Passover and Unleavened Bread
Leviticus 23:4-8
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Lev.23.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- מועדי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מקראי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תקראו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- במועדם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:2 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: repeats the formula 'These are the LORD's appointed feasts, holy convocations,' echoing the language and function of v.4.
- Leviticus 23:37 (verbal): Restates and expands the command concerning the LORD's appointed feasts and holy convocations, linking proclamation and sacred timing to divine ordinance.
- Numbers 28:26 (thematic): Speaks of the appointed feasts and offerings 'in their appointed seasons,' echoing the idea of fixed times for cultic observance introduced in Lev 23:4.
- Deuteronomy 16:16 (thematic): Commands Israel's pilgrimage to the LORD's festivals ('three times a year'), reflecting the social and religious purpose of the appointed holy convocations named in Leviticus 23:4.
- Psalm 81:3 (allusion): Calls to 'blow the trumpet at the New Moon, at the full moon, on our feast day,' associating public proclamation and liturgical marking of festival times similar to the proclamation mentioned in Lev 23:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the appointed times of the LORD, holy convocations, which you shall proclaim at their appointed times.
- These are the appointed times of the LORD, holy convocations, which you shall proclaim at their appointed times.
Lev.23.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בארבעה: PREP+NUM,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 12:6 (verbal): Direct institution of the Passover—slaughter the Passover lamb on the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight, matching the timing specified in Lev 23:5.
- Numbers 9:1-5 (structural): Repeats the timing and observance of Passover in the first month (14th day) and provides regulations for keeping the festival—structurally paralleling Leviticus' festival calendar.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-6 (thematic): Commands Israel to observe the Passover in the month of Abib (the first month) and gives related rules about sacrifice and timing, echoing Leviticus' assignment of the festival to the first month.
- 2 Chronicles 30:1-3 (allusion): Hezekiah summons Israel and Judah to celebrate the Passover in the first month—historical enactment of the Levitical command to observe Passover on the 14th of the first month.
- Luke 22:7-20 (allusion): Jesus and the disciples prepare and eat the Passover meal (the Last Supper) at the appointed time, reflecting the continued observance of the Passover timing established in Leviticus 23:5 and its theological reworking in the NT.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight is the Passover to the LORD.
- In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight, is a Passover to the LORD.
Lev.23.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובחמשה: NUM,m,sg,abs
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- חג: NOUN,m,sg,const
- המצות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
Parallels
- Exodus 12:15 (verbal): Commands the seven-day observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread and removal of leaven—textually parallel instruction to Lev 23:6.
- Exodus 13:6–7 (verbal): Repeats the rule to eat unleavened bread for seven days and to remove leaven, reinforcing the practice stated in Leviticus 23:6.
- Deuteronomy 16:3–4 (thematic): Prescribes eating unleavened bread for seven days as a memorial of Israel’s exodus—same festival theme and duration as Lev 23:6.
- Numbers 28:17–25 (structural): Details the sacrificial offerings and calendrical observance for the fifteenth day and the seven days of Unleavened Bread, parallel liturgical material to Leviticus 23:6.
- Mark 14:1 (allusion): New Testament reference to the approaching Feast of Unleavened Bread (and Passover), showing the festival’s ongoing calendrical and religious significance reflected in Lev 23:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- And on the fifteenth day of this month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
- And on the fifteenth day of this month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
Lev.23.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביום: PREP
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- מלאכת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עבדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:16 (verbal): Speaks of the first and seventh days of Unleavened Bread as 'a holy convocation' with no work — closely parallels Lev 23:7's command for a sacred assembly and cessation of labor.
- Deuteronomy 16:8 (thematic): Gives the Deuteronomic instruction for the Feast of Unleavened Bread: six days of unleavened bread and a solemn assembly on the seventh day with no work, reflecting the same festival-rest principle.
- Leviticus 23:3 (structural): Describes the Sabbath as 'a holy convocation' and a day with no work; establishes the recurring framework Leviticus uses for festival convocations like Lev 23:7.
- Leviticus 23:24 (verbal): Calls the Feast of Trumpets a 'holy convocation' and prohibits servile work, using the same technical language and legal outcome as Lev 23:7.
- Leviticus 23:21 (thematic): Commands Pentecost (the Feast of Weeks) to be declared a holy convocation with restrictions on work — another festival instance paralleling the communal and liturgical function stated in Lev 23:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the first day there shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall not do any laborious work.
- On the first day there shall be for you a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.
Lev.23.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והקרבתם: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,pl
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ביום: PREP
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- מלאכת: NOUN,f,sg,constr
- עבדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:16 (verbal): Uses virtually identical wording: the first and seventh days of Unleavened Bread are 'holy convocations' and 'no ordinary work' is to be done.
- Leviticus 23:7 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same festival instructions: declares the first day a 'holy convocation,' framing the two festival convocations (vv.6–8).
- Numbers 28:17-18 (verbal): Prescribes the offerings and a 'holy convocation' on the seventh day of Unleavened Bread, repeating the injunction against ordinary work.
- Deuteronomy 16:8 (thematic): Gives the Deuteronomic formulation for the Feast of Unleavened Bread: six days of unleavened bread and a solemn assembly on the seventh day (no regular work).
- Leviticus 23:36 (structural): Repeats the liturgical formula for a 'holy convocation' and prohibition of ordinary work in connection with another festival (Tabernacles), showing a recurring legal pattern.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD for seven days; on the seventh day there shall be a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.
- And you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD for seven days; on the seventh day there shall be a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.
These are the appointed times of the LORD, holy convocations, which you shall proclaim at their appointed times.
In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight, is the Passover to the LORD. And on the fifteenth day of this month is the Festival of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
On the first day there shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall not do any laborious work. And you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD for seven days; on the seventh day there shall be a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work.