Conclusion: Final Exhortation and Greetings
1 Peter 5:12-14
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalm
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
Jude
Revelation
1Pet.5.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Δια:
- Σιλουανου:
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- πιστου:
- αδελφου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ως: ADV
- λογιζομαι:
- δι᾽ολιγων:
- εγραψα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- παρακαλων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- επιμαρτυρων:
- ταυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αληθη:
- χαριν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου·εις:
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- στητε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
Parallels
- 1 Thessalonians 1:1 (verbal): Silvanus (Silas) is named as a co-sender with Paul and Timothy; parallels Peter's identification of Silvanus as the faithful brother who helped deliver/endorse his letter.
- Acts 15:22 (thematic): Silas (Silvanus) appears as a leading brother and envoy sent by the apostles—connects to Silvanus' role as an authoritative messenger and witness mentioned by Peter.
- Hebrews 13:22 (verbal): Uses nearly identical wording about having "written briefly" and offering an exhortation; a close verbal/structural parallel to Peter's brief, exhortatory closing.
- Jude 1:3 (thematic): Jude likewise emphasizes the necessity of writing to exhort and to contend for the faith/truth—parallels Peter's purpose language of exhorting and testifying to the true grace of God.
- Galatians 5:1 (thematic): Paul's injunction to "stand firm/stand fast" in the freedom Christ gives resonates with Peter's final charge to "stand fast in it," echoing the exhortation to persevere in the gospel.
Alternative generated candidates
- Through Silvanus, a faithful brother to you—so I judge—I have written briefly, exhorting and testifying that this is the true grace of God in which you stand.
- Through Silvanus, a faithful brother to you—so I think—I have written briefly, exhorting and testifying that this is the true grace of God. Stand firm in it.
1Pet.5.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπαζεται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- Βαβυλωνι: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- συνεκλεκτη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Μαρκος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Romans 16:5 (structural): Both verses use a closing greeting formula addressing a local congregation (e.g., 'greet the church that is in their house'), paralleling Peter’s greeting to 'the church in Babylon.'
- Colossians 4:10 (verbal): Names 'Marcus' (Mark) among Paul’s associates—direct verbal parallel to Peter’s personal mention 'Mark my son,' supporting Mark’s identity as a known companion in the Pauline circle.
- Philemon 24 (verbal): Lists 'Marcus' as one of Paul's fellow workers, paralleling Peter’s brief personal reference to Mark and attesting to Mark’s role in early Christian networks.
- Acts 15:37-39 (thematic): Narrates the sharp disagreement between Paul and Barnabas over John Mark, showing Mark’s significance and mobility in the early mission—background for Peter’s personal reference to him.
- Revelation 17:5 (allusion): Uses the label 'Babylon' as a symbolic name for Rome in early Christian literature; parallels support reading Peter’s 'Babylon' as a cryptic reference to the Roman church.
Alternative generated candidates
- The church that is at Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you greetings; and so does Mark my son.
- She who is at Babylon, who is likewise chosen, greets you; and so does Mark, my son.
1Pet.5.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- αλληλους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- φιληματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- αγαπης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ειρηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- πασιν: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:16 (verbal): Paul's closing: 'Greet one another with a holy kiss' — virtually the same exhortation as Peter's 'greet one another with a kiss of love.'
- 1 Corinthians 16:20 (verbal): Paul again: 'All the brothers greet you. Greet one another with a holy kiss' — parallel verbal formula for communal greeting.
- 2 Corinthians 13:12 (verbal): A similar apostolic closing: 'Greet one another with a holy kiss,' mirroring Peter's practice of a kiss as a sign of love and fellowship.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:26 (verbal): 'Greet all the brothers with a holy kiss' — another Pauline instance of the same ritual greeting stressed by Peter.
- 2 Thessalonians 3:16 (thematic): A benediction of peace — 'May the Lord of peace give you peace' — thematically parallels Peter's wish 'Peace to all of you who are in Christ.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to you all who are in Christ. Amen.
- Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to you all who are in Christ. Amen.
By Silvanus, a faithful brother to you—so I think—I have written briefly, exhorting and testifying that this is the true grace of God in which you stand.
The church that is at Babylon, chosen together with you, sends you greetings; and so does Mark my son.
Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace to all of you who are in Christ Jesus. Amen.