The Creation of the World
Genesis 1:1-2:3
Gen.1.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בראשית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- John 1:1 (thematic): Shared 'beginning' framing; creation/Logos motif.
- Psalm 33:6 (creation_by_word): Creation by divine utterance.
- Isaiah 45:18 (creation_teleology): Creation of heavens and earth; purpose/formation.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
Gen.1.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- תהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחשך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- תהום: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ורוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מרחפת: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Jeremiah 4:23 (verbal): Jeremiah deliberately echoes Genesis 1:2 language (tohu va-vohu, 'without form and void') and imagery of a desolate earth to describe judgment, a direct verbal echo of the creation motif.
- Isaiah 45:18 (verbal): Uses the language of creation and the word 'tohu' (not made in vain) to affirm God's purposeful forming of the earth, engaging the same conceptual vocabulary as Genesis 1:2.
- Psalm 104:30 (thematic): Speaks of God's Spirit (ruach) as the creative/renewing power that brings creatures into being and renews the earth—paralleling the 'Spirit of God' hovering over the waters and divine creative activity in Gen 1:2.
- John 1:1-5 (structural): The Johannine prologue echoes Gen 1's creation framework ('In the beginning'), contrasts light and darkness, and presents the divine agent of creation (the Word) — a structural and thematic reworking of Genesis creation motifs.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
- Now the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
Gen.1.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- John 1:1-5 (thematic): Opens with creation language and identifies the cosmic role of the Word; light as primordial order and life echoes Genesis' first creative act.
- 2 Corinthians 4:6 (verbal): Explicitly cites God's command that light shine out of darkness, directly echoing Genesis' wording and applying it to divine revelation in Christ.
- Psalm 33:6 (structural): Attributes creation to God's spoken word ('by the word of the LORD'), reflecting the Genesis motif of creation through divine speech.
- Isaiah 45:7 (thematic): Affirms God's sovereignty over light and darkness, picking up the Genesis theme of God as creator of cosmic conditions.
- John 8:12 (thematic): Jesus' self-designation as 'light of the world' develops the Genesis motif of light as life, guidance, and divine presence.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let there be light, and there was light.
- And God said, Let there be light, and there was light.
Gen.1.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT
- האור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ויבדל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בין: PREP
- האור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובין: PREP
- החשך: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 45:7 (verbal): God as the creator of both light and darkness — language of forming/creating light and darkness echoes Genesis’ decree and divine sovereignty over the two realms.
- John 1:4-5 (allusion): Develops the Genesis light–darkness motif christologically: the life/light that shines in darkness and is not overcome recalls the primordial separation and its cosmic significance.
- 2 Corinthians 4:6 (quotation): Paul explicitly cites the motif (‘Let light shine out of darkness’) from the creational word and applies it to divine illumination of human hearts — a verbal and theological echo of Gen 1:3–4.
- Romans 13:12 (thematic): Uses the light/darkness polarity established in Genesis as an ethical metaphor — calling believers to cast off deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness.
- And God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness.
Gen.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולחשך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קרא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.1.4 (verbal): Immediate verbal and conceptual parallel: God separates/divides light from darkness and judges the light good—precedes and prepares the naming in 1:5.
- Gen.1.8 (structural): Repeats the same structural formula (“And there was evening and there was morning…day”) at the close of the second day, mirroring the calendrical/day‑counting pattern.
- Gen.1.14-18 (thematic): Develops the theme of lights appointed to govern and distinguish day and night (sun and moon as 'lights' to separate day from night).
- Isa.45.7 (thematic): Divine sovereignty over light and darkness—God as creator/former of light and darkness echoes Genesis’ attribution of origin and naming to God.
- John 1.5 (thematic): New Testament theological use of the light/darkness motif—cosmic struggle between light and darkness echoes Genesis’ initial ordering of light and night.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening, and there was morning, day one.
- And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening, and there was morning, one day.
Gen.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- רקיע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מבדיל: VERB,piel,ptc,3,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- למים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Job 38:8-11 (thematic): God describes laying limits on the sea—shutting it with doors and setting its bounds—which parallels Genesis' motif of God dividing and containing the waters.
- Psalm 104:2-6 (thematic): A poetic retelling of creation: God stretches out the heavens and the deep covered the earth, with waters above the heavens—echoing the division of waters by the firmament.
- Ezekiel 1:22-26 (verbal): Uses the image/term of a 'firmament' (raqîa) above the living creatures; later prophetic literature reuses the firmament motif and vocabulary from Genesis 1.
- 2 Peter 3:5 (allusion): The New Testament alludes to the creation account in which the world was formed out of waters and by divine word—reflecting the Genesis framework of waters and their ordering.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate water from water.
- And God said, Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate waters from waters.
Gen.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- הרקיע: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויבדל: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מתחת: PREP
- לרקיע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מעל: PREP
- לרקיע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Genesis 1:6 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same creation account—‘Let there be a firmament/expanse to divide the waters from the waters,’ same verb and idea of separating waters.
- Job 38:8-11 (thematic): God questions Job about shutting up the sea with doors and setting its limits—echoes the motif of God instituting boundaries for waters and exposing dry land.
- Job 26:10 (verbal): Speaks of God marking a boundary on the face of the waters—uses similar language of bounding/separating the waters.
- Psalm 148:4 (allusion): Calls on ‘waters above the heavens’ to praise the Lord, reflecting the cosmological picture of upper waters presupposed in Genesis 1:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God made the expanse and separated the waters that were under the expanse from the waters that were above the expanse. And it was so.
- And God made the expanse and separated the waters that were under the expanse from the waters that were above the expanse; and it was so.
Gen.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לרקיע: PREP
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.1.5 (verbal): Repeats the same naming formula and the refrain 'and there was evening and there was morning' (the pattern that structures the creation days and the verb 'called').
- Gen.1.14-19 (verbal): On the fourth day God places lights 'in the firmament of the heavens'—directly develops the function and language of the רָקִיעַ ('firmament') named as 'heaven.'
- Exod.20.11 (structural): Uses the six-day creation framework ('in six days the LORD made heaven and earth'), echoing the ordered, day-by-day structure exemplified by the 'evening and morning' formula.
- Job 9.8 (thematic): Attributes to God the cosmic action of stretching out or establishing the heavens—echoing Genesis' depiction of God making and defining the heavens/firmament.
- Isa.40.22 (allusion): Describes God as stretching out the heavens like a canopy or tent, an image that recalls the Genesis conception of the firmament as God's ordered expanse over the earth.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God called the expanse Heavens. And there was evening, and there was morning, day two.
- And God called the expanse Heavens. And there was evening, and there was morning, the second day.
Gen.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יקוו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- מתחת: PREP
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: PREP
- מקום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,sg,m
- ותראה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- היבשה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Psalm 104:6-9 (verbal): Closely echoes the creation motif: God gathers the waters and causes the dry land to appear, using language and sequence that mirror Genesis 1:9–10.
- Job 38:8-11 (structural): Part of God's speech about creation — describes God gathering and confining the sea and setting its limits, a structural reprise of the Genesis act of gathering waters and revealing land.
- Psalm 33:7 (verbal): Speaks of God gathering the waters of the sea together like a heap and storing up the deep, echoing the image of divine ordering of waters in Genesis 1:9.
- 2 Peter 3:5 (allusion): New Testament reference to the primordial state of the world with water and to God’s creative word bringing the earth out of the waters, alluding to the Genesis creation account.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let the waters under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear. And it was so.
- And God said, Let the waters under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear; and it was so.
Gen.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ליבשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולמקוה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- קרא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וירא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:4 (verbal): Shares the creation-day refrain 'וירא אלהים כי־טוב' ('And God saw that it was good'), a repeated verbal formula evaluating God's works.
- Job 38:8-11 (allusion): God's poetic speech about closing up the sea and appointing its bounds echoes the separation of waters and the establishment of dry land.
- Psalm 104:6-9 (allusion): Imagery of the earth rising from the waters and God setting boundaries for the sea closely parallels the creative act of separating land and waters.
- Proverbs 8:27-29 (verbal): Wisdom's description of the Lord marking out the heavens and assigning limits to the sea echoes the language of delimiting waters and founding the land.
- Psalm 24:1-2 (thematic): Affirms God's sovereign ownership and foundational work over earth and seas, thematically reflecting God’s origination of dry land and waters.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters he called Seas. And God saw that it was good.
- And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters he called Seas; and God saw that it was good.
Gen.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תדשא: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- דשא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מזריע: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- זרעו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Genesis 1:12 (verbal): Immediate narrative continuation repeating the same language—'the earth brought forth vegetation'—confirming the fulfillment of the command in 1:11.
- Genesis 1:24 (structural): Parallel command/fulfillment pattern applied to animals: the same formula 'let the earth bring forth' structures creation acts across the chapter.
- Psalm 104:14-16 (thematic): Describes God causing the earth to bring forth grass, plants and fruit trees for provision, echoing the motif of vegetation produced by divine activity.
- Isaiah 55:10 (thematic): Uses the image of rain causing the earth to yield seed and bread to illustrate divine efficacy—echoes the idea of earth responding to God's action to produce seed and fruit.
- Mark 4:3-8 (thematic): The Parable of the Sower centers on seed sown into soil producing varying crops; thematically related to the motif of seed, soil and fruitfulness introduced in Gen 1:11.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let the earth sprout vegetation: plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit according to their kinds, whose seed is in them, upon the earth. And it was so.
- And God said, Let the earth sprout vegetation: plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit according to their kinds, whose seed is in them, upon the earth; and it was so.
Gen.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותוצא: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- דשא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מזריע: VERB,piel,ptcp,NA,m,sg
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועץ: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשה: VERB,qal,ptcp,NA,m,sg
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: REL
- זרעו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וירא: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:11 (verbal): Immediate companion verse: the command for the earth to bring forth vegetation and seed-bearing plants; 1:12 reports the earth’s fulfillment in nearly identical vocabulary and sequence.
- Isaiah 55:10 (thematic): Uses the motif of rain causing the earth to bring forth seed and produce, echoing the creation theme of God-ordered vegetation and fruitful earth.
- Psalm 104:14 (thematic): Attributes the growth of grass and plants to God’s provision—connecting divine agency with the earth’s production of vegetation for creatures and humans.
- Matthew 13:31–32 (thematic): Parable of the mustard seed becoming a large plant/tree; shares the seed-to-plant/tree imagery and the theme of small seeds producing full-grown vegetation under God’s ordering.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the earth brought forth vegetation: plants yielding seed according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.
- And the earth brought forth vegetation: plants yielding seed according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, according to their kinds; and God saw that it was good.
Gen.1.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלישי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:5 (verbal): Identical refrain 'And there was evening and there was morning' marks the close of the first day—verbal and structural pattern initiating the day-by-day sequence.
- Genesis 1:8 (verbal): Same closing formula concludes the second day, continuing the repetitive structuring of the creation account.
- Genesis 1:31 (verbal): The closing formula appears again at the end of the sixth day, linking the day-counting pattern to the completion of creation.
- Genesis 2:2-3 (structural): Narrative culmination of the creation week: after the six days marked by the evening/morning formula, God rests—structural continuation and theological conclusion of the sequence.
- Exodus 20:11 (allusion): The Sabbath command invokes the six-day creation pattern as its theological basis, alluding to the same day-structure established throughout Genesis 1.
Alternative generated candidates
- And there was evening, and there was morning, day three.
- And there was evening, and there was morning, the third day.
Gen.1.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהי: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
- מארת: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ברקיע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- להבדיל: VERB,hifil,inf
- בין: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לאתת: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ולמועדים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולימים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושנים: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:16 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same creation motif — God makes the two great lights and places them in the expanse, completing the function described in 1:14.
- Psalm 104:19 (verbal): Explicitly echoes Genesis language — 'He made the moon for the seasons' (môʿadîm), tying the celestial bodies to calendrical/ritual times.
- Psalm 19:1-6 (thematic): Portrays the heavens and the sun as declaring God's order and regularity; the sun's ordained circuit resonates with the function of lights to mark days and times.
- Job 38:31-33 (thematic): God's challenge about binding the constellations and knowing the ordinances of the heavens picks up the theme of celestial bodies governing seasons and cosmic order.
- Luke 21:25 (thematic): New Testament reference to 'signs' in the sun, moon, and stars echoes Genesis' idea that heavenly lights serve as signs for events and times.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for appointed times, and for days and years,
- And God said, Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for appointed times and for days and years,
Gen.1.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- למאורת: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ברקיע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- להאיר: VERB,qal,inf
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Psalm 136:7-9 (verbal): Echoes Genesis' language about God creating the 'great lights' — sun to rule the day, moon and stars to rule the night; similar vocabulary and function of the celestial lights.
- Psalm 19:1-6 (thematic): Develops the theme of the heavens and the sun as God's revelation and cosmic 'light' for the earth; the sun portrayed as a rejoicing bridegroom/runner, paralleling the created lights' purpose to illumine the world.
- Psalm 104:19 (verbal): Speaks of the moon and sun ordained to mark times and seasons and to govern day and night, directly paralleling Genesis' assignment of roles to the heavenly lights.
- John 1:1-5 (allusion): John's prologue alludes to Genesis creation and appropriates the 'light' motif (life and light for humanity), reinterpreting the cosmic light-theme in Christological terms.
Alternative generated candidates
- and let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth. And it was so.
- and let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth; and it was so.
Gen.1.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PART
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- המארת: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הגדלים: ADJ,m,pl,def
- את: PART
- המאור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הגדל: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לממשלת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,construct
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PART
- המאור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הקטן: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לממשלת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,construct
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PART
- הכוכבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Psalm 136:7–9 (verbal): Direct liturgical echo of Genesis creation: credits God with ‘making the great lights’ and assigns the sun to rule the day and the moon and stars to rule the night (close verbal and thematic repetition).
- Psalm 104:19 (thematic): Speaks of God making the moon to mark the seasons and the sun’s appointed time—reiterates the functional ordering of sun and moon instituted at creation.
- Job 38:31–33 (structural): Part of God’s cosmic challenge to Job about controlling the constellations and the motions of the heavens; parallels Genesis’ theme of divine sovereignty over the celestial lights.
- Deuteronomy 4:19 (thematic): Warns Israel not to be led into worshipping the sun, moon and stars—assumes the Genesis motif that these are created lights with roles but not to be worshipped.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God made the two great lights—the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night—and the stars.
- And God made the two great lights—the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night—and the stars.
Gen.1.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ברקיע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- להאיר: VERB,qal,inf
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.1:14 (structural): Immediate context: assigns purpose to the lights in the heavens — for signs, seasons, days and years, framing why God set them in the expanse.
- Gen.1:16 (verbal): Closely parallel wording and structure describing God making the greater and lesser lights and placing them in the firmament.
- Ps.19:1 (thematic): Affirms the heavens (and their lights) as a revelation of God’s glory and action, connecting cosmic bodies with divine purpose and witness.
- Ps.136:7-9 (thematic): Credits God with making the great lights (sun, moon, stars) and assigning them roles for day and night — echoing the creation and function of the luminaries.
- Deut.4:19 (thematic): Recognizes the sun, moon and stars as placed in the heavens by God and warns against worshiping them, presupposing their divinely ordained location and function.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth,
- And God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth,
Gen.1.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולמשל: VERB,qal,inf
- ביום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובלילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולהבדיל: VERB,hiph,inf
- בין: PREP
- האור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובין: PREP
- החשך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וירא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:4 (verbal): Repeats the same language and idea — God separates light from darkness and pronounces the light good (וִיבְדַּ֣ל ... וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי־טֹב).
- Genesis 1:14 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the creation account: the heavenly lights are appointed to distinguish day from night (להבדיל בין היום ובין הלילה), the same function attributed to sun and moon in 1:18.
- Isaiah 45:7 (thematic): Divine sovereignty over light and darkness — 'I form light and create darkness' — echoes the motif of God as creator and divider of light and dark.
- Job 38:12-19 (thematic): God challenges Job about commanding the dawn and assigning limits to light and darkness, reflecting the theme of divine control over day and night.
- Psalm 104:19-20 (thematic): Describes God appointing the moon and ordering the sun to mark times and regulate day and night, thematically parallel to the lights' role in Gen 1:18.
Alternative generated candidates
- to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good.
- and to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good.
Gen.1.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רביעי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.1.5 (verbal): The same repetitive creation-day formula — 'And there was evening and there was morning' — used to mark the conclusion of the first day.
- Gen.1.8 (verbal): Identical day-closing formula applied to the second day, demonstrating the parallel, rhythmic structuring of the creation week.
- Gen.1.13 (verbal): The same phrase concludes the third day; together with 1:5 and 1:8 it shows the recurring liturgical/structural pattern for days one through four.
- Gen.2.1-3 (structural): Concludes and summarizes the entire creation week (including the fourth day), framing the seven-day schema and introducing divine rest on the seventh day.
- Exod.20.11 (thematic): The Sabbath command alludes to the seven-day creation pattern ('For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth'), thematically linking the creation days (including the fourth) to Israelite law and worship rhythm.
Alternative generated candidates
- And there was evening, and there was morning, day four.
- And there was evening, and there was morning, the fourth day.
Gen.1.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישרצו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חיה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ועוף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעופף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- רקיע: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Genesis 1:21 (structural): Immediate continuation of v.20: specifies God 'created' the sea creatures and birds, using the same creation vocabulary and completing the act announced in v.20.
- Genesis 1:24 (verbal): Parallel creation formula applied to land animals ('let the earth bring forth living creatures'), echoing the structure and language of the watery/avian creation in 1:20.
- Psalm 104:25-30 (thematic): Describes the sea as teeming with living things and God as the giver/sustainer of life—echoes the motif of waters swarming with living creatures and divine creative activity.
- Psalm 148:7-10 (thematic): Calls sea creatures and birds to praise the Lord, reflecting the same categorical ordering of creatures (sea creatures, birds, creeping things) found in the creation account.
- Job 12:7-10 (thematic): Invites inquiry of the beasts and birds as witnesses to God's handiwork and life-giving power—themes present in the creation of animals and birds in Gen 1:20.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the face of the expanse of the heavens.
- And God said, Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the face of the expanse of the heavens.
Gen.1.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT
- התנינם: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הגדלים: ADJ,m,pl,def
- ואת: PRT
- כל: DET
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- החיה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- הרמשת: VERB,qal,ptc,0,f,sg
- אשר: CONJ
- שרצו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למינהם: PREP
- ואת: PRT
- כל: DET
- עוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כנף: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למינהו: PREP
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:20 (verbal): Earlier clause in the creation sequence describing God’s command and the filling of the waters and skies with living creatures; shares key vocabulary (water-creatures, 'נפש חיה', winged birds) and the creative formula.
- Genesis 1:24 (structural): Parallel creation pattern for land animals: God creates living creatures 'after their kinds' and the text repeats the divine appraisal ('וירא אלהים כי טוב'), reflecting the same structural framing as 1:21.
- Psalm 104:25-26 (verbal): Psalteric hymn celebrating the sea and its 'great sea creatures' (תנינים/Leviathan), echoing Genesis’ motif of God as creator of the large marine creatures and depicting life in the waters.
- Job 41 (thematic): Extended poetic description of Leviathan/the sea-monster that develops the theme of powerful marine creatures—emphasizing their might and God's sovereignty over them, thus thematically tied to Genesis' 'great sea monsters.'
- Isaiah 27:1 (allusion): Prophetic oracle casting Yahweh as slayer of Leviathan, the twisting serpent—an allusive reuse of the sea-monster motif from Genesis and ancient imagery of chaos subdued by God.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God created the great sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.
- And God created the great sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind; and God saw that it was good.
Gen.1.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויברך: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לאמר: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- פרו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- ורבו: CONJ+VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- ומלאו: CONJ+VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- את: PART,acc
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,def
- והעוף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ירב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:28 (verbal): The creation blessing to humanity uses the same imperative language—'Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth'—echoing the command given to the birds and sea creatures in 1:22.
- Genesis 9:1 (verbal): The post‑Flood pronouncement to Noah and his sons repeats the identical formula: 'Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth,' directly mirroring the Genesis 1 blessing.
- Exodus 1:7 (thematic): Reports the Israelites' rapid multiplication in Egypt ('they were fruitful and increased greatly'), continuing the theme of population growth and filling the land initiated in Genesis 1:22.
- Psalm 127:3–5 (thematic): Presents children as a blessing and the fruit of the womb, reflecting the positive valuation of fruitfulness and offspring implicit in the command to 'be fruitful and multiply.'
Alternative generated candidates
- And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.
- And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.
Gen.1.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חמישי: ADJ,ord,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:19 (verbal): Contains the identical refrain concluding the fourth day ('And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day'), part of the recurring day-closing formula.
- Genesis 1:13 (verbal): Uses the same closing formula for the third day, showing the repeated verbal pattern that structures the creation account.
- Genesis 1:31 (verbal): Final occurrence of the day-closing refrain ('the sixth day'), tying the daily pattern into the larger six-day creation sequence.
- Genesis 1:20 (thematic): Describes the creative actions (sea creatures and birds) that occur on the fifth day, which Genesis 1:23 formally closes.
- Genesis 2:1 (structural): Marks the completion of the creation week and functions as the structural culmination of the successive 'evening and morning' day conclusions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And there was evening, and there was morning, day five.
- And there was evening, and there was morning, the fifth day.
Gen.1.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תוצא: VERB,qal,impf/juss,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חיה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ורמש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחיתו: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Genesis 1:11 (verbal): Same creative formula—'Let the earth bring forth'—applied to vegetation; parallels the language and pattern of God commanding the earth to produce life by kinds.
- Genesis 1:20-21 (verbal): Earlier use of the divine fiat ('And God said') to bring forth living creatures—here applied to sea creatures and birds, mirroring the pattern and category language of Genesis 1:24.
- Genesis 2:19 (structural): A complementary account of the origin of animals in the Eden narrative: God forms or brings forth the beasts from the ground to populate the created world, echoing Genesis 1's account of animals by 'kinds.'
- Psalm 104:14-15 (thematic): Celebrates God’s provision and ordering of creation—plants for food and creatures that live from the earth—echoing the theme of God causing the earth to produce living creatures and sustain them.
- Job 38:39-41 (thematic): God’s sovereignty over the life and provision of wild animals is emphasized in the divine speech, thematically linked to the Creator’s act of bringing forth and sustaining living creatures in Genesis 1:24.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds: livestock and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their kinds. And it was so.
- And God said, Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds—livestock and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their kinds; and it was so.
Gen.1.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PART,acc
- חית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,f,sg
- ואת: CONJ+PART,acc
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,f,sg
- ואת: CONJ+PART,acc
- כל: DET
- רמש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האדמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- וירא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 1:24 (verbal): Uses the same formula — the earth brings forth living creatures 'after their kind' and concludes with 'God saw that it was good,' making it a close verbal parallel in the same creation sequence.
- Genesis 1:21 (verbal): Describes the creation of sea creatures 'after their kind' and likewise states 'God saw that it was good,' repeating the verbal refrain applied to another class of creatures.
- Genesis 1:11 (verbal): The vegetation section uses the recurring phrase 'after its/ their kind,' showing the same classificatory language for living things across the creation account.
- Genesis 1:31 (structural): The capstone verdict — God sees all he made as 'very good' — structurally echoes and amplifies the repeated 'God saw that it was good' judgments found in verses like 1:25.
- Psalm 104:25-30 (thematic): Celebrates God's wisdom in making sea and land creatures and his ongoing care/provision for them, thematically resonant with the account of God creating animals and declaring them good.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, and the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.
- And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, and the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind; and God saw that it was good.
Gen.1.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayq,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נעשה: VERB,qal,cohort,1,pl
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בצלמנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,pl
- כדמותנו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,1,pl
- וירדו: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayq,3,m,pl
- בדגת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובעוף: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ובבהמה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP+PRON
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP+PRON
- הרמש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרמש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.1.27 (verbal): Immediate continuation/repetition: explicitly states God created humankind in his image and likeness and affirms male and female—direct verbal echo of 1:26.
- Gen.5.1-2 (verbal): Genealogical summary repeats the creation formula ('God created man in his likeness; male and female created he them'), a verbal restatement of 1:26–27.
- Gen.9.6 (allusion): Uses the 'image of God' motif as the moral/legal ground for human life’s inviolability—conceptual allusion to humanity’s creation in God’s image.
- Ps.8.4-8 (thematic): Speaks of human dignity and rule over the works of God's hands—themes of exalted status and dominion over animals that parallel the mandate in 1:26.
- James 3.9 (allusion): New Testament ethical appeal referring to humans as made 'in the likeness of God' to prohibit cursing fellow humans—explicitly echoes Genesis’ image/likeness language.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth.
- And God said, Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.
Gen.1.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- האדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בצלמו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בצלם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אתו: PRT+PRON,3,m,sg
- זכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונקבה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRT+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Gen.1.26 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the creation narrative: the divine speech 'Let us make man in our image, after our likeness' — shares the key wording and intent.
- Gen.5.1-2 (verbal): Explicit repetition of the claim that God created man in his likeness; the genealogical introduction echoes Gen 1:27's language.
- Gen.9.6 (verbal): Invokes the fact that God made humans in his image as the moral/legal rationale for prohibiting murder — ethical implication of the Imago Dei.
- Ps.8:4-6 (thematic): Affirms human dignity and delegated rule over creation ('crowned him with glory and honor'), thematically echoing humanity's special status as God's image.
- Col.3:10 (allusion): Pauline development of the image motif: the 'new self' is being renewed 'after the image of its Creator,' applying Gen 1:27 language to Christ‑shaped restoration of humanity.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God created the human in his image; in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
- So God created the human in his image; in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
Gen.1.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויברך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,pl,m
- אלהים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,pl,m
- אלהים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ורבו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ומלאו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- את: PART,acc
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וכבשה: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ורדו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- בדגת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובעוף: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP+PRON
- חיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הרמשת: VERB,qal,ptcp,f,sg
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.1.26 (structural): Earlier verse in the creation account that institutes human dominion ('let us make man... have dominion') — the structural antecedent to the blessing/mandate in 1:28.
- Gen.9.1 (verbal): Post‑Flood repetition: God blesses Noah and commands 'Be fruitful and multiply; replenish the earth,' echoing the exact language and commission of Gen 1:28.
- Gen.17:2 (thematic): God's promise to Abraham to make him fruitful and to multiply his descendants — continues the creation theme of fruitfulness and population of the earth.
- Ps.8:6–8 (allusion): Psalmist attributes dominion to humans over animals and creations ('you have put all things under his feet' and listing birds, fish, beasts), echoing the dominion motif of Gen 1:28.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God blessed them, and God said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.
- And God blessed them; and God said to them, Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that creeps on the earth.
Gen.1.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הנה: PART
- נתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לכם: PRON,2,pl
- את: ACC
- כל: ADJ,m,sg
- עשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: REL
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כל: ADJ,m,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+ACC
- כל: ADJ,m,sg
- העץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: REL
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- פרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PRON,2,pl
- יהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לאכלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 9:3 (verbal): Direct echo of Gen 1:29's grant of plant food language; expands divine permission after the Flood to include animals ('even as the green herb have I given you all things').
- Genesis 1:30 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same creation narrative assigning 'every green herb' as food to beasts and birds, repeating the vegetation-as-food motif.
- Genesis 2:16 (thematic): Early Edenic command permitting the man to eat freely from the garden's trees—same underlying theme of God granting plants/trees as food to humans.
- Psalm 104:14-15 (thematic): Poetic depiction of God's providence in providing vegetation and produce for humans and animals; echoes the theme of God as provider of food.
- Leviticus 11:2-3 (thematic): Later legal material concerning permissible food—themically connected as a development and regulation of what was initially presented as God's grant of food in Genesis 1:29.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God said, Look, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is on the face of all the earth, and every tree in which is the fruit of a tree bearing seed; it shall be for you for food.
- And God said, Behold, I give you every plant yielding seed that is on the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed-bearing fruit; you shall have them for food.
Gen.1.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ולכל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רומש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: REL
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חיה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- את: PART
- כל: PRON,indef
- ירק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאכלה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Gen.1.29 (verbal): Immediate verbal and conceptual parallel in the same creation chapter: 1:29 grants ‘every seed‑bearing plant/fruit’ to humans for food while 1:30 grants ‘every green herb’ to animals—shared language of God providing vegetation as sustenance.
- Gen.9.3 (quotation): Post‑Flood instruction echoes and reinterprets the creation provision: ‘every moving thing that lives shall be food for you… as I have given you the green plants,’ explicitly citing the earlier provision of vegetation.
- Ps.104:14–15 (thematic): Psalm celebrates God’s ordering of creation so that plants supply food for cattle and humans; thematically echoes Genesis’ depiction of vegetation as provision for living creatures.
- Isa.11:6–9 (thematic): Vision of a renewed/peaceable creation in which animals coexist harmoniously and the created order is restored; thematically connects to Genesis’ original ordering of animals and their dependence on vegetation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the heavens and to everything that creeps upon the earth, that has life, I give every green plant for food. And it was so.
- And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the heavens and to everything that creeps on the earth, that has life, I give every green plant for food; and it was so.
Gen.1.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT
- כל: DET
- אשר: REL
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- והנה: CONJ+INTJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מאד: ADV
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הששי: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.1.4 (verbal): Same evaluative formula 'God saw that it was good' applied earlier in the creation sequence (light), establishing a repeated evaluative refrain.
- Gen.1.25 (verbal): Uses the identical assessment 'and God saw that it was good' of the created animals, part of the cumulative refrain culminating in 1:31.
- Gen.2.1-3 (structural): Concludes the seven-day creation framework; 1:31's final verdict ('very good') functions as the narrative culmination before the Sabbath rest and sanctification in 2:1–3.
- Colossians 1:16 (thematic): Affirms that 'all things' were created by/for Christ, linking the Genesis account's universal creator language and the goodness of creation to New Testament Christological creation theology.
- Revelation 21:5 (thematic): God's proclamation 'Behold, I make all things new' echoes and reinterprets creation themes — original goodness and divine sovereignty — in the eschatological renewal of creation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God saw all that he had made, and, look, it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.
- And God saw all that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.
Gen.2.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויכלו: VERB,qal,wayq,3,m,pl
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- והארץ: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- וכל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צבאם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 1:31 (structural): Immediate literary parallel: part of the same creation-unit that culminates in God’s completed work at the end of the six days.
- Exodus 20:11 (thematic): Uses the six-day creation framework to justify Sabbath rest, echoing the finished heavens-and-earth motif of Genesis 2:1.
- Exodus 31:17 (verbal): Reiterates the formula linking God’s making of heaven and earth in six days with divine cessation of work on the seventh.
- Hebrews 4:4 (quotation): Cites the sabbath/rest tradition derived from the Genesis creation account (the language of God’s completed works and rest).
- John 1:3 (allusion): Theological echo: affirms that ‘all things’ (including heavens and earth) were brought into being, connecting the Gospel’s Logos theology to the Genesis creation motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their array.
- And the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their host.
Gen.2.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ביום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מלאכתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,prs3m
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וישבת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מכל: PREP
- מלאכתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,prs3m
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Gen.2.3 (structural): Immediate continuation: the declaration of rest in v.2 is completed by v.3, which blesses and sanctifies the seventh day, forming a united creation/Sabbath unit.
- Exod.20.11 (verbal): Uses the seven‑day creation pattern ('in six days...and rested on the seventh') as the rationale for the Sabbath command — direct echo of Genesis 2:2.
- Exod.31.17 (verbal): Reiterates the creation‑week language (and adds that God was 'refreshed' on the seventh day), linking divine rest to Israel's Sabbath observance.
- Heb.4.4–10 (quotation): Explicitly cites God's rest on the seventh day (quoting Genesis) and develops the theological motif of 'entering God's rest,' interpreting the creational rest eschatologically.
- Col.2.16–17 (thematic): Treats Sabbath observance as a shadow pointing to future realities, echoing but reinterpreting the significance of the creational Sabbath in Genesis 2:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.
- And God finished on the seventh day his work that he had done, and he ceased on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.
Gen.2.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויברך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PART
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ויקדש: VERB,piel,impf,3,m,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- כי: CONJ
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מכל: PREP
- מלאכתו: NOUN,f,sg,construct+PRON,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ברא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
Parallels
- Exodus 20:8-11 (quotation): The Decalogue grounds the Sabbath command in creation language—'for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth... and rested on the seventh day'—directly echoing Genesis 2:2–3 and blessing/holiness of the seventh day.
- Exodus 31:16-17 (verbal): Repeats Genesis' language about God resting on the seventh day and frames Sabbath observance as a perpetual sign between God and Israel, extending Genesis' sanctification into covenant practice.
- Hebrews 4:4-10 (allusion): Uses God's rest on the seventh day (Genesis) as theological proof for a promised 'Sabbath rest' still to be entered, reinterpreting the creation motif for soteriological/eschatological argument.
- Mark 2:27 (thematic): Reframes the Sabbath's purpose—'The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath'—engaging the creation-based rationale of Genesis to emphasize human benefit and intention behind Sabbath observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all his work that God had created to make.
- And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he ceased from all his work that God had created to make.
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. And God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening, and there was morning, day one. And God said, "Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." And God made the expanse and separated the waters that were under the expanse from the waters that were above the expanse; and it was so. And God called the expanse Heavens. And there was evening, and there was morning, day two. And God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear." And it was so. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters he called Seas; and God saw that it was good. And God said, "Let the earth sprout vegetation: plant yielding seed, fruit tree bearing fruit according to its kind, whose seed is in it, upon the earth." And it was so. And the earth brought forth vegetation: plant yielding seed according to its kind, and tree making fruit, in which is its seed, according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was morning, day three. And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for appointed times and for days and years."
"And let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth." And it was so. And God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night—and the stars. And God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth,
and to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was morning, day four. And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth, over the surface of the expanse of the heavens." And God created the great sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth." And there was evening, and there was morning, day five. And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds: livestock and creeping thing and beast of the earth according to its kind." And it was so. And God made the beast of the earth according to its kind and the livestock according to its kind, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And God said, "Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." And God created the human in his image; in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth." And God said, "Behold, I have given to you every seed-bearing plant that is upon the surface of all the earth, and every tree with seed-bearing fruit; it shall be for you for food."
"And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the heavens and to everything that creeps on the earth, that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food." And it was so. And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning, day six. Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their host. And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done. And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all his work that God had created to do.