God the Creator and the Call of Cyrus for Israel's Restoration
Isaiah 44:24-45:25
Isa.44.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- גאלך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg
- ויצרך: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- מבטן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לבדי: ADV,sg,suff,1,sg
- רקע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מאתי: PREP,1,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:12 (verbal): Uses nearly identical language — God as the sole creator who ‘made the earth’ and ‘stretched out the heavens’ (echoes the claim of solitary divine activity).
- Isaiah 45:18 (thematic): Affirms the LORD as creator who formed the earth deliberately (not void), reinforcing God’s role as maker of heavens and earth as in 44:24).
- Isaiah 42:5 (verbal): Another prophetic declaration that the LORD created and ‘stretched out the heavens’ and ‘spread forth the earth,’ sharing diction and cosmological theme with 44:24).
- Psalm 139:13 (thematic): Speaks of God’s intimate role in forming a person ‘in the womb,’ paralleling 44:24’s claim ‘who formed you from the womb’ about divine crafting of human life.)
- Genesis 1:1 (thematic): The foundational creation statement ‘In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth’ parallels Isaiah’s emphasis on God as the originator of heaven and earth.)
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, who formed you from the womb: I am the LORD, who made all things; who alone stretched out the heavens and spread out the earth—who was with me?
- Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, who formed you from the womb: I am the LORD; I made all things; I alone stretched out the heavens, and spread out the earth by myself.
Isa.44.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מפר: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- אתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בדים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וקסמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהולל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משיב: VERB,hif,ptc,2,m,sg
- חכמים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- אחור: ADV
- ודעתם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- ישכל: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 29:14 (verbal): Uses almost identical language: God overturns human wisdom—'the wisdom of their wise men shall perish'—paralleling the undoing of diviners and the making of wise men's knowledge foolish.
- Daniel 2:10-11, 27-28 (thematic): Court magicians and enchanters cannot reveal or interpret the king's dream, while God (through Daniel) discloses it—illustrating Yahweh's power to defeat and expose diviners.
- Job 5:13 (thematic): Speaks of God taking the wise in their own craftiness and thwarting the counsel of the shrewd, echoing the theme of God confounding human wisdom and pseudo‑wisdom.
- Deuteronomy 18:10-12 (structural): Condemns divination, soothsaying and related practices; provides the legal/theological backdrop for passages that portray diviners as false and subject to divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Who frustrates the signs of diviners and makes fools of sorcerers; who turns back the wise and renders their knowledge foolish;
- I frustrate the signs of liars and make diviners a mockery; I turn the wise back, and make their knowledge foolish.
Isa.44.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מקים: VERB,qal,ptc,NA,m,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ועצת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- מלאכיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישלים: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- האמר: PTCP,qal,ptcp,ms,sg,def
- לירושלם: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- תושב: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- ולערי: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- תבנינה: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,pl
- וחרבותיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אקומם: VERB,hiph,impf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:28 (verbal): Nearly identical promise: God says to Jerusalem and the cities of Judah they shall be rebuilt/inhabited; immediate parallel within same oracle (mentions Cyrus as agent).
- Isaiah 45:13 (thematic): God declares he will raise and direct a ruler to build Jerusalem and set exiles free—same theme of divine action causing the city's restoration.
- Jeremiah 33:7 (thematic): Promise to bring back the captives and rebuild Judah and Jerusalem, making them inhabited again—parallel theme of restoration of cities and people.
- Ezekiel 36:33-36 (thematic): God promises to restore ruins, rebuild cities and make them inhabited so the nations see that he is holy—close thematic correspondence about rebuilding and repopulating ruined towns.
- Psalm 147:2 (thematic): Declares the LORD builds up Jerusalem and gathers the exiles—concise poetic parallel emphasizing God as the restorer of the city and its people.
Alternative generated candidates
- who confirms the word of his servant and completes the counsel of his messengers; who says of Jerusalem, ‘She shall be inhabited,’ and of the cities of Judah, ‘They shall be built,’ and I will restore their ruins.
- I confirm the word of my servant and fulfill the counsel of my messengers; I say to Jerusalem, 'You shall be inhabited,' and to the cities of Judah, 'You shall be built,' and I will restore their ruins.
Isa.44.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- האמר: PTCP,qal,ptcp,ms,sg,def
- לצולה: PREP
- חרבי: NOUN,f,sg,poss1s
- ונהרתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,NA,sg,NA
- אוביש: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
Parallels
- Job 38:8-11 (verbal): God questions who shut up the sea with doors and set its limits — commanding the waters to stop (‘Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further’), closely paralleling the image of speaking to the deep and drying up rivers.
- Isaiah 51:10 (verbal): Speaks of God drying up the sea and the waters of the great deep — language and theme nearly identical to Isa 44:27’s declaration to make waters dry.
- Isaiah 43:16 (thematic): Describes the LORD making a way in the sea and a path through mighty waters — the motif of divine control over waters and provision of a dry way echoes Isa 44:27.
- Exodus 14:21-22 (allusion): The parting of the Red Sea (waters made a dry path for Israel) provides a narrative analogue: God (through Moses) causes waters to stand aside, matching the theme of commanding/dealing with waters.
- Psalm 104:6-9 (thematic): Portrays God gathering the waters and setting them in bounds so the sea shall not pass them — a portrayal of divine sovereignty over the seas that complements Isa 44:27’s drying of rivers.
Alternative generated candidates
- Who says to the sea, ‘Be dry,’ and I will dry up your rivers;
- I say to the deep, 'Be dry,' and I will dry up your rivers.
Isa.44.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- האמר: PTCP,qal,ptcp,ms,sg,def
- לכורש: PREP
- רעי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- חפצי: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- ישלם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ולאמר: VERB,qal,infc
- לירושלם: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- תבנה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- והיכל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תוסד: VERB,niphal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:1 (verbal): Directly addresses Cyrus as the LORD’s chosen instrument (“Thus says the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus”), paralleling 44:28’s naming of Cyrus as the one who will carry out God’s purposes.
- Isaiah 45:13 (thematic): Declares God has raised and directed Cyrus so that ‘he shall build my city, and he shall let go my captives,’ echoing 44:28’s statement that Jerusalem will be built and the temple’s foundation laid.
- Ezra 1:1-4 (quotation): Records Cyrus’s decree authorizing the return to Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the house of the LORD — a historical fulfillment/allusion to Isaiah’s oracle about Cyrus in 44:28.
- 2 Chronicles 36:22-23 (quotation): Contains an account of Cyrus’s edict permitting exiles to return and rebuild the temple, paralleling the fulfillment of Isaiah 44:28’s prediction.
- Haggai 2:9 (thematic): Promises the future glory of the rebuilt temple and encourages construction; thematically linked to 44:28’s focus on rebuilding Jerusalem and establishing the temple’s foundation.
Alternative generated candidates
- who says of Cyrus, ‘He is my shepherd, and he shall accomplish all my desire,’ and who says of Jerusalem, ‘You shall be built,’ and of the temple, ‘Your foundation shall be laid.’
- I say of Cyrus, 'He is my shepherd, and he shall fulfill all my purpose'; and I will say to Jerusalem, 'Be rebuilt,' and to the temple, 'Be established.'
Isa.45.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- למשיחו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m
- לכורש: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- החזקתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,_,sg
- בימינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- לרד: VERB,qal,infc
- לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומתני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,con
- מלכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אפתח: VERB,qal,imf,1,sg
- לפתח: PREP
- לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- דלתים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ושערים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יסגרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:28 (verbal): Directly names Cyrus and presents the same idea of God using him to restore Jerusalem and the temple—prepares and identifies the agent spoken of in 45:1.
- Isaiah 45:13 (structural): Immediate continuation of the oracle about Cyrus: repeats the theme of God directing Cyrus’s actions to subdue nations and to build and set Jerusalem in order.
- Ezra 1:1-4 (quotation): Historical fulfillment: Cyrus’s decree to permit the return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple echoes Isaiah’s promise that God ‘will open doors before him’ and empowered Cyrus to act.
- 2 Chronicles 36:22-23 (quotation): Parallel historical notice (and close verbal parallel to Ezra) that God ‘stirred up the spirit of Cyrus’ and authorized Judah’s restoration, reflecting the fulfillment of Isaiah’s oracle about opening gates and enabling Cyrus.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have grasped, to subdue nations before him and to loose the loins of kings, to open doors before him so that gates shall not be shut:
- Thus says the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have grasped—to subdue nations before him and to loosen the belts of kings, to open doors before him so that gates shall not be shut:
Isa.45.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- לפניך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- אלך: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- והדורים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- אישר: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- דלתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נחושה: ADJ,f,sg
- אשבר: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- ובריחי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אגדע: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 41:15 (verbal): Uses similar imagery of threshing and smashing mountains and hills—close verbal and thematic echo of God empowering the remover of obstacles.
- Isaiah 42:16 (structural): God promises to lead and make a way, turning darkness to light and crooked to straight—parallel promise to go before and clear paths.
- Exodus 14:21-22 (thematic): God makes a way by removing a natural barrier (parting the sea), comparable to God going before and breaking through gates and bars.
- Joshua 6:20 (structural): The walls of Jericho fall when God fights for Israel—an event parallel to the imagery of doors and bars being broken as God clears the way.
- Psalm 107:14 (thematic): Describes God delivering the trapped by bringing them out of distress and 'breaking their bands,' echoing the motif of God breaking restraints and opening a path.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will go before you and level the heights; I will break bronze doors and cut through iron bars.
- I will go before you and level the mountains; I will shatter bronze doors and cut through iron bars.
Isa.45.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- אוצרות: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ומטמני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מסתרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- למען: PREP
- תדע: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הקורא: VERB,qal,ptc,act,m,sg,def
- בשמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON:2ms
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:1 (structural): Immediate context: God commissions and names a chosen agent (Cyrus) and introduces the promise of granting hidden treasures—part of the same commission speech.
- Isaiah 43:1 (verbal): Uses the same formula 'I have called you by name' (or 'I call you by name') addressing God's chosen—parallel language of personal calling.
- Job 28:1-11 (thematic): Describes miners extracting silver and hidden ores from darkness; thematically parallels the image of 'treasures of darkness' and hidden riches buried in the earth.
- Proverbs 2:4-5 (verbal): Speaks of seeking wisdom 'as for silver' and searching for it 'as for hidden treasures,' echoing the language of hidden riches and pursuit of concealed value.
- Matthew 13:44 (thematic): Parable of the hidden treasure in a field resonates with the motif of hidden wealth revealed or obtained—similar imagery of treasure concealed and then disclosed.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will give you the treasures of darkness and the hidden hoards of secret places, that you may know that I, the LORD, who call you by name, am the God of Israel.
- I will give you the treasures of darkness and the hidden hoards of secret places, that you may know that I am the LORD, the God of Israel, who calls you by name.
Isa.45.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- למען: PREP
- עבדי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בחירי: NOUN,1s,m,sg,abs
- ואקרא: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- בשמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON:2ms
- אכנך: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- ידעתני: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 41:8-9 (thematic): Speaks of Israel as God’s servant and chosen one and emphasizes God’s calling and support—parallels the language of 'my servant' and divine choice in Isa 45:4.
- Isaiah 43:1,7 (verbal): 43:1 uses the phrase 'I have called you by name' and 43:7 speaks of those 'called by my name,' echoing the motif of divine naming and possession in 45:4.
- Isaiah 44:1-2 (structural): An immediate Isaianic parallel addressing 'Jacob my servant' and 'Israel whom I have chosen,' reinforcing the theme of election found in 45:4.
- Genesis 32:28 (allusion): God renames Jacob 'Israel'—a concrete instance of divine naming/renaming that underlies the language of being 'called by thy name' and 'I have surnamed thee' in Isa 45:4.
- Deuteronomy 7:6 (thematic): Declares Israel as God's 'chosen people,' paralleling the theological claim of election and special status expressed in Isa 45:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the sake of my servant Jacob, and Israel my chosen, I call you by your name; I surname you, though you do not know me.
- For the sake of my servant Jacob, and Israel my chosen, I call you by name, I surname you, though you do not know me.
Isa.45.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
- זולתי: PREP
- אין: PART,neg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אאזרך: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg+SUFF,2,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- ידעתני: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg+SUFF,1,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:6 (verbal): Same claim of God's unique identity: 'I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no God'—language and theological emphasis closely parallel Isa 45:5.
- Isaiah 45:21 (verbal): Within the same chapter, reiterates the statement 'there is no God besides me,' stressing monotheism and God's exclusivity as Savior and righteous judge.
- Isaiah 46:9 (verbal): Declares 'I am God, and there is no other,' echoing the exact assertion of God's uniqueness found in Isa 45:5.
- Deuteronomy 4:35 (thematic): Earlier biblical witness to the LORD's exclusive deity: 'To you it was shown that you might know that the LORD is God; there is no other besides him'—a theological precedent for Isa 45:5.
- Psalm 86:10 (thematic): Affirms God's uniqueness: 'For you are great and do wondrous things; you alone are God,' thematically paralleling the solitary divinity expressed in Isa 45:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- I am the LORD, and there is no other; there is no God besides me. I will gird you, though you do not know me,
- I am the LORD, and there is no one else; besides me there is no God. I will gird you, though you have not known me.
Isa.45.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- למען: PREP
- ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- ממזרח: PREP
- שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וממערבה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אפס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בלעדי: PREP
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:6 (verbal): Same theological claim of God's uniqueness — 'I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no God,' closely echoing 'there is no one besides me.'
- Isaiah 43:11 (verbal): Direct affirmation of exclusive deity and salvation: 'I, even I, am the LORD; and besides me there is no savior,' paralleling the assertion that none exists besides Yahweh.
- Deuteronomy 4:35 (thematic): An earlier affirmation of Yahweh's unique sovereignty: 'you may know that the LORD is God; there is none else besides him,' reflecting the same monotheistic claim.
- Deuteronomy 32:39 (verbal): God's declaration 'See now that I, even I, am he; there is no god with me' parallels the emphatic denial of any other deity in Isaiah 45:6.
- Malachi 1:11 (verbal): Uses the same geographical framing 'from the rising of the sun' to describe God's universal claim and honor among the nations, echoing Isaiah's 'from the east and from the west' motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- that people may know, from the rising of the sun and from the west, that there is none besides me. I am the LORD, and there is no other.
- That they may know from the rising of the sun and from the west that there is none besides me; I am the LORD, and there is no other.
Isa.45.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יוצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובורא: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptcp,.,m,sg
- חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שלום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובורא: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptcp,.,m,sg
- רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
Parallels
- Gen.1:3-4 (verbal): God’s act of creating light and separating it from darkness echoes the language and motif of divine origination of light and darkness.
- Job 38:19-20 (verbal): God’s interrogation about the dwelling and boundaries of light and darkness underscores divine control over light and darkness, paralleling the claim ‘I form light and create darkness.’
- Amos 3:6 (thematic): Rhetorical link between divine sovereignty and the origin of disaster/calamity — ‘Does a calamity happen in a city, and the LORD has not done it?’ corresponds to ‘I make peace and create calamity.’
- Isa.44:24 (structural): Within Isaiah’s larger argument, the affirmation ‘I am the LORD, who made all things’ supports the same theological claim of Yahweh as sole creator and sovereign over existence.
- Isa.45:18 (structural): Closely connected verse in the same chapter that reiterates God’s creative activity and sovereignty over the cosmos, qualifying the purpose of that creation and reinforcing the themes of 45:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- I form light and create darkness; I make peace and create calamity—I, the LORD, do all these things.
- I form light and create darkness; I make peace and create calamity. I the LORD do all these things.
Isa.45.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הרעיפו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ממעל: ADV
- ושחקים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יזלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תפתח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויפרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- ישע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וצדקה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תצמיח: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- יחד: ADV
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בראתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,NA,sg,obj:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Amos 5:24 (verbal): Both verses use the image of righteousness flowing like water (or rain) — 'let justice roll down as waters' echoes Isaiah's plea for the heavens to 'pour down righteousness.'
- Isaiah 44:3 (allusion): God promises to 'pour water' and blessings on his people; the pouring imagery connects Isaiah 45:8's call for heavens to 'pour down' righteousness and salvation.
- Joel 2:23 (thematic): Joel speaks of God sending the former and latter rains as salvation and blessing; the motif of heavenly rain bringing life and salvation parallels Isaiah's invocation for the skies to pour righteousness.
- Psalm 85:10-11 (thematic): Psalm 85 celebrates the meeting/sprouting of righteousness and salvation ('righteousness and peace have kissed'), resonating with Isaiah's image of the earth bringing forth salvation and righteousness springing up together.
- Psalm 33:6-9 (structural): These verses emphasize Yahweh as Creator who forms the heavens and earth by his word — echoing Isaiah 45:8's concluding claim 'I the LORD have created it,' linking the proclamation of cosmic creation with the outpouring of righteousness.
Alternative generated candidates
- Pour down, O heavens, from above, and let the skies rain righteousness; let the earth open, bring forth salvation and righteousness together; I, the LORD, have created it.
- Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness; let the earth open, that salvation and righteousness may spring up together—I the LORD have created it.
Isa.45.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוי: INTJ
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יצרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- חרש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- חרשי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אדמה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- היאמר: VERB,qal,impf,3,ms
- חמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליצרו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,ms
- מה: PRON,int
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- ופעלך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:2,ms
- אין: PART,neg
- ידים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 18:1-6 (verbal): Uses the same potter-and-clay imagery (potter shaping clay at the wheel) to teach God's sovereignty over nations and individuals; closely parallels Isaiah's rhetorical question about the clay addressing its maker.
- Romans 9:20-21 (quotation): Paul echoes Isaiah's rhetorical challenge almost verbatim ('Who are you, O man, to answer back to God?... Will what is molded say to its molder...'), applying the creator/creature motif to debates about divine choice and human complaint.
- Isaiah 29:16 (verbal): Another Isaian passage using the potter/clay contrast ('Shall the potter be regarded as the clay?') to rebuke those who invert creator/creature roles; closely related language and theme to Isa 45:9.
- Job 10:8-9 (thematic): Job reflects on God as craftsman who formed him ('Your hands fashioned and made me'), engaging the broader motif of human limitations before the Creator that underlies Isaiah's reproach.
Alternative generated candidates
- Woe to him who contends with his Maker— can the clay say to him who fashions it, ‘What are you making?’— or the pot say to the potter, ‘You have no hands’?
- Woe to him who contends with his Maker—an earthen vessel among earthen vessels! Does the clay say to its potter, 'What are you making?' or 'Your work has no hands'?
Isa.45.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוי: INTJ
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לאב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- תוליד: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ולאשה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- תחילין: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Rom.9:20-21 (verbal): Paul echoes Isaiah's language almost verbatim: the formed object must not question the former who made it ('Who are you, O man, to answer back to God?... Shall the thing formed say to him who formed it, Why did you make me thus?').
- Isa.45:9 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse pronounces woe on one who contends with his Maker, forming a unit with 45:10 about the impropriety of the creature questioning the Creator.
- Isa.29:16 (verbal): Similar rhetoric of reversed roles and creator/creature imagery ('Shall the potter be regarded as the clay, that the thing made should say of its maker...'), echoing the motif of the made object challenging the maker.
- Jer.18:6 (thematic): Uses the potter-and-clay motif to assert divine authority over creation ('like clay in the potter's hand, so are you in my hand'), addressing objections to God's sovereign actions.
- Job 10:8-9 (thematic): Job reflects on God's forming of him ('Thine hands fashioned and made me'), raising the tension between human complaint and divine workmanship found in Isaiah 45:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- Woe to him who says to his father, ‘What have you begotten?’ or to the woman, ‘What have you brought forth?’
- Woe to him who says to a father, 'What have you begotten?' or to a woman, 'What have you brought forth?'
Isa.45.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויצרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- האתיות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- שאלוני: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- פעל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- תצוני: VERB,hiph,impv,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Ps.2:8 (verbal): Uses the same imperative formula 'Ask of me' (or 'ask of me, and I will give')—a direct verbal parallel in the language of petition to God.
- Jer.33:3 (thematic): An explicit divine invitation to call/ask and receive revelation about hidden or future things—parallels Isaiah's invitation to inquire of the Lord about his sons and works.
- Job 38:4-7 (thematic): God's speech on creation employs rhetorical questions and asserts divine authority over the 'work of his hands,' paralleling Isaiah's focus on God's creative works and sovereignty (contrast in who asks/answers).
- Isa.45:12 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel: verse 12 explicitly describes God as creator ('I made the earth... I formed man'), directly elaborating the 'work of my hands' mentioned in 45:11.
- Isa.45:9 (verbal): Addresses the impropriety of contending with the Maker ('Woe to him who strives with his Maker'), thematically linked to 45:11's call to ask/consult God rather than dispute him about his works.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker: Ask me about my children, and concerning the work of my hands command me.
- Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and its Maker: 'Ask me concerning my children; and concerning the work of my hands, command me.'
Isa.45.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- עשיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואדם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- בראתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- נטו: VERB,qal,perf,3,_,pl
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- צבאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- צויתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 1:1–27 (thematic): Broad creation parallel: God as creator of the heavens, the earth, and humankind—Isaiah's claim ('I made the earth and created man') echoes the Genesis account of creation.
- Isaiah 44:24 (verbal): Close verbal parallel within Isaiah: both verses use the language of God forming the earth and stretching out the heavens with his hand(s), asserting divine authorship of creation.
- Isaiah 48:13 (verbal): Very similar phrasing—'my hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens'—reiterating the motif of God's hands stretching out the heavens and ordering creation.
- Psalm 33:6–9 (thematic): Affirms that the heavens were made by God's word and that he commanded the host of them; resonates with Isaiah's emphasis on God's sovereign command over the cosmos.
- Job 38:4–7 (thematic): God's interrogation of Job recalls divine activity in establishing the earth and stretching out the heavens; shares the imagery of laying foundations and the cosmic scope of God's creative work.
Alternative generated candidates
- I made the earth and created man upon it; my own hands stretched out the heavens, and I commanded all their host.
- I made the earth and created man upon it; my hands stretched out the heavens, and I commanded all their host.
Isa.45.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- העירתהו: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,sg
- בצדק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- דרכיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3ms
- אישר: VERB,piel,impf,1,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- יבנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עירי: NOUN,f,sg,suff,1,sg
- וגלותי: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,suff,1,sg
- ישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- במחיר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- בשחד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:1 (structural): Immediate context to v.13: names Cyrus as the LORD’s anointed raised up to accomplish God’s purposes (subdue nations, open doors) — part of the same oracle about God raising a ruler to act on his behalf.
- Isaiah 44:28 (verbal): Earlier prophecy that explicitly calls Cyrus God’s shepherd and says of him, ‘You shall say to Jerusalem, “Be built,”’ and that he will ‘bring back the exiles’ — language and role closely echo 45:13.
- Ezra 1:1-4 (quotation): Historical fulfillment: Cyrus’s decree permitting the Jews to return and rebuild the temple and take back sacred vessels — echoes Isaiah’s claim that God would raise Cyrus to build the city and release the captives.
- 2 Chronicles 36:22-23 (quotation): Parallel historical account of Cyrus’s proclamation allowing the exiles to return and rebuild the house of the LORD; Chronicles cites the decree as the event that implements the prophetic promise.
- Jeremiah 29:10 (thematic): Thematic parallel about God’s promise to bring the exiles back after a set period (seventy years) — connects to the motif of God timing and ordering the return and rebuilding of Jerusalem.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will raise up the one I have chosen in righteousness; I will make all his ways straight. He shall build my city and bring my captives forth free, not for price or reward, says the LORD of hosts.
- I will make him prosper in righteousness; and all his ways I will direct. He shall rebuild my city and set my exiles free, not for a price and not for a bribe, says the LORD of hosts.
Isa.45.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יגיע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וסחר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כוש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- וסבאים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- יעברו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ולך: CONJ+PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אחריך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m
- ילכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בזקים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יעברו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ואליך: PREP+2ms
- ישתחוו: VERB,hithpael,imperfect,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- יתפללו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,pl
- אך: PART
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
- אפס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 68:31 (verbal): Mentions Egypt and Cush/Ethiopia bringing gifts and coming to God—verbal and thematic overlap with nations (Egypt, Cush, Saba) bringing tribute and acknowledging the LORD.
- Isaiah 60:5-6 (thematic): Prophecy of nations bringing wealth, camels and gifts to Zion and bowing before it—closely parallels the motif of foreign peoples bringing tribute and worship to Israel.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Kings of distant lands (Tarshish, Sheba, Seba) bringing gifts and all kings falling down—echoes the image of rulers and nations coming with tribute and bowing.
- Isaiah 49:23 (verbal): Speaks of kings and queens bowing down with their faces to the ground and licking the dust—uses the same imagery of foreign dignitaries humbling themselves before Israel.
- Zechariah 14:16-17 (thematic): Envisions surviving nations coming annually to Jerusalem to worship the LORD and bring offerings—parallels the eschatological motif of nations acknowledging Yahweh and rendering tribute.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD: The labor of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush and the Sabeans—men of stature—shall come over to you and be yours; they shall follow you; in chains they shall come and bow down to you; they shall plead to you: ‘Surely God is with you, and there is no other; there is no God.’
- Surely God is with you, and there is none else; there is no other god.
Isa.45.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אכן: ADV
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- מסתתר: PART,qal,pres,3,m,sg
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מושיע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 10:1 (thematic): Both verses express the theme of God's hiddenness in times of trouble—'Why, O LORD, do you stand far off? Why do you hide yourself?' echoes 'Truly you are a God who hides yourself.'
- Psalm 44:24 (thematic): Lament over God's hidden face—'Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction?' parallels the acknowledgement that God hides himself, yet is Israel's redeemer.
- Isaiah 43:11 (structural): Affirms the unique salvific role of YHWH—'I, even I, am the LORD, and besides me there is no savior' connects to the title 'God of Israel, the Savior' in Isa 45:15.
- Isaiah 45:21-22 (structural): Same prophetic context: emphasizes God's uniqueness and salvation—'There is no god besides me... Turn to me and be saved' complements the recognition of God as Israel's hidden yet saving God.
- Acts 17:27 (thematic): New Testament reflection on divine hiddenness and nearness—'that they should seek God... though he is not far from each one of us' resonates with the paradox of a God who hides yet saves.
Alternative generated candidates
- Truly you are a God who hides himself, O God of Israel, the Savior.
Isa.45.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בושו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- וגם: CONJ
- נכלמו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- יחדו: ADV
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בכלמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חרשי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- צירים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isa.41:29 (verbal): Uses the same language of shame and confusion about idol-makers (“they were ashamed and also confounded, all of them”), an immediate Isaiah parallel highlighting the defeat and disgrace of those who trust in carved images.
- Isa.44:9 (thematic): Mocks the makers and users of idols and depicts them as ashamed and confounded; an extended Isaiah polemic against idolatry that echoes the theme of humiliation in 45:16.
- Ps.97:7 (thematic): Speaks of worshipers of carved images being put to shame; parallels the result in Isa 45:16 where idolaters are brought to shame before YHWH.
- Jer.10:14-15 (thematic): Describes the folly of idol-makers and their impotence, saying they will be ashamed and confounded—a prophetic denunciation of idols similar in tone and outcome to Isa 45:16.
- Ps.115:8 (thematic): States that those who make and trust in idols become like them (vain/useless), implying shame and futility comparable to the disgrace of idol-makers in Isa 45:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall be ashamed and confounded, all of them; they shall go in confusion—those craftsmen and makers of idols.
Isa.45.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נושע: VERB,niphal,part,m,sg
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- תשועת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עולמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תבשו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תכלמו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- עולמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
Parallels
- Isaiah 54:4 (verbal): Uses the same language of 'do not fear, you shall not be put to shame' and frames Israel's future restoration as a secure, lasting deliverance by God.
- Psalm 25:3 (verbal): Contains the petition/assurance 'let none who wait for you be put to shame,' echoing the motif of God's people not being ashamed because of divine salvation.
- Isaiah 12:2 (thematic): Proclaims 'God is my salvation' and trusts in the LORD as deliverer—paralleling Isaiah 45:17's declaration that Israel is saved by the LORD with everlasting salvation.
- Romans 11:26-27 (allusion): Paul's assertion that 'all Israel will be saved' and the fulfillment of God's covenant promises reflects and presupposes the prophetic assurance that Israel's salvation comes from the Lord and endures.
Alternative generated candidates
- Israel is saved by the LORD with an everlasting salvation; you shall not be put to shame or confounded to all generations.
Isa.45.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בורא: VERB,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- כוננה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בראה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לשבת: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- יצרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:24 (verbal): Both verses employ virtually identical theistic creational language—YHWH declares himself the one who formed/made the earth and identifies himself as the LORD (’ani YHWH), stressing divine uniqueness.
- Isaiah 42:5 (verbal): Uses the same motifs—’the LORD who created the heavens and stretched them out, who spread forth the earth’—linking Isaiah’s proclamation of God as creator and sustainer.
- Genesis 1:1 (thematic): Foundational creation statement (‘In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth’) parallels Isaiah’s claim that YHWH is the creator of heavens and former of the earth.
- Psalm 33:6-9 (thematic): Describes creation by the word of the LORD and the ordering of the earth, echoing Isaiah’s emphasis that God formed and established the world (not made it void) for habitation.
- Jeremiah 10:12 (thematic): Affirms that God made the earth by his power and established the world—similar language and polemical purpose (asserting YHWH’s sovereign creative role against idols).
Alternative generated candidates
- For thus says the LORD, who created the heavens—he is God; who formed the earth and made it, he established it; he did not create it empty, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD, and there is no other.
Isa.45.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- בסתר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דברתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- אמרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- לזרע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בקשוני: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מגיד: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms
- מישרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 48:16 (verbal): Very close verbal parallel — God (and his messenger) declares he has not spoken in secret, echoing the same language about open revelation.
- Amos 3:7 (thematic): Both affirm that God reveals his plans to his prophets rather than keeping counsel entirely hidden; prophecy is God's means of disclosure.
- Deuteronomy 29:29 (structural): Contrasts 'secret things' and 'revealed things' — like Isa 45:19, it distinguishes what God hides from what he openly declares to his people.
- Jeremiah 29:13 (thematic): Isaiah’s assurance that seeking God is not in vain connects with Jeremiah’s promise that those who seek the LORD with their whole heart will find him.
- John 1:18 (allusion): The New Testament asserts God has been made known (declared) through the Son — resonating with Isaiah’s claim that the LORD speaks righteousness and makes things known rather than speaking in secret.
Alternative generated candidates
- I did not speak in secret, in a land of darkness; I did not say to the seed of Jacob, ‘Seek me in vain.’ I the LORD speak righteousness; I declare what is right.
Isa.45.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הקבצו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- ובאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- התנגשו: VERB,hitp,perf,3,m,pl
- יחדו: ADV
- פליטי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הגוים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- הנשאים: ADJ,ptcp,qal,pres,m,pl,def
- את: PRT,acc
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פסלם: NOUN,m,sg,cons,3,m,pl
- ומתפללים: PTC,hitp,act,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- אל: NEG
- לא: PART_NEG
- יושיע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:9-20 (verbal): Direct parallel within Isaiah: satirizes idol-makers who 'do not know' and fashion gods from wood, describing the same futility and ignorance as 45:20.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Common theme that idols are lifeless and powerless—'they have mouths but do not speak... those who make them become like them'—echoing the charge that people pray to gods that cannot save.
- Jeremiah 10:3-5, 10:14-15 (thematic): Condemns idolatry and the craft of making wooden images and impotent gods; emphasizes human foolishness in trusting created things rather than the true God.
- 1 Samuel 5:1-7 (thematic): Narrative illustration of idols' impotence: the Philistine statue of Dagon falls before the Ark, demonstrating that carved gods cannot protect or save—an implicit counterpoint to those who 'pray to a god that cannot save.'
- Acts 17:23-29 (thematic): Paul's critique of Athenian idolatry (including an 'unknown god') resonates with Isaiah's rebuke of people gathering around and worshiping powerless images; both contrast true knowledge of God with futile worship.
Alternative generated candidates
- Gather yourselves and come; draw near together, you survivors of the nations. They have no knowledge who lift up their wooden idol and pray to a god that cannot save.
Isa.45.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הגידו: VERB,hiph,impv,2,m,pl
- והגישו: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,pl
- אף: ADV
- יועצו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- יחדו: ADV
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- השמיע: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- מקדם: PREP
- מאז: ADV
- הגידה: VERB,piel,imp,2,m,sg
- הלוא: PART
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מבלעדי: PREP
- אל: NEG
- צדיק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומושיע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אין: PART,neg
- זולתי: PREP
Parallels
- Isaiah 44:6 (verbal): Both verses assert Yahweh’s unique identity and exclusivity — “I am the first and the last… there is no God beside me,” echoing the declaration in Isa. 45:21.
- Isaiah 45:5-6 (verbal): Immediate context in the same chapter: God proclaims “I am the LORD, and there is none else… there is no God besides me,” reinforcing the claim of sole divinity and authority.
- Isaiah 43:10-11 (thematic): Affirms God’s uniqueness and salvific role — “before me no god was formed… I, even I, am the LORD; and besides me there is no savior,” closely paralleling the language of Isa. 45:21.
- Deuteronomy 32:39 (thematic): Mosaic testimony to Yahweh’s exclusive deity and power over life and death — “See now that I, even I, am he; there is no god with me… I kill, and I make alive,” resonating with the exclusivist claim of Isa. 45:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- Declare and present your case; indeed, let them consult together. Who foretold this long ago? Who declared it from former times? Was it not I, the LORD? And there is no God besides me, a just God and a Savior; there is none besides me.
Isa.45.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- פנו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- והושעו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- אפסי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- אל: NEG
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עוד: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:5 (verbal): Directly echoes the claim of divine uniqueness—'I am the LORD, and there is none else'—paralleling 'for I am God, and there is no other.'
- Isaiah 43:11 (thematic): Affirms that salvation belongs to YHWH alone—'I, even I, am the LORD; and besides me there is no savior'—matching the summons to 'turn to me and be saved.'
- Deuteronomy 32:39 (verbal): Affirms God's exclusive deity—'See now that I, even I, am he; there is no god beside me'—echoing the monotheistic claim of Isa 45:22.
- Joel 2:32 (allusion): Promises that 'everyone who calls on the name of the LORD shall be saved,' paralleling the call to turn to God in order to be saved.
- Romans 10:13 (quotation): Paul's citation—'For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved'—echoes the Isaianic summons to call/turn to God for salvation, linking OT promise to NT proclamation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.
Isa.45.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- נשבעתי: VERB,niphal,perf,1,_,sg
- יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מפי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צדקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- ישוב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- תכרע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- כל: DET
- ברך: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA,NA
- תשבע: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- כל: DET
- לשון: NOUN,f,sg,constr
Parallels
- Romans 14:11 (quotation): Paul directly cites Isaiah 45:23 (’every knee shall bow, every tongue confess’) to argue that all people will acknowledge the Lord.
- Philippians 2:10-11 (allusion): Uses the same universal-bow/confess formula applied to Jesus: 'that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow... every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord,' echoing Isa.45:23.
- Psalm 72:11 (thematic): Speaks of all kings and nations bowing and serving the king—a parallel theme of universal submission and homage to the sovereign ruler.
- Isaiah 45:22 (structural): Immediate context of 45:23; both verses form a unit calling the nations to turn to Yahweh and promising that ultimately every knee/tongue will acknowledge him.
Alternative generated candidates
- I have sworn by myself; the word has gone forth from my mouth in righteousness and shall not be revoked: to me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.
Isa.45.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- צדקות: NOUN,f,pl,constr
- ועז: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עדיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ויבשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- כל: DET
- הנחרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:22 (thematic): Same salvific summons to turn to YHWH and find salvation/righteousness — both verses call people to look to the Lord as the source of righteousness and deliverance.
- Isaiah 45:23 (structural): Immediate literary neighbor: declares universal submission ('every knee shall bow'), providing the wider context for 45:24's theme that all who come to the Lord will be vindicated and opponents confounded.
- Isaiah 45:25 (verbal): Continues the same thought: vindication and justification in the LORD — 45:24’s claim of righteousness/strength in YHWH is developed in 45:25’s affirmation that Israel will be justified and glory in the Lord.
- Jeremiah 23:6 (thematic): The title 'The LORD our Righteousness' echoes Isaiah’s emphasis that righteousness is found in Yahweh rather than in human leaders — a shared theological motif.
- Philippians 2:10–11 (quotation): New Testament citation of the motif of universal acknowledgment of the Lord (cf. Isaiah 45:23); parallels Isaiah’s theme that all will recognize the Lord’s authority and those opposed will be humbled.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall say in the LORD ‘I have righteousness and strength’; to him shall come and all who are angry with him shall be ashamed.
Isa.45.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- יצדקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ויתהללו: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 23:6 (verbal): God is named 'The LORD our Righteousness' (YHWH Tsidkenu) — presenting God as the source of righteousness and thus paralleling Israel's justification 'in the LORD.'
- Isaiah 51:5 (verbal): Yahweh declares 'My righteousness is near; my salvation has gone forth,' linking divine righteousness/salvation with deliverance and praise as in 45:25.
- Romans 3:26 (thematic): Paul portrays God as the justifier who shows divine righteousness — thematically echoing Isaiah's claim that Israel will be justified by the LORD.
- Romans 5:1 (verbal): 'Being justified by faith, we have peace with God' echoes the language and outcome of justification before God and the resulting standing/glory.
- Zephaniah 3:17 (thematic): Yahweh rejoices over and exults for Israel; this motif of divine action producing Israel's praise/glory parallels the latter half of 45:25 ('and shall glory').
Alternative generated candidates
- In the LORD shall the offspring of Israel be justified and shall glory.
Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, who formed you from the womb: I am the LORD, who made all things; I alone stretched out the heavens and spread out the earth—who was with me?
He frustrates the omens of the liars and makes diviners fools; he turns back the wise, and their knowledge becomes folly.
He confirms the word of his servant and fulfills the counsel of his messengers; he says of Jerusalem, 'You shall be inhabited,' and of the cities of Judah, 'You shall be built,' and I will restore their ruins.
He who says to the deep, 'Be dry!' and orders your rivers to be emptied—
he who says to Cyrus, 'He is my shepherd and shall carry out all my purpose,' and says of Jerusalem, 'Be built,' and of the temple, 'Be established'. Thus says the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have grasped, to subdue nations before him—I will loosen the loins of kings before him; I will open doors before him, and gates shall not be shut.
I will go before you and make the crooked places straight; I will break bronze doors and shatter iron bars.
I will give you the treasures of darkness and the hidden hoards, that you may know that I, the LORD, who call you by name, am the God of Israel.
For the sake of my servant Jacob and Israel my chosen, I call you by name and surname you, though you did not know me.
I am the LORD, and there is no other; besides me there is no God. I will gird you, though you did not know me.
That men from the rising of the sun to its setting may know there is none besides me: I am the LORD, and there is no other.
I form light and create darkness; I make well-being and create calamity. I am the LORD, who does all these things.
Drop down, O heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness; let the earth open, that salvation may spring up, and righteousness with it—I the LORD have created it.
Woe to him who contends with his Maker—shall the clay say to the potter, 'What are you making?' or 'Your hands have no skill'?
Woe to him who says to a father, 'What have you begotten?' or to a woman, 'What have you brought forth?' Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel and his Maker: Ask me of things to come concerning my sons; concerning the work of my hands you may command me.
I made the earth and created man upon it; my hands stretched out the heavens, and I commanded all their host.
I will raise him up in righteousness, and all his ways I will make straight; he shall build my city and set my exiles free, not for price or bribe, says the LORD of hosts. Thus says the LORD: The riches of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush and of the Sabeans—men of stature—shall come over to you and be yours; they shall follow you, they shall come after you in chains and bow down to you; they will plead with you, saying, 'Truly God is in you, and there is no other; there is no God besides him.'
Truly you are a God who hides himself—O God of Israel, the Savior.
All of them shall be ashamed and confounded; they shall go into disgrace together—those who fashion idols.
Israel is saved by the LORD with an everlasting salvation; you shall not be ashamed or disgraced to all generations.
For thus says the LORD, the Creator of the heavens—he is God; he formed the earth and made it, he established it; he did not create it in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD, and there is no other.
I did not speak in secret, in a land of darkness; I did not say to Jacob's offspring, 'Seek me in vain.' I the LORD speak righteousness; I declare what is straight.
Gather together and come; draw near, you fugitives of the nations; they know not who carries the wood of their carved image, and pray to a god that cannot save.
Declare and bring forward; let them take counsel together—who foretold this long ago? Who declared it from ancient times? Was it not I, the LORD? There is no God besides me; a righteous God and a Savior—there is none besides me.
Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.
By myself I have sworn; from my mouth has gone forth in righteousness a word that shall not return: 'To me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear allegiance.'
Surely one will say, 'In the LORD I have righteousness and strength'; to him shall men come, and all who are angry with him shall be ashamed.
In the LORD shall Israel be vindicated and shall glory.