Judahite Families and Notable Descendants
1 Chronicles 4:1-23
1 C.4.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- פרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכרמי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושובל: CONJ+PN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-4 (structural): Another genealogy of Judah that lists Perez and immediately gives Perez’s descendants (Hezron, etc.), closely parallel in form and content to 1 Chr 4:1.
- Genesis 46:12 (verbal): A patriarchal census/genealogical list naming the sons of Judah (including Perez and Zerah), corresponding to the same family-line names.
- Genesis 38:29-30 (allusion): The narrative account of Tamar giving birth to Perez (and Zerah), providing the origin story for Perez, who is named in 1 Chr 4:1.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A post‑exilic genealogy tracing David’s line back through Perez and Hezron, showing the same ancestral sequence and emphasizing Perez’s importance in Judah’s lineage.
- Matthew 1:3 (verbal): The New Testament genealogy names Judah and his son Perez (in Jesus’ ancestry), echoing the same genealogical tradition found in 1 Chr 4:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Judah: Perez, Hezron, Carmi, Hur, and Shobal.
- The sons of Judah: Perez, Hezron, Carmi, Hur, and Shobal.
1 C.4.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וראיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שובל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יחת: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ויחת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אחומי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- להד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- משפחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הצרעתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:1 (structural): Immediate context — both verses form part of the genealogical sequence of Judah in 1 Chronicles 4, continuing the listing of family heads and subdivisions.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): Genealogical parallel — Genesis lists the household and descendants of Judah (and his sons), providing the earliest Israelite genealogy that Chronicles later expands and localizes.
- Numbers 26:19-22 (thematic): Census/genealogical parallel — Numbers records the tribal families and their progenitors (including lines of Judah), reflecting the same concern with tribal subdivisions and family heads found in Chronicles 4:2.
- Ezra 2:5 (structural): Post-exilic genealogical parallel — Ezra gives a roster of returnees by family and household, mirroring the chronicler’s practice of enumerating families and their ancestors to preserve lineage and tribal identity.
Alternative generated candidates
- Uriah son of Shobal fathered Yachath; Yachath fathered Achumi and Lehad—these are the families of the Zerahites.
- Reaiah the son of Shobal fathered Jachath; and Jachath fathered Ahoah and Lahad—these are the families of the Zerahite.
1 C.4.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- עיטם: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- יזרעאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישמא: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- וידבש: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחותם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,pl
- הצללפוני: NOUN,prop,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:1-23 (structural): Immediate literary context — the verse is part of a larger genealogical section that enumerates families and descendants in the tribe of Judah; comparing the whole unit shows recurring patterns of naming and family structure.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-8 (thematic): Earlier genealogical material for the tribe of Judah; parallels in form and purpose (listing sons, daughters, and clan heads) and helps situate the line of Etam within Judah's larger family trees.
- Numbers 26:20-22 (thematic): A parallel genealogical listing of Judah's descendants in the wilderness census; although the names differ, this passage is a comparable tribal/kinship register and illustrates the biblical practice of recording family lines.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): Genesis' list of Judah's offspring (those who went to Egypt) functions similarly as an early ancestral roll; useful for comparative study of Judahite lineages and how names and clan identities are preserved or shifted across traditions.
Alternative generated candidates
- These were the chiefs of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Idbash, and their sister was Selah.
- And these were the heads of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Jidbash; and the name of their sister was Hazzelelponi.
1 C.4.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופנואל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גדר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועזר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חושה: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- אפרתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 35:19 (verbal): Mentions Ephrath/Ephrathah in connection with Bethlehem—same place-name phrase used in 1 Chron 4:4 ('Ephrathah, father of Bethlehem').
- 1 Samuel 17:12 (verbal): Identifies David as an 'Ephrathite of Bethlehem' (Bethlehem of Ephrathah), echoing the designation of Ephrathah as the origin of Bethlehem in 1 Chron 4:4.
- Ruth 4:11 (thematic): Blesses the household 'in Ephrathah' and 'in Bethlehem,' linking Ephrathah with Bethlehem as in 1 Chron 4:4 (context of genealogical/tribal roots).
- Micah 5:2 (allusion): Prophetically names 'Bethlehem Ephrathah' as the significant origin of a future ruler—echoes the geographical designation found in 1 Chron 4:4.
- Matthew 2:6 (quotation): New Testament citation of Micah's 'Bethlehem, Ephrathah' (Matt 2:6), reflecting the same Bethlehem–Ephrathah identification preserved in 1 Chron 4:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- Penuel was the father of Geder, and Ezer the father of Hushah—these were the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem.
- Penuel, the father of Geder, and Ezer, the father of Hushah—these were the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem.
1 C.4.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולאשחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תקוע: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- נשים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- חלאה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונערה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:6 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same genealogy: lists the sons born to the wives Halah and Naarah and thus directly parallels and completes the information introduced in v.5.
- 1 Chronicles 2:24–55 (structural): Broader genealogical material for the tribe of Judah elsewhere in Chronicles; the chapter functions as a parallel genealogical framework—many names and family-note conventions recur between these Judah lists.
- 2 Samuel 14:2–3 (thematic): Mentions a ‘woman of Tekoa’ in a narrative about Absalom—connects the place-name Tekoa (and its folk) in Chronicles’ genealogies to later narrative traditions where Tekoa figures in Israel’s history.
- Genesis 29:26–28 (thematic): Account of Jacob acquiring two wives (Leah and Rachel); thematically parallels the brief genealogical note in 1 Chr 4:5 that an ancestor had two wives, highlighting the recurring social/marital motif behind many family lists.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ashhur, the father of Tekoa, had two wives: Halah and Naarah.
- To Ashhur, father of Tekoa, there were two wives: Halah and Naarah.
1 C.4.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- נערה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אחזם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- חפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- תימני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- האחשתרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- נערה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:5 (structural): Immediate context in the same chapter: verse 5 introduces the household and parentage that verse 6 continues, forming a continuous genealogical listing of Naʿarah's offspring.
- 1 Chronicles 4:7 (structural): Follows directly after v.6 and continues the same clan-and-descendants schema, showing the same pattern of naming minor clans and households within Judah's genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-15 (thematic): Earlier section of Chronicles that lays out the larger genealogy of Judah; thematically parallel as part of the book's systematic recording of clan lineages and origins related to David's tribe.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A genealogical summary (the pedigree of David) that parallels Chronicles' interest in tracing family lines and situating minor clans within the Davidic/tribal framework.
- Genesis 38 (thematic): Narrative treatment of Judah's offspring (Er, Onan, Shelah, Tamar) that serves as a narrative antecedent to the genealogical registers in Chronicles which systematically expand Judah's familial branches.
Alternative generated candidates
- Naarah bore Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni, and Ahishterai; these were the sons of Naarah.
- And Naarah bore him Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni, and Ahishteri; these were the sons of Naarah.
1 C.4.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חלאה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- צרת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- וצחר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואתנן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:6 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse is part of the same genealogical list and names other members of the Halah family, showing continuity with 4:7.
- 1 Chronicles 4:8 (structural): Follows 4:7 and continues the same chapter’s enumeration of Judahite descendants, demonstrating the contiguous genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-9 (thematic): An earlier section of Chronicles containing parallel genealogical material for Judah; Chronicles repeatedly organizes and restates Judah’s family lines.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21-23 (thematic): Later in the same chapter there is another catalogue of Judahite clans and households, thematically parallel in its purpose of recording family descent.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Halah: Zaret, Zohar, and Ethnan.
- And the sons of Halah were Zereth, Zohar, and Ethnan.
1 C.4.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וקוץ: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ענוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- הצבבה: DEF+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומשפחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אחרחל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרום: DEF+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Chr 4:6 (structural): Immediate context within the same chapter: another near verse in the Judah genealogy using the same 'X begot Y' formula and listing related families/clans.
- 1 Chr 2:24-55 (structural): Broader Judah genealogy earlier in Chronicles that sets out the clans and descendants (Perez, Hezron, Caleb, etc.) which 1 Chr 4 continues and amplifies.
- Gen 46:12 (thematic): Patriarchal list of Judah's sons in Genesis — provides the ancestral origin for the tribal/familial lines that Chronicles later records and traces.
- Num 26:19-22 (thematic): Census/genealogical listing of the sons and clans of Judah (including Perez and his descendants); thematically parallels Chronicles' clan-and-family listings of Judah's descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- Coz fathered Anub and Zobah, and these were the families of Acharhel son of Harum.
- Koz begot Anub and Zobebah; and the families of Harashal son of Reu.
1 C.4.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יעבץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נכבד: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מאחיו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואמו: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- קראה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יעבץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- כי: CONJ
- ילדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- בעצב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:10 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation — the well‑known prayer of Jabez follows this description and explains how his name and circumstances lead to his petition and blessing.
- Genesis 35:18 (verbal): Rachel names her son Ben‑oni ('son of my sorrow') because she dies in childbirth — parallels Jabez’s name and his mother’s stated reason 'because I bore him with pain' (shared motif and Hebrew vocabulary of sorrow/pain).
- Genesis 29:31–35 (thematic): Leah’s naming of her sons for emotional circumstances surrounding their births (sorrow, hope, attachment) parallels the motif of mothers naming children in response to childbirth pain or distress, as with Jabez’s naming.
- Genesis 37:3 (thematic): Joseph is described as more highly favored/esteemed than his brothers — parallels the statement that Jabez was 'more honorable than his brothers,' both portraying a son distinguished above his siblings within the family context.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now Jabez was more honorable than his brothers, and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, “Because I bore him in pain.”
- And Jabez was more honorable than his brothers; and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, "Because I bore him in pain."
1 C.4.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יעבץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאלהי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,const
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- אם: CONJ
- ברך: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA,NA
- תברכני: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg,obj,1,sg
- והרבית: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- גבולי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff:1,sg
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- ועשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- מרעה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבלתי: PART,neg
- עצבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,NA,sg
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אשר: PRON,rel
- שאל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 20:4 (verbal): ‘May he grant you your heart’s desire’ closely echoes Jabez’s petition and the report that God granted his request (וַיֵּבֵא אֱלֹהִים אֶת־אֲשֶׁר שָׁאַל).
- Psalm 115:14-15 (thematic): Prayer for increase and blessing—‘May the Lord give you increase… may he bless you and keep you’—parallels the plea for blessing and enlarged borders.
- Genesis 28:20-22 (allusion): Jacob’s vow—asking God’s presence and protection (‘if God will be with me… and will keep me’) and promising devotion—echoes Jabez’s request that God’s hand be with him and prevent harm.
- Joshua 1:3-5 (thematic): God’s promise to give land (‘every place… I will give to you’) and his assurance ‘I will not leave you or forsake you’ reflect the themes of expanded borders and God’s abiding hand invoked by Jabez.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jabez called on the God of Israel: “If you will indeed bless me and enlarge my border, and let your hand be with me, and keep me from harm so that I do not suffer pain.” And God granted what he asked.
- And Jabez called upon the God of Israel, saying, "Oh that you would bless me and enlarge my border, and that your hand might be with me, and that you would keep me from harm and pain!" And God granted the thing that he asked.
1 C.4.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכלוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- שוחה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מחיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשתון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:12 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same genealogical block; expands the family line of Mehir/Eshton and shows closely related names and descendants in the Judahite lists.
- 1 Chronicles 2:24–55 (structural): Larger genealogy of the tribe of Judah in the same book; provides the wider family context into which the branch in 1 Chronicles 4 (including Chelub/Chelubah, Shuhah, Mehir) fits.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): An earlier list of the descendants of Judah among Jacob’s household who went to Egypt; thematically parallels the chronicler’s concern with recording Judah’s tribal and family lines.
- Ruth 4:18–22 (thematic): A genealogical summary tracing the line of David through Judah; parallels the chronicler’s interest in preserving tribal and ancestral lines from Judah’s families.
- Matthew 1:1–17 (allusion): New Testament genealogy that structures Israel’s history through family lines from Judah to Jesus; reflects the ongoing biblical practice of linking identity and legacy through genealogical records.
Alternative generated candidates
- Chelub, brother of Shuhah, fathered Mehir; he was the father of Eshton.
- And Chelub the brother of Shuah fathered Mehir, who was the father of Esthaol.
1 C.4.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואשתון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רפא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- תחנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נחש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- רכה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:11 (structural): Immediate context in the same genealogical list — the same chapter uses the "X begot Y" formula and continues the enumeration of descendants and clan founders, showing this verse as part of a continuous family/settlement record.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21-23 (thematic): Nearby passage that lists clans and their towns (the Simeonite lists); parallels in function and genre — enumerating family heads and associated settlements/communities (cf. the designation of "men of Rekah"/settlers).
- Numbers 26:20-22 (thematic): Census/genealogical material that records family names and subdivisions of the tribes; thematically parallel as an account that fixes clan identities and territorial associations in Israel's tribal lists.
- Genesis 46:12 (verbal): An earlier patriarchal genealogy that uses the same genealogical formula and pattern of naming sons/families; provides a structural parallel in how Israelite family origins and group identities are presented ("these are the sons of...").
Alternative generated candidates
- Eshton fathered Beth‑rapha, Paseah, and Tehinnah—he was the father of the city of Nahash; these were men of Rechah.
- And Esthaol fathered Beth-rapha, Paseah, and Tehinnah; Tehinnah was the father of the city of Nahash—these are the men of Rekah.
1 C.4.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- קנז: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- עתניאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושריה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עתניאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חתת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
Parallels
- Judges 1:13 (verbal): Names Othniel son of Kenaz and records his conquest of Debir and marriage to Achsah, identifying the same Othniel listed in the genealogy.
- Joshua 15:17 (verbal): Parallels Judges 1:13 by recounting Othniel son of Kenaz capturing Debir and receiving Achsah, linking narrative tradition to the genealogical entry.
- Judges 3:9-11 (thematic): Portrays Othniel son of Kenaz as Israel’s deliverer and judge, connecting the genealogical name here with his role in Israel’s history.
- 1 Chronicles 2:6-8 (structural): Within Chronicles’ genealogical material Kenaz appears in Caleb’s lineage, providing a parallel family-listing that situates Kenaz and his descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Kenaz were Othniel and Seraiah; and the sons of Othniel were Hathath.
- The sons of Kenaz: Othniel and Seraiah; and the sons of Othniel: Hathath.
1 C.4.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומעונתי: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,1s
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עפרה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- ושריה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גיא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חרשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- חרשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Judges 6:11 (verbal): Shares the name Ophrah (עפרה); Judges locates a place called Ophrah connected with Gideon, showing the same name used as a place/person in Israelite tradition.
- Exodus 35:30-35 (thematic): Describes God‑gifted artisans (Bezalel and Oholiab) endowed with skill for craftsmanship—parallels the Chronicle’s mention of a ‘valley of craftsmen’ (גיא חרשים) and the role of skilled workers in Israel.
- Exodus 31:1-6 (thematic): God appoints and fills craftsmen with skill and wisdom for sacred work; thematically related to the Chronicler’s noting of a group characterized by craft (חרשים).
- Proverbs 22:29 (thematic): Praise of a skilled workman who stands before rulers—connects thematically to the social importance and recognition of artisans implied by the designation ‘valley/fathers of craftsmen.’
Alternative generated candidates
- Meonothai fathered Ophrah, and Shareah fathered Joab—the ancestor of the valley craftsmen; for they were craftsmen.
- Maon fathered Ophrah; and Seraiah fathered Joab, the father of the valley of craftsmen, for they were craftsmen.
1 C.4.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יפנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עירו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- ונעם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- וקנז: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 13:6 (verbal): Names the same individual—Caleb son of Jephunneh—showing his identity as a leader of the tribe of Judah (spy listing).
- Joshua 14:6-15 (thematic): Caleb son of Jephunneh claims and receives his inheritance (Hebron); provides background for Caleb’s descendants and territorial association mentioned in Chronicles.
- Judges 1:12-13 (verbal): Connects Kenaz and Caleb’s family via Othniel son of Kenaz (marriage to Achsah), linking Kenaz to Caleb’s wider genealogy and local leadership roles.
- Judges 3:9 (allusion): Refers to Othniel son of Kenaz as Israel’s judge—illustrates the prominence of Kenaz’s line attested in Chronicles.
- 1 Chronicles 2:18-19 (structural): Parallel genealogical material within Chronicles that lists Caleb/Hezron descendants and related family branches, confirming overlapping genealogies.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh were Iru, Elah, and Naam; and the sons of Elah: Kenaz.
- The sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam; and the son of Elah: Kenaz.
1 C.4.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יהללאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זיף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וזיפה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תיריא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואשראל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:15 (structural): Immediate context — the same genealogical section; 1 Chr 4:15–17 lists closely related family names and continues the catalogue in which v.16 appears.
- 1 Chronicles 2:50–55 (thematic): Parallel genealogical material for the tribes/families of Judah — the book repeats and expands on family lists found elsewhere in Chronicles (structural/thematic parallel to 1 Chr 4’s lineage listings).
- 1 Chronicles 4:17 (verbal): Neighboring verse in the same chapter that continues the enumeration of descendants and clan-names, showing repetition and grouping of the same family lines.
- 1 Samuel 23:19–21 (allusion): Mentions the people/place Ziph (Ziphites) — the personal name Ziph in 1 Chr 4:16 likely reflects the eponymous ancestor of that clan/locale later attested in the David narratives.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Jahalelel: Ziph, Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel.
- The sons of Jehallel: Ziph, Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel.
1 C.4.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזרה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יתר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ומרד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועפר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וילון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותהר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מרים: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- ואת: CONJ
- ישבח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשתמע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:16 (structural): Immediate antecedent in the same genealogical block; the lists in vv.16–22 form a continuous pedigree and vv.16–17 are verbally and structurally linked.
- 1 Chronicles 4:18 (structural): Direct continuation of the genealogy in v.17; repeats family names and expands on descendants/town associations mentioned in v.17.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21 (verbal): A parallel verse within the same chapter that repeats and reorders names/town‑associations from vv.16–18, confirming the identification of the family lines and place‑names.
- Joshua 15:48–49 (allusion): Lists Eshtemoa among the towns of Judah; links the personal/place name (Ishbach/Eshtemoa) in 1 Chr 4:17 to the territorial list for Judah.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the son of Ezrah was Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon; and Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah—who was the father of Eshtemoa—were among their descendants.
- And the sons of Ezrah: Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. The wife of Mered was Miriam; she bore Shammai and Ishbah, who was the father of Eshtemoa.
1 C.4.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואשתו: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- היהדיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ילדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ירד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גדור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- חבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- שוכו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- יקותיאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- זנוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- בתיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לקח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מרד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 2:5-10 (allusion): Both passages invoke a 'daughter of Pharaoh' who interacts with Israelite life — Exodus names Pharaoh's daughter who rescued/adopted Moses; 1 Chr 4:18 mentions Bithiah (bat‑Paroh), a daughter of Pharaoh associated with an Israelite family (Mered).
- 1 Chronicles 4:17 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same genealogical block: 1 Chr 4:17 names Mered and his association with a wife of royal Egyptian origin, setting the context continued in 4:18 where the sons and Bithiah (daughter of Pharaoh) are listed.
- 1 Chronicles 4:19 (structural): Continues the same genealogical sequence and household details begun in 4:17–18; 4:19 lists further descendants and settlements tied to the family named in 4:18, showing the chapter's organizing of Judahite clans and towns.
- Joshua 15:34 (thematic): Names the town Zanoah among the towns of Judah. 1 Chr 4:18 identifies Jekuthiel as 'father of Zanoah,' linking the genealogical ancestor to the known Judahite settlement recorded in Joshua.
Alternative generated candidates
- And his wife Hodeiah bore Jered, the father of Gedor; and Heber, the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, the father of Zanoah. These were the sons of Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered had taken.
- And his wife was Hodiah; she bore Jered, the father of Gedor, and Heber, the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel, the father of Zanoah. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered had taken.
1 C.4.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- הודיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- קעילה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- הגרמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואשתמע: CONJ+VERB,hitpael,impf,1,ms,sg
- המעכתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:20 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same genealogical section; repeats the pattern of naming clans and households within the tribe of Judah, showing closely related family lists.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21-23 (structural): Continues and amplifies the same passage—naming the Garmites, households of the scribes at Jabez, and related clan movements—so these verses form a single unit with 4:19.
- 1 Samuel 23:1-12 (thematic): Mentions Keilah as a town where David acted and inquired of the LORD; thematically linked to 1 Chr 4:19’s reference to the ‘father of Keilah,’ showing the place-name preserved in genealogical memory.
- Joshua 15:44 (verbal): Lists Keilah among the towns in the territory of Judah; provides a verbal/place-name parallel that helps identify the ‘Keilah’ associated with the family named in 1 Chr 4:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also the sons of his wife Hodeiah, the sister of Naham, were the fathers of Keilah the Garmite and Eshtemoa the Maacathite.
- And the sons of the wife Hodiah, the sister of Naham: the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maachathite.
1 C.4.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שימון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמנון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורנה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חנן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ותילון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישעי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זוחת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זוחת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 46:10 (verbal): Lists the sons of Simeon (Jemuel/Jamin/Ohad/Jachin/Zohar and Shaul), closely matching the names given in 1 Chr 4:20—direct patriarchal genealogy.
- Numbers 26:12 (verbal): The tribal census of Simeon records largely the same family names (e.g., Nemuel/Jemuel, Jamin, Jachin, Zerah/Zohar, Shaul), paralleling the genealogical tradition.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same chapter’s genealogical material; expands on the families and settlements associated with Simeon’s descendants, situating v.20 within the broader Chronicler’s list.
- Genesis 49:5-7 (thematic): Jacob’s oracle concerning Simeon (violence and dispersion) provides a thematic backdrop for later notes about the tribe’s divisions and settlements reflected in the genealogies.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Simeon: Amnon and Rinnah (the son of Hanan), and Tilon; and the sons of Ishi: Zohath and the son of Zohath.
- And the sons of Simeon: Amnon, Rinnah, Ben‑Hanan, and Tilon; and the sons of Shema: Zohath and Ben‑Zohath.
1 C.4.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שלה: PRON,3,f,sg,gen
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ער: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- לכה: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- ולעדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מרשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומשפחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- הבץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- אשבע: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,c,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-5 (structural): Another section of Chronicles that lists Judah’s descendants (including Shelah and related family groups); 1 Chr 4:21 continues and repeats the genealogical/tribal organizing of Judah’s seed.
- 1 Chronicles 4:23-24 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same chapter — the following verses continue naming the families, villages, and kin of Shelah’s line, forming a contiguous genealogical and topographical account.
- Genesis 38:1-30 (thematic): Narrative background for Judah’s lineage: the story of Judah, Tamar, and their sons (Perez, Zerah) and Judah’s progeny provides the narrative basis for later genealogical lists like 1 Chr 4:21.
- Numbers 26:19-22 (structural): The tribal census in Numbers enumerates the families and subfamilies of Judah (including references to Shelah and his branches), paralleling Chronicles’ concern to record the internal family divisions of the tribe.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the descendants of Shelah son of Judah: Er the father of Lekah, and Adah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house reaching to the house of Ashbea.
- The sons of Shelah, son of Judah: Er, the father of Lecah, and Laadah, the father of Mareshah; and the families of the house of the servants as far as Beth‑Shemesh.
1 C.4.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויוקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואנשי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כזבא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויואש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושרף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בעלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- למואב: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- וישבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והדברים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- עתיקים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:9-10 (structural): Immediate intra‑chapter parallel: earlier verses in ch.4 name Jabez and other individuals; v.22 continues the same genealogical/settlement catalogue and shares persons and family‑items with these lines.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-15 (structural): Earlier chronicles genealogy of Judah—same authorial project of tracing clans and progeny; many names and clan‑groupings in ch.4 are related to or repeat material found in ch.2.
- Joshua 15:21-63 (thematic): Catalogue of towns and settlements in the territory of Judah; thematically parallels Chronicles’ listing of clans and their settlements (the same concern for territorial/tribal organisation reflected in 1 Chr 4:22).
- Nehemiah 7:6-73 (structural): Post‑exilic population and family lists (also echoed in Ezra 2): another biblical example of genealogical and settlement registers comparable in form and purpose to the Chronicles’ enumeration in 1 Chr 4:22.
Alternative generated candidates
- There were Jokim and the men of Kazab, and Joash and Saraph—some of whose wives were Moabite—who dwelt at Beersheba; these things are ancient.
- And Jokim, and the men of Cheseb, and Joash and Saraph—who took wives from Moab; they dwelt at Beersheba, and their records are ancient.
1 C.4.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- היוצרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וישבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נטעים: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- וגדרה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עם: PREP
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- במלאכתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def+PRON,3,m,sg
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 65:21 (thematic): Both speak of people planting vineyards and dwelling on the land (building/planting as stable, settled occupation).
- Psalm 107:37 (thematic): Describes rescued/settled peoples who sow fields and plant vineyards — parallels the agricultural activity (planting and farming) of the inhabitants in 1 Chr 4:23.
- Ezra 2:56 (structural): Lists the Nethinim/temple-servants and those dwelling at particular settlements; parallels 1 Chr 4:23’s naming of local settlements (Neta'im/Gederah) and groups attached to royal/temple service.
- 1 Kings 5:13–14 (thematic): Reports men conscripted to serve the king in his building/work; parallels the statement that these residents 'were with the king in his work' — people laboring for royal projects.
Alternative generated candidates
- They were the smiths and the inhabitants of Netaim and Geder, who worked with the king in his service; they lived there.
- These were the smiths and those who dwelt in Netaim and Gederah; they were with the king in his work, and they lived there.
These are the sons of Judah: Perez, Hezron, Carmi, Hur, and Shobal. And Reaiah son of Shobal fathered Yachath; and Yachath fathered Ahumi and Lehad—these are the clans of the Zerahite family.
These are the fathers of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma and Idbash—and their sister was Hazelelponi.
Penuel was the father of Geder, and Ezer the father of Hushah; these were the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem. And Ashhur, the father of Tekoa, had two wives, Helah and Naarah.
Naarah bore him Ahuzam, Hepher, Temeni and Haahashtari—these are the sons of Naarah. And the sons of Helah: Zereth, Zohar and Ethnan. And Koz fathered Anub and Zobebah; and the families of Acharhel son of Rehum. Now Jabez was more honorable than his brothers; and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, “Because I bore him with sorrow.”
Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, “Oh that you would bless me and enlarge my borders, and that your hand might be with me, and keep me from harm so that I will not suffer pain.” And God granted the request he asked.
Chelub, the brother of Shuah, fathered Mehir; Mehir was the father of Eshton.
Eshton fathered Beth‑rapha, Paseah and Tahath, the father of the city of Naccho—these were the men of Rechah.
The sons of Kenaz were Othniel and Seraiah; and the son of Othniel was Hathath.
Meonothai fathered Ophrah; and Seraiah fathered Joab, ancestor of the Valley of Craftsmen—indeed they were craftsmen.
The sons of Caleb son of Jephunneh were Iru, Elah and Naam; and the sons of Elah: Kenaz.
The sons of Jehallelel: Ziph, Ziphah, Tiria and Asarel. And the sons of Azrah: Jether, Mered, Epher and Jalon; and Tahar, Miriam, Shema and Yishbach—the father of Eshtemoa. And his wife Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, bore Jered, the father of Gedor; and Heber, the father of Socho; and Jekuthiel, the father of Zanoah—these were the sons of Bithiah whom Mered had taken. And the sons of the wife Hodiah, sister of Naham: the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maacathite.
The descendants of Simeon: Amnon and Rinnah, son of Hanan, and Tilon; and the sons of Ishai: Zohath and the son of Zohath.
The sons of Shelah son of Judah: Er, the father of Lekah, and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the clans of the house of their servants to the house of Ashbea.
Jokim, the men of Kozeba, Joash and Saraph who had possessions in Moab, and the inhabitants of Lakhm—these matters are of old.
They were craftsmen and inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah; they lived there with the king, ministering in his work.