Clean and Unclean Foods
Deuteronomy 14:1-21
Deu.14.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תתגדדו: VERB,hith,impf,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תשימו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- קרחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- עיניכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- למת: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 19:28 (verbal): Directly forbids making cuts in the body or marks for the dead; closely parallels Deut 14:1's prohibition of cutting/ritual marking in mourning.
- Leviticus 21:5 (verbal): Commands priests not to make baldness or cut themselves for the dead; repeats similar language and links ritual hair/body practices with covenant identity.
- Ezekiel 44:20 (allusion): Restricts priestly hair-cutting and shaving practices; alludes to longstanding cultic/ritual regulations distinguishing Israelite worship from pagan mourning customs.
- Jeremiah 16:6 (thematic): Prohibits mourning rites and funerary lamentations (including ritual cutting) in the context of judgment; echoes Deut 14:1's ban on mourning mutilation as connected to covenant circumstances.
- 1 Kings 18:28 (thematic): Describes prophets of Baal cutting themselves in ecstatic mourning; provides a narrative contrast to Israelite prohibitions against such self-mutilation for the dead.
Alternative generated candidates
- You are children to the LORD your God; you shall not cut yourselves, nor make a bald spot between your eyes on account of the dead.
- You are children of the LORD your God; you shall not make cuttings in your flesh, nor shave the front of your heads for the dead.
Deu.14.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- עם: PREP
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- ובך: CONJ+PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- בחר: VERB,qal,perf,3,ms
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- להיות: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- לעם: PREP
- סגלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מכל: PREP
- העמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- האדמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 7:6 (verbal): Uses virtually the same wording: Israel is a holy people and has been chosen to be a people for God’s treasured possession (עַם־סְגֻלָּה).
- Exodus 19:5-6 (structural): Sinai covenant formula calling Israel a treasured possession and a holy nation/kingdom of priests — same covenantal logic and consecration language as Deut 14:2.
- Deuteronomy 26:18-19 (verbal): Reiterates the covenant claim that the LORD has declared Israel to be his treasured/selected people and set them above all nations.
- Psalm 135:4 (verbal): Explicit verbal parallel: 'For the LORD has chosen Jacob for himself, Israel for his own possession' — same theme of divine choice and possession.
- 1 Peter 2:9 (allusion): New Testament echo applying OT covenant language to the community of believers: 'a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s own people' (people for God's possession).
Alternative generated candidates
- For you are a holy people to the LORD your God; the LORD has chosen you to be his treasured people out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth.
- For you are a holy people to the LORD your God; the LORD has chosen you to be his treasured possession out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth.
Deu.14.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- כל: DET
- תועבה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:43-44 (verbal): Uses the language of 'abomination'/'detestable' in prohibiting contact with unclean/abominable creatures; parallels Deut 14:3's ban on eating 'tōʿēbah' in a cultic-holiness context.
- Deuteronomy 14:21 (structural): Immediate continuation of Deut 14's dietary laws (forbids eating carrion and prescribes disposal or giving to strangers), showing the same regulatory cluster that follows the statement 'you shall not eat any abomination.'
- Acts 10:14 (allusion): Peter's objection in the vision—'I have never eaten anything common or unclean'—alludes to the OT prohibition on eating unclean/abominable animals and engages its authority in the early church.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' declaration that food cannot defile (interpreted as declaring all foods clean) directly addresses and reinterprets the OT dietary prohibitions exemplified by Deut 14:3.
- Romans 14:14 (thematic): Paul's claim that 'nothing is unclean in itself' responds theologically to the Jewish dietary boundary marked by Deut 14:3, treating 'unclean/abominable' food categories as non-binding for believers.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not eat any detestable thing.
- You shall not eat any detestable thing.
Deu.14.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- הבהמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- שור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שה: PRON,rel
- כשבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:2-3 (verbal): Repeats the same dietary criteria and legal framing for permissible animals (those with divided hooves and that chew the cud); close verbal and legal parallel to Deut.14's list.
- Leviticus 11:4-8 (thematic): Contains the complementary list of unclean animals (e.g., camel, hare) within the same Levitical taxonomy—serves as the counterpart to Deut.14's permitted examples (ox, sheep, goat).
- Deuteronomy 14:6 (structural): Another verse in the same chapter that restates the defining signs of clean animals (chewing the cud and divided hoof), structurally reinforcing the list in v.4.
- Genesis 9:3 (thematic): Provides the earlier, more general permission to eat living creatures after the Flood—background theological context for later Deuteronomic/Levitical dietary specifications.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat.
- These are the beasts that you may eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat.
Deu.14.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וצבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויחמור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואקו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודישן: CONJ,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותאו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וזמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:3 (verbal): Gives the basic dietary criterion—animals that both chew the cud and have divided hooves—which underpins the lists of permitted species found in Deut 14:4–8.
- Leviticus 11:4-8 (thematic): Contains parallel dietary listings and exceptions (camel, hyrax, hare, pig) that contrast with Deut 14:5’s catalogue of permitted ruminant/wild species.
- Deuteronomy 14:4-6 (structural): Immediate parallels within the same chapter: verses 4–6 form the contiguous list of permitted land animals of which v.5 is a part (same vocabulary and sequence).
- Genesis 9:3 (thematic): Provides the broader post‑Flood permission to eat animals, supplying the theological background for later detailed dietary regulations like those in Deut 14.
Alternative generated candidates
- The stag, the gazelle, the roebuck, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain-horned wild animal.
- The hart, the roe, the fallow deer, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain sheep.
Deu.14.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מפרסת: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושסעת: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- שסע: VERB,qal,inf
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- פרסות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מעלת: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בבהמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:3 (verbal): Nearly identical law: animals that chew the cud and have divided hooves are declared clean and may be eaten (direct repetition of the dietary criterion).
- Leviticus 11:7-8 (verbal): Closely related specification and negative example (the pig): though it has a cloven hoof it does not chew the cud and so is unclean—clarifies the twofold criterion in Deut 14:6.
- Acts 10:9-16 (allusion): Peter’s vision in which God declares formerly 'unclean' animals lawful to eat; thematically engages and reinterprets the distinction between clean and unclean animals found in Deut 14:6.
- Mark 7:18-19 (cf. Matthew 15:11) (thematic): Jesus’ teaching that what enters the mouth does not defile a person is often read as overturning ritual dietary restrictions, offering a theological contrast to the dietary rules articulated in Deut 14:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- Every animal that parts the hoof and has a cloven hoof, and chews the cud among the animals, you may eat.
- Every beast that parts the hoof and is cloven-footed and chews the cud—you may eat.
Deu.14.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- את: PRT,acc
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- ממעלי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הגרה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וממפריסי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הפרסה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- השסועה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- הגמל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הארנבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השפן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מעלה: VERB,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- גרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- ופרסה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- הפריסו: VERB,piel,perf,3,m,pl
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:4-6 (quotation): Lists the same animals (camel, hare, shaphan) and gives the identical rationale — they chew the cud but do not have a divided hoof, therefore unclean.
- Leviticus 11:3 (verbal): States the general dietary rule — only animals that both chew the cud and have a divided hoof are clean — the principle behind Deut 14:7.
- Deuteronomy 14:8 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same Deuteronomic dietary section; continues the list of forbidden animals (the pig) and contrasts criteria of cud/hoof.
- Acts 10:13-15 (allusion): Peter’s vision broadens the dietary boundary by declaring formerly unclean animals clean; thematically engages with the Torah’s distinctions exemplified in Deut 14:7.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus’ teaching that foods do not defile a person (Mark’s editorial note that Jesus ‘declared all foods clean’) contrasts and reinterprets the dietary separations exemplified in Deut 14:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet of those that chew the cud or part the hoof you shall not eat: the camel, the hare, and the rock hyrax—though they chew the cud, they do not part the hoof; they are unclean for you.
- Yet of those that chew the cud or of those that part the hoof you shall not eat: the camel, the hare, and the rock badger; for they chew the cud but do not part the hoof—unclean they are to you.
Deu.14.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- החזיר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- מפריס: VERB,piel,part,3,m,sg
- פרסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- גרה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- מבשרם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRSFX,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- ובנבלתם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRSFX,3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תגעו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:7-8 (verbal): Nearly identical legal formulation listing the pig as unclean because it parts the hoof but does not chew the cud; prohibits eating its flesh and touching its carcass.
- Isaiah 65:4 (thematic): Condemns practices of those who 'eat swine's flesh' and engage in ritually impure meals, echoing the pig's status as forbidden food and associating it with abomination.
- Isaiah 66:17 (thematic): Mentions people who 'eat swine's flesh' (and other abominations), using the pig-eating motif to mark religious impurity and divine judgment.
- Acts 10:9-16 (esp. v.14) (allusion): Peter's vision of unclean animals and the command 'What God has made clean, do not call common' directly engages the dietary prohibition exemplified by the pig and signals a reinterpretation in the early church.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that food does not defile (Mark's note that 'thus he declared all foods clean') stands in theological tension with Torah dietary rules like Deut 14:8, addressing the purity rationale behind such laws.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the swine, because it parts the hoof yet does not chew the cud, is unclean to you; from their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcass you shall not touch.
- And the swine, because it parts the hoof yet does not chew the cud, is unclean to you; from their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcass you shall not touch.
Deu.14.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- מכל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- במים: PREP
- כל: DET
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- סנפיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקשקשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:9 (quotation): Direct parallel wording in the priestly dietary code: permits eating water creatures that have fins and scales.
- Leviticus 11:10–12 (verbal): Immediate expansion of the same law: creatures without fins and scales are declared unclean and must not be eaten; frames the criterion for aquatic purity.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' statement (in context) that declares foods clean, representing a theological reinterpretation/contrast to Mosaic dietary restrictions such as Deut 14:9.
- Acts 10:9–16 (thematic): Peter’s vision in which God tells him not to call common what God has made clean; used in the NT to overturn traditional kosher distinctions and thus contrasts with the Deuteronomic rule.
Alternative generated candidates
- Of all that are in the waters you may eat whatever has fins and scales.
- Of everything in the waters you may eat these: whatever has fins and scales you may eat.
Deu.14.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אין: PART,neg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- סנפיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקשקשת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:9-12 (verbal): Contains the same dietary prohibition: aquatic animals without fins and scales are unclean and not to be eaten; closely parallels wording and legal category.
- Deuteronomy 14:9 (structural): Immediate context in Deuteronomy setting the positive corollary—what is permitted (those with fins and scales)—forming the paired rule with 14:10's prohibition.
- Acts 10:13-15 (thematic): Peter's vision where God declares formerly 'unclean' animals clean; thematically engages the Israelite food-law distinction exemplified by Deut 14:10.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' teaching (and the Evangelist's comment that he 'declared all foods clean') challenges traditional purity rules about what may be eaten, relating to the law expressed in Deut 14:10.
- Romans 14:14 (thematic): Paul's statement that 'nothing is unclean in itself' addresses the ethical and theological implications of Jewish food laws like the prohibition in Deut 14:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- But anything in the water that does not have fins and scales you shall not eat; it is unclean to you.
- But whatever does not have fins and scales you shall not eat; it is unclean for you.
Deu.14.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- צפור: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- טהרה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:2 (structural): Leviticus 11 opens the dietary code by distinguishing clean and unclean animals and permits eating 'clean' species—same legal framework repeated in Deut 14:11.
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): Provides the canonical list of forbidden birds (eagle, vulture, raven, etc.), which corresponds closely to the prohibitions framed immediately after Deut 14:11.
- Genesis 7:2 (thematic): Noah is commanded to take clean animals by sevens (and unclean by twos), reflecting the same clean/unclean classification that underlies Deut 14:11's permission to eat clean birds.
- Acts 10:15 (quotation): God's voice to Peter—'What God has cleansed, do not call common'—echoes and reinterprets the OT clean/unclean food distinctions exemplified by Deut 14:11.
- Mark 7:19 (allusion): Jesus' remark that Jesus 'declared all foods clean' (contextualized in Mark) represents a theological move away from Mosaic purity rules like Deut 14:11 that permitted only 'clean' species.
Alternative generated candidates
- All clean birds you may eat.
- You may eat every clean bird.
Deu.14.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזה: CONJ+PRON,dem,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- הנשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והפרס: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- והעזניה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): Direct parallel list of forbidden birds; Leviticus gives an overlapping roster and similar prohibitory language (’you shall not eat’), showing the same cultic/halakhic tradition.
- Deuteronomy 14:11-21 (structural): Immediate literary context: the chapter organizes permitted and forbidden birds and animals. Verse 14:12 is part of this larger parallel/repetition of dietary legislation within Deuteronomy.
- Acts 10:14-15 (allusion): Peter’s vision (‘What God has made clean, you must not call common’) explicitly engages and reinterprets Jewish food laws like those in Deut 14, alluding to the category of unclean animals.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus’ declaration that food does not defile (’thus he declared all foods clean’) thematically confronts the system of clean/unclean distinctions exemplified by Deut 14’s list of forbidden birds.
Alternative generated candidates
- These you shall not eat: the eagle, the bearded vulture, the osprey,
- And these you shall not eat of them: the eagle, the vulture, and the osprey.
Deu.14.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והראה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- האיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והדיה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,fs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13–19 (verbal): Parallel, overlapping list of forbidden birds—many of the same species and formulaic language prohibiting them as unclean.
- Deuteronomy 14:12–20 (structural): Immediate context within Deuteronomy: the broader list and legal instruction about unclean birds to which v.13 belongs (same catalogue and rules).
- Isaiah 34:11–15 (allusion): Prophetic lament that reuses the motif and some of the same bird-names as creatures inhabiting desolation, echoing the cultic/taboo vocabulary of clean/unclean birds.
- Ezekiel 39:17–20 (thematic): Uses imagery of birds feasting on the slain and names of birds and beasts—echoes the biblical association of certain birds with carrion and taboo in cultic and eschatological scenes.
Alternative generated candidates
- the vulture, the kite—every one after its kind;
- The raven, the owl, and the hawk after its kind.
Deu.14.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למינו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3ms
Parallels
- Genesis 1:21 (verbal): Uses the formula 'after their kind' (Hebrew לְמִינָם) for created living creatures — the same technical phrase echoed in Deut 14:14 about the raven.
- Genesis 1:24 (verbal): The creation of land animals 'after their kinds' (לְמִינֵהוּ) employs the same category-language ('after its kind') found in Deut 14:14.
- Genesis 7:14 (verbal): In the Flood narrative animals enter the ark 'according to their kinds' (לְמִינֵהוּ) — the same phraseology and concern for kinds as in Deut 14:14.
- Leviticus 11:13–19 (thematic): The priestly dietary code lists many of the same forbidden birds (including the raven) and parallels Deut 14's catalogue of unclean fowl and dietary regulations.
Alternative generated candidates
- every raven after its kind;
- And every kind of heron after its kind.
Deu.14.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- היענה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- התחמס: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השחף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הנץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למינהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:16-19 (quotation): Direct parallel: Leviticus gives a near-identical list of unclean birds (including the ostrich/‘daughter of the ostrich’, various herons/sea-birds and hawks), matching the vocabulary and legal prohibition found in Deut 14:15.
- Deuteronomy 14:12-20 (structural): Internal parallel within Deuteronomy: the surrounding verses present the fuller catalogue and dietary law of clean and unclean birds of which verse 14:15 is a part, repeating and systematizing the same prohibitions.
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): The prophetic text lists many birds and desert creatures (using some of the same Hebrew bird-names or congeners) to portray desolation; thematically it echoes Levitical/Deuteronomic bird-classification vocabulary and imagery of certain species as creatures of doom or impurity.
- Ezekiel 39:17-20 (thematic): Ezekiel summons birds of prey to feast on the slain and enumerates many species; though context differs, it parallels the biblical practice of naming specific birds (many of them scavengers or birds of prey) and reflects shared lexical and cultic imagery about these birds' roles.
Alternative generated candidates
- the ostrich, the nighthawk, the sea-gull, and the hawk after its kind;
- The ostrich, the night bird, the sea gull, and the kite after its kind.
Deu.14.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- הכוס: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הינשוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והתנשמת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:16 (verbal): Direct repetition in the priestly dietary code — the same forbidden birds (Hebrew names overlap) appear with very similar wording.
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (structural): Broader contiguous list of unclean birds in Levitical law; Deuteronomy reproduces this list and legal structure governing forbidden fowl.
- Isaiah 34:11 (thematic): Uses owls and other unclean/desert birds as images of desolation and impurity, reflecting the cultural-symbolic role of such birds found in the dietary laws.
- Acts 10:12-15 (allusion): Peter's vision enumerates 'unclean' animals and overturns dietary prohibitions — an early Christian re-reading that presupposes the Deuteronomic/Levitical categories of clean and unclean.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus' declaration that all foods are clean challenges the ritual/food distinctions encoded in Deut/Leviticus; thematically connected as a reinterpretation of the same dietary material.
Alternative generated candidates
- the little owl, the great owl, the cormorant,
- The little owl, the great owl, and the swan.
Deu.14.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והקאת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הרחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- השלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): Leviticus gives a closely parallel list of forbidden/ detestable birds; Deuteronomy 14 largely repeats Leviticus' wording and bird-names.
- Deuteronomy 14:12-18 (structural): Immediate context: Deut 14:17 is part of the broader Deuteronomic list of unclean birds (vv.12–18); the verses form a single, structured catalogue of prohibited species.
- Acts 10:9-16 (thematic): Peter's vision of a sheet with unclean animals and the command to 'kill and eat' them directly engages the Lev./Deut. dietary distinctions represented by lists like Deut 14:17, reinterpreting their boundary between clean and unclean.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that 'what goes into a person does not defile' (thus declaring all foods clean) thematically challenges the ritual food laws exemplified in Deut 14's list of forbidden animals.
Alternative generated candidates
- the stork, the heron after its kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
- The carrion bird, the stork, and the heron.
Deu.14.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והחסידה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והאנפה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למינה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,poss3
- והדוכיפת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והעטלף: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): The same catalogue of forbidden/unclean birds appears in Leviticus (including the stork, heron, hoopoe and the bat); language and items closely parallel Deut. 14:18.
- Deuteronomy 14:11-20 (structural): Deut. 14:18 is part of this larger block listing clean and unclean animals; the surrounding verses provide the full dietary law context and repetition of the bird list.
- Genesis 7:2-3 (thematic): Noah’s instructions to take clean and unclean animals onto the ark establish the foundational distinction between ritually clean and unclean creatures that underlies later bird lists in Leviticus and Deuteronomy.
- Ezekiel 39:17-20 (thematic): An eschatological summons of birds to feast on the slain includes a catalogue of birds and reflects the biblical practice of naming bird species for cultic/ritual and symbolic purposes, paralleling how particular birds are characterized in Deut. 14:18.
Alternative generated candidates
- All winged swarming things are unclean to you; they shall not be eaten.
- The stork and the heron each after its kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
Deu.14.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- שרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- העוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:20 (verbal): Almost identical legal wording forbidding 'every creeping thing that flies' as unclean and not to be eaten — a direct verbal parallel in the Levitical food laws.
- Leviticus 11:21-23 (thematic): Continues the discussion of flying 'creeping things,' specifying which insects (e.g., locusts, katydids) may be eaten; provides the detailed exceptions and presupposes the prohibition stated in Deut.
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (thematic): Lists unclean birds and frames the broader category of avian and winged-creature prohibitions that Deut 14:19 summarizes.
- Acts 10:14-15 (allusion): Peter's vision where he is told not to call unclean what God has cleansed engages directly with the Levitical/Deuteronomic clean/unclean distinctions (including prohibited animals) and functions as a New Testament reworking of those categories.
- Mark 7:18-19 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that food does not defile (with some manuscripts adding 'thus he declared all foods clean') interacts theologically with Jewish dietary laws such as the prohibition of 'creeping things that fly' in Deut/Lev.
Alternative generated candidates
- Everything that moves in the air is unclean for you; it shall not be eaten.
- Every flying creeping thing is unclean to you; they shall not be eaten.
Deu.14.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- עוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- טהור: ADJ,m,sg
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Leviticus 11:13-19 (verbal): Gives the list of birds that are unclean and therefore forbidden to eat, directly complementing Deut.14:20's allowance to eat every ‘clean’ bird by specifying which birds are not clean.
- Leviticus 11:46-47 (structural): Concluding formula for the dietary laws (‘This is the law of the beasts, the birds...’), framing the same cultic-legal material about clean and unclean animals found in Deut.14.
- Genesis 7:2 (thematic): Noah is instructed to take seven pairs of every clean animal (and one pair of the unclean), reflecting an earlier tradition of distinguishing ‘clean’ animals for use/eating that underlies Deut.14:20.
- Acts 10:15 (allusion): In Peter’s vision a voice says ‘What God has made clean, do not call common,’ reinterpreting Israel’s clean/unclean food categories (including birds) that Deut.14 articulates.
- Mark 7:19 (thematic): Jesus’ declaration (textually glossed as ‘thus he declared all foods clean’) challenges the food purity distinctions of the Torah (such as the allowance/forbiddance of birds in Deut.14:20).
Alternative generated candidates
- All clean birds you may eat.
- But every clean bird you may eat.
Deu.14.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- כל: DET
- נבלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לגר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בשעריך: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs-2ms
- תתננה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ואכלה: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- או: CONJ
- מכר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לנכרי: PREP+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- עם: PREP
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תבשל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- גדי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בחלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 23:19 (quotation): Exact prohibition repeated: “You shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk.”
- Exodus 34:26 (quotation): Same formula appears again in the covenantal law: forbids boiling a young goat in its mother’s milk.
- Leviticus 17:15 (thematic): Addresses eating animals that die of themselves (nevelah) and the treatment/impurity associated with carrion, paralleling Deut.’s command about carcasses and foreigners.
- Leviticus 11:39–40 (thematic): Discusses an animal that dies of itself rendering the eater unclean and prescribes disposal — thematically linked to Deut.’s prohibition on eating nevelah.
- Leviticus 11:44–45 (allusion): Uses holiness language (“for I am the LORD your God; you shall be holy”) that parallels Deut.’s rationale (“for you are a holy people”) for dietary restrictions.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not eat anything that has died of itself. You may give it to the foreigner who is within your towns, that he may eat it, or you may sell it to the foreigner; for you are a holy people to the LORD your God. You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.
- You shall not eat any carcass; you shall give it to the alien who is within your gates, that he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner; for you are a holy people to the LORD your God. You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk.
You are children of the LORD your God; you shall not make gashes on yourselves, nor shave the front of your heads for the dead.
For you are a holy people to the LORD your God; the LORD has chosen you to be his treasured possession out of all the peoples who are upon the face of the earth.
You shall not eat any detestable thing.
These are the animals that you may eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat.
The deer, the gazelle, the roebuck, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain sheep.
Every animal that parts the hoof, being cloven-footed and chewing the cud—you may eat.
Nevertheless these you shall not eat: the camel, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof; the hare, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof; and the rock badger—they are unclean to you. And the pig, because it parts the hoof and yet does not chew the cud, is unclean to you; from their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch.
Of all that are in the waters you may eat whatever has fins and scales. But anything in the waters that does not have fins and scales you shall not eat; it is unclean to you.
Every clean bird you may eat. And these you shall not eat of them: the eagle, the vulture, and the osprey.
The raven, the owl, and the gull according to its kind.
The hawk, the kite, and every falcon after its kind.
The ostrich, the sea bird, the stork, and the heron according to its kind.
The hoopoe, the little owl, and the night hawk.
The carrion bird, the buzzard, and the any that feed on refuse—these are unclean.
The stork, the heron according to its kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
All swarming things that fly are unclean to you; you shall not eat them. But every clean winged creature you may eat.
You shall not eat any carcass; you may give it to the resident alien who is within your towns, that he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner—for you are a holy people to the LORD your God. You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk.