Rebellious Son
Deuteronomy 21:18-21
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Deu.21.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סורר: ADJ,m,sg
- ומורה: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- איננו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,neg
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ובקול: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויסרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- ולא: CONJ
- ישמע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 21:17 (verbal): Gives a closely related penal law: cursing one’s father or mother is a capital offense — similar concern for offenses against parental authority and life-and-death sanction.
- Leviticus 20:9 (quotation): Repeats the prohibition and penalty for insulting parents; echoes Deuteronomy’s emphasis on preserving family authority and prescribing severe punishment for its violation.
- Proverbs 13:1 (thematic): Contrasts the wise son who accepts parental instruction with the 'mocker' who refuses correction, thematically resonating with Deut 21:18’s focus on obedience to parents.
- Proverbs 23:13–14 (thematic): Advises not withholding parental discipline (the rod) because it can save a child from ruin/death — connects to the concern in Deut 21:18 for corrective discipline and its social consequences.
Alternative generated candidates
- If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and though they discipline him he will not listen to them.
- If a man has a son who is stubborn and rebellious, who does not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and though they discipline him he will not listen to them.
Deu.21.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותפשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ואמו: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- והוציאו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- אל: NEG
- זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עירו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- שער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 21:18-21 (verbal): Immediate context of the law about a stubborn/rebellious son — same procedure (parents bring the youth out to the elders at the city gate) and the prescribed communal judgment.
- Deuteronomy 13:12-18 (thematic): Prescribes investigation and execution of idolatry in a city: inhabitants bring the guilty out and stone them — parallels communal responsibility and capital enforcement by the city.
- Leviticus 24:14-16 (thematic): When someone blasphemes, the congregation brings him out of the camp for execution; parallels removal from the community and capital punishment administered by the assembly.
- Ruth 4:1-11 (structural): Boaz brings the case to the city gate where the elders sit to ratify legal transactions — illustrates the gate/elders as the place of civic/legal adjudication referenced in Deut 21:19.
- Deuteronomy 17:8-9 (structural): Commands that difficult legal cases be brought to the Levitical priests or the judges at the central place for decision — parallels the practice of bringing disputes or capital matters to authorized communal authorities rather than private resolution.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then his father and his mother shall seize him and bring him out to the elders of his city, to the gate of his place.
- Then his father and his mother shall seize him and bring him out to the elders of his city, to the gate of his town.
Deu.21.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עירו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- בננו: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- סורר: ADJ,m,sg
- ומרה: CONJ+ADJ,f,sg,abs
- איננו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,neg
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בקלנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,suff
- זולל: ADJ,m,sg
- וסבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deut.21.18-21 (structural): The full pericope containing the law of the 'stubborn and rebellious son' — same legal framework, language and prescribed procedure (parents bring him to the elders, stoning at the city gate).
- Prov.23:20-21 (thematic): Warnings against being a 'winebibber' and 'glutton' (drunkard and glutton); echoes the moral characterization in Deut 21:20 ('זולל וסבא') and the social consequences of excess.
- Deut.17:2-7 (structural): Capital-case procedure where alleged offenders are brought before the elders and, after investigation, put to death at the city gate — parallels communal judicial process and public execution found in the rebellious‑son law.
- Deut.19:15 (thematic): Requirement of two or three witnesses for conviction in criminal matters — a general evidentiary principle relevant to the parents' charge against their son and the communal adjudication in Deut 21:18‑21.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they shall say to the elders of his city, “This our son is stubborn and rebellious; he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton and a drunkard.”
- And they shall say to the elders of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious; he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton and a drunkard.”
Deu.21.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ורגמהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עירו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- באבנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ובערת: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- הרע: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מקרבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישמעו: VERB,qal,imf,3,mp
- ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Deut.17:2-7 (verbal): Prescribes the same communal judicial process for a capital offense (bring the accused out and stone him) and uses similar language about the assembly carrying out the sentence so that the people 'hear and fear.'
- Deut.13:12-15 (thematic): Describes the communal destruction and stoning of a city that has led Israel into idolatry—same goal of 'removing the evil from your midst' and communal execution as a purge.
- Leviticus 24:10-16 (thematic): Narrates the case of the blasphemer who is tried and executed by stoning at the command of Moses—the law of capital punishment carried out by the community parallels Deut 21:21's prescription.
- Numbers 15:35-36 (verbal): Records a case where an individual who violated the Sabbath is put outside the camp and stoned by the congregation—another instance of community-administered stoning as lawful punishment.
- John 8:3-11 (allusion): Pharisees appeal to Mosaic law (that such sinners are to be stoned) when bringing the woman caught in adultery before Jesus; New Testament discussion presupposes the Mosaic penalty of stoning described in passages like Deut 21:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then all the men of his city shall stone him to death; you shall purge the evil from your midst, and all Israel will hear and be afraid.
- Then all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, and he shall die; so you shall purge the evil from your midst. And all Israel shall hear and be afraid.
If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and though they discipline him he will not heed them,
then his father and his mother shall seize him and bring him out to the elders of his city, to the gate of his place. And they shall say to the elders of his city, “This our son is stubborn and rebellious; he does not obey our voice; he is a glutton and a drunkard.”
Then all the men of the city shall stone him with stones, and he shall die; so you shall purge the evil from your midst, and all Israel shall hear and fear.