Nations Descended from Noah
Genesis 10:1-32
Gen.10.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl
- תולדת: NOUN,f,pl,const
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- נח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שם: ADV,loc
- חם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויפת: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ויולדו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,pl,m
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אחר: ADJ,m,sg
- המבול: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 9:18-19 (verbal): Immediate context: repeats and expands the list of Noah’s sons who left the ark and introduces the idea that the nations spread from them—closely parallels the wording and function of Gen 10:1.
- 1 Chronicles 1:4 (verbal): Genealogical summary in Chronicles repeats the names of Noah’s three sons (Shem, Ham, Japheth), echoing Gen 10:1’s listing in a later genealogical register.
- Genesis 11:10 (structural): Begins the next section of genealogies with ‘These are the generations of Shem,’ showing the same genealogical framing device that Gen 10:1 uses for Noah’s sons and their lineages.
- Acts 17:26 (thematic): New Testament statement that God made ‘all nations’ from one blood and determined their boundaries echoes the theme of Gen 10, which traces the origin and dispersion of the peoples after the flood.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the generations of the sons of Noah—Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and to them were born sons after the flood.
- And these are the generations of the sons of Noah—Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood.
Gen.10.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יפת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומגוג: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומדי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותבל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומשך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותירס: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:5 (verbal): Parallel genealogy: Chronicles repeats the list of Japheth’s sons (Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, Tiras), echoing Genesis’ ethnological catalogue.
- Ezekiel 38:2-3 (allusion): Uses the names Magog, Meshech and Tubal in an eschatological oracle (‘Gog of the land of Magog… chief prince of Meshech and Tubal’), drawing on the same nation-list tradition.
- Ezekiel 27:13 (verbal): Mentions Tubal and Meshech among Tyre’s trading partners, reflecting the same ethnic names from Genesis 10 in a different (commercial) context.
- Isaiah 66:19 (verbal): Lists nations including Javan and Tubal among peoples to whom survivors will be sent—reusing several names found in Genesis 10’s catalogue of Japheth’s descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Japheth: Gomer and Magog and Madai and Javan and Tubal and Meshech and Tiras.
- The sons of Japheth: Gomer and Magog and Madai and Javan and Tubal and Meshech and Tiras.
Gen.10.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- גמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשכנז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וריפת: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותגרמה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:6 (verbal): Direct genealogical parallel — lists the sons of Gomer as Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togarmah, repeating Genesis 10:3.
- Ezekiel 38:6 (allusion): Refers to Gomer and the house of Togarmah in the prophecy against Gog, echoing the nations descended from Gomer.
- Ezekiel 27:14 (allusion): Mentions merchants from Togarmah trading horses and mules for Tyre, reflecting the continued identification of Togarmah as a distinct nation.
- Jeremiah 51:27 (allusion): Calls on Ararat, Minni and Ashkenaz to take a stand against Babylon — Ashkenaz here recalls the descendant of Gomer named in Genesis 10:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz and Riphath and Togarmah.
- And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz and Riphath and Togarmah.
Gen.10.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלישה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותרשיש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ודדנים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:7 (verbal): Parallel genealogy listing the sons of Javan (Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, Dodan/Rodanim) almost verbatim.
- Genesis 10:2-5 (structural): Contextual parallel — the broader 'Table of Nations' where Javan and his sons (the seafaring/Maritime peoples) are grouped under Japheth.
- Jonah 1:3 (thematic): Tarshish appears as a well-known distant western port/city; Jonah’s flight to Tarshish reflects the same geographic tradition associated with Javan’s descendant Tarshish.
- Psalm 72:10 (thematic): Speaks of kings of Tarshish and the coastlands bringing tribute — reflects the depiction of Tarshish and related western island nations as wealthy maritime powers.
- Isaiah 66:19 (thematic): Mentions Tarshish among distant nations to be reached by Israel’s witnesses — echoes the portrayal of Tarshish/Kittim as remote island or western peoples descended from Javan.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Javan: Elishah and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim.
- And the sons of Javan: Elishah and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim.
Gen.10.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מאלה: PREP+DEM
- נפרדו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- איי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הגוים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בארצתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ללשנו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- למשפחתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בגויהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Gen.10.32 (structural): Summary statement of the Table of Nations: like 10:5 it frames the chapter as listing the families/nations and their divisions.
- Gen.11.1 (thematic): States the original unity of language/speech that is reversed by the divisions of peoples and tongues described in 10:5.
- Gen.11.9 (verbal): Explains the origin of divided languages and the scattering of peoples—an explicit narrative correlate to the divided nations of 10:5.
- Deut.32.8–9 (verbal): Speaks of the Most High dividing mankind and apportioning the nations/borders, echoing the theme of God‑ordained distribution of peoples found in 10:5.
- Acts 17.26 (thematic): New Testament reflection that God made and set the bounds of nations—theological parallel to the biblical motive for distinct nations and territories seen in 10:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- From these the coastlands of the nations were separated in their lands, each according to his language, by their clans, within their nations.
- From these the coastlands of the nations were divided in their lands, each according to his language, according to their clans, in their nations.
Gen.10.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כוש: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ומצרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ופוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכנען: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:8 (verbal): Repeats the same list of Ham’s sons (Cush, Mizraim, Put, Canaan), a parallel genealogical listing.
- Genesis 9:18-27 (allusion): Narrative context for Ham and his descendants—introduces Ham’s sons and the subsequent curse on Canaan, linking to the genealogy here.
- Genesis 10:15-20 (structural): Provides the detailed descendants of Canaan (one of Ham’s sons), continuing the Table of Nations that Gen 10:6 initiates for Ham’s line.
- Jeremiah 46:9 (thematic): Groups Cush and Put with Egypt in a military/ethnic context, echoing the association of these nations that Gen 10:6 establishes.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Ham: Cush and Egypt and Put and Canaan.
- And the sons of Ham: Cush and Egypt and Put and Canaan.
Gen.10.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כוש: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- סבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחוילה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וסבתה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורעמה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וסבתכא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רעמה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודדן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:9 (verbal): Parallel genealogical list repeating Genesis 10:7 almost verbatim (names Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Sabtecha; sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan).
- Genesis 25:3 (verbal): Lists the sons of Jokshan as Sheba and Dedan—echoing the same ethnic names and indicating recurring tribal affiliations in Israelite genealogical tradition.
- Ezekiel 27:20-21 (thematic): Mentions Dedan and Sheba among peoples trading with Tyre; connects the names from Gen 10:7 to historical/regional roles as merchants and trading peoples.
- Isaiah 60:6 (thematic): Speaks of caravans from Midian and Ephah and delegates from Sheba bringing gold and frankincense—reflects the later reputation and literary role of Sheba (a descendant named in Gen 10:7) as a wealthy trading people.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Cush: Seba and Havilah and Sabtah and Raamah and Sabteca; and the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
- And the sons of Cush: Seba and Havilah and Sabtah and Raamah and Sabteca; and the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
Gen.10.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכוש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- נמרד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- החל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- להיות: VERB,qal,inf
- גבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:9 (verbal): Immediate continuation: explicitly calls Nimrod a 'mighty hunter before the LORD,' expanding on 'he began to be a mighty one in the earth.'
- Genesis 10:10 (structural): Lists the cities (Babel, Erech, Accad, Calneh) of the kingdom associated with Nimrod, showing his role as an early ruler and city-founder.
- Genesis 11:1-9 (thematic): Tower of Babel narrative follows Genesis 10 and concerns urban construction, human polity and dispersion—themes linked to Nimrod's founding of cities and kingship (traditional association).
- 1 Chronicles 1:10 (quotation): Direct genealogical repeat of Genesis 10:8–12; Chronicles reproduces the statement about Cush and Nimrod verbatim.
- Genesis 4:17-22 (thematic): Earlier Genesis account of early city-founding and cultural pioneers (Cain's city, Jabal, Jubal, Tubal-cain) parallels the portrayal of Nimrod as an early founder/ruler and civilizing figure.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Cush fathered Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
- And Cush fathered Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
Gen.10.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- גבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ציד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- יאמר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כנמרד: PREP+PN,m,sg,abs
- גבור: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ציד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:10 (quotation): Direct repetition of Genesis 10:9–11; explicitly repeats the phrase that Nimrod was 'a mighty hunter before the LORD.'
- Genesis 10:8–12 (structural): Immediate literary context: the surrounding verses elaborate Nimrod’s genealogy and city‑founding (Babel, Erech, Accad, Calneh, Nineveh), of which v.9 is a key characterization.
- Genesis 11:1–9 (thematic): The Tower of Babel narrative (city/tower building and human collective ambition) connects thematically to Nimrod as an early city‑builder (Genesis 10:10) and to themes of urban power and human pride.
- Genesis 6:4 (verbal): Uses the root gibbor/gibborim ('mighty'/'mighty men'); parallels the terminology and concept of extraordinary/mighty figures—Nimrod’s description as a 'mighty' hunter echoes the motif of famed 'mighty men' in Genesis.
Alternative generated candidates
- He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; therefore it is said, 'Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD.'
- He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; therefore it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD."
Gen.10.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ראשית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- ממלכתו: NOUN,f,sg,cons,3,m
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וארך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואכד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכלנה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שנער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 11:1-9 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: the Tower of Babel episode is set in the land of Shinar (Babel), linking the cities named in Gen 10:10 to the later story of urban pride and dispersal.
- Genesis 11:9 (verbal): Uses the same place-name 'Babel' and explains the origin of the name, directly echoing the mention of Babel as the head of Nimrod’s kingdom in Gen 10:10.
- 1 Chronicles 1:8 (verbal): A near-verbatim retelling of Gen 10:10 in the Table of Nations, repeating the list of cities (Babel, Erech, Accad, Calneh) in the land of Shinar.
- Genesis 14:1 (thematic): Mentions 'Amraphel king of Shinar' in a list of kings, attesting to Shinar/Babel as an established political region and kingdom—resonant with Gen 10:10’s note of a kingdom’s beginnings there.
- Isaiah 13:19 (thematic): Identifies Babylon (Babel) as 'the glory of kingdoms' and pronounces its fate; thematically connects to Gen 10:10 by treating Babylon/Shinar as a central, foundational power among nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
- And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Akkad and Calneh in the land of Shinar.
Gen.10.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מן: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: PRON,dem,m,sg
- יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ויבן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- נינוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- רחבת: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- כלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:8-12 (structural): Immediate context in the Table of Nations—same episode describing Asshur and the founding of Nineveh, Rehoboth‑ir and Calah.
- Genesis 10:12 (structural): Direct continuation specifying Resen between Nineveh and Calah, further locating the cities named in Gen 10:11.
- 1 Chronicles 1:11 (verbal): Chronicles repeats the Genesis genealogy and place-names, echoing the identification of Asshur and Nineveh.
- Jonah 3:3 (thematic): Portrays Nineveh as a major Assyrian city to which Jonah is sent—reflects the civic importance implied by Gen 10:11's founding tradition.
- Nahum 1:1 (thematic): The prophet Nahum addresses Nineveh directly as the object of judgment, showing the city's continued prominence traced back to its founding in Gen 10:11.
Alternative generated candidates
- From that land Asshur went out and built Nineveh and Rehoboth-Ir and Calah,
- From that land he went out to Assyria and built Nineveh and Rehoboth-Ir and Calah,
Gen.10.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- רסן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- נינוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- כלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- העיר: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הגדלה: ADJ,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 10:11 (structural): Immediate neighboring verse in the same list of Assyrian cities; directly connected description of Nineveh, Calah, and Resen.
- Genesis 10:8-10 (thematic): Contextual passage about Nimrod as founder of cities; links the founding of Nineveh and Calah to early Mesopotamian urban formation.
- 1 Chronicles 1:12 (verbal): Genealogical retelling that repeats the Genesis list of Assyrian cities (Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, Resen), reproducing the same tradition.
- Jonah 3:3-4 (verbal): Jonah describes Nineveh as an 'exceeding great city' and sends a prophetic summons there; echoes Genesis' designation of the city’s prominence.
- Nahum 3:7 (thematic): Oracular material focused on Nineveh's fate; treats the city as a major urban power—contrast to Genesis' note of its establishment as 'the great city.'
Alternative generated candidates
- and Resen between Nineveh and Calah—that is the great city.
- and Resen between Nineveh and Calah—that is the great city.
Gen.10.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומצרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- לודים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- ענמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- להבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- נפתחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:14 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same verse group—lists additional descendants of Mizraim (Pathrusim, Casluhim), forming the full Egyptian genealogy in the Table of Nations.
- Genesis 10:6 (thematic): Provides the genealogical context: Mizraim is named as a son of Ham, situating the Ludim of 10:13 within Ham’s lineage and the broader Table of Nations.
- 1 Chronicles 1:12-13 (quotation): Chronicles repeats the Genesis Table of Nations verbatim, listing Mizraim’s sons (Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim), serving as a direct textual parallel.
- Ezekiel 30:5 (allusion): In a prophetic oracle against Egypt, Lud (alongside other nations) is named among peoples connected with or allied to Egypt—reflecting the ancient identification of a people called Lud/Ludim in Egyptian contexts.
- Isaiah 66:19 (verbal): The prophet lists Lud among the nations to which survivors and messengers will be sent—a later biblical mention of the name Lud that echoes the ethnic designation found in Genesis 10:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Egypt fathered the Ludim and the Anamim and the Lehabim and the Naphtuhim,
- And Egypt fathered the Ludim and the Anamim and the Lehabim and the Naphtuhim,
Gen.10.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- פתרסים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- כסלחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- משם: PREP+DEM
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- כפתרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:12 (structural): Chronicles repeats the Table of Nations and lists the Philistine/Caphtor connections found in Genesis, providing a parallel genealogical listing of these peoples.
- Amos 9:7 (verbal): Explicitly links the Philistines to Caphtor ('I brought up the Philistines from Caphtor'), directly echoing Genesis’ identification of the Caphtorim as associated with the Philistines.
- Jeremiah 47:4 (thematic): A prophetic oracle against the Philistines that reflects the later biblical memory and treatment of the Philistine people who are named in Genesis’ genealogy.
- Ezekiel 25:15 (thematic): Ezekiel pronounces judgment on the Philistines; thematically related as part of the biblical tradition concerning the Philistine people mentioned in Genesis 10:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the Pathrusim and the Casluhim—from whom the Philistines came—and the Caphtorim.
- and the Pathrusim and the Casluhim—from whom the Philistines came out—and the Caphtorim.
Gen.10.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכנען: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- צידן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- חת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:13 (verbal): Direct repetition of the genealogy: the names Sidon and Heth (or their equivalents) appear here as in Genesis 10:15.
- Genesis 10:19 (structural): Same chapter’s summary of the Canaanite borders links Sidon to the coastal territory of Canaan, placing Sidon geographically among Canaan’s descendants.
- Genesis 23:3-20 (thematic): The “sons of Heth” (Hittites) appear as the people who sell Abraham the cave of Machpelah, showing the later presence and role of Heth’s descendants in the land.
- Genesis 26:34 (thematic): Esau’s marriages to Hittite women (the descendants of Heth) reflect the ongoing identity and presence of Heth’s line among Canaanite peoples mentioned in Genesis 10:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth,
- And Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth;
Gen.10.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- היבוסי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הגרגשי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.10.15-18 (verbal): Immediate context in the Table of Nations; lists Canaanite peoples including the Jebusite, Amorite and Girgashite in the same cataloguing formula.
- Gen.15.18-21 (verbal): God's covenantal description of the land names the same Canaanite groups (including the Amorites, Girgashites and Jebusites) as inhabitants to be dispossessed — echoing Genesis 10's ethnographic list.
- Deut.7.1 (thematic): Moses summarizes the nations to be driven out of the land, explicitly naming the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites (and elsewhere the Girgashites), reflecting the same ethnic categories as Genesis 10:16.
- Judg.1.21 (thematic): Reports that the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites and lived with them in Jerusalem — a later narrative consequence related to the presence of the Jebusites noted in Genesis 10.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the Jebusite and the Amorite and the Girgashite,
- and the Jebusite and the Amorite and the Girgashite;
Gen.10.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- החוי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הערקי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הסיני: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 10:15-18 (verbal): Immediate context: the larger list of Canaan's descendants that includes the Hivites, Arkites and Sinites; Genesis 10:17 is part of this same genealogical catalog.
- Genesis 15:19-21 (thematic): God's promise to Abraham lists the peoples of the land to be given to his descendants and specifically names the Hivites among the Canaanite groups, echoing the Genesis 10 genealogy.
- Deuteronomy 7:1 (thematic): Moses summarizes the nations Israel must dispossess on entering Canaan, naming several of the same Canaanite peoples (including the Hivites), reflecting the Table of Nations' relevance for Israel's land claims.
- 1 Chronicles 1:13-16 (verbal): Parallel genealogical recension in Chronicles that repeats the list of Canaan's sons and includes the Hivite, Arkite and Sinites, preserving the same ancestral names found in Genesis 10.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the Hivite and the Arkite and the Sinite,
- and the Hivite and the Arkite and the Sinite;
Gen.10.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הארודי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הצמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- החמתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואחר: CONJ,ADV
- נפצו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- משפחות: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- הכנעני: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:16 (verbal): An almost verbatim repetition of the Genesis genealogy—lists Arvad, Zemar (Zemar), and Hamath and likewise states the dispersion/spread of the Canaanite families.
- Genesis 10:17 (structural): Immediate context within the Table of Nations; Gen 10:17–18 together enumerate the Canaanite clans and conclude with the dispersion of those families.
- Ezekiel 27:8–10 (allusion): Ezekiel's lament for Tyre names Arvad and Hamath among cities/partners associated with the region—echoing the same place-names and situating them in wider Near Eastern networks.
- Joshua 13:2 (thematic): Addresses the remaining inhabitants of the land of Canaan whom Israel was to dispossess; thematically parallels Gen 10:18's note about the spread and continued presence of Canaanite families in the land.
Alternative generated candidates
- and the Arvadite and the Zemarite and the Hamathite; and afterward the clans of the Canaanite were scattered.
- and the Arvadite and the Zemarite and the Hamathite; and afterward the clans of the Canaanite were scattered.
Gen.10.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- הכנעני: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מצידן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- באכה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גררה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- עזה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- באכה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- סדמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועמרה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואדמה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וצבים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עד: PREP
- לשע: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 15:18-21 (thematic): Both passages set out the territorial domain associated with Canaan: Genesis 10:19 demarcates the Canaanite border by cities, while God’s covenant in 15:18–21 defines the promised land and lists the peoples of Canaan.
- Genesis 14:2 (verbal): Names several of the same cities (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim) as centers/kingdoms within the Canaanite sphere mentioned in Gen 10:19.
- Judges 18:7, 27-29 (verbal): Refers to Laish/Leshem (the city called Leshem in Gen 10:19), showing the later identification and fate of the town named as a boundary marker.
- Joshua 1:4 (structural): Gives a broad description of Israel’s territorial borders ('from the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river'), paralleling the theme of defining the extents of the land of Canaan found in Gen 10:19.
- Genesis 19:24 (thematic): Records the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (cities named in Gen 10:19), connecting the geographic listing to their later fate in the narrative tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the border of the Canaanite was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, as far as Gaza; as you go toward Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
- And the border of the Canaanite was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, as far as Gaza; as you go toward Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
Gen.10.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: PRON,dem,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למשפחתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff,3,mp
- ללשנתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff,3,mp
- בארצתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,suff,3,mp
- בגויהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,suff,3,mp
Parallels
- Gen.10.5 (verbal): Concluding formula for Japheth’s descendants: “by their families, by their languages, in their lands, by their nations,” mirroring the wording and structure of Gen 10:20.
- Gen.10.31 (verbal): Parallel summary for Shem’s line using the same genealogical formula (families, languages, lands, nations), showing the repeated catalogue pattern in the Table of Nations.
- Gen.10.32 (structural): Final summary verse for the entire Table of Nations (“These are the families of the sons of Noah, according to their generations, in their nations”), providing the structural conclusion of which Gen 10:20 is a part.
- Gen.9.19 (thematic): Contextual precursor: states that Noah’s three sons populated the earth, introducing the genealogical/ethnic mapping that Gen 10:20 summarizes for Ham’s descendants.
- Gen.11.1 (allusion): Speaks of the unity of language before Babel; thematically connected to Gen 10:20’s reference to ‘languages,’ as Gen 11 explains the later diversification of languages and nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the sons of Ham, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
- These are the sons of Ham, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
Gen.10.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולשם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- גם: ADV
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- כל: ADJ,m,sg
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,_,sg
- יפת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגדול: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 11:10-11 (structural): Continues the genealogy of Shem begun in Genesis 10:21 — gives ages and descendants, structurally linked as the next account of Shem’s line.
- Genesis 10:25 (verbal): Directly related within the same chapter: names Eber and his sons (Peleg and Joktan), connecting to 10:21’s statement that Shem is ancestor of all the children of Eber.
- Genesis 9:26-27 (thematic): Noah’s blessing distinguishes Shem and Japheth and affirms Shem’s prominence among Noah’s sons, thematically underlying 10:21’s identification of Shem as progenitor of Eber’s line.
- 1 Chronicles 1:17 (verbal): Chronicles repeats the Genesis genealogies, echoing the language that identifies Shem as father of the children of Eber and as the elder brother of Japheth.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to Shem also were born children—he is the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder.
- And to Shem also children were born—he was the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder.
Gen.10.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שם: ADV,loc
- עילם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואשור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארפכשד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:17 (verbal): Direct repetition of the same list of Shem’s sons (Elam, Asshur/Arphaxad, Lud, Aram) in the Chronicler’s genealogical summary (verbal agreement with Genesis 10:22).
- Genesis 11:10–13 (structural): Continues the genealogy of Shem found in Genesis 10 by focusing on Arpachshad/Arphaxad and his place in Shem’s line leading toward Terah and Abram (genealogical continuity).
- Genesis 10:21 (structural): Immediate context within the Table of Nations: the introductory statement that frames the listing of Shem’s descendants, of which v.22 is the first line (same structural unit).
- Acts 2:9 (thematic): Lists Elamites among the peoples present at Pentecost—an example of the later persistence and recognition of the ethnic group named Elam (one of Shem’s sons) in post‑biblical/NT contexts.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Shem: Elam and Asshur and Arpachshad and Lud and Aram.
- The sons of Shem: Elam and Asshur and Arpachshad and Lud and Aram.
Gen.10.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עוץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגתר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:17 (quotation): Direct repetition of the same list: ‘The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, Mash’ — a near-verbatim parallel to Genesis 10:23.
- Genesis 22:20-24 (verbal): Lists a different individual named Uz (Huz) among the sons of Nahor — the same personal name appears elsewhere in the patriarchal genealogies.
- Job 1:1 (allusion): Refers to the land of Uz (the homeland of Job); traditionally connected to the personal name Uz in Genesis 10:23, suggesting a geographical/ethnic tradition derived from this ancestor.
- Genesis 10:22 (structural): Immediate genealogical context in the Table of Nations: Genesis 10:22 names Aram among Shem’s descendants, into which verse 10:23 (the sons of Aram) fits as a sublist.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Aram: Uz and Hul and Gether and Mash.
- And the sons of Aram: Uz and Hul and Gether and Mash.
Gen.10.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וארפכשד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ושלח: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 11:10-13 (quotation): Reiterates the same Shemite genealogy after the Flood: Shem → Arpachshad → Shelah → Eber (with age-data). Directly repeats Arpachshad begot Shelah and Shelah begot Eber.
- Genesis 10:21-31 (structural): Immediate Table of Nations context listing the descendants of Shem, including Arpachshad, Shelah, and Eber; Gen 10.24 is part of this larger structural genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 1:17-27 (verbal): The Chronicler preserves the same ancestral line in his genealogical summary (Shem → Arphaxad → Shelah → Eber), repeating the names found in Genesis.
- Luke 3:35-36 (allusion): In the NT genealogy (Luke’s lineage) Arphaxad and Shelah occur as ancestors in the line tracing back through Shem/Noah, reflecting New Testament reuse/allusion to the same ancestral sequence.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Arpachshad fathered Shelah, and Shelah fathered Eber.
- And Arpachshad fathered Shelah; and Shelah fathered Eber.
Gen.10.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולעבר: CONJ+PREP,PROPN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שם: ADV,loc
- האחד: NUM,m,sg,def
- פלג: PROPN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- בימיו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr+PRON,3,m,sg
- נפלגה: VERB,nifal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ושם: CONJ+ADV
- אחיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- יקטן: PROPN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 11:1-9 (structural): The Babel narrative immediately follows the Table of Nations and provides the narrative explanation for “in his days the earth was divided” — the scattering and confusion of languages.
- 1 Chronicles 1:19 (verbal): A direct genealogical parallel that repeats the names Peleg and Joktan, echoing the wording and lineage of Genesis 10:25.
- Acts 2:1-12 (allusion): The Pentecost account functions as a thematic reversal of Babel: whereas Gen 10–11 describes division of peoples and languages, Acts 2 depicts understanding across nations and tongues.
- Deuteronomy 32:8-9 (thematic): Speaks of God setting the boundaries/dividing the nations — a related motif of the allocation and division of peoples comparable to the ‘division’ attributed to Peleg’s days.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to Eber were born two sons; the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided, and the name of his brother Joktan.
- And to Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided; and the name of his brother was Joktan.
Gen.10.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקטן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT
- אלמודד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- שלף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- חצרמות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- ירח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-23 (quotation): Direct repetition of Joktan's list of sons (Almodad/Elmodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth/Hatzarmaveth, Jerah/Yarach) — the Chronicler preserves the same genealogy with minor name variants.
- Genesis 10:27 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same genealogy of Joktan in the Table of Nations; the surrounding verses form a single structural unit listing his descendants.
- Genesis 10:30 (thematic): Lists the territories and settlements associated with Joktan's descendants, linking the personal names in 10:26 to geographical/ethnic settlement traditions.
- Genesis 10:21-31 (thematic): The broader ‘Table of Nations’ section in which 10:26 appears; provides the wider genealogical and ethnographic context for Joktan’s descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Joktan fathered Almodad and Sheleph and Hazarmaveth and Jerah,
- And Joktan fathered Almodad and Sheleph and Hazarmaveth and Jerah,
Gen.10.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- הדורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- אוזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- דקלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:26-29 (structural): Gen 10:27 is part of this larger section enumerating the sons of Joktan; the verse's names belong to the contiguous genealogy/list in these verses.
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-23 (quotation): Chronicles repeats the Table of Nations and reproduces Joktan's descendants, echoing the same names found in Genesis 10:27.
- Genesis 2:11-12 (thematic): Mentions Havilah as a region associated with gold and precious products; connects the personal/place name in Gen 10:27 to an extant geographical tradition.
- 1 Kings 9:28; 10:11 (verbal): Ophir, listed among Joktan's offspring in Gen 10:27, appears in the Solomon narratives as a famed source of gold and luxury goods, linking the name to later trade traditions.
- Ezekiel 27:20 (verbal): Lists Dedan among maritime traders and merchants; the recurrence of the name (Dedan/Dedoram variants) connects the genealogical entry in Gen 10:27 to wider ancient Near Eastern trading and ethnographic references.
Alternative generated candidates
- and Hadoram and Uzal and Diklah,
- and Hadoram and Uzal and Diklah,
Gen.10.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- עובל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- אבימאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:26-29 (structural): Immediate context — the verse is part of Joktan's genealogy listing his sons (the fuller list that includes the names surrounding this verse).
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-23 (structural): Parallel retelling of the Table of Nations in Chronicles; repeats Joktan's descendants and so echoes the same set of names (including Sheba).
- Genesis 10:7 (verbal): The name Sheba also occurs elsewhere in Genesis (as a son of Raamah in the line of Cush), showing the same tribal/place-name appears in multiple branches of the Table of Nations.
- 1 Kings 10:1-13 (thematic): The later narrative of the Queen of Sheba visiting Solomon connects the name listed here to a recognized kingdom/people (Sheba/Saba) in later biblical memory and tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- and Obal and Abimael and Sheba,
- and Obal and Abimael and Sheba,
Gen.10.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- אופר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- חוילה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ+PRT
- יובב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: ADJ,m,sg
- אלה: PRON,dem,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יקטן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.10:26-30 (structural): This verse is part of the Joktan genealogy; the surrounding verses list the same sons (including Ophir, Havilah, Jobab) as a single structural unit.
- 1 Chr.1:20-23 (verbal): Chronicles repeats the Joktan genealogy, preserving the same names (Ophir, Havilah, Jobab), a close verbal parallel to Genesis 10:29.
- Gen.2:11-12 (thematic): Mentions the land of Havilah, associated with gold, bdellium and onyx; connects the name Havilah here as a notable place-name in Genesis tradition.
- 1 Kgs.10:11-12 (thematic): Describes Ophir as a source of Solomon’s gold and luxury goods, reflecting the tradition of Ophir as a wealthy region linked to the name in Genesis.
- Gen.36:33 (verbal): Lists a king named Jobab (son of Zerah) in the Edomite king-lists — the same personal name appears here among Joktan’s sons, showing recurrence of the name in different genealogical contexts.
Alternative generated candidates
- and Ophir and Havilah and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan.
- and Ophir and Havilah and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan.
Gen.10.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מושבם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suf:3mp
- ממשא: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- באכה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- ספרה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- הר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הקדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.10:26-29 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verses list Joktan’s sons and set the geographic scope that v.30 summarizes (Joktan’s settlements).
- 1 Chron.1:22-23 (quotation): Genealogical repetition: Chronicles repeats the Joktan genealogy and the same wording about their dwelling ‘from Mesha to Sephar, a mount of the east.’
- Gen.11:2 (thematic): Migration/settlement motif: describes peoples moving ‘from the east’ and finding/settling a plain (Shinar), echoing the theme of eastern origins and settlement in Genesis 10:30.
- Gen.25:18 (verbal): Territorial formula: describes the settled range of Ishmael’s descendants (‘from Havilah to Shur… as you go toward Assyria’) using similar language of geographic limits and directional phrasing as Genesis 10:30.
Alternative generated candidates
- And their dwelling was from Mesha, as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
- And their dwelling was from Mesha as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
Gen.10.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: PRON,dem,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שם: ADV,loc
- למשפחתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ללשנתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בארצתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- לגויהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Gen.10.5 (verbal): Uses the same genealogical-summary formula (families, tongues/languages, lands, nations) for the descendants of Japheth.
- Gen.10.20 (verbal): Parallel summary formula applied to the descendants of Ham—emphasizes families, languages, lands and nations in the Table of Nations.
- Gen.10.32 (structural): Concluding summary of the Table of Nations, closely echoing the organizational categories of families, languages, lands and nations.
- Gen.11.1 (thematic): Addresses the condition of language/unity of speech before the dispersal—connects to the verse's reference to tongues/languages and their dispersion.
- Acts 17:26 (thematic): New Testament reflection on the origin and distribution of the nations and their boundaries—thematic parallel to Genesis' account of peoples, lands and divisions.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the sons of Shem, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, by their nations.
- These are the sons of Shem, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, according to their nations.
Gen.10.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: PRON,dem,pl
- משפחת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- נח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לתולדתם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בגויהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ומאלה: CONJ+PREP,from
- נפרדו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- הגוים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחר: ADJ,m,sg
- המבול: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Gen.9:19 (verbal): States that Noah’s three sons (Shem, Ham, Japheth) spread out to populate the earth — directly parallels the statement that nations were divided from Noah’s descendants.
- Gen.11:1-9 (thematic): The Tower of Babel account explains the subsequent division and dispersion of peoples and languages after the flood, thematically linked to the Table of Nations.
- 1 Chr.1:4-23 (quotation): Chronicles repeats and reorganizes the Genesis Table of Nations (genealogies of Noah’s descendants), echoing the same divisions of peoples and nations.
- Acts 17:26 (thematic): Paul’s statement that God 'made of one blood all nations' and 'determined the times and boundaries of their habitation' echoes the idea that nations were apportioned/divided by divine ordering after the flood.
- Deut.32:8-9 (allusion): God’s allotting of the nations and setting their borders (cf. 'when the Most High gave the nations their inheritance') parallels the concept of nations’ division and distribution among Noah’s descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the clans of the sons of Noah, by their generations, in their nations; and from these the nations spread out on the earth after the flood.
- These are the clans of the sons of Noah, according to their generations, in their nations; and from these the nations were separated on the earth after the flood.
And these are the generations of the sons of Noah—Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and to them sons were born after the flood.
The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. And the sons of Javan: Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
From these the coastlands of the nations were separated in their lands, each according to his language, by their clans, in their nations. And the sons of Ham: Cush, and Egypt, and Put, and Canaan. And the sons of Cush: Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabteca; and the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. And Cush fathered Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man in the earth.
He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; therefore it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD." And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Akkad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
From that land he went out to Assyria and built Nineveh and Rehoboth-Ir and Calah,
and Resen between Nineveh and Calah—that is the great city. And Egypt fathered the Ludim and the Anamim and the Lehabim and the Naphtuhim,
and the Pathrusim and the Casluhim—from whom the Philistines came out—and the Caphtorim. And Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth,
and the Jebusite and the Amorite and the Girgashite,
and the Hivite and the Arkite and the Sinite,
and the Arvadite and the Zemarite and the Hamathite. And afterward the clans of the Canaanite spread abroad. And the boundary of the Canaanite was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, as far as Gaza; as you go toward Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
These were the sons of Ham, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, in their nations. And to Shem also were sons born—he was the father of all the sons of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder.
The sons of Shem: Elam, and Asshur, and Arpachshad, and Lud, and Aram. And the sons of Aram: Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. And Arpachshad fathered Shelah, and Shelah fathered Eber. And to Eber were born two sons; the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided, and the name of his brother was Joktan. And Joktan fathered Almodad and Sheleph and Hazarmaveth and Jerah,
and Hadoram and Uzal and Diklah,
and Obal and Abimael and Sheba,
and Ophir and Havilah and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan. And their dwelling was from Mesha as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
These were the sons of Shem, by their clans, by their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
These are the clans of the sons of Noah, by their genealogies, in their nations; and from these the nations were separated on the earth after the flood.