his discourse and said:
  • And Job again took up his discourse and said:
2 Who will grant me to be as in the months gone by, as in the days when God watched over me,

Job.29.2 - Details

Original Text

מי־ יתנני כירחי־ קדם כימי אלוה ישמרני׃

Morphology

  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • יתנני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כירחי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • קדם: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • כימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs+sim
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישמרני: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 32:7 (verbal): Uses the same formula 'remember the days of old'—an explicit appeal to recall former times, echoing Job's longing for the 'months of old' and the earlier days when God preserved him.
  • Isaiah 46:4 (thematic): God's promise to sustain and carry the faithful into old age parallels Job's wish to be restored to the days when God guarded him—both emphasize divine preservation through the years.
  • Psalm 37:25 (thematic): 'I was young and now am old, yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken'—a reflective testimony about God's continued care over a lifetime, resonating with Job's desire for the former days of God's protection.
  • Lamentations 3:21-23 (thematic): The poet recalls past mercies ('this I recall to my mind') and finds hope in God's steadfast love and faithfulness, similar to Job's yearning for the remembered days when God preserved him.
  • Psalm 71:9 (thematic): A plea not to be cast off in old age—Psalmist's concern about abandonment in later years parallels Job's wish to return to the youthful days of divine safeguarding.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Oh that I were as in months past, as in the days when God preserved me,
  • Who would grant that my days were like in former times, when God watched over me,
3 when his lamp shone above my head and by its light I walked through darkness,

Job.29.3 - Details

Original Text

בהלו נרו עלי ראשי לאורו אלך חשך׃

Morphology

  • בהלו: ADV,temporal
  • נרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ראשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
  • לאורו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • אלך: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 18:28 (verbal): Uses the same imagery of God as a lamp/light that illuminates the speaker's darkness (’For you light my lamp; the LORD my God lightens my darkness’).
  • Psalm 119:105 (thematic): ’Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path’ — similar metaphor of divine guidance by light through darkness.
  • Isaiah 9:2 (thematic): Speaks of people walking in darkness who see a great light; parallels the theme of divine light enabling movement through darkness.
  • John 8:12 (allusion): Jesus’ declaration ‘I am the light of the world; whoever follows me will not walk in darkness’ echoes the OT motif of divine light guiding through darkness.
  • John 1:5 (thematic): ’The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it’ — echoes the contrast and triumph of divine light over darkness found in Job 29:3.

Alternative generated candidates

  • when his lamp shone over my head and by his light I walked through darkness;
  • when his lamp shone over my head, and by its light I walked through darkness?
4 when I was in my prime, and the counsel of God was within my tent,

Job.29.4 - Details

Original Text

כאשר הייתי בימי חרפי בסוד אלוה עלי אהלי׃

Morphology

  • כאשר: CONJ
  • הייתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • בימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • חרפי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,pr,1,sg
  • בסוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • אהלי: NOUN,m,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Psalm 18:28 (verbal): Uses the image of God lighting the speaker’s lamp and removing darkness—close verbal and imagery parallel to Job’s language of light/candle and walking in darkness under God’s illumination.
  • Psalm 119:105 (thematic): ’Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path’ — the motif of divine light guiding the speaker through darkness echoes Job’s claim of walking by God’s light.
  • Isaiah 9:2 (thematic): ’The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light’ — prophetic imagery of darkness overcome by divine light parallels Job’s memory of God’s illuminating presence.
  • Psalm 23:4 (thematic): ’Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me’ — the theme of God’s presence dispelling fear in dark circumstances resonates with Job’s depiction of walking by God’s light.

Alternative generated candidates

  • as I was in the days of my youth, when the secret of God was upon my tent;
  • Oh, when I was in my prime, when the friendship of God was upon my tent,
5 while my attendants were around me and the young men at my feet,

Job.29.5 - Details

Original Text

בעוד שדי עמדי סביבותי נערי׃

Morphology

  • בעוד: PREP
  • שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עמדי: PREP+1cs
  • סביבותי: NOUN,f,pl,abs+1cs
  • נערי: NOUN,m,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Job 29:6 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same speech: the next verse expands the image of prosperity with the rock pouring out rivers of oil—same cluster of abundance imagery.
  • Deuteronomy 32:13 (verbal): Speaks of God giving ‘oil out of the flinty rock’—a similar verbal and pictorial motif of oil flowing from rock to signify divine provision and abundance.
  • Psalm 23:5 (thematic): ‘You anoint my head with oil’ uses oil as a symbol of honor, blessing, and provision—parallel symbolic meaning to Job’s image of steps ‘washed’ in richness.
  • Amos 6:4–6 (thematic): Describes elite indulgence (soft couches, anointing, choice foods) and uses fatness/ointment imagery to portray luxury, echoing Job’s recollection of former prosperity.
  • Psalm 92:12–14 (thematic): Portrays the righteous flourishing and bearing fruit in old age—a thematic parallel to Job’s memory of earlier prosperity and honor.

Alternative generated candidates

  • when the Almighty was yet with me, and my children were about me;
  • when the Almighty was yet with me, my children were round about me,
6 when I washed my steps with butter and the rock poured out streams of oil for me,

Job.29.6 - Details

Original Text

ברחץ הליכי בחמה וצור יצוק עמדי פלגי־ שמן׃

Morphology

  • ברחץ: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
  • הליכי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • בחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • וצור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יצוק: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
  • עמדי: PREP+1cs
  • פלגי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • שמן: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 23:5 (thematic): Uses oil and overflowing imagery of blessing and abundance (anointing/head and cup running over) similar to Job’s image of steps washed in butter and the rock pouring out streams of oil.
  • Proverbs 21:20 (verbal): Speaks of ‘oil in the dwelling of the wise,’ echoing the concrete motif of oil as domestic wealth that Job invokes in his prosperity image.
  • Psalm 104:14-15 (verbal): Lists oil as one of God’s created blessings (‘oil to make his face to shine’), paralleling Job’s depiction of oil as a sign of divine provision and richness.
  • Deuteronomy 33:13-16 (thematic): The blessing of Joseph depicts the land yielding precious produce (dew, deep, and abundance) and images of overflowing blessing—parallel to Job’s portrait of plentiful oil and fertility.
  • Isaiah 61:3 (thematic): Portrays oil as a symbol of blessing and restoration (‘the oil of joy’), resonating with Job’s use of oil-stream imagery to signify prosperity and favor.

Alternative generated candidates

  • when my steps were bathed in cream and the rock poured out streams of oil for me;
  • when my steps were washed with butter and the rock poured me out rivers of oil.
7 when I went out to the gate of the city and took my seat in the public square,

Job.29.7 - Details

Original Text

בצאתי שער עלי־ קרת ברחוב אכין מושבי׃

Morphology

  • בצאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • שער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • קרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ברחוב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אכין: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
  • מושבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 19:1 (verbal): Lot is described as sitting in the gate of Sodom—same imagery of an influential figure taking a seat at the city gate.
  • Ruth 4:1 (verbal): Boaz goes to the gate and sits there to transact legal business and consult the elders—uses the gate as the public place of judgment and decision.
  • Proverbs 31:23 (thematic): The ideal husband ‘sits among the elders at the gate,’ linking honor, authority, and public standing with seating at the city gate, similar to Job’s nostalgic image.
  • Deuteronomy 21:18–21 (structural): Legal proceedings are to be carried out before the elders ‘at the gate of the city,’ showing the gate’s role as the forum for adjudication and communal leadership akin to Job’s seat.

Alternative generated candidates

  • when I went out to the gate through the city and prepared my seat in the square;
  • When I went out to the gate through the city, when I prepared my seat in the public square,
8 young men saw me and hid themselves; the aged rose and stood.

Job.29.8 - Details

Original Text

ראוני נערים ונחבאו וישישים קמו עמדו׃

Morphology

  • ראוני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • נערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ונחבאו: CONJ+VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,pl
  • וישישים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • קמו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
  • עמדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Leviticus 19:32 (verbal): Commands rising before the gray head and honoring the aged—directly parallels the social practice of standing in deference to elders expressed in Job 29:8.
  • Proverbs 16:31 (thematic): Presents gray hair as a crown of glory won by life—echoes the association of elders with honor and respect found in Job's memory of people rising for him.
  • Proverbs 20:29 (thematic): Contrasts the glory of young men with the honor of the aged; thematically related to Job's image of young men reacting and elders showing deference.
  • Isaiah 3:5 (structural): Describes a social reversal where the young are put to shame and the aged slighted—serves as an antithetical parallel to Job's picture of societal honor toward an elder.
  • 1 Timothy 5:1-2 (thematic): Instructs care and respectful treatment of older and younger believers (treating older men as fathers), reflecting the New Testament continuation of the ethic of showing honor to elders implicit in Job 29:8.

Alternative generated candidates

  • the young men saw me and hid themselves; and the aged rose and stood up.
  • the young men saw me and hid themselves; the aged arose and stood up.
9 Princes kept silence and laid their hand upon their mouth.

Job.29.9 - Details

Original Text

שרים עצרו במלים וכף ישימו לפיהם׃

Morphology

  • שרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • עצרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • במלים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • וכף: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ישימו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • לפיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,pl

Parallels

  • Isaiah 52:15 (verbal): Speaks of kings shutting their mouths — a close verbal/thematic parallel to princes refraining from speech in awe or respect.
  • Habakkuk 2:20 (thematic): Calls for silence before the LORD (‘let all the earth keep silence before him’), echoing the theme of reverent silence.
  • Zephaniah 1:7 (verbal): Commands people to ‘be silent before the Lord,’ a direct verbal parallel linking silence with divine presence/judgment.
  • Psalm 46:10 (thematic): ‘Be still, and know that I am God’ — a thematic counterpart emphasizing stillness/silence as appropriate response to divine majesty.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The princes refrained from speaking and laid their hand upon their mouth.
  • The princes refrained from talking and laid their hand on their mouth.
10 The voice of nobles was hushed, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth.

Job.29.10 - Details

Original Text

קול־ נגידים נחבאו ולשונם לחכם דבקה׃

Morphology

  • קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נגידים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • נחבאו: VERB,nif,perf,3,m,pl
  • ולשונם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,pr3mp
  • לחכם: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
  • דבקה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 39:9 (verbal): Speaker declares silence—'I am mute; I do not open my mouth'—echoing the motif of tongues held back and restraint of speech before a provocation or presence.
  • Psalm 46:10 (thematic): Calls for stillness—'Be still, and know that I am God'—parallel theme of silence as an appropriate response to a superior power or awe-inspiring situation.
  • Proverbs 17:28 (thematic): Observes that silence can convey wisdom—'Even a fool, when he keeps silent, is considered wise'—relates to speechlessness functioning as respect or deference.
  • Matthew 26:62–63 (structural): During Jesus' trial he largely remains silent before the high priest; structurally similar scene where those in authority or in the presence of a significant figure refrain from speaking.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The voice of nobles was hushed, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth.
  • The voice of the nobles was hushed, and their tongue stuck to the roof of their mouth.
11 For the ear that heard me blessed me, and the eye that saw me testified for me.

Job.29.11 - Details

Original Text

כי אזן שמעה ותאשרני ועין ראתה ותעידני׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • אזן: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
  • שמעה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • ותאשרני: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • ועין: CONJ+NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
  • ראתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • ותעידני: VERB,piel,impf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Job 42:5 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel within Job: 'I had heard of thee by the hearing of the ear, but now mine eye seeth thee' — contrast/fulfillment of hearing followed by seeing and testimony.
  • Isaiah 50:4 (verbal): Speaks of the Lord awakening the ear 'to hear as those who are taught' — connects the motif of hearing leading to instruction and right speech/action.
  • Proverbs 1:5 (thematic): 'A wise man will hear, and will increase learning' — parallels the idea that hearing leads to gained instruction and benefit.
  • Matthew 13:16 (thematic): 'Blessed are your eyes, for they see; and your ears, for they hear' — pairs seeing and hearing as channels of blessing/knowledge, echoing Job's 'ear heard... eye saw.'
  • Romans 10:17 (thematic): 'Faith comes by hearing' — emphasizes the formative, inward effect of hearing the word, akin to Job's hearing bringing comfort/instruction.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When the ear heard me it blessed me; and when the eye saw me it testified to me;
  • For ear had heard me and blessed me, and eye had seen me and bore witness to me,
12 For I delivered the poor who cried, and the orphan who had no helper.

Job.29.12 - Details

Original Text

כי־ אמלט עני משוע ויתום ולא־ עזר לו׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • אמלט: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,m,sg
  • עני: ADJ,m,sg
  • משוע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויתום: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ולא: CONJ
  • עזר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 72:4 (verbal): Speaks of the king delivering the needy and saving the poor who have no helper—language closely parallels Job’s claim to have rescued the poor and fatherless.
  • Psalm 10:14 (verbal): Declares that God is the helper of the fatherless; echoes Job’s concern for rescuing the helpless and orphans.
  • Proverbs 31:8-9 (thematic): Commands speaking up and defending the rights of the poor and needy—thematically parallel to Job’s self‑portrait as protector of the fatherless.
  • Isaiah 1:17 (thematic): Calls God’s people to seek justice, defend the oppressed and bring justice to the fatherless—shares the same social‑justice concern as Job 29:12.
  • Psalm 146:9 (thematic): Affirms that the LORD upholds the widow and the fatherless; parallels Job’s activity in rescuing and aiding those without help.

Alternative generated candidates

  • because I delivered the poor who cried, and the fatherless who had none to help him.
  • because I delivered the poor who cried, and the fatherless who had none to help him.
13 The blessing of him who was perishing came upon me, and I made the widow's heart sing.

Job.29.13 - Details

Original Text

ברכת אבד עלי תבא ולב אלמנה ארנן׃

Morphology

  • ברכת: NOUN,f,sg,const
  • אבד: VERB,qal,infabs
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • תבא: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
  • ולב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,const
  • אלמנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ארנן: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 41:1 (verbal): 'Blessed is he that considereth the poor' parallels Job's claim that 'the blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me'—both link blessing with kindness to the needy.
  • Proverbs 19:17 (thematic): 'He who is kind to the poor lends to the LORD' reflects the idea that benevolence toward the needy brings blessing or divine recompense, as in Job's benefaction to widows.
  • Psalm 146:9 (thematic): 'The LORD watches over the sojourners; he upholds the widow and the fatherless' connects to Job's role in making 'the widow's heart sing'—concern for widows as a mark of righteousness.
  • Isaiah 1:17 (thematic): 'Learn to do good; seek justice... defend the fatherless, plead for the widow' resonates with Job's recollected deeds of aiding the helpless and eliciting joy from widows.
  • James 1:27 (structural): 'Pure religion... to visit orphans and widows in their affliction' provides an NT parallel to Job's account of having relieved and uplifted widows as an expression of true piety.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me, and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy.
  • The blessing of him who was about to perish came upon me, and I caused the widow’s heart to sing for joy.
14 I clothed myself with righteousness, and it clothed me; my justice was like a robe and a turban.

Job.29.14 - Details

Original Text

צדק לבשתי וילבשני כמעיל וצניף משפטי׃

Morphology

  • צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לבשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,common,sg
  • וילבשני: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg+PRON,1,sg
  • כמעיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וצניף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • משפטי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs

Parallels

  • Isaiah 61:10 (verbal): Both verses use the clothing metaphor: being clothed with salvation/ righteousness and a robe, echoing Job’s 'I put on righteousness… my justice was like a robe.'
  • Isaiah 59:17 (verbal): The image of one 'putting on' righteousness (as a breastplate) closely parallels Job’s language of wearing righteousness as a garment.
  • Zechariah 3:3-4 (thematic): A figure is stripped of filthy garments and clothed in pure garments—the motif of clothing as sign of cleansing and righteousness echoes Job’s portrayal of righteousness as clothing.
  • Ephesians 6:14 (allusion): The NT uses the metaphor of 'putting on' righteousness (the 'breastplate of righteousness'), echoing the OT motif found in Job of righteousness as wearable armor/garment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I put on righteousness, and it clothed me; my justice was as a robe and a turban.
  • I put on righteousness, and it clothed me; my justice was like a robe and a turban.
15 I was eyes to the blind and feet to the lame.

Job.29.15 - Details

Original Text

עינים הייתי לעור ורגלים לפסח אני׃

Morphology

  • עינים: NOUN,f,du,abs
  • הייתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • לעור: VERB,qal,inf
  • ורגלים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • לפסח: VERB,qal,inf
  • אני: PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 42:7 (verbal): Speaks of opening the eyes of the blind and bringing out prisoners from darkness — similar language and motif of giving sight and help to the helpless.
  • Luke 4:18 (quotation): Jesus (quoting Isaiah) declares his mission 'to give sight to the blind' and to release the oppressed, paralleling Job's self‑portrait as helper of the blind and lame.
  • Psalm 146:8 (verbal): Attributes to the LORD the action of opening the eyes of the blind and lifting up the bowed down — echoes the theme of restoring and aiding the afflicted found in Job 29:15.
  • Isaiah 35:5 (verbal): Foretells that 'the eyes of the blind shall be opened' (and other healings), closely matching the imagery of bringing sight and mobility to the vulnerable.
  • Proverbs 31:20 (thematic): The virtuous woman 'opens her hand to the poor and reaches out to the needy,' reflecting the same ethic of personal assistance to the weak that Job claims.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I was eyes to the blind and feet to the lame.
  • I was eyes to the blind and feet to the lame.
16 I was father to the needy and I searched out the cause of the stranger.

Job.29.16 - Details

Original Text

אב אנכי לאביונים ורב לא־ ידעתי אחקרהו׃

Morphology

  • אב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • לאביונים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ורב: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ידעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
  • אחקרהו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg+3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 68:5 (verbal): Uses the image of God as 'father of the fatherless'—parallels Job's claim to be a father to the poor/widow, linking care for the needy with fatherly protection.
  • Psalm 82:3 (thematic): Calls for defending the weak and fatherless and upholding the cause of the poor—echoes Job's role in seeking justice for the needy and widows.
  • Isaiah 1:17 (thematic): Urges learning to do good, seeking justice and defending the fatherless and widow—reflects Job's self-portrait as an active advocate for the vulnerable.
  • Proverbs 31:8-9 (verbal): Commands speaking up for those who cannot speak and defending the rights of the poor and needy, similar to Job's claim of representing and searching out causes for the helpless.
  • Deuteronomy 10:18 (thematic): Describes God as executing justice for the fatherless and widow and loving the stranger—provides a legal/ethical backdrop to Job's personal testimony of caring for the needy.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I was a father to the needy and searched out the case of him whom I did not know.
  • I was a father to the needy, and I took up the case of him who I knew not.
17 I broke the jaws of the wicked and plucked the spoil from his teeth.

Job.29.17 - Details

Original Text

ואשברה מתלעות עול ומשניו אשליך טרף׃

Morphology

  • ואשברה: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
  • מתלעות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • עול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ומשניו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,3,m
  • אשליך: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • טרף: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:34–36 (verbal): David recounts rescuing a lamb from the mouth of a lion and a bear—very close imagery to 'plucking the prey from his teeth.'
  • Psalm 22:21 (verbal): Petition to be saved 'from the mouth of the lion' echoes the predator‑and‑rescue language of Job's line.
  • Psalm 58:6 (verbal): Prayerful imprecation, 'Break their teeth, O God,' parallels Job's image of breaking the jaws/teeth of the wicked.
  • Proverbs 24:11–12 (thematic): Call to rescue those being led away to death—shares the ethical theme of intervening to save the vulnerable from violent harm.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I broke the jaws of the wicked and plucked the spoil from his teeth.
  • I broke the jaws of the wicked and snatched the prey from his teeth.
18 I said, 'I shall die in my nest; I shall multiply my days like the sand.'

Job.29.18 - Details

Original Text

ואמר עם־ קני אגוע וכחול ארבה ימים׃

Morphology

  • ואמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • עם: PREP
  • קני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אגוע: VERB,qal,impf,1,NA,sg
  • וכחול: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ארבה: VERB,hif,impf,1,c,sg,NA
  • ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Genesis 22:17 (verbal): Uses the image of the sand to signify great multiplication (here of offspring); Job 29:18 likewise uses 'like the sand' to express a desire for many days—shared figurative language of multitude.
  • Genesis 32:12 (allusion): Jacob's appeal that his descendants be 'as the sand of the sea' echoes the sand-as-multitude motif that Job applies to the multiplication of his days.
  • Job 14:5 (structural): Within Job's discourse on human life, this verse asserts that a person's days are fixed/numbered—a thematic counterpart to Job 29:18's reflection on days and hope for long life.
  • Psalm 90:12 (thematic): Speaks of numbering our days and the wisdom that comes from awareness of mortality; relates thematically to Job's meditation on the length and value of his days.
  • Psalm 92:14 (thematic): Describes the righteous flourishing and bearing fruit in old age—echoing Job 29:18's wish to 'die in my nest' after a long, prospering life.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then I said, 'I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.'
  • Then I thought, 'I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix.'
19 My root was spread out to the waters, and the dew lay all night on my branches.

Job.29.19 - Details

Original Text

שרשי פתוח אלי־ מים וטל ילין בקצירי׃

Morphology

  • שרשי: NOUN,m,pl,const
  • פתוח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • וטל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ילין: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • בקצירי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 1:3 (verbal): Uses the same tree-by-streams imagery: a person is like a tree planted by rivers of water, bearing fruit in season and not withering—paralleling Job’s roots spread to water and sustained fruitfulness.
  • Jeremiah 17:8 (verbal): Describes a person as a tree planted by the waters whose roots reach the river, with leaves that stay green and who does not fear drought—closely echoes Job’s root-by-water metaphor.
  • Isaiah 44:4 (verbal): Speaks of springing up like trees beside flowing streams (willows by rivers), echoing the image of vitality and rooting beside water found in Job.
  • Psalm 133:3 (thematic): Compares blessing to the dew of Hermon falling on Zion—connects to Job’s motif of dew abiding on his harvest as a sign of divine blessing and blessing’s life-giving effect.
  • Ezekiel 47:12 (thematic): Describes trees planted along the riverbank that bear fruit and whose leaves are for healing—parallels the life-giving, fruit-producing effect of proximity to water in Job’s image.

Alternative generated candidates

  • My root was spread out by the waters, and the dew lay all night upon my branch.
  • My root was spread out by the waters, and the dew lay all night on my branches.
20 My glory was ever fresh with me, and my bow was renewed in my hand.

Job.29.20 - Details

Original Text

כבודי חדש עמדי וקשתי בידי תחליף׃

Morphology

  • כבודי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1cs
  • חדש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • עמדי: PREP+1cs
  • וקשתי: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,1cs
  • בידי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff1s
  • תחליף: VERB,qal,impf,3,fs

Parallels

  • Isaiah 40:31 (thematic): Both verses speak of renewed strength and vigor granted by God—Job's 'bow is renewed in my hand' parallels Isaiah's promise that those who wait on the LORD will 'renew their strength' and mount up like eagles.
  • Psalm 103:5 (thematic): Psalm language of being satisfied so that 'your youth is renewed like the eagle's' echoes Job's claim that his glory is new and his strength/ability has been restored.
  • Psalm 18:34 (verbal): This verse attributes to God the training of hands for battle and bending of a bow—closely echoing Job's concrete image of a renewed bow in his hand (shared martial vocabulary and hand/bow motif).
  • Psalm 92:14 (thematic): Speaks of bearing fruit and being vigorous in old age, resonating with Job's recollection of restored honor and continued strength despite advancing years.

Alternative generated candidates

  • My glory was fresh in me, and my bow was renewed in my hand.
  • My glory was fresh in me, and my bow was renewed in my hand.
21 They listened to me and were silent; they waited for my counsel.

Job.29.21 - Details

Original Text

לי־ שמעו ויחלו וידמו למו עצתי׃

Morphology

  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
  • ויחלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • וידמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • למו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • עצתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s

Parallels

  • Proverbs 1:5 (thematic): Both verses exhort the value of listening for wisdom: Job remembers people who 'listened' and waited for his counsel, echoing the proverb's call that the wise hear and seek instruction.
  • Proverbs 15:22 (thematic): Emphasizes the importance and authority of counsel for right action; parallels Job's depiction of being a sought‑after adviser whose counsel people heeded.
  • Exodus 18:24 (thematic): After Jethro's advice Moses implements a settled system and 'hearkened' to counsel—paralleling the image of people listening to and waiting for a recognized leader's guidance.
  • 1 Kings 3:28 (thematic): Solomon's wisdom caused all Israel to hear and be impressed by his judgments; similar to Job's memory of times when people awaited and kept silence for his counsel.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Men listened to me and waited, and silence was kept for my counsel.
  • Men listened to me and waited, and kept silence for my counsel.
22 After my words they did not speak; my speech fell upon them like gentle rain.

Job.29.22 - Details

Original Text

אחרי דברי לא ישנו ועלימו תטף מלתי׃

Morphology

  • אחרי: PREP
  • דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ישנו: VERB,qal,pres,3,m,pl
  • ועלימו: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • תטף: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • מלתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Acts 2:37 (thematic): After Peter's speech the hearers are deeply affected and convicted—an example of public words producing a powerful, silent response in the audience.
  • Matthew 7:28-29 (thematic): When Jesus finished teaching the crowds were astonished and silent because of his authority—parallels Job’s description of listeners held in awe after his words.
  • Proverbs 25:11 (verbal): “A word fitly spoken” celebrates the power and aptness of speech to move listeners, echoing Job’s claim that his words had a decisive effect on those who heard them.
  • Habakkuk 2:20 (thematic): “Let all the earth keep silence before the LORD” links the motif of reverent silence in the presence of authoritative speech or presence to Job’s report of enforced silence after his speech.

Alternative generated candidates

  • After my words they spake not again; and my speech dropped upon them.
  • After I spoke they did not speak again; and my speech dropped upon them like rain.
23 They waited for me as for the rain; they opened their mouth wide as for the spring rains.

Job.29.23 - Details

Original Text

ויחלו כמטר לי ופיהם פערו למלקוש׃

Morphology

  • ויחלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • כמטר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ופיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,suff
  • פערו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • למלקוש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 11:14 (verbal): Uses the phrase and concept of the 'former and latter rain' as God’s blessing on the land — the expectation of rain as seasonal blessing parallels Job’s image of people waiting like for rain.
  • Joel 2:23 (verbal): Speaks of the people rejoicing because God will give the former and latter rain — closely echoes the motif of eagerly awaiting rain as a sign of blessing.
  • Hosea 6:3 (verbal): Declares 'he will come to us like the rain, like the latter and former rains' — a near-verbal parallel tying divine visitation/blessing to the imagery of rain.
  • Psalm 72:6 (thematic): Describes the righteous ruler's coming as like rain on mown grass — uses the same benevolent rain imagery to portray blessing and renewal, similar to Job’s simile of people waiting for rain.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They waited for me as for the rain, and they opened their mouth wide as for the spring rain.
  • They waited for me as for the rain, and opened their mouth wide as for summer rain.
24 I smiled at them though they had no confidence; the light of my face was not withheld from them.

Job.29.24 - Details

Original Text

אשחק אלהם לא יאמינו ואור פני לא יפילון׃

Morphology

  • אשחק: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
  • אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יאמינו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • ואור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • יפילון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Numbers 6:25 (verbal): Uses the same motif of the LORD's face shining/’light of the countenance’ (’May the LORD make his face shine upon you’)—verbal and imagistic parallel to Job’s ‘light of my countenance.’
  • Psalm 31:16 (verbal): Prayer that God’s face/brightness shine on the servant (’Let your face shine upon your servant’)—close verbal and thematic resonance with the image of a smiling/countenance bringing light.
  • John 12:37 (thematic): ’Though he had done so many signs before them, they did not believe in him.’ The theme of beneficent action or manifest favor met by unbelief parallels Job’s report that his smile/favor was not believed.
  • Isaiah 53:1 (thematic): Rhetorical question ‘Who has believed what we have heard?’—the motif of unbelief in the face of a proclaimed or displayed reality echoes Job’s lament that his favorable countenance was not believed.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I laughed at them and they did not believe; the light of my countenance they could not forget.
  • I smiled at them when they had no confidence; the light of my face they did not cast down.
25 I chose their way and sat chief; I dwelt as a king among his troops, as one who comforts mourners.

Job.29.25 - Details

Original Text

אבחר דרכם ואשב ראש ואשכון כמלך בגדוד כאשר אבלים ינחם׃

Morphology

  • אבחר: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • דרכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,pl
  • ואשב: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואשכון: VERB,qal,impf,1,,sg
  • כמלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בגדוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כאשר: CONJ
  • אבלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ינחם: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 61:2-3 (verbal): Uses the language of comforting mourners ('to comfort all that mourn')—directly parallels Job’s self‑portrait as one who 'comforteth the mourners.'
  • Proverbs 31:23 (thematic): 'Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land'—echoes Job’s claim to sit as chief/king among leaders, highlighting public honor and authority.
  • Psalm 110:1 (thematic): The motif of 'sitting' in a position of rulership ('Sit at my right hand') and ruling over hosts resonates with Job’s image of sitting 'as a king in the army'—both portray exalted leadership among forces or elders.
  • 2 Corinthians 1:3-4 (thematic): Paul’s description of God comforting us so that we may comfort others parallels Job’s role as one who consoles mourners—an ethic of receiving and passing on consolation.
  • Ezekiel 34:23-24 (thematic): God’s appointment of a shepherd/leader to feed and care for the people parallels Job’s depiction of himself as an honored leader who looks after and comforts the afflicted.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I chose their way and sat as chief, and I dwelt as a king among the troops, as one who comforts mourners.
  • I chose their way and sat as chief, and I lived like a king among his troops, like one who comforts mourners.
1 But now they mock me—men younger than I—whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock.

Job.30.1 - Details

Original Text

ועתה ׀ שחקו עלי צעירים ממני לימים אשר־ מאסתי אבותם לשית עם־ כלבי צאני׃

Morphology

  • ועתה: CONJ
  • שחקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • צעירים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg
  • לימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • מאסתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
  • אבותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
  • לשית: VERB,qal,inf
  • עם: PREP
  • כלבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • צאני: NOUN,m,pl,abs+1s

Parallels

  • Psalm 22:6-8 (verbal): Speaks of being despised and mocked—"I am a worm...scorned by men...all who see me mock me"—closely parallels Job's experience of being scoffed at.
  • Psalm 109:25 (verbal): Uses similar language of public scorn—"I am an object of scorn...when they see me they shake their heads"—paralleling Job's humiliation before younger men.
  • Proverbs 30:11-14 (thematic): Complains about insolent younger generations who disrespect parents and social norms—thematising youth's contempt for elders like Job's younger mockers.
  • Job 17:6 (structural): Internal parallel within Job where the speaker laments being made a byword and spit upon, continuing the book's theme of reversal and public humiliation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • But now they that are younger than I mock me—whose fathers I would have refused to set with the dogs of my flock.
  • But now they that are younger than I mock me, whose fathers I would have disdained to put with the dogs of my flock.
2 What profit is the strength of their hands to me? Their vigor is of no avail.

Job.30.2 - Details

Original Text

גם־ כח ידיהם למה לי עלימו אבד כלח׃

Morphology

  • גם: ADV
  • כח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ידיהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,pl
  • למה: ADV
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • עלימו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • אבד: VERB,qal,infabs
  • כלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 34:15 (verbal): Both verses state the perishing of flesh/people (’all flesh shall perish’), echoing the idea that human strength and life are transient and ultimately fade.
  • Isaiah 40:6-8 (thematic): Compares human life to grass/flower that withers when God’s breath blows — a parallel theme of human frailty and the transience of mortal strength (cf. 'perished like a breath').
  • James 4:14 (thematic): Describes life as a vapour that appears briefly and vanishes, resonating with Job’s image of people/strength vanishing like wind.
  • Psalm 39:5 (thematic): Speaks of the brevity and vanity of human days ('my days are as an handbreadth' / 'man at his best state is altogether vanity'), reflecting the same emphasis on human frailty and futility.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Yes, whosoever was once contemptible by my eyes—whose father I would have scorned to put with the dogs of my flock—
  • For what use are the strength of their hands to me, since their vigor is turned to nothing?
3 They are gaunt and destitute, the night-scavengers who roam the wastes; they pick roots for food.

Job.30.3 - Details

Original Text

בחסר ובכפן גלמוד הערקים ציה אמש שואה ומשאה׃

Morphology

  • בחסר: PREP
  • ובכפן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • גלמוד: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • הערקים: DEF+NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ציה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אמש: ADV
  • שואה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ומשאה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 17:6 (verbal): Job elsewhere uses similar language of being made a byword and mocked daily—continuation of the same complaint about contempt from others.
  • Psalm 22:7-8 (verbal): The psalmist describes being mocked and derided by onlookers (‘they mock me; they shake their heads’), paralleling Job’s experience of ridicule.
  • Psalm 69:8 (thematic): ‘I am become a stranger to my brothers’ echoes Job’s theme of social exile and being estranged from former community.
  • Isaiah 53:3 (thematic): The servant is ‘despised and rejected by men,’ a thematically parallel description of suffering, scorn, and social rejection found in Job 30.
  • Deuteronomy 28:37 (allusion): A curse formula that one will become a byword and object of horror among nations resonates with Job’s portrayal of becoming a taunt and an outcast.

Alternative generated candidates

  • now these are their taunts; the men in whose eyes I was a derision.
  • They are gaunt with hunger, gnawing the dry ground in the waste and desolate, and bray for lack of food.
4 They pluck saltwort among the bushes and the broom-root for their food.

Job.30.4 - Details

Original Text

הקטפים מלוח עלי־ שיח ושרש רתמים לחמם׃

Morphology

  • הקטפים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • מלוח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • שיח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ושרש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,cs
  • רתמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • לחמם: PREP+VERB,qal,inf+PRON,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Psalm 107:4-5 (thematic): Describes people wandering in the desert, hungry and thirsty—parallels Job’s image of the destitute forced to glean wild plants for food.
  • 2 Kings 6:25 (thematic): Famine during the siege of Samaria drives people to desperate and unusual food sources; echoes the picture of scavenging roots and herbs for sustenance.
  • Ezekiel 4:12-15 (thematic): Ezekiel is commanded to eat a meager, harsh diet under judgment—parallels the motif of ingesting plain/wild food as a sign of distress and deprivation.
  • Job 30:1-3 (structural): Immediate context: the surrounding verses likewise portray contempt, humiliation and the poverty of those who mock Job, of whom verse 4 describes the meagre fare (wild leaves and broom roots).

Alternative generated candidates

  • They who pluck at the barren and take the thorn and root for their sustenance.
  • They pick saltwort, and the root of broom for their food.
5 They are driven from men; they cry aloud like outcasts.

Job.30.5 - Details

Original Text

מן־ גו יגרשו יריעו עלימו כגנב׃

Morphology

  • מן: PREP
  • גו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יגרשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • יריעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • עלימו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • כגנב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 24:2-3 (thematic): Describes the powerful driving others from their fields and dispossessing the vulnerable — a close thematic parallel to Job 30’s picture of people being driven away and maltreated.
  • Psalm 69:12-13 (thematic): Speaks of being mocked, reproached and made a byword among people; echoes Job 30’s motif of derision and public scorn directed at the afflicted.
  • Psalm 109:25 (thematic): The psalmist is publicly gaped at and becomes a reproach to the crowd — similar language of communal mockery and pursuit found in Job 30:5.
  • Proverbs 6:30-31 (verbal): Uses the image of a thief and communal response to theft; parallels Job 30:5’s simile ‘like a thief’ in describing social contempt and treatment of the accused.
  • Matthew 5:11-12 (thematic): Jesus’ beatitude for those reviled and persecuted reflects the same experience of unjust public reproach and exile that Job laments in chapter 30.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They are driven forth from the land, men howl after them as after a thief.
  • They are driven out of the world, and men shout after them as after a thief.
6 In the ravines they dwell, in holes of the earth and in cliffs.

Job.30.6 - Details

Original Text

בערוץ נחלים לשכן חרי עפר וכפים׃

Morphology

  • בערוץ: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נחלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • לשכן: VERB,qal,inf
  • חרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וכפים: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Job 2:8 (verbal): Both passages depict the sufferer sitting among ashes/potsherds as a mark of deep humiliation and mourning (shared ritual language of affliction).
  • Isaiah 61:3 (allusion): Contrasts the imagery of 'ashes' and humiliation in Job with the prophetic promise to replace 'ashes' with 'beauty'—shows common symbolic use of ashes for mourning and restoration.
  • Psalm 102:6 (thematic): Employs desert/wilderness imagery to convey isolation and desolation (like 'ravines' or dry streambeds in Job 30:6): both portray abandonment and desolate dwelling.
  • Genesis 3:19 (thematic): Uses dust/earth imagery to express human lowliness and mortality; parallels Job’s language of dust/ash as symbols of humiliation and fragility.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They dwell in the wadis, in holes of the earth and in caves.
  • They dwell in the ravines of the valleys, in caves of the earth and among the rocks.
7 They bray among the bushes and huddle under the thorns.

Job.30.7 - Details

Original Text

בין־ שיחים ינהקו תחת חרול יספחו׃

Morphology

  • בין: PREP
  • שיחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ינהקו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • תחת: PREP
  • חרול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יספחו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Job 29:7 (structural): Contrasts Job’s former honor in the city gate and public respect with his present degradation — Job 30:7 describes him reduced to braying among bushes.
  • Psalm 22:6–7 (thematic): Vivid language of humiliation and public derision—'I am a worm... all who see me mock me; they wag their heads' parallels the image of being scorned and likened to braying animals.
  • Psalm 44:13–14 (thematic): Speaks of being made a byword and laughingstock among peoples, mirroring Job’s depiction of contempt and mockery in lowly places.
  • Isaiah 1:3 (verbal): Uses animal behavior (the ox and the donkey recognizing their owner) as a polemical image; parallels Job’s use of animal imagery (braying) to shame and demean human actors.
  • Psalm 73:8 (thematic): Describes the arrogant scoffing and jeering of the wicked toward the righteous—comparable social scorn and contempt expressed in Job 30:7.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Among the bushes they bray; under the nettles they are gathered together.
  • They bray among the bushes, under the nettles and thorns.
8 They are sons of fools, sons without honor, thrust out from the land.

Job.30.8 - Details

Original Text

בני־ נבל גם־ בני בלי־ שם נכאו מן־ הארץ׃

Morphology

  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • נבל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • גם: ADV
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • בלי: PREP
  • שם: ADV
  • נכאו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
  • מן: PREP
  • הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def

Parallels

  • Job 29:7-10 (structural): Immediate literary contrast: Job recalls former honor and deference from nobles and leaders, which structurally contrasts with Job 30:8’s image of contemptible, nameless men oppressing and driving him out.
  • 1 Samuel 25:3; 25:25-35 (verbal): The name Nabal (נבל) means 'fool'; the phrase 'בני־נבל' ('sons of Nabal'/'sons of fools') echoes the Nabal tradition where folly and reproach are associated with that name (Abigail calls Nabal a fool), creating a verbal link to 'sons of fools' in Job 30:8.
  • Deuteronomy 28:63-64 (thematic): The curse of being scattered and driven from the land parallels Job 30:8’s language of being thrust out of the earth/land (נכאו מן־הארץ), linking personal humiliation with the motif of exile.
  • Psalm 69:8 (thematic): Psalmist's cry 'I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my mother's children' echoes Job’s experience of social rejection and being treated as an outcast by formerly familiar or lowly people.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The sons of the foolish—yes, sons without name—are scattered from the land.
  • The sons of insolence are more than I; their hands were against me and they cast off the restraint of the old.
9 And now I am their song, the byword of their taunts.

Job.30.9 - Details

Original Text

ועתה נגינתם הייתי ואהי להם למלה׃

Morphology

  • ועתה: CONJ
  • נגינתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+suff3,mp
  • הייתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • ואהי: VERB,qal,impf,1,ms,sg
  • להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • למלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 17:6 (verbal): Uses the same idea/wording of being a 'byword' or proverb among the people—directly parallels Job's claim to have become an object of scorn.
  • Job 12:4 (verbal): Job complains of being laughed at and mocked by others—closely parallels the sense of becoming a laughingstock or derision.
  • Psalm 22:7 (thematic): The psalmist describes being mocked and made the object of ridicule ('mocked by all who see me'), resonating with Job's experience of public derision.
  • Psalm 44:14 (thematic): Speaks of being made a reproach and a byword among surrounding peoples—echoes the communal scorn and humiliation expressed in Job 30:9.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And now I am their song, I who once would have sung to them.
  • They strip me of my honor; they take the crown from my head.
10 They loathe me; they keep far from me and do not spare to spit in my face.

Job.30.10 - Details

Original Text

תעבוני רחקו מני ומפני לא־ חשכו רק׃

Morphology

  • תעבוני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
  • רחקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
  • ומפני: CONJ+PREP
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • חשכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • רק: PRT

Parallels

  • Psalm 22:7-8 (thematic): Mockery and scorn of the suffering one—’all who see me mock me…’ parallels Job’s experience of being despised and derided.
  • Psalm 31:11-13 (verbal): Neighbors and acquaintances avoid and flee the sufferer—’my neighbors stand aloof… my acquaintances are gone from me,’ echoing ‘they keep far from me.’
  • Isaiah 50:6 (verbal): Explicit mention of humiliation and spitting—’I gave my back to those who strike… I did not hide my face from shame and spitting,’ paralleling Job’s reproach and physical contempt.
  • Isaiah 53:3 (thematic): The servant is ‘despised and rejected by men,’ thematically parallel to Job’s being abhorred and put at a distance by others.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They abhor me and keep far from me; they do not hesitate to spit at my face.
  • They cast me into the mire and I become like dust and ashes.
11 For the one in whom I trusted has turned against me; they cast me off and are at my path as guards.

Job.30.11 - Details

Original Text

כי־ יתרי פתח ויענני ורסן מפני שלחו׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • יתרי: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,pl
  • פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויענני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,obj1cs
  • ורסן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מפני: PREP
  • שלחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl

Parallels

  • Job 7:4 (thematic): Both verses depict restless suffering and sleepless turmoil—Job speaks elsewhere of tossing and troubled nights, echoing the inward unrest of 30:11.
  • Psalm 39:2-3 (verbal): Psalmist describes being silent while inner sorrow is stirred—parallels the theme of internal agitation and lack of quiet in Job 30:11.
  • Lamentations 3:20 (thematic): “My soul is downcast within me” (or remembers its affliction) parallels Job’s inward turmoil and the recollection/experience of prolonged suffering.
  • Psalm 88:3-6 (thematic): Psalmist’s language of being overwhelmed, placed in darkness and near death resonates with Job’s image of days of affliction taking hold and inner distress.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Because God has loosed my cord and humbles me; they have cast off restraint before me.
  • I cry out to you and you do not answer me; I stand, and you only look at me.
12 On my right hand the young men rise; they push away my feet and heap reproach upon me.

Job.30.12 - Details

Original Text

על־ ימין פרחח יקומו רגלי שלחו ויסלו עלי ארחות אידם׃

Morphology

  • על: PREP
  • ימין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פרחח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יקומו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • רגלי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • שלחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
  • ויסלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ארחות: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • אידם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Ps.109.6 (verbal): Like Job’s “on my right the insolent rise,” Ps 109:6 speaks of an accuser standing at the right hand—similar spatial imagery of adversaries rising to oppose the sufferer.
  • Ps.35.7-8 (thematic): Enemies rise up and lay snares/ambush the psalmist; parallels Job’s picture of mockers rising and pushing away his feet (hostile, treacherous opposition).
  • Ps.38.12 (thematic): Speaks of those who seek the psalmist’s life and set snares—similar theme of persecutors conspiring to trip or overthrow the sufferer’s steps.
  • Prov.1.11-12 (thematic): The exhortation of companions to lie in wait and ambush the innocent echoes Job’s image of insolent men rising and pushing his feet—intentional treachery and attack.
  • Lam.3.52-53 (thematic): Lamentations describes persecutors closing in, laying snares and striking the sufferer—a close thematic parallel to Job’s enemies rising at his right and undermining his steps.

Alternative generated candidates

  • On my right hand rise the youths; they push away my feet and cast up the ways to their face.
  • You have become cruel to me; with the might of your hand you persecute me.
13 They have closed up the way that I might pass; they have made my path a thing of derision and no one helps me.

Job.30.13 - Details

Original Text

נתסו נתיבתי להותי יעילו לא עזר למו׃

Morphology

  • נתסו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • נתיבתי: NOUN,m,sg,poss1
  • להותי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יעילו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • עזר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • למו: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Job 19:19-20 (thematic): Friends and close ones turn away and abandon the sufferer—similar theme of being cast off and having one’s path disrupted so that one may perish.
  • Psalm 35:15-19 (verbal): Enemies gape and rejoice over the sufferer’s calamity and plot his ruin (v.15 uses the image of gaping mouths and rejoicing in another’s disaster), echoing the hostile imagery in Job 30:13.
  • Psalm 31:13 (thematic): Opponents take counsel together to ‘take away my life’ and plot the speaker’s destruction—parallel to others turning the speaker’s path aside toward ruin.
  • Jeremiah 20:10 (thematic): Many conspire and whisper against the prophet, surrounding him with hostile designs; like Job 30:13 this depicts a communal turning against the sufferer intending harm.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They have flung me into the path and I go; my face they have made way for, they do not spare my path.
  • You lift me up to the wind; you make me ride, and dissolve my figure.
14 Like a broad torrent they surge against me; they roll themselves forward in their rage.

Job.30.14 - Details

Original Text

כפרץ רחב יאתיו תחת שאה התגלגלו׃

Morphology

  • כפרץ: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • רחב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יאתיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • תחת: PREP
  • שאה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • התגלגלו: VERB,hitpael,perf,3,pl

Parallels

  • Job 16:12 (verbal): Same book and similar imagery of being broken through/breached by an onslaught — language of breach/breaking upon the sufferer.
  • Psalm 42:7 (thematic): Speaks of breakers and waves rolling over the speaker ('all your breakers and your waves have gone over me'), echoing Job's image of being overwhelmed by a rolling surge.
  • Psalm 69:2–3 (thematic): Describes sinking into deep waters and a flood sweeping over the psalmist — thematically parallel to sudden, engulfing assault imagery in Job 30:14.
  • Isaiah 57:20 (thematic): Uses sea/tossing-wave imagery ('the wicked are like the tossing sea, which cannot rest') conveying restless, surging forces similar to the rolling attack pictured in Job 30:14.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Like a wide breaking of waters it comes upon me; in the night it breaks and I am driven away.
  • For I knew that you would bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living.
15 Without number their terrors pursue me; they chase me like the wind, and my prosperity is carried away like a passing cloud.

Job.30.15 - Details

Original Text

ההפך עלי בלהות תרדף כרוח נדבתי וכעב עברה ישעתי׃

Morphology

  • ההפך: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • בלהות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • תרדף: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • כרוח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נדבתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • וכעב: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עברה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • ישעתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Job 7:9 (verbal): Uses the same cloud simile for transience: “As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away,” echoing Job 30:15’s ‘my salvation/passeth away like a cloud.’
  • Psalm 102:3–4 (verbal): Lament language of swift fading—“my days pass away like smoke”/“my strength fails” — parallels Job’s image of welfare/salvation vanishing like a cloud.
  • Job 16:12–13 (thematic): Job depicts violent assault and pursuit by hostile forces (or God’s attacks) — thematic parallel to 30:15’s ‘terrors… pursue… like the wind.’
  • Jeremiah 4:13 (thematic): Describes an invading force coming ‘as clouds’/‘as a whirlwind,’ using wind-and-cloud imagery to portray pursuing calamity similar to Job 30:15.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Terrors overtake me; my honor is driven away as the wind, and my safety is passed away like a cloud.
  • Yet you would triumph over me in violent agitation; you would multiply my wounds without cause.
16 And now my soul is poured out within me; the days of affliction take hold upon me.

Job.30.16 - Details

Original Text

ועתה עלי תשתפך נפשי יאחזוני ימי־ עני׃

Morphology

  • ועתה: CONJ
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • תשתפך: VERB,hithpael,impf,3,f,sg
  • נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
  • יאחזוני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,obj=1,sg
  • ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • עני: ADJ,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 17:1 (structural): Immediate internal parallel: both verses depict Job's inner collapse and the loss of days—'my spirit is broken / my days are extinct' echoes 'my soul is poured out… the days of affliction have taken hold of me.'
  • Psalm 88:3 (thematic): Similar theme of overwhelming distress: 'For my soul is full of troubles, and my life draws near to Sheol' parallels Job's image of a poured-out soul and days of affliction.
  • Psalm 31:10 (thematic): Both express life consumed by suffering: 'my life is spent with sorrow, and my years with sighing' corresponds to Job's sense that affliction has seized his days and poured out his soul.
  • Isaiah 38:10 (allusion): Hezekiah's lament about days being cut off—'I said, In the cutting off of my days I shall go to the gates of Sheol'—resonates with Job's motif of days of affliction taking hold of him.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And now my soul is poured out within me; days of affliction seize me.
  • You will then break me in pieces with a tempest; you will consume my hope like a storm.
17 Night pierces my bones; my gnawing pains do not rest.

Job.30.17 - Details

Original Text

לילה עצמי נקר מעלי וערקי לא ישכבון׃

Morphology

  • לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עצמי: PRON,1,ms,sg
  • נקר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מעלי: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • וערקי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF:1cs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ישכבון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Job 7:4 (thematic): Job speaks earlier of sleepless nights and tossing until morning—same theme of night-time torment and lack of rest as in 30:17.
  • Psalm 6:6 (verbal): Psalmist describes nights of groaning and tears so that the bed is drenched—parallels the image of night bringing unrelieved distress and no rest.
  • Psalm 6:2 (verbal): Begging for healing because 'my bones are in anguish' (or 'my bones are troubled')—verbal parallel to Job's 'night pierces my bones' motif.
  • Psalm 102:7 (thematic): The speaker lies awake and is like a lonely bird on the housetop—another text linking night wakefulness and suffering.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Night pierces my bones; and my gnawing pains take no rest.
  • You chase me away to destruction, and my dignity passes like the wind; my welfare you make like a cloud.
18 A strong hand strips me of my clothing; it binds my girdle and turns me into grief.

Job.30.18 - Details

Original Text

ברב־ כח יתחפש לבושי כפי כתנתי יאזרני׃

Morphology

  • ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יתחפש: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,sg
  • לבושי: NOUN,m,sg,poss1
  • כפי: PREP
  • כתנתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
  • יאזרני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+1cs

Parallels

  • Psalm 18:32 (verbal): Speaks of God girding or clothing the speaker with strength—close verbal/theme parallel to the image of being 'clothed' or 'girded' with strength.
  • Job 10:10 (thematic): Within Job itself: God is described as clothing or shaping the human body ('clothed me with skin and flesh'), reflecting the motif of God’s action upon the speaker’s garments/body.
  • Isaiah 59:17 (thematic): Describes God putting on garments (righteousness as a breastplate, garments of vengeance), using clothing imagery to express divine power and action akin to being 'clothed' in strength.
  • Zechariah 3:4 (thematic): God (or his angel) changes a man’s filthy garments and clothes him in clean raiment—a related motif of divine alteration of a person’s clothing/status.

Alternative generated candidates

  • By great force my garment is changed; it binds and presses upon me like the collar of my coat.
  • Now my soul is poured out within me; days of affliction take hold upon me.
19 My song is turned to mourning, and I become a byword; I am a reproach to them.

Job.30.19 - Details

Original Text

הרני לחמר ואתמשל כעפר ואפר׃

Morphology

  • הרני: PART+PRON,1,sg
  • לחמר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואתמשל: CONJ+VERB,hithpael,impf,1,_,sg
  • כעפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 10:9 (verbal): Uses the same clay-and-dust language (חֹמֶר/עָפָר): 'You have made me like clay, and will you return me to the dust?'—a close verbal parallel to Job 30:19's humiliation imagery.
  • Genesis 3:19 (verbal): 'For you are dust, and to dust you shall return.' Shares the dust motif that expresses human frailty and mortality echoed in Job 30:19.
  • Psalm 22:15 (thematic): 'I am poured out like water...'; like Job 30:19's image of being reduced to clay and ash, this psalm conveys utter degradation and physical/mental collapse.
  • Psalm 119:25 (thematic): 'My soul clings to the dust' (נַפְשִׁי עָפָר) — another lament using dust imagery to signify abasement and affliction, resonant with Job's self‑depiction as clay/ash.
  • Isaiah 64:8 (allusion): 'Yet you, O LORD, are our Father; we are the clay, and you are our potter.' Uses clay imagery to speak of human contingency and dependence, an implicit theological counterpoint to Job's image of being helplessly molded into dust.

Alternative generated candidates

  • You have turned me to be a buttock of the people, I have become a byword to them.
  • At night my bones are pierced within me, and my gnawing pains find no rest.
20 I cry to you, and you do not answer; I stand, and you regard me not.

Job.30.20 - Details

Original Text

אשוע אליך ולא תענני עמדתי ותתבנן בי׃

Morphology

  • אשוע: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
  • אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • תענני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • עמדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • ותתבנן: VERB,hitpael,imprf,2,m,sg
  • בי: PREP+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 22:2 (verbal): Both speak of crying out to God and not receiving an answer—'I cry to you, and you do not answer' parallels Job's complaint of calling and receiving no response.
  • Habakkuk 1:2 (verbal): Habakkuk's opening question 'How long, O LORD, shall I cry, and you will not hear?' echoes Job's experience of calling to God without reply.
  • Lamentations 3:8 (verbal): Lamentations 3:8 ('When I cry and shout, he shuts out my prayer') expresses the same sense of God refusing or ignoring the petitioner that Job reports.
  • Job 23:8-9 (structural): Within Job, these verses convey the same theme of God's apparent absence—'I go forward, but he is not there'—complementing Job 30:20's complaint of unanswered calling and God's distant watching.
  • Psalm 88:14 (thematic): Both passages lament God's apparent rejection and hiddenness ('Why do you cast off my soul? Why do you hide your face?'), resonating with Job's sense of being unheard and observed without help.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I cry to you, and you do not answer me; I stand, and you regard me not.
  • With the great force of your hand you attack me; you change my countenance, and you crush me.
21 You show yourself cruel to me; with your hand you afflict me sorely.

Job.30.21 - Details

Original Text

תהפך לאכזר לי בעצם ידך תשטמני׃

Morphology

  • תהפך: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • לאכזר: INF,qal,inf
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • בעצם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
  • תשטמני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Job 10:3 (verbal): Job directly accuses God of oppressing and being hostile toward his handiwork (‘Is it good unto thee that thou shouldest oppress…?’), paralleling the charge that God has turned cruel and opposed him with his hand.
  • Job 16:11-12 (thematic): Job depicts God as striking and hiding himself in wrath, treating Job as an enemy — a sustained lament about divine hostility and cruelty similar to 30:21.
  • Psalm 22:1-2 (thematic): The psalmist cries that God seems far and unhelpful (‘why art thou so far from helping me?’), echoing the experience of abandonment and hostile divine action expressed in Job 30:21.
  • Isaiah 63:9-10 (verbal): Isaiah speaks of God’s people provoking his Spirit so that ‘he was turned to be their enemy, and he fought against them,’ a close conceptual parallel to God ‘turning’ and opposing his servant.
  • Lamentations 3:1-2 (thematic): The speaker describes seeing affliction ‘by the rod of his wrath’ and feeling God as the source of suffering—another voice lamenting divine harshness and opposition.

Alternative generated candidates

  • You have become cruel to me; with the strength of your hand you persecute me.
  • You have gazed at me with cruel eyes; you have regarded me as one who is a friend or an enemy.
22 You lead me about in the wind and make me ride upon it; you toss me about in the whirlwind.

Job.30.22 - Details

Original Text

תשאני אל־ רוח תרכיבני ותמגגני תושיה׃

Morphology

  • תשאני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • תרכיבני: VERB,hiph,impf,2,m,sg
  • ותמגגני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • תושיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 30:21 (structural): Immediate context: verses 21–22 form a unit of complaint — 21 depicts God’s hostile regard and persecution, leading directly to 22’s image of being lifted on the wind and having one’s resources/understanding undone.
  • Psalm 18:10 (verbal): Uses closely related imagery of riding/flying on the wind (God ‘rides on the wings of the wind’); Job’s line inverts this motif—Job is made to ride the wind rather than God riding it.
  • Psalm 1:4 (thematic): The wicked are compared to chaff driven by the wind; parallels Job’s sense of helpless instability and being carried away by wind as a marker of ruin or loss of standing.
  • Psalm 78:39 (thematic): Speaks of humans as ‘a wind that passes,’ echoing Job’s theme of human transience and the dissolution of prosperity/understanding when God stirs or abandons a person.

Alternative generated candidates

  • You lift me up on the wind, and you make me ride; you toss me about in the storm.
  • You lift me on the wind; you make me ride, and you dissolve my strength.
23 For I know that you will bring me to death and to the house appointed for all living.

Job.30.23 - Details

Original Text

כי־ ידעתי מות תשיבני ובית מועד לכל־ חי׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • ידעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
  • מות: VERB,qal,infabs
  • תשיבני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • ובית: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,cs
  • מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לכל: PREP
  • חי: ADJ,m,sg

Parallels

  • Ecclesiastes 3:20 (verbal): Both verses state the common destiny of humans and animals — that all go to one place — echoing Job’s ‘house appointed for all the living.’
  • Ecclesiastes 12:7 (thematic): Speaks of the body returning to dust and the spirit to God, paralleling Job’s recognition of death as the appointed end of life.
  • Isaiah 38:10–11 (thematic): Hezekiah’s language about going to the gates of Sheol and dwelling in the house of darkness echoes Job’s expectation of being brought down to the common ‘house’ of the dead.
  • Psalm 139:8 (thematic): Contrasts the universality of death — ‘if I make my bed in Sheol’ — with God’s presence there, highlighting the same concern with the realm appointed for the living that Job mentions.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I know that you will bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living.
  • For I know that you will bring me to death, and to the house appointed for all living.
24 Yet why should I not have hope, when the flame has not consumed me?—I reap only sorrow.

Job.30.24 - Details

Original Text

אך לא־ בעי ישלח־ יד אם־ בפידו להן שוע׃

Morphology

  • אך: PART
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • בעי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אם: CONJ
  • בפידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
  • להן: PREP+PRON,3,f,pl
  • שוע: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 49:6-7 (thematic): Condemns trusting in wealth and riches as a confident hope—parallels Job’s rejection of placing confidence in gold.
  • Proverbs 11:28 (thematic): “He who trusts in his riches will fall” echoes the warning against making wealth one’s security.
  • Jeremiah 17:5-8 (thematic): Contrasts trust in man or mortal means (including riches) with trusting in the LORD—similar critique of misplaced confidence.
  • 1 Timothy 6:17 (thematic): Paul’s instruction not to set hope on uncertain riches parallels Job’s refusal to make gold his trust.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Yet would not one stretch out a hand to help me? No; you have turned away and hid your face from me.
  • Yet you would not allow my complaint to reach you; if I cried out, 'Violence!' I would not be heard.
25 Did I not cry out against the hard times? Is not my soul grieved for the poor?

Job.30.25 - Details

Original Text

אם־ לא בכיתי לקשה־ יום עגמה נפשי לאביון׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • בכיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,na,sg
  • לקשה: PREP
  • יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עגמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
  • לאביון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 30:20 (verbal): Immediate internal parallel in the same lament cycle: both verses portray Job crying out to God and receiving no response—expressions of unanswered prayer and abandonment.
  • Lamentations 3:8 (verbal): Same theme and near-verbal idea: when the speaker cries out, God 'shuts out' or does not heed the prayer—an image of anguish at unheeded cries.
  • Psalm 13:1 (thematic): A short plaint asking how long God will hide his face and not hear the psalmist’s cries; parallels Job’s complaint of crying without an answer.
  • Psalm 22:1 (thematic): An anguished cry of abandonment ('My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?') that echoes Job’s experience of divine silence amid suffering.
  • Psalm 102:1–2 (thematic): An explicit plea 'Hear my prayer; let my cry come unto thee' that reflects the motif of crying to God in distress and the yearning for a response found in Job 30:25.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have cried out to you, would you not answer me? and if I have been in distress, would you not relieve me?
  • My complaint is bitter; my hand is heavy in my groaning and my soul will not be relieved.
26 For I hoped for good, but evil came; I waited for light, and darkness came.

Job.30.26 - Details

Original Text

כי טוב קויתי ויבא רע ואיחלה לאור ויבא אפל׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • קויתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • ואיחלה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • לאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • אפל: ADV

Parallels

  • Job 3:25 (verbal): Both verses express the arrival of what was feared—hope for good is frustrated by the coming of calamity (’that which I feared came upon me’), closely matching Job 30:26’s contrast of hoped-for good vs. ensuing evil.
  • Lamentations 3:18 (thematic): Both voice a loss of hope in the face of suffering: the speaker expected better from the LORD but experiences despair (’my hope from the LORD is gone’), paralleling Job’s hoped-for light turned to darkness.
  • Isaiah 8:22 (thematic): Isaiah depicts people looking for light but finding distress and darkness—echoing the imagery of awaiting light and receiving darkness in Job 30:26.
  • Amos 5:18 (thematic): Amos warns that what some desire as a day of the Lord will be ‘darkness, not light,’ mirroring Job’s reversal of expectation where anticipated good or light becomes evil or darkness.

Alternative generated candidates

  • But I cried, 'Goodness!' and no evil came; I waited for light, and behold, darkness.
  • I thought, 'My strength will make me safe,' and then the goodness of my house will continue.
27 My inward parts boil and have no rest; days of affliction confront me.

Job.30.27 - Details

Original Text

מעי רתחו ולא־ דמו קדמני ימי־ עני׃

Morphology

  • מעי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • רתחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • ולא: CONJ
  • דמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3ms
  • קדמני: ADV
  • ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • עני: ADJ,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 22:14 (verbal): Both use intense inward imagery of melting/boiling within ("my heart is like wax; it is melted within my breast") to convey internal torment similar to Job's 'my inward parts are in turmoil.'
  • Lamentations 2:11 (verbal): Lamentations speaks of eyes failing and 'bowels' being troubled—language of bodily anguish that parallels Job's description of his inner organs in turmoil.
  • Psalm 31:10 (thematic): Expresses life consumed by sorrow and years wasted in sighing—a thematic parallel to Job's sense that days of affliction have come upon him.
  • Job 7:6 (structural): Within the same book, Job laments the brevity and misery of his days ('My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle'), echoing the present verse's emphasis on afflicting days and personal distress.

Alternative generated candidates

  • My inward parts are in turmoil and have no rest; days of affliction come upon me.
  • Yet you have turned out for me cruel things; you torment me with the fierceness of your wrath.
28 I go about darkened without sunshine; I stand in the assembly and cry for help.

Job.30.28 - Details

Original Text

קדר הלכתי בלא חמה קמתי בקהל אשוע׃

Morphology

  • קדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הלכתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
  • בלא: PREP
  • חמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • קמתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
  • בקהל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשוע: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 22:1-2 (thematic): Public cry of abandonment and lament—'My God, my God... I cry' parallels Job's public appeal and sense of being forsaken when he stands in the assembly and calls for help.
  • Psalm 69:8-9 (thematic): Alienation and public reproach—'I am a stranger to my brothers' and the reproaches falling on the psalmist echo Job's humiliation and his standing before the community seeking aid.
  • Psalm 88:7-9 (thematic): Darkness and overwhelming affliction—language of being engulfed by darkness and cut off from companions parallels Job's 'I go about darkened, not by the sun' and his isolation.
  • Job 30:20 (structural): Immediate internal parallel—earlier in the same speech Job laments that his cries to God go unanswered, directly connected to his rising in the assembly to call for help in v.28.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I go about in darkness without light; I am raised up in the assembly and cry for help.
  • You have caused me to possess ashes, and I am reduced to dust and mire.
29 I have become a companion to jackals and a brother to ostriches.

Job.30.29 - Details

Original Text

אח הייתי לתנים ורע לבנות יענה׃

Morphology

  • אח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הייתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • לתנים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ורע: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • לבנות: ADJ,f,pl,abs
  • יענה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 102:6-7 (verbal): The psalmist likens himself to desert birds ('a pelican of the wilderness; an owl of the desert'), echoing Job’s self‑identification with wild, solitary creatures and the theme of isolation.
  • Isaiah 13:21-22 (verbal): Lists ostriches and jackals among the creatures inhabiting a ruined land; shares the same animal imagery (jackals, ostriches) used to depict desolation and humiliation.
  • Isaiah 34:13-15 (thematic): Describes a devastated landscape given over to wild animals and night creatures; parallels Job’s sense of being reduced to the company of beasts and the motif of utter desolation.
  • Lamentations 4:3 (thematic): Uses jackals and ostriches to symbolize abandonment and suffering among God’s people; resonates with Job’s humiliation and comparison of himself to such creatures.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I am a brother to jackals, and a companion to ostriches.
  • I am become a byword to men, and I am one before whom men spit.
30 My skin is loathsome upon me and my frame is burned with fever.

Job.30.30 - Details

Original Text

עורי שחר מעלי ועצמי־ חרה מני־ חרב׃

Morphology

  • עורי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
  • שחר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מעלי: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ועצמי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
  • חרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
  • חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Lamentations 5:10 (verbal): Both texts use imagery of skin darkened by heat/famine ('skin like an oven' / 'my skin is black') and evoke scorching/heat as part of bodily suffering.
  • Job 2:7 (structural): Within the same book, this verse (Job scraping himself with a potsherd) parallels the theme of extreme physical affliction and degradation that culminates in Job 30:30's description of burned/blackened body.
  • Psalm 38:3-4 (thematic): Both passages portray severe bodily distress—bones and flesh afflicted by pain/heat—and link physical suffering with lament and the sense of God's anger or calamity.
  • Isaiah 1:6 (thematic): Isaiah's catalogue of wounds, burns and unhealed sores parallels Job 30:30's graphic bodily imagery, employing corporeal injury to express communal or individual suffering.

Alternative generated candidates

  • My skin grows black and peels; my bones burn with fever.
  • My eye has grown dim by reason of sorrow, and all my members are like a shadow.
31 My harp has turned to mourning and my flute into the voice of those who weep.

Job.30.31 - Details

Original Text

ויהי לאבל כנרי ועגבי לקול בכים׃

Morphology

  • ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • לאבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כנרי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ועגבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss,1,sg
  • לקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 137:2–3 (thematic): Exiles hang up their harps and refuse to sing—instrumental music associated with mourning and inability to rejoice, paralleling Job’s harp turned to lament.
  • Lamentations 5:15 (verbal): “The joy of our heart is ceased; our dance is turned into mourning” — closely parallel language and imagery of joy/instrumental expression converted into mourning.
  • Isaiah 24:8–9 (verbal): Mirth, tambourines and joy cease and the noise of them that rejoice is stilled—similar motif of musical instruments and celebration giving way to silence and sorrow.
  • Amos 5:23 (thematic): “Take thou away from me the noise of thy songs...” — expresses that song and music are inappropriate amid judgment and grief, resonating with the turning of instruments to weeping.

Alternative generated candidates

  • My harp is turned to mourning, and my pipe into the voice of those who weep.
  • My harp is turned to mourning, and my music into the voice of them that weep.
1 I made a covenant with my eyes—how then could I look upon a maiden?

Job.31.1 - Details

Original Text

ברית כרתי לעיני ומה אתבונן על־ בתולה׃

Morphology

  • ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • כרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • לעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • ומה: CONJ+PRON,int
  • אתבונן: VERB,hitpael,impf,1,sg
  • על: PREP
  • בתולה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 101:3 (verbal): Both verses express deliberate control of the eyes—Job makes a 'covenant' with his eyes, and the psalmist vows not to 'set anything worthless before my eyes,' linking moral purity with regulated vision.
  • Proverbs 6:25 (thematic): Warns against desiring a woman's beauty and being captured by her—parallel to Job's commitment not to fixate or covenant-break by gazing at a virgin; both emphasize guarding desire.
  • Matthew 5:28 (thematic): Jesus teaches that looking with lust is akin to adultery of the heart—echoing Job's concern that an unrestrained gaze leads to moral culpability, hence the need to bind the eyes by covenant.
  • 2 Samuel 11:2–4 (thematic): David's sight of Bathsheba and ensuing sin provides a narrative example of how an uncontrolled gaze can initiate grave moral failure, illustrating why Job vows to guard his eyes.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I made a covenant with my eyes—how then could I look upon a virgin?
  • I made a covenant with my eyes; how then could I look upon a virgin?
2 What portion has God above, and what inheritance has the Almighty on high?

Job.31.2 - Details

Original Text

ומה ׀ חלק אלוה ממעל ונחלת שדי ממרמים׃

Morphology

  • ומה: CONJ+PRON,int
  • חלק: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ממעל: ADV
  • ונחלת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ממרמים: PREP

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 32:9 (verbal): Uses the same semantic pair — 'portion' (חלק/חֶלְקַת) and 'inheritance' (נחלה/נַחֲלָה) — speaking of God's allotment of a people as his portion/heritage.
  • Psalm 16:5 (verbal): Presents the converse idea in closely related vocabulary: 'The LORD is my portion and my cup' (YHWH as חלק/portion and נחלה/heritage), echoing the language of 'portion' and 'inheritance'.
  • Psalm 47:4 (thematic): Speaks of God choosing an inheritance for his people ('He chose our inheritance' — נָחָלָה), thematically parallel to Job's question about what portion or inheritance belongs to the Almighty.

Alternative generated candidates

  • What portion does God above have from me, and what heritage the Almighty from on high?
  • What portion is God above from on high, and what inheritance the Almighty from on high?
3 Is not man subject to toil and estranged from the workers of iniquity?

Job.31.3 - Details

Original Text

הלא־ איד לעול ונכר לפעלי און׃

Morphology

  • הלא: PART
  • איד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לעול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונכר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לפעלי: PREP
  • און: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Psalm 1:6 (thematic): Contrasts fate of the righteous and the wicked; like Job 31:3 it asserts that the way/ end of the wicked leads to destruction while the righteous have a different outcome.
  • Psalm 37:38 (thematic): Declares that transgressors will be destroyed and the future of the wicked cut off, paralleling Job’s claim that calamity attends the workers of iniquity.
  • Psalm 34:21 (verbal): States that evil will slay the wicked and those who hate the righteous will be condemned—echoing the direct connection between wickedness and disaster found in Job 31:3.
  • Proverbs 11:21 (thematic): Affirms that the wicked and sinners will face consequences on earth, paralleling Job’s assertion that destruction belongs to the workers of iniquity.
  • Isaiah 3:11 (verbal): Pronounces woe upon the wicked and foretells ill for them—similar language and the same theological judgment that evil-doers will suffer calamity as in Job 31:3.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Is not destruction for the wicked, and a strange fate for those who work iniquity?
  • Is not destruction for the wicked, and a strange fate for those who do iniquity?
4 Does he not see my ways and count all my steps?

Job.31.4 - Details

Original Text

הלא־ הוא יראה דרכי וכל־ צעדי יספור׃

Morphology

  • הלא: PART
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • יראה: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • דרכי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,_,sg
  • וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
  • צעדי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • יספור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 139:1-3 (thematic): Both passages stress God's intimate knowledge of a person's life—He searches/knows one's ways, thoughts, and paths, implying nothing is hidden from Him.
  • Proverbs 5:21 (verbal): Uses similar language about a man's ways being before the eyes of the LORD and God watching all his paths, echoing Job's claim that God sees and counts his steps.
  • Psalm 33:13-15 (verbal): Declares that the LORD looks down from heaven and sees all people and their deeds, closely paralleling Job's assertion that God observes and numbers his steps.
  • Hebrews 4:13 (thematic): New Testament reflection on divine omniscience and accountability—nothing is hidden from God's sight, resonating with Job's confidence that God sees and records his ways.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Does he not see my ways and number all my steps?
  • Does not he see my ways and number all my steps?
5 If my foot has turned aside to falsehood and my heart has walked after deceit—

Job.31.5 - Details

Original Text

אם־ הלכתי עם־ שוא ותחש על־ מרמה רגלי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • הלכתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
  • עם: PREP
  • שוא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותחש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • מרמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • רגלי: NOUN,f,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Psalm 26:1 (verbal): Both verses use the language of 'walking' to assert moral standing; Psalm 26:1 speaks of walking in integrity as a claim of innocence, parallel to Job's denial of walking 'with falsehood.'
  • Proverbs 6:12 (verbal): Proverbs describes a wicked person who 'walks with a perverse mouth' (or walks in perversity), echoing the imagery of walking together with deceit or falsehood in Job 31:5.
  • Isaiah 33:15 (thematic): Isaiah contrasts righteous walking and upright speech with exclusion of deceitful behavior—themewise similar to Job's conditional denunciation of having 'walked with falsehood.'
  • Psalm 101:2 (thematic): Psalmist vows to 'walk within my house with a perfect heart,' a statement of personal integrity that parallels Job's concern to deny any walk marked by falsehood or deceit.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If my step has turned aside from the way, and my heart walked after my eyes and my hand embraced a stranger,
  • If I have walked with falsehood and my foot has hastened to deceit—
6 let God weigh me in a just balance, and let God know my integrity.

Job.31.6 - Details

Original Text

ישקלני במאזני־ צדק וידע אלוה תמתי׃

Morphology

  • ישקלני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • במאזני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+1,sg
  • צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אלוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תמתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 11:1 (verbal): Uses the imagery of balances/weights and divine concern for just measures—parallels Job's request to be weighed in just scales.
  • Proverbs 16:11 (verbal): Declares that just balances and scales belong to the LORD, echoing the motif of God as judge who measures righteousness.
  • Psalm 26:1 (thematic): A plea for vindication based on integrity—'vindicate me, O LORD, for I have walked in mine integrity' parallels Job's claim that God would know his innocence.
  • Jeremiah 17:10 (thematic): Affirms that the LORD searches hearts and tests reins—resonates with Job's appeal that God would 'know' or examine his integrity.
  • Job 27:6 (thematic): Job's own insistence that he holds fast to his righteousness and that his heart reproaches him not mirrors the self-defense of integrity in 31:6.

Alternative generated candidates

  • then let me be weighed in an even balance, and let God know my integrity.
  • let God weigh me in an even balance, and let God know my integrity.
7 If my heart has been enticed by a woman, or if I have lain in wait at my neighbor's door—

Job.31.7 - Details

Original Text

אם תטה אשרי מני הדרך ואחר עיני הלך לבי ובכפי דבק מאום׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • תטה: VERB,qal,imperf,2,m,sg
  • אשרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
  • הדרך: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ואחר: CONJ
  • עיני: NOUN,f,pl,cons+1s
  • הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • ובכפי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • דבק: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מאום: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Job 31:1 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same speech: Job earlier states he 'made a covenant with his eyes,' closely related to 31:7's concern that his heart not 'walk after his eyes.'
  • Proverbs 6:25 (verbal): Warning against lust: 'Do not lust after her beauty in your heart' echoes the idea of the heart following the eyes and yielding to desire.
  • Psalm 119:37 (thematic): Petition to 'turn my eyes from looking at vanity' aligns with the ethical imperative to restrain the eyes and thus the heart.
  • Matthew 5:28 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that looking lustfully is tantamount to adultery reflects the moral link between sight, the heart's desires, and culpability found in Job 31:7.
  • Genesis 39:9,12 (structural): Narrative example of resisting sexual temptation: Joseph refuses Potiphar's wife's advances—an enacted counterpart to Job's claim of guarding his steps, heart, and hands.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If my step has turned aside from the way, and my heart has walked after my eyes, and if any spot has stuck to my hands,
  • If my step has turned aside from the way, and my heart has gone after my eyes and the thing which they desired—
8 let others pluck what I have planted, and let my offspring be rooted out.

Job.31.8 - Details

Original Text

אזרעה ואחר יאכל וצאצאי ישרשו׃

Morphology

  • אזרעה: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
  • ואחר: CONJ
  • יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • וצאצאי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • ישרשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 28:30 (verbal): Curse formula: 'you shall plant a vineyard and not enjoy its fruit'—echoes the image of sowing/planting yet another (or others) eating the produce and the planter not benefiting.
  • Isaiah 65:21-23 (thematic): A positive antonym: the promised restoration that people 'shall build and inhabit' and 'shall plant vineyards and eat their fruit' contrasts with the injustice of planting while others eat.
  • Leviticus 19:9-10 (structural): Cultic/ethical law commanding owners to leave gleanings for the poor and stranger—addresses the social problem behind the image of someone's seed being taken or others eating what was sown.
  • Job 31:38 (verbal): Immediate parallel within Job's oath: nearby verses speak of the land crying out and the furrows complaining if the speaker had unjustly deprived the land or heirs—same semantic field of sowing, reaping, and dispossession.

Alternative generated candidates

  • then let my wife grind for another, and let others bow down upon her.
  • then I would sow and another eat, and my offspring would not be rooted.
9 If my heart has been enticed by a woman and I have kept watch at my neighbor's doorway—

Job.31.9 - Details

Original Text

אם־ נפתה לבי על־ אשה ועל־ פתח רעי ארבתי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • נפתה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • על: PREP
  • אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ועל: CONJ+PREP
  • פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • רעי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • ארבתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg

Parallels

  • Job 31:1 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same speech: Job vows a covenant with his eyes to avoid lust, setting the framework for refusing to be enticed by a woman.
  • Proverbs 6:25 (verbal): Explicit warning not to desire a woman’s beauty or be captivated by her—language and moral concern closely mirror Job’s refusal to let his heart be enticed.
  • Proverbs 5:3-6 (thematic): A sustained admonition against the seductress and the dangers of yielding to sexual temptation, thematically parallel to Job’s vigilance.
  • Matthew 5:28 (thematic): Jesus’ teaching that looking lustfully is adultery of the heart parallels Job’s focus on inner intent and resisting enticement.
  • Deuteronomy 22:22 (structural): Legal prohibition and sanction against adultery in the covenant community—provides the social/legal backdrop for Job’s personal vow to avoid sexual wrongdoing.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For that would be a heinous crime and an offense deserving of judgment;
  • If my heart has been enticed by a woman, or I have laid wait at my neighbor’s door—
10 let my wife be given to another and let strangers lie with her.

Job.31.10 - Details

Original Text

תטחן לאחר אשתי ועליה יכרעון אחרין׃

Morphology

  • תטחן: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • לאחר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s
  • ועליה: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • יכרעון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • אחרין: NOUN,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Job 31:9-12 (structural): Immediate context of the same vow: Job spells out the consequence he asks if he had pursued another man's wife—he invokes disgrace for his own wife (’let my wife grind for another’), making this verse part of a larger self‑curse against sexual unfaithfulness.
  • Numbers 5:11-31 (thematic): The jealous‑husband ritual for a suspected adulterous wife addresses communal concern and ceremonial consequences when a wife’s fidelity is in question, paralleling Job’s invocation of shame upon his wife as a penalty for his own alleged lust.
  • Deuteronomy 22:22-29 (thematic): Laws prescribing social and legal sanctions concerning sexual relations (adultery, rape) reflect the ancient Near Eastern focus on marital fidelity and its public consequences, resonating with Job’s appeal to a dishonoring fate for his wife if he had been unfaithful.
  • Proverbs 6:25-29 (verbal): Proverbs warns of the ruinous results of illicit sexual relations (loss of honor, destruction of self and home), thematically close to Job’s formulation that adulterous desire would deserve severe public shame for one’s household.
  • Hosea 2:2-5 (allusion): God’s prophetic imagery of Israel as an unfaithful wife exposed to shame and to her lovers parallels Job’s motif of a wife given or degraded to others as the fitting consequence for infidelity—both use marriage and public dishonor to portray moral breach.

Alternative generated candidates

  • for it is a fire that would devour to destruction and would root up all my increase.
  • then let my wife grind for another, and let others bow down upon her.
11 For that would be a shameful thing and a dreadful crime.

Job.31.11 - Details

Original Text

כי־ היא זמה והוא עון פלילים׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • זמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
  • עון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פלילים: ADJ,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 6:32-33 (thematic): Both passages treat sexual unfaithfulness as a grave offense that brings shame and serious consequences to the transgressor.
  • Exodus 20:14 (thematic): The Decalogue's prohibition of adultery frames sexual unfaithfulness as a fundamental moral sin, paralleling Job's characterization of such conduct as a culpable offense.
  • Matthew 5:27-28 (thematic): Jesus expands the scope of adultery to include lustful intent, resonating with Job's concern for inner purity and the seriousness of sexual sin.
  • Proverbs 7:6-27 (thematic): This narrative of seduction and its ruinous outcome echoes Job's denunciation of illicit sexual conduct as a destructive transgression.
  • Genesis 39:7-12 (allusion): Joseph's refusal of Potiphar's wife exemplifies resisting sexual temptation and maintaining innocence, illustrating the kind of integrity Job claims in rejecting adultery.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I despised the cause of my manservant or my maidservant when they contended with me,
  • For that would be a heinous crime, and it would be an iniquity to be punished by the judges.
12 For it is a fire that consumes to destruction and would root up all my increase.

Job.31.12 - Details

Original Text

כי אש היא עד־ אבדון תאכל ובכל־ תבואתי תשרש׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • עד: PREP
  • אבדון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • ובכל: CONJ+PREP
  • תבואתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s
  • תשרש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 32:22 (verbal): Uses very similar language of God’s anger as a kindled fire that will consume and destroy 'with her increase' — parallel imagery of a fire that utterly consumes growth/offspring.
  • Proverbs 6:27 (thematic): Warns that sexual sin is like taking fire into one’s bosom (with burning consequences). The proverb’s fire-imagery functions like Job’s: illicit passion can lead to consuming ruin.
  • Malachi 4:1 (thematic): Speaks of the coming day that will 'burn as an oven' and consume the wicked like stubble — comparable eschatological/judicial fire-language for total destruction.
  • Ezekiel 20:47 (structural): Declares that God will kindle a fire that 'shall devour every green tree and every dry tree' — similar structural image of fire destroying all growth, echoing Job’s 'root out all my increase.'

Alternative generated candidates

  • what then shall I do when God rises up? and when he visits, what shall I answer him?
  • For it is a fire that devours to Abaddon; it would root out my reward.
13 If I have despised the cause of my servant or of my maid when they contested with me—

Job.31.13 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אמאס משפט עבדי ואמתי ברבם עמדי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אמאס: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • משפט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עבדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • ואמתי: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+1s
  • ברבם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3m
  • עמדי: PREP+1cs

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 24:14-15 (thematic): Legal injunction not to oppress hired servants and to pay their wages promptly—parallels Job’s assertion that he would not deny justice to his servants.
  • Leviticus 19:13 (thematic): Command not to defraud or rob a neighbor and to pay wages; relates to the moral duty to treat workers fairly, echoed in Job’s claim.
  • Malachi 3:5 (thematic): God’s condemnation of those who oppress hirelings, widows, and orphans—themewise connection to Job’s protest that he did not mistreat his servants.
  • James 5:4 (allusion): New Testament denunciation of withholding wages from laborers; echoes the OT concern for justice toward servants that Job affirms.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Did not he who made me in the womb make him? and did not one fashion us in the womb?
  • If I have despised the cause of my manservant or of my maid, when they contended with me;
14 what would I do when God rises, when he inquires, what shall I answer him?

Job.31.14 - Details

Original Text

ומה אעשה כי־ יקום אל וכי־ יפקד מה אשיבנו׃

Morphology

  • ומה: CONJ+PRON,int
  • אעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • יקום: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • וכי: CONJ
  • יפקד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מה: PRON,int
  • אשיבנו: VERB,hiph,imf,1,m,sg,suf:3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Job 40:4-5 (verbal): Job's later response to God's appearance: the same rhetorical question 'What shall I answer thee?' and the admission of inability to reply (laying hand on mouth).
  • Job 9:3 (verbal): Job observes the impossibility of contending with God: 'If one would contend with him, he cannot answer him one of a thousand,' echoing the theme of being unable to answer God.
  • Psalm 130:3 (thematic): Rhetorical acknowledgement of human guilt before God: 'If you, O LORD, should mark iniquities, O Lord, who could stand?'—similar concern about what one can say or answer before divine judgment.
  • Proverbs 20:9 (thematic): The question 'Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin?' parallels Job's uncertainty about how to answer God when he comes to examine human conduct.
  • Romans 3:19-20 (thematic): Paul's argument that the law leaves 'every mouth... stopped' and no one can be justified by works resonates with Job's recognition that a person has no adequate answer before God's visitation and judgment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail,
  • what then shall I do when God rises up? And when he requires of me, what shall I answer him?
15 Did not he who made me make him? Did not the same one fashion us in the womb?

Job.31.15 - Details

Original Text

ה‍לא־ בבטן עשני עשהו ויכננו ברחם אחד׃

Morphology

  • ה: PART
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • בבטן: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • עשני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+1,sg
  • עשהו: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg+3,m,sg
  • ויכננו: VERB,piel,impf,3,m,sg
  • ברחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אחד: NUM,card,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 139:13 (verbal): Both verses speak of God forming/knitting a person in the womb (’formed my inward parts / knit me together in my mother’s womb’), echoing the same language of divine prenatal formation.
  • Jeremiah 1:5 (allusion): God’s declaration ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you’ parallels Job’s appeal to the maker in the womb—both presuppose personal divine formation and knowledge before birth.
  • Isaiah 44:2 (verbal): Isaiah 44:2 addresses the one ‘whom I formed from the womb,’ using the same motif of God as the creator who fashions a person in the womb, similar to Job’s claim that the same One made him and others in the womb.
  • Job 10:8–12 (structural): Within Job’s own speeches he earlier attributes his formation to God’s hands and craftsmanship (‘Your hands fashioned me…’), using the same theme and language of divine workmanship that underlies 31:15.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I have eaten my morsel alone, and the fatherless has not eaten thereof;
  • Did not he who made me in the womb make him? And did not one fashion us in the womb?
16 If I have withheld from the poor what they desired, or caused the eyes of the widow to fail—

Job.31.16 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אמנע מחפץ דלים ועיני אלמנה אכלה׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אמנע: VERB,qal,impf,1,com,sg
  • מחפץ: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • דלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ועיני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • אלמנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אכלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 24:19-21 (thematic): Commands to leave gleanings for the poor, widow and stranger echo Job’s concern not to withhold what the needy desire or to harm widows’ sustenance.
  • Exodus 22:22-24 (thematic): Explicit prohibition against afflicting widows and orphans and warning of divine vengeance parallels Job’s self-examination about harming the widow.
  • Psalm 82:3-4 (thematic): Call to defend the weak and rescue the poor and needy corresponds to Job’s affirmation that he would not deprive the poor or cause a widow to lose hope.
  • Isaiah 10:2 (verbal): Condemnation of those who ‘turn aside the needy from justice’ and rob the poor echoes Job’s language about withholding the desires of the poor and denying justice.
  • Psalm 146:9 (thematic): Assertion that the Lord protects the stranger, sustains the widow and the orphan resonates with Job’s appeal to his treatment of widows and the poor as evidence of righteousness.

Alternative generated candidates

  • for from my youth he grew up with me as with a father, and from my mother's womb I guided her.
  • If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail—
17 if I have eaten my morsel alone and not shared it with the orphan—

Job.31.17 - Details

Original Text

ואכל פתי לבדי ולא־ אכל יתום ממנה׃

Morphology

  • ואכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • פתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לבדי: ADV,sg,suff,1,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • אכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יתום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ממנה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Exodus 22:22-24 (thematic): Commands not to afflict or take advantage of widows and fatherless—connects thematically to Job’s denial of eating the orphan’s food and his concern for vulnerable dependents.
  • Leviticus 19:9-10 (structural): Laws requiring farmers to leave gleanings for the poor and stranger; parallels Job’s ethical awareness about not consuming or depriving the needy of sustenance.
  • Deuteronomy 24:14-15 (thematic): Prohibition against withholding fair wages and oppressing the hired or needy—reflects the same social-justice ethic underlying Job’s claim he did not eat the orphan’s bread.
  • Psalm 82:3 (verbal): “Defend the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the poor and oppressed” — a direct moral imperative parallel to Job’s defense that he did not exploit the fatherless.
  • Isaiah 1:17 (thematic): Call to ‘learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; defend the fatherless’—echoes Job’s rhetorical insistence that he did not take food from orphans and cared for the vulnerable.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering;
  • if I have eaten my morsel alone, and the fatherless has not eaten thereof;
18 for from my youth I was father to the poor and I guided the widow from my mother's womb—

Job.31.18 - Details

Original Text

כי מנעורי גדלני כאב ומבטן אמי אנחנה׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • מנעורי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,sg
  • גדלני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,obj:1,sg
  • כאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ומבטן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אמי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אנחנה: PRON,1,pl

Parallels

  • Psalm 139:13–16 (verbal): Speaks of God’s intimate work in the speaker’s formation and life ‘in my mother’s womb,’ echoing Job’s language of nurture and presence from the womb/youth.
  • Psalm 22:9–10 (verbal): Declares that God took the psalmist from the womb and has been with him since infancy—parallels Job’s claim of God’s presence and care from his youth.
  • Psalm 71:6 (verbal): ‘By thee have I been holden up from my mother’s womb’ uses almost the same motif of divine sustenance and guidance from birth as Job 31:18.
  • Jeremiah 1:5 (thematic): God’s knowledge/formation of the prophet before and from the womb echoes the theme of a lifelong, divinely rooted relationship beginning in the womb/youth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if his loins have not blessed me, and if he was not warmed with the fleece of my sheep;
  • for from my youth he grew up with me as with a father, and from my mother’s womb I guided the widow.
19 if I saw anyone perishing for lack of clothing and the poor without covering—

Job.31.19 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אראה אובד מבלי לבוש ואין כסות לאביון׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אראה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • אובד: VERB,qal,ptc,?,m,sg
  • מבלי: PREP
  • לבוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
  • כסות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לאביון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Isaiah 58:7 (verbal): Explicitly mentions sharing bread and clothing the naked—directly parallels Job’s concern about seeing the destitute without garments or cover.
  • James 2:15-16 (verbal): Uses nearly the same concrete situation—brother or sister without clothes and lacking food—to condemn failure to provide aid; closely mirrors Job’s rhetorical moral claim.
  • Matthew 25:35-36,40 (thematic): Jesus lists ‘naked and you clothed me’ among acts of mercy judged as service to Christ, echoing the moral weight Job places on providing clothing to the needy.
  • Deuteronomy 15:7-8 (structural): Law commanding openness of hand to the poor and not hardening the heart when a needy person lacks resources; provides the covenantal/ethical background for Job’s insistence he would not let someone lack clothing.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless when I saw my help in the gate;
  • If I have seen any perish for lack of clothing, or that the needy had no covering;
20 if I did not clothe the poor with my cloak or cover him with the fleece of my sheep—

Job.31.20 - Details

Original Text

אם־ לא ברכוני חלציו ומגז כבשי יתחמם׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ברכוני: NOUN,m,pl,poss1s
  • חלציו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ומגז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כבשי: NOUN,m,pl,poss1s
  • יתחמם: VERB,hitp,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 58:7 (verbal): Both passages demand practical charity—feeding the hungry and clothing the naked; Isaiah’s ‘cover the naked’ language closely parallels Job’s concern for providing garments/covering to the needy.
  • Proverbs 31:20 (thematic): Both describe righteous care for the poor and needy (opening hands, supplying clothing/aid); Proverbs’ portrait of compassionate provision parallels Job’s claim to have clothed and assisted the needy.
  • Deuteronomy 15:7–8 (thematic): Deuteronomy’s command to open one’s hand to the poor and not harden the heart provides the covenantal/legal background to Job’s ethical claim to have cared for the needy and clothed the exposed.
  • Job 29:16 (structural): An intra‑book parallel: in his earlier speech Job likewise portrays himself as a father to the poor who provided aid and clothing, repeating the same self‑defensive theme of charitable conduct.

Alternative generated candidates

  • let my shoulder fall from my back, and let my arm be broken off at the elbow.
  • if their bodies have not blessed me, and if they were not warmed with the fleece of my sheep;
21 if I lifted up my hand against the orphan when I saw my helper at the gate—

Job.31.21 - Details

Original Text

אם־ הניפותי על־ יתום ידי כי־ אראה בשער עזרתי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • הניפותי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • על: PREP
  • יתום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • כי: CONJ
  • אראה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • בשער: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עזרתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss1,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 24:17 (verbal): Prohibits perverting justice for the stranger and orphan—closely parallels Job’s concern about mistreating the fatherless and failing in legal/ethical duty.
  • Exodus 22:22 (thematic): Commands not to afflict widows or orphans; echoes Job’s moral self-examination regarding conduct toward the fatherless.
  • Psalm 82:3-4 (thematic): Calls judges to defend the weak and fatherless and rescue the poor—resonates with Job’s scrutiny of his treatment of orphans and the needy.
  • Isaiah 1:17 (thematic): Urges seeking justice and pleading the cause of the fatherless and widow, reflecting the same social-ethical concern voiced by Job.
  • James 1:27 (structural): Defines true religion as caring for orphans and widows; New Testament application of the OT ethic that Job invokes in his self-judgment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For fear of me would be the fear of the great, and would not the contempt of my face have been great?
  • if I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate;
22 let my shoulder fall from its socket and let my arm be broken from the rod.

Job.31.22 - Details

Original Text

כתפי משכמה תפול ואזרעי מקנה תשבר׃

Morphology

  • כתפי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • משכמה: PREP
  • תפול: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • ואזרעי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מקנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • תשבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 28:27-29 (thematic): A list of physical maladies and bodily afflictions presented as curses for disobedience—parallels Job’s willingness to accept severe bodily punishment as a sign of guilt.
  • Leviticus 26:16-17, 26 (thematic): God’s covenant curses include breaking strength and bringing physical suffering on the body—similar motif of bodily harm as divine chastening or consequence.
  • Psalm 38:3-8 (thematic): The psalmist describes intense bodily pain and weakness as linked to guilt or divine displeasure, echoing Job’s image of limbs falling and being broken as punitive signs.
  • Proverbs 20:30 (thematic): Speaks of wounds or blows that purify from evil—relates to the idea that physical affliction functions as judgment or corrective suffering, a theme underlying Job’s self-curse.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have put my trust in gold, or said to fine gold, 'You are my confidence;'
  • then let my shoulder fall from its place, and my arm be broken off from its bone.
23 For I would have feared the multitude and the reproach of families would have terrified me and I would not have gone out at the gate.

Job.31.23 - Details

Original Text

כי פחד אלי איד אל ומשאתו לא אוכל׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • פחד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • איד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • ומשאתו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אוכל: VERB,qal,part,1,m,sg

Parallels

  • Isaiah 6:5 (thematic): Like Job's fear of God's majesty, Isaiah responds with overwhelming awe and self-abasement after seeing the Lord ('Woe is me!... for I am a man of unclean lips').
  • Exodus 33:20-23 (verbal): God tells Moses no one may see His face and live—paralleling Job's assertion that he cannot bear the weight/majesty of God.
  • Job 42:5-6 (structural): After God's revelation, Job confesses his previous limited knowledge and humbles himself ('I despise myself, and repent in dust and ashes'), echoing the fear and inability to bear God's majesty.
  • Job 40:4-5 (thematic): Job's earlier response—'Behold, I am of small account; what shall I answer thee?'—expresses the same awe and incapacity to withstand God's majesty that 31:23 conveys.
  • Psalm 2:11-12 (thematic): Calls for serving the LORD with fear and rejoicing with trembling; parallels the appropriate human stance of fear/reverence before God's power and majesty expressed in Job 31:23.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I rejoiced because my wealth was great, or because my hand had gotten much,
  • For fear of me would be the fear of the great, and I would not have been shaken before the face of any.
24 If I have put my trust in gold and said to fine gold, 'You are my confidence'—

Job.31.24 - Details

Original Text

אם־ שמתי זהב כסלי ולכתם אמרתי מבטחי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • שמתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כסלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
  • ולכתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • אמרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
  • מבטחי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 11:28 (thematic): Directly condemns trusting in riches—'He who trusts in his riches will fall'—paralleling Job's denial of making gold his confidence.
  • Psalm 49:6-7 (thematic): Critiques those who place their hope in wealth, noting that riches cannot redeem a life—echoing Job's rejection of gold as a sure refuge.
  • Matthew 6:24 (allusion): Jesus' statement that one cannot serve God and mammon parallels Job's refusal to set wealth (gold) as his trust or master.
  • Jeremiah 17:5-8 (thematic): Contrasts trust placed in human resources (or wealth/man) with trust in the LORD; like Job, Jeremiah presents trust in things other than God as spiritually perilous.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I looked at the sun when it shone, or the moon walking in brightness,
  • If I have put my trust in gold, or said to fine gold, 'You are my confidence;'
25 if I rejoiced because my strength was great or because my hand had acquired much—

Job.31.25 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אשמח כי־ רב חילי וכי־ כביר מצאה ידי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אשמח: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • רב: ADJ,m,sg
  • חילי: NOUN,m,sg,suff
  • וכי: CONJ
  • כביר: NOUN,m,sg,const
  • מצאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons

Parallels

  • Psalm 62:10 (verbal): Both verses warn against placing confidence or joy in abundance of wealth—Psalm: 'in the abundance of his riches do not set your heart on them,' echoing Job's denial of rejoicing over great possessions.
  • Proverbs 23:4-5 (thematic): Admonition not to toil for or boast in riches because they are fleeting parallels Job's refusal to rejoice simply because his hand had gained much.
  • Amos 6:1,6 (thematic): Condemns those who are 'at ease' and celebrate material prosperity; parallels the critique (and Job's denial) of rejoicing in wealth and luxury.
  • Luke 12:16-21 (thematic): The parable of the rich fool—who rejoices in abundant goods and is condemned—parallels Job's assertion that he would not rejoice merely because his wealth or strength increased.
  • 1 Timothy 6:17 (thematic): Paul's warning to the rich not to be arrogant or set hope on wealth echoes the Old Testament emphasis (as in Job) against rejoicing or trusting in material abundance.

Alternative generated candidates

  • and my heart has been secretly enticed, and my mouth has kissed my hand;
  • if I rejoiced because my wealth was great, and because my hand had gotten much—
26 if I have rejoiced at the sun shining or at the moving light of the moon—

Job.31.26 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אראה אור כי יהל וירח יקר הלך׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אראה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כי: CONJ
  • יהל: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
  • וירח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יקר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 4:19 (allusion): Warns Israel not to be enticed into worshiping the sun, moon and stars — thematically parallels Job’s oath denying devotion or joy in celestial bodies.
  • Psalm 104:19 (verbal): Speaks of the moon’s appointed role and the sun’s ordained course — uses the same sun/moon imagery about their ordained functions in creation.
  • Psalm 19:4-6 (thematic): Celebrates the sun’s glorious, triumphant course across the heavens (the sun ‘rejoices like a bridegroom’) — parallels Job’s language about rejoicing in the sun’s light.
  • Ecclesiastes 11:7 (verbal): ‘Light is sweet, and it is pleasant for the eyes to see the sun’ — directly parallels the sentiment of taking joy/pleasure in the sun’s light mentioned in Job 31:26.

Alternative generated candidates

  • this also would be an offense to be punished, for I would have denied the God above.
  • if I beheld the sun when it shone, or the moon walking in brightness,
27 if my heart has been secretly enticed and my hand has kissed my mouth—

Job.31.27 - Details

Original Text

ויפת בסתר לבי ותשק ידי לפי׃

Morphology

  • ויפת: ADJ,f,sg,cons
  • בסתר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
  • ותשק: VERB,hif,impf,3,f,sg
  • ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • לפי: PREP

Parallels

  • Proverbs 6:25 (verbal): Warns explicitly against lusting in the heart for a seductive woman — language and concern parallel Job’s mention of the heart being enticed.
  • Matthew 5:28 (thematic): Jesus equates lustful intent with adultery, paralleling Job’s focus on inward enticement rather than merely outward action.
  • Job 31:1 (structural): Earlier vow in the same speech: ‘I made a covenant with my eyes’ — a closely related pledge against looking or being enticed, part of Job’s overall claim of sexual integrity.
  • Proverbs 7:6-23 (thematic): Narrative of a seductress who entices a man and lurks at the door; thematically parallels the imagery of secret enticement and lurking at a neighbor’s door.
  • James 1:14-15 (thematic): Describes being lured and enticed by one’s own desire as the origin of sin — conceptually parallels Job’s language of the heart being enticed into sexual sin.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have rejoiced at the ruin of my enemy, or lifted up myself when evil found him—
  • and my heart has been secretly enticed, and my mouth has kissed my hand—
28 this too would be a foul offense, for I would have denied the God above.

Job.31.28 - Details

Original Text

גם־ הוא עון פלילי כי־ כחשתי לאל ממעל׃

Morphology

  • גם: ADV
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • עון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פלילי: ADJ,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • כחשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,comm,sg
  • לאל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ממעל: ADV

Parallels

  • Leviticus 24:16 (structural): Law prescribing death for one who blasphemes/insults the name of YHWH — a direct legal parallel to Job's idea that denying God is a punishable crime.
  • Deuteronomy 13:6-11 (structural): Prescribes capital punishment for those who entice others to follow other gods — another legal passage treating rejection/denial of the true God as a punishable offense.
  • Daniel 6:10 (thematic): Daniel's refusal to abandon/deny God despite threat of death parallels Job's insistence that denying the Most High would be a culpable sin; both concern faithfulness under threat of judgment.
  • Matthew 10:33 (allusion): Jesus' warning that anyone who denies him before men will be denied before the Father echoes Job's statement that denying the God above would be a condemned act — a New Testament parallel about denial and judgment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • let not my mouth be silent concerning their cry—if the cry of their grief did not arise.
  • this also would be an iniquity to be punished by the judges, for I would have denied God who is above.
29 If I rejoiced at my enemy's misfortune and exulted when evil befell him—

Job.31.29 - Details

Original Text

אם־ אשמח בפיד משנאי והתעררתי כי־ מצאו רע׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • אשמח: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • בפיד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • משנאי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+1cs
  • והתעררתי: CONJ+VERB,hitpael,perf,1,_,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • מצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 24:17-18 (verbal): Warns against rejoicing when an enemy falls and gloating when they stumble, closely matching Job’s denial of taking pleasure in an enemy’s calamity.
  • Obadiah 1:12 (verbal): Condemns gloating over a brother’s day of disaster and standing at the crossroads to cut off fugitives—language and moral stance parallel to Job’s refusal to rejoice at another’s misfortune.
  • Proverbs 17:5 (verbal): States that one who rejoices at calamity brings reproach and will not go unpunished, echoing the moral judgment against delighting in others’ suffering that Job invokes.
  • Romans 12:15-19 (thematic): Paul exhorts believers to empathize (rejoice and weep with others) and not seek vengeance but leave judgment to God—reflecting the same ethic of refusing joy in an enemy’s misfortune found in Job.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have eaten my morsel alone, and my enemy has not eaten thereof—let the foreigner not lodge in my house.
  • If I rejoiced at the ruin of him who hated me, or lifted up my soul when evil found him—
30 I would not allow my mouth to sin by wishing for his soul to perish.

Job.31.30 - Details

Original Text

ולא־ נתתי לחטא חכי לשאל באלה נפשו׃

Morphology

  • ולא: CONJ
  • נתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • לחטא: VERB,qal,inf
  • חכי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
  • לשאל: VERB,qal,inf
  • באלה: PREP+DEM,pl
  • נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 26:4 (verbal): Almost identical wording — the psalmist declares he does not sit with falsehood or consort with hypocrites, directly paralleling Job’s refusal to associate with the deceitful.
  • Psalm 101:7 (thematic): A vow to exclude deceitful and lying people from one’s house and presence, reflecting Job’s stance against consorting with liars and hypocrites.
  • Psalm 15:2-3 (thematic): Describes the righteous person who speaks truth, does not slander or take up a reproach against a neighbor — thematically aligned with Job’s refusal to join or tolerate deceitful speech and companionship.
  • Isaiah 33:15 (thematic): Lists the conduct of one who may dwell with God, including refraining from falsehood and deceitful speech — a prophetic parallel to Job’s claim of avoiding association with the deceitful.

Alternative generated candidates

  • If I have concealed my transgressions as men do, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom;
  • neither have I suffered my mouth to sin by asking a curse for his soul.
31 If not—would they not say, 'When will his house be satisfied?'—I would not have sworn falsely.

Job.31.31 - Details

Original Text

אם־ לא אמרו מתי אהלי מי־ יתן מבשרו לא נשבע׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אמרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • מתי: ADV,int
  • אהלי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
  • מבשרו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • נשבע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Psalm 35:11 (thematic): Both passages depict malicious witnesses and false accusations voiced against the righteous—the motif of people speaking hostile things about an innocent person aligns with Job’s complaint about what others say.
  • Psalm 109:6-20 (thematic): An imprecatory passage in which enemies call for the sufferer’s downfall; parallels Job’s setting where hostile speech/wishes against a person’s body or life are voiced by others.
  • Deuteronomy 19:15-19 (structural): Legal treatment of multiple witnesses and punishment for false testimony; parallels Job’s concern with what others say about him and the theme of testimony/judgment.
  • Galatians 1:8-9 (structural): New Testament example of anathema/provocative curse formula (“let him be accursed”) that echoes the oath‑and‑curse/conditional‑statement pattern found throughout Job 31.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I have put my neighbor to shame by making him an object of laughter—whether I have stood and given no help—
  • If the men of my tent have not said, 'Who will give us of his flesh? we are satisfied with the portion of his meat.'—
32 A sojourner did not lodge outside my door; the poor did not go away unfed from my threshold.

Job.31.32 - Details

Original Text

בחוץ לא־ ילין גר דלתי לארח אפתח׃

Morphology

  • בחוץ: ADV
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ילין: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • גר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • דלתי: NOUN,f,sg,poss1s
  • לארח: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
  • אפתח: VERB,qal,imf,1,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 18:1-8 (thematic): Abraham’s exemplary reception of unexpected visitors models the kind of open‑door hospitality Job invokes when speaking of admitting strangers into his tent.
  • Leviticus 19:34 (thematic): The law’s injunction to treat the resident alien as a native parallels Job’s concern about how he treats outsiders who come to his door.
  • Deuteronomy 10:18-19 (thematic): God’s care for the stranger and the command to love the sojourner echoes the moral background to Job’s statement about opening his house to strangers.
  • Isaiah 58:7 (thematic): The prophetic call to share one’s bread and bring the homeless into one’s house links to the ethical idea of hospitality implicit in Job’s vow to admit visitors.
  • Matthew 25:35 (thematic): Jesus’ commendation of welcoming strangers (“I was a stranger and you welcomed me”) resonates with Job’s concern for how he treats those who lodge at his door.

Alternative generated candidates

  • let my arm fall from my shoulder, and let my arm be broken off.
  • the stranger has not lodged without, but I opened my doors to the traveler.
33 If I have concealed my transgression as others do, hiding my iniquity in my heart—

Job.31.33 - Details

Original Text

אם־ כסיתי כאדם פשעי לטמון בחבי עוני׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • כסיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
  • כאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פשעי: NOUN,m,sg,suff,1,sg
  • לטמון: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
  • בחבי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • עוני: NOUN,m,sg,cs+1s

Parallels

  • Psalm 32:3-5 (verbal): Speaks of keeping silence/covering sin and the need to confess—parallel language and contrast with concealing iniquity in the heart.
  • Proverbs 28:13 (verbal): Explicitly contrasts concealing transgressions (no prosperity) with confessing and forsaking them—directly related to hiding sin versus open repentance.
  • Ecclesiastes 12:14 (thematic): Asserts God brings every deed into judgment, including secret things—echoes the idea that hidden sins cannot ultimately remain concealed.
  • 1 Corinthians 4:5 (allusion): Paul warns that the Lord will bring to light hidden things and disclose motives—New Testament application of the theme that concealed sin will be revealed and judged.

Alternative generated candidates

  • For I feared the great multitude and the contempt of families, and would have kept silent when people arose against me.
  • If I have covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom,
34 for fear of the multitude I would be terrified; the contempt of clans would terrify me, and I would not go out at the gate.

Job.31.34 - Details

Original Text

כי אערוץ ׀ המון רבה ובוז־ משפחות יחתני ואדם לא־ אצא פתח׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • אערוץ: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
  • המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • רבה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
  • ובוז: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • משפחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • יחתני: VERB,qal,impf,3,?,sg
  • ואדם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אצא: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Proverbs 29:25 (thematic): Warns that fear of people brings a snare; parallels Job's concern about terror before a great multitude and the social pressure of public opinion.
  • Psalm 31:11-12 (verbal): Speaks of being an object of scorn and that those who see the psalmist in the street flee from him—closely parallels Job's image of public shame and withdrawal from the gate.
  • Psalm 69:8 (thematic): The psalmist laments becoming a stranger to his brothers and an alien to his mother's children, echoing Job's theme of familial reproach and social isolation.
  • Isaiah 33:14 (thematic): Describes the terror of sinners and the fear that seizes people in Zion—connects with Job's motif of fear/terror before a great crowd and the consequent inability to appear publicly.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Who will grant me that someone may hear me?—behold, my signature is on him; let the Almighty answer me.
  • because I feared the great multitude, and the contempt of families terrified me, so that I kept silent and went not out of the door—
35 Oh that one would hear me! Behold, my witness is in heaven, and he who testifies is on high.

Job.31.35 - Details

Original Text

מי יתן־ לי ׀ שמע לי הן־ תוי שדי יענני וספר כתב איש ריבי׃

Morphology

  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • הן: PART
  • תוי: PRT
  • שדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יענני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg+1s.obj
  • וספר: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כתב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ריבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,1,sg

Parallels

  • Job 19:23-24 (verbal): Direct verbal and thematic parallel — both verses express the wish that words be written/inscribed in a book as permanent testimony to the speaker's case.
  • Job 23:3-7 (thematic): Job's longing to present his case before God and to receive an answer mirrors 31:35's petition that the Almighty would hear and answer him.
  • Job 13:3 (thematic): Earlier declaration of the desire to argue with and be heard by the Almighty parallels the plea in 31:35 for God’s attention and response.
  • Psalm 17:1 (thematic): An appeal for God to 'hear a just cause' and vindicate the righteous resonates with Job’s request that God listen and answer his dispute.
  • Malachi 3:16 (allusion): The motif of a 'book' or record (a book of remembrance) links to 31:35’s image of an adversary writing a book, highlighting ancient notions of heavenly or judicial records.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Let my adversary write a book—let him weigh in it all my steps; then let him put it on record like a prince.
  • who will give me words to answer, and who will show me a writing of my indictments?
36 Who will put me to shame if I lift up my cause?—let the Almighty answer me.

Job.31.36 - Details

Original Text

אם־ לא על־ שכמי אשאנו אענדנו עטרות לי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • על: PREP
  • שכמי: NOUN,m,sg,poss1
  • אשאנו: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
  • אענדנו: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
  • עטרות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Proverbs 27:2 (thematic): Both condemn self-praise and the impulse to commend or 'crown' oneself; Proverbs advises that praise should come from others rather than from one's own mouth.
  • Matthew 23:12 (thematic): Jesus' warning that those who exalt themselves will be humbled parallels Job's rhetorical remark about placing a crown on himself—both address the impropriety and danger of self-exaltation.
  • 1 Corinthians 4:7 (thematic): Paul's rebuke against boasting and claiming credit for oneself resonates with Job's ironic image of self-coronation—both challenge self-asserted merit.
  • Ezekiel 21:26-27 (verbal): Ezekiel uses the imagery of removing and setting aside crowns/turbans in the context of judgment and deposition; the crown imagery in Job 31:36 similarly invokes regal symbolism (self-crowning) to make a moral point.
  • Galatians 6:3 (thematic): Paul's statement that anyone who thinks himself something when he is nothing deceives himself parallels Job's denial of self-aggrandizement and the impropriety of claiming honor for oneself.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Even when I am bound in the chains of my adversity, and my calamity is laid to me—
  • That I should carry it on my shoulder, and bind it as a crown to me—
37 Let men declare aloud what number my steps are, and let them approach and sketch out my path.

Job.31.37 - Details

Original Text

מספר צעדי אגידנו כמו־ נגיד אקרבנו׃

Morphology

  • מספר: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
  • צעדי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אגידנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,suff+1pl
  • כמו: PREP
  • נגיד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אקרבנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,suff+1pl

Parallels

  • Job 31:4 (verbal): Same theme and language earlier in Job's oath—God (or a witness) 'counts' his steps (uses the same idea of numbering/observing steps).
  • Psalm 139:3,16 (thematic): God's intimate knowledge of a person's paths and the image of a written record ('all my members were written') parallel the idea of counting/recording one's steps and life. 

  • Jeremiah 17:10 (thematic): God as divine examiner who 'searches the heart' and repays people according to their ways echoes the motif of scrutiny and accounting of a man's steps and conduct.

  • Psalm 26:1 (thematic): An appeal to God to judge one’s integrity—'Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity'—parallels Job's desire to have his steps examined and vindicated.

  • Revelation 20:12 (structural): The image of books opened and deeds being examined at the final judgment echoes the legal/recording imagery of numbering steps and presenting them for judgment.

Alternative generated candidates

  • then I would declare my ways to him, and would fill my mouth with arguments.
  • that I should declare to him the number of my steps, and as a prince I should approach him?
38 If my land cries out against me and its furrows weep together—

Job.31.38 - Details

Original Text

אם־ עלי אדמתי תזעק ויחד תלמיה יבכיון׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • אדמתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+pr,1,sg
  • תזעק: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • ויחד: CONJ,ADV
  • תלמיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • יבכיון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 27:17 (thematic): Law condemning the removal of a neighbor’s landmark — addresses wrongful seizure of land, the kind of conduct Job denies that would make the land 'cry' against him.
  • Micah 2:2 (thematic): Condemns those who covet and seize fields and houses; thematically parallels Job’s denial of wrongfully taking land or causing the earth to mourn.
  • Hosea 4:3 (verbal): Speaks of the land mourning because of the people's sin ("the land will mourn and everyone who lives in it will waste away"), echoing Job’s image of the land crying and its furrows weeping.
  • Jeremiah 12:4 (verbal): Uses the language of the land mourning (‘How long shall the land mourn…’), comparable verbal imagery of the earth/land expressing complaint or sorrow in response to injustice.
  • Amos 5:11 (thematic): Accuses the wealthy of trampling the poor and expropriating their produce/homes; thematically related to Job’s concern about being accused of dispossessing others and causing the land to 'cry.'

Alternative generated candidates

  • If my land cries out against me, and its furrows weep together;
  • If my land cries out against me, and its furrows weep together;
39 if I have eaten its produce without payment and made the life of its owner to fail—

Job.31.39 - Details

Original Text

אם־ כחה אכלתי בלי־ כסף ונפש בעליה הפחתי׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • כחה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אכלתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • בלי: PREP
  • כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונפש: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • בעליה: NOUN,m,sg,poss
  • הפחתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,?,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 24:19-21 (thematic): Commands landowners to leave gleanings for the poor, widow, and foreigner—contrast with Job's denial of taking produce or depriving a widow of her livelihood (the social obligation to leave sustenance for the vulnerable).
  • Exodus 22:22-24 (thematic): Prohibits exploiting or afflicting widows and orphans and promises divine judgment on oppressors—parallels Job's pledge that he has not caused a widow to lose her living and his appeal to God's justice.
  • Proverbs 22:22-23 (verbal): Explicitly warns against robbing the poor and assures God will plead their cause—echoes Job's denial of taking what belonged to the needy and of causing their suffering.
  • Micah 2:1-2 (thematic): Condemns those who covet fields and seize houses, oppressing the poor of the land—connects to the motif of wrongful appropriation of others' sustenance and harming vulnerable people like widows.
  • Amos 5:11-12 (thematic): Denounces those who trample the needy and exact a price from the poor, leading to social ruin—parallels Job's concern with equitable treatment and his denial of profiting at others' expense.

Alternative generated candidates

  • if I have eaten its fruits without payment, or have caused the owner of the soil to lose his life,
  • if I have eaten its fruit without money, or caused its owners to be deprived of their life—
40 let thorns grow instead of wheat and cockle instead of barley—thus end the words of Job.

Job.31.40 - Details

Original Text

תחת חטה ׀ יצא חוח ותחת־ שערה באשה תמו דברי איוב׃

Morphology

  • תחת: PREP
  • חטה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • חוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותחת: CONJ+PREP
  • שערה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+suff:3,fs
  • באשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • תמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
  • איוב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Isaiah 5:6 (thematic): God's judgment on a field: it shall become a wasteland and 'briers and thorns' will grow there—closely parallels the image of thorns/brambles replacing grain (wheat/barley).
  • Jeremiah 12:13 (verbal): Uses the same imagery—sowing wheat but reaping thorns—an explicit verbal parallel about harvest reversed into shame and loss.
  • Deuteronomy 28:38–40 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses where sowing and harvest are frustrated (you carry much seed and gather little), echoing the theme of agricultural reversal and curse that underlies Job's 'thorn for wheat' formula.
  • Matthew 13:7,22 (thematic): In the parable of the sower thorns grow up and choke the crop—another New Testament use of thorn/grain imagery to describe ruin or frustration of healthy harvest.

Alternative generated candidates

  • then let thorns grow instead of wheat, and stinkweed instead of barley—thus end the words of Job.
  • let thorns spring up instead of wheat, and weeds instead of barley; so end the words of Job.

And Job answered and said:

What help is the powerless, and what profit is the arm that has no strength?

What counsel have you without wisdom? What insight have you declared to the mighty?

To whom have you declared words? Whose spirit has gone forth from you?

The shades tremble beneath the waters and their inhabitants.

Sheol is naked before him, and Abaddon has no cover.

He spreads out the north over the void; he hangs the earth upon nothing.

He binds the waters in his thick clouds, and the cloud does not burst under them.

He covers the face of the full moon and spreads his cloud over it.

He has inscribed a circle upon the face of the waters to mark the limit between light and darkness.

The pillars of heaven tremble, and are astonished at his rebuke.

By his power he stilled the sea; by his understanding he crushed Rahab.

By his spirit he adorned the heavens; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent.

Behold, these are but the fringes of his ways—how slight a whisper of him is heard! The thunder of his power—who can comprehend? And Job again took up his discourse and said:

As God lives—who has taken away my right—and the Almighty, who has made my soul bitter—

so long as my breath is in me and the spirit of God is in my nostrils,

my lips shall not speak falsehood, nor shall my tongue utter deceit.

Far be it from me that I should justify you—till I die I will not abandon my integrity.

I will keep hold of my righteousness and not let it go; my heart will not reproach me all my days.

Let my enemy be as the wicked, and let my adversary be like the unrighteous.

For what is the hope of the godless when God cuts him off, when God takes away his life?

Will his cry be heard by the Almighty when trouble comes upon him?

If he delights in his wealth, will he call upon God at all times?

I will declare to you the hand of God that is upon me; I will not conceal the dealings of the Almighty.

Behold, you have all seen it—why then do you utter empty words?

This is the portion of a wicked man from God, and the heritage of oppressors from the Almighty.

If his children are many, it is for the sword; his descendants will not be satisfied with bread.

Those remaining in his house are given to death, and his widows do not weep.

Though he heap up silver like dust and pile garments like clay—

he may prepare them, yet the righteous will wear them, and the refined silver will be scattered.

He builds his house like a moth; he fashions his dwelling like a spider's shelter.

The rich man lies down, but he is not gathered; he opens his eyes—and he is gone.

Terrifying waters will seize him in the night; a tempest will carry him off.

The east wind will bear him away—he will go; it will sweep him from his place.

It will hurl him without pity; he will flee before its power.

It pours out upon him its indignation and whistles him away from his place.

Surely there is a mine for silver and a place where gold is refined.

Iron is taken from the earth, and ore is smelted from the stone.

He ends the darkness and searches to the farthest bound; he probes the rock in gloom and the shadow of death.

A shaft they dig from afar, forgotten by travelers, shut away from men.

The earth, from it comes food, yet beneath it is turned up as by fire.

There is a place for sapphires and for every precious stone; there is a place for gold.

A path no bird of prey knows, nor has any eye of the fowl seen it.

Proud beasts have not trod it; no lion has passed over it.

He opens a shaft and overturns the root of the mountains.

He cleaves out channels in the rocks; all that is precious lies before his eyes.

He stops the flow of rivers so they do not trickle; he brings hidden things to light. But where shall wisdom be found, and where is the place of understanding?

Man does not know its price, nor is it found in the land of the living.

The deep says, 'It is not in me,' and the sea says, 'It is not with me.'

It cannot be bought for gold, nor can its price be weighed out in silver.

It is not to be valued in the gold of Ophir, in precious onyx or sapphire.

Gold and glass cannot compare, nor can it be exchanged for vessels of fine gold.

Coral and crystal cannot be named in its worth; the price of wisdom is above pearls.

Topaz of Cush cannot be given in exchange for it, nor can pure gold be its price.

Where then does wisdom come from? And where is the place of understanding?

It is hidden from the eyes of every living thing and concealed from the birds of the heavens.

Death and Sheol say, 'We have heard only rumor of it.'

God understands its way and knows its place.

For he looks to the ends of the earth and sees under the whole heavens.

When he assigned a weight to the wind and apportioned the waters by measure,

when he made a statute for the rain and a path for the thunderbolt,

then he saw it and declared it; he prepared it and searched it out. And he said to man, 'Behold, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to turn away from evil is understanding.' And Job again took up his discourse and said:

Who will grant me to be as in the months gone by, as in the days when God watched over me,

when his lamp shone above my head and by its light I walked through darkness,

when I was in my prime, and the counsel of God was within my tent,

while my attendants were around me and the young men at my feet,

when I washed my steps with butter and the rock poured out streams of oil for me,

when I went out to the gate of the city and took my seat in the public square,

young men saw me and hid themselves; the aged rose and stood.

Princes kept silence and laid their hand upon their mouth.

The voice of nobles was hushed, and their tongue cleaved to the roof of their mouth.

For the ear that heard me blessed me, and the eye that saw me testified for me.

For I delivered the poor who cried, and the orphan who had no helper.

The blessing of him who was perishing came upon me, and I made the widow's heart sing.

I clothed myself with righteousness, and it clothed me; my justice was like a robe and a turban.

I was eyes to the blind and feet to the lame.

I was father to the needy and I searched out the cause of the stranger.

I broke the jaws of the wicked and plucked the spoil from his teeth.

I said, 'I shall die in my nest; I shall multiply my days like the sand.'

My root was spread out to the waters, and the dew lay all night on my branches.

My glory was ever fresh with me, and my bow was renewed in my hand.

They listened to me and were silent; they waited for my counsel.

After my words they did not speak; my speech fell upon them like gentle rain.

They waited for me as for the rain; they opened their mouth wide as for the spring rains.

I smiled at them though they had no confidence; the light of my face was not withheld from them.

I chose their way and sat chief; I dwelt as a king among his troops, as one who comforts mourners. But now they mock me—men younger than I—whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock.

What profit is the strength of their hands to me? Their vigor is of no avail.

They are gaunt and destitute, the night-scavengers who roam the wastes; they pick roots for food.

They pluck saltwort among the bushes and the broom-root for their food.

They are driven from men; they cry aloud like outcasts.

In the ravines they dwell, in holes of the earth and in cliffs.

They bray among the bushes and huddle under the thorns.

They are sons of fools, sons without honor, thrust out from the land. And now I am their song, the byword of their taunts.

They loathe me; they keep far from me and do not spare to spit in my face.

For the one in whom I trusted has turned against me; they cast me off and are at my path as guards.

On my right hand the young men rise; they push away my feet and heap reproach upon me.

They have closed up the way that I might pass; they have made my path a thing of derision and no one helps me.

Like a broad torrent they surge against me; they roll themselves forward in their rage.

Without number their terrors pursue me; they chase me like the wind, and my prosperity is carried away like a passing cloud. And now my soul is poured out within me; the days of affliction take hold upon me.

Night pierces my bones; my gnawing pains do not rest.

A strong hand strips me of my clothing; it binds my girdle and turns me into grief.

My song is turned to mourning, and I become a byword; I am a reproach to them.

I cry to you, and you do not answer; I stand, and you regard me not.

You show yourself cruel to me; with your hand you afflict me sorely.

You lead me about in the wind and make me ride upon it; you toss me about in the whirlwind.

For I know that you will bring me to death and to the house appointed for all living.

Yet why should I not have hope, when the flame has not consumed me?—I reap only sorrow.

Did I not cry out against the hard times? Is not my soul grieved for the poor?

For I hoped for good, but evil came; I waited for light, and darkness came.

My inward parts boil and have no rest; days of affliction confront me.

I go about darkened without sunshine; I stand in the assembly and cry for help.

I have become a companion to jackals and a brother to ostriches.

My skin is loathsome upon me and my frame is burned with fever.

My harp has turned to mourning and my flute into the voice of those who weep.

I made a covenant with my eyes—how then could I look upon a maiden?

What portion has God above, and what inheritance has the Almighty on high?

Is not man subject to toil and estranged from the workers of iniquity?

Does he not see my ways and count all my steps?

If my foot has turned aside to falsehood and my heart has walked after deceit—

let God weigh me in a just balance, and let God know my integrity.

If my heart has been enticed by a woman, or if I have lain in wait at my neighbor's door—

let others pluck what I have planted, and let my offspring be rooted out.

If my heart has been enticed by a woman and I have kept watch at my neighbor's doorway—

let my wife be given to another and let strangers lie with her.

For that would be a shameful thing and a dreadful crime.

For it is a fire that consumes to destruction and would root up all my increase.

If I have despised the cause of my servant or of my maid when they contested with me—

what would I do when God rises, when he inquires, what shall I answer him?

Did not he who made me make him? Did not the same one fashion us in the womb?

If I have withheld from the poor what they desired, or caused the eyes of the widow to fail—

if I have eaten my morsel alone and not shared it with the orphan—

for from my youth I was father to the poor and I guided the widow from my mother's womb—

if I saw anyone perishing for lack of clothing and the poor without covering—

if I did not clothe the poor with my cloak or cover him with the fleece of my sheep—

if I lifted up my hand against the orphan when I saw my helper at the gate—

let my shoulder fall from its socket and let my arm be broken from the rod.

For I would have feared the multitude and the reproach of families would have terrified me and I would not have gone out at the gate.

If I have put my trust in gold and said to fine gold, 'You are my confidence'—

if I rejoiced because my strength was great or because my hand had acquired much—

if I have rejoiced at the sun shining or at the moving light of the moon—

if my heart has been secretly enticed and my hand has kissed my mouth—

this too would be a foul offense, for I would have denied the God above.

If I rejoiced at my enemy's misfortune and exulted when evil befell him—

I would not allow my mouth to sin by wishing for his soul to perish.

If not—would they not say, 'When will his house be satisfied?'—I would not have sworn falsely.

A sojourner did not lodge outside my door; the poor did not go away unfed from my threshold.

If I have concealed my transgression as others do, hiding my iniquity in my heart—

for fear of the multitude I would be terrified; the contempt of clans would terrify me, and I would not go out at the gate.

Oh that one would hear me! Behold, my witness is in heaven, and he who testifies is on high.

Who will put me to shame if I lift up my cause?—let the Almighty answer me.

Let men declare aloud what number my steps are, and let them approach and sketch out my path.

If my land cries out against me and its furrows weep together—

if I have eaten its produce without payment and made the life of its owner to fail—

let thorns grow instead of wheat and cockle instead of barley—thus end the words of Job.