Jesus Teaches with Authority and Casts Out an Unclean Spirit
Mark 1:21-28
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Mark.1.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- εισπορευονται: VERB,pres,mp,ind,3,pl
- εις: PREP
- Καφαρναουμ: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- ευθυς: ADV
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- σαββασιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- εδιδασκεν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- συναγωγην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Luke 4:31-32 (verbal): Jesus goes to Capernaum and on the Sabbath teaches in the synagogue; closely parallels location and synagogue‑teaching motif and likewise notes his authoritative teaching.
- Luke 4:16 (verbal): Phrase 'on the Sabbath he entered the synagogue' is repeated in Luke's account (in Nazareth), showing the recurring pattern and similar wording of Sabbath synagogue teaching.
- Mark 6:2 (verbal): Marks another instance where Jesus 'began to teach in the synagogue on the Sabbath,' emphasizing the same activity and the reaction of astonishment from listeners.
- Matthew 4:13 (structural): Matthew records Jesus leaving Nazareth and taking up residence in Capernaum—parallels Mark's identification of Capernaum as Jesus' base.
- Matthew 4:23 (thematic): Summarizes Jesus' ministry 'teaching in their synagogues' throughout Galilee, placing the Markan episode within the broader theme of synagogue teaching.
Alternative generated candidates
- They went to Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath he entered the synagogue and began to teach.
- And they went into Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath he entered the synagogue and began to teach.
Mark.1.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εξεπλησσοντο: VERB,impf,mid/pass,ind,3,pl
- επι: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- διδαχη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- γαρ: PART
- διδασκων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ως: ADV
- εξουσιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εχων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- ουχ: PART,neg
- ως: ADV
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- γραμματεις: NOUN,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Matthew 7:28-29 (verbal): Near-identical wording in the Synoptic parallel: Jesus' teaching astonishes the crowds because he taught 'as one having authority, and not as the scribes.'
- Luke 4:32 (verbal): Luke's parallel to the same Galilean ministry scene: the people marvel at Jesus' teaching, noting his words were spoken 'with power' (similar emphasis on authority).
- Mark 1:27 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel in Mark linking the astonishment at Jesus' teaching to the question about 'a new teaching with authority' demonstrated also by his command over an unclean spirit.
- Acts 4:13 (thematic): The Jewish leaders are amazed at Peter and John—'unlearned and ignorant men'—because of their boldness and evident authority, echoing the theme of unexpected authoritative speech in Jesus' followers.
Alternative generated candidates
- They were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as one with authority, and not like the scribes.
- They were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as one who has authority, and not like the scribes.
Mark.1.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ευθυς: ADV
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- συναγωγη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- ανθρωπος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- πνευματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- ακαθαρτω: ADJ,dat,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- ανεκραξεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Luke 4:33-35 (verbal): Near-verbatim parallel: a man with an unclean spirit in the synagogue cries out and is immediately confronted and exorcised by Jesus; wording and sequence closely match Mark's account.
- Luke 4:31-37 (structural): Paralleling pericope: same Capernaum synagogue setting, Jesus' authoritative teaching followed by an exorcism that astonishes the crowd—same narrative structure as Mark 1:21-28.
- Mark 5:2-8 (thematic): Another Markan exorcism (the Gerasene demoniac) showing the recurring motif of an 'unclean spirit' confronting Jesus, the man's violent crying out, and Jesus' authoritative power over demons.
- Luke 8:28-29 (verbal): The Gerasene demoniac likewise recognizes and vocally addresses Jesus (identifying him by title), echoing the spirit's cry and recognition motif found in Mark 1:23–24.
- Acts 19:13-16 (thematic): Accounts of spiritual confrontations where demons acknowledge Jesus' name (and resist illegitimate exorcisms) provide a thematic background to the demonic recognition of Jesus' authority in Mark 1.
Alternative generated candidates
- And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out,
- Just then there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out,
Mark.1.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- λεγων·Τι: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
- και: CONJ
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Ναζαρηνε: NOUN,voc,sg,m
- ηλθες: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,sg
- απολεσαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- οιδα: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,sg
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- τις: PRON,nom,sg,?
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αγιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 4:34 (verbal): Synoptic parallel—an unclean spirit addresses Jesus with virtually the same words, 'I know who you are—the Holy One of God,' matching Mark's demonic recognition language.
- Matthew 8:29 (verbal): Close Matthean parallel where the demons cry out upon seeing Jesus, using the same confrontational formula ('What have we to do with you?') and identifying him with a divine title ('Son of God').
- Mark 5:7 (structural): Another Markan episode in which a demon uses the identical opening question 'Τί ἡμῖν καὶ σοί…' addressing Jesus (here as 'Son of the Most High God'), showing a recurring demonic confession pattern in Mark.
- Acts 19:15 (verbal): A later New Testament instance where an evil spirit explicitly names Jesus—'Jesus I know, and Paul I know'—paralleling the motif of demonic recognition of Jesus' identity by name/title.
- Mark 3:11 (thematic): Thematic parallel within Mark: unclean spirits repeatedly recognize and proclaim Jesus’ divine identity (e.g., falling down and crying out), underscoring the Gospel's motif of demonic confession of who Jesus is.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God.'
- “What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God.”
Mark.1.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- επετιμησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Ιησους: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- λεγων·Φιμωθητι: PTCP,pres,act,nom,sg,m+VERB,aor,pass,imp,2,sg
- και: CONJ
- εξελθε: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- εξ: PREP
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 4:35 (verbal): Parallel account of the same episode; Jesus rebukes the unclean spirit with virtually the same words (‘Be silent/quiet and come out of him’).
- Mark 1:34 (structural): Same scene in Mark’s narrative: Jesus casts out demons and prevents them from speaking, reflecting the pattern of silencing unclean spirits in this chapter.
- Luke 4:41 (thematic): Demons publicly acknowledge Jesus’ identity and he rebukes them and forbids them to speak—same motif of silencing demonic testimony.
- Matthew 17:18 (thematic): Jesus rebukes an unclean spirit and it departs from a boy; parallels Mark’s wording and the authoritative command by which demons are expelled.
Alternative generated candidates
- But Jesus rebuked him, saying, 'Be silent, and come out of him!'
- Jesus rebuked him, saying, “Be silent, and come out of him.”
Mark.1.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- σπαραξαν: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,neut
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ακαθαρτον: ADJ,nom,sg,neut
- και: CONJ
- φωνησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- φωνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εξηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εξ: PREP,gen
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 4:35 (verbal): Parallel account of the Capernaum synagogue exorcism; similar wording about the unclean spirit crying out with a loud voice and coming out of the man.
- Luke 8:29 (verbal): Describes the Gerasene demoniac being convulsed (ἐσπάραζεν), using the same root idea of the spirit throwing/convulsing the person, a recurring verbal motif for demonic agitation.
- Mark 9:25-26 (verbal): Another Markan exorcism in which the unclean spirit convulses/cries out and departs (close verbal and structural parallel within Mark’s Gospel).
- Acts 16:18 (thematic): Paul’s exorcism of the slave girl where the spirit is ordered to come out: parallels the broader theme of unclean spirits leaving at authoritative command.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying out with a loud voice, came out of him.
- The unclean spirit convulsed him; with a loud cry it came out of him.
Mark.1.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εθαμβηθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- απαντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- ωστε: CONJ
- συζητειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- προς: PREP
- εαυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- λεγοντας·Τι: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- διδαχη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- καινη·κατ᾽εξουσιαν: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- πνευμασι: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- ακαθαρτοις: ADJ,dat,pl,n
- επιτασσει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- υπακουουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 4:33-36 (verbal): Same synagogue exorcism scene — an unclean spirit recognizes Jesus and he rebukes it; crowd astonished that even the spirits obey him (very close verbal and narrative parallel).
- Matthew 7:29 (verbal): Jesus 'taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes' — echoes Mark's astonishment at Jesus' new teaching 'with authority.'
- Mark 3:11 (thematic): Repeated Markan motif: unclean spirits fall down before Jesus and confess/obey him, showing demonic recognition of his authority over them.
- Luke 8:28 (thematic): Gerasene demoniac episode where the demons speak to Jesus and are subject to his command, illustrating the theme of Jesus' authority over unclean spirits.
- Acts 10:38 (thematic): Summary of Jesus' ministry — God anointed Jesus to heal and free those oppressed by the devil, reflecting his power and authority over unclean spirits.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they were all amazed, so that they debated among themselves, saying, 'What is this? A new teaching! With authority he commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him.'
- All were amazed, so that they debated among themselves, saying, “What is this? A new teaching! With authority he commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him.”
Mark.1.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εξηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ακοη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ευθυς: ADV
- πανταχου: ADV
- εις: PREP
- ολην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- περιχωρον: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- Γαλιλαιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Luke 4:14 (verbal): Nearly identical phrasing and idea: "news about him went out through all the surrounding region" — a direct parallel reporting Jesus' fame spreading in Galilee.
- Luke 5:15 (verbal): Uses the same motif/phrase — "the report about him went abroad" — linking widespread report of Jesus to crowds seeking him for teaching and healing.
- Mark 1:45 (structural): Within the same narrative cycle the healed leper publicly proclaims the event ("he began to proclaim it freely"), producing the theme of news spreading about Jesus and affecting his ministry.
- Matthew 4:24 (thematic): Reports of Jesus' healing power spread widely (here 'throughout Syria'), paralleling Mark's theme that Jesus' reputation quickly circulated because of his healings and exorcisms.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the news about him spread immediately throughout the whole surrounding district of Galilee.
- Immediately his fame spread everywhere throughout all the surrounding region of Galilee.
They went into Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath he entered the synagogue and taught. And they were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as one who had authority, and not as the scribes. And in their synagogue there was a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out,
“What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God.” But Jesus rebuked him, saying, “Be silent, and come out of him!”
The unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying with a loud voice, came out of him.
All were amazed, so that they argued among themselves, saying, “What is this? A new teaching—with authority! He commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him.” And immediately his fame went out everywhere throughout the surrounding region of Galilee.