The Valley of Vision: Jerusalem's Fall and Leadership Change
Isaiah 22:1-25
Isa.22.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גיא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חזיון: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- מה: PRON,int
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- אפוא: PART
- כי: CONJ
- עלית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- כלך: PRON,quant,2,f,sg
- לגגות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:8–11 (structural): Immediate context and development of the same scene: verses describe the people going up to the housetops, looking out over Jerusalem, counting the houses and seeing the breaches—clarifies the complaint in v.1.
- Jeremiah 19:2 (thematic): Both passages use a 'valley' as the setting for prophetic pronouncement—Isaiah calls Jerusalem the 'valley of vision' and Jeremiah is sent to the Valley of Hinnom to symbolize coming judgment on the city.
- Lamentations 2:8–9 (thematic): Depicts Jerusalem's humiliation and public spectacle after disaster; parallels Isaiah's theme of the city's exposed condition and the people's distress and watching from vantage points.
- Psalm 48:2–3 (thematic): Psalmic portrayal of Zion as lofty and esteemed contrasts with Isaiah's ironic label 'valley of vision'—both treat Jerusalem as a focal point whose reputation and fate are the subject of prophetic/poetic reflection.
Alternative generated candidates
- An oracle concerning the Valley of Vision. What is this to you, that you have gone up to the housetops, all of you?
- Oracle concerning the Valley of Vision. What is this to you now, that you have gone up to the housetops, all of you?
Isa.22.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תשאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מלאה: ADV
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הומיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קריה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עליזה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- חלליך: NOUN,m,pl,suff2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- חללי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- מתי: ADV,int
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Lamentations 4:9 (thematic): Contrasts modes of death in a besieged city: Lamentations observes that those slain by the sword are better than those who perish by famine — echoing Isaiah 22:2’s distinction that the dead were not slain by the sword nor fell in battle (i.e., death by other calamities during siege).
- Joel 2:1-2 (thematic): Both texts evoke the alarm and uproar around a threatened city: Joel’s trumpet/alarm imagery and the sound of tumult and invading forces parallel Isaiah’s depiction of the city’s loud commotion and crisis.
- Nahum 3:1-3 (verbal): Nahum’s catalogue of urban noise—whip, rattling wheels, horsemen stamping, swords—parallels Isaiah’s emphasis on the clamour and tumult of the city and its scenes of destruction, using similar martial and civic sound-imagery.
- Zephaniah 1:14-16 (structural): Zephaniah pronounces a ‘day of the trumpet, alarm, tumult’ against fortified cities; structurally this judgment-oracle framing and the focus on sudden urban calamity correspond to Isaiah 22’s portrayal of a city seized by panic and upheaval.
Alternative generated candidates
- The city is full of tumult, a noisy town; the reveling city—her victims were not slain by the sword, neither are her dead from warfare.
- The city cries out— the town is full of noise; the settlement is tumultuous. Your rejoicing is turned to mourning: your slain are not slain by the sword, nor are your dead slain in battle.
Isa.22.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- קציניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נדדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יחד: ADV
- מקשת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אסרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- נמצאיך: PART,qal,ptc,m,pl
- אסרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יחדו: ADV
- מרחוק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:19-21 (thematic): Like Isa. 22:3, these verses picture people fleeing into caves and holes to hide from the terror/coming judgment of the LORD; both passages use the motif of civilians abandoning the open city and sheltering underground.
- Isaiah 22:5 (structural): Immediate chapter context: verse 5 continues the siege imagery (looking to weapons, counting houses, siege works) that explains why chiefs and inhabitants flee in v.3 — a close structural parallel within the same oracle.
- Joel 2:1-11 (thematic): Joel’s depiction of an overwhelming invading force producing terror and flight (terrifying army, earth trembling, people panic) parallels Isa. 22:3’s scene of leaders fleeing and residents hiding amid assault/judgment.
- Nahum 2:10-13 (thematic): Nahum’s account of a city’s devastation — warriors struck down, inhabitants desolate, hearts failing — echoes the consequences in Isa. 22:3 where leaders are routed and the populace flees to caves and holes.
Alternative generated candidates
- All your commanders have fled together; they have bound the bow, they have gathered the shield—from afar they fled.
- All your commanders have fled together; they have drawn back the bow, they have bound the shield. All who bore arms have been gathered and fled far away.
Isa.22.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- אמרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- שעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,_,pl
- מני: PREP+PRON,1,_,sg
- אמרר: VERB,qal,impf,3,_,pl
- בבכי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- תאיצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,_,pl
- לנחמני: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,1,_,sg
- על: PREP
- שד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
Parallels
- Jeremiah 9:1 (verbal): Explicitly echoes the language of bitter weeping for the slain/daughter of my people—both passages express intense, unrelieved grief for the people’s destruction.
- Lamentations 2:11 (verbal): Very close verbal and thematic parallel: the speaker’s eyes fail with tears and laments the destruction of the daughter of my people, matching Isaiah’s refusal to be comforted over the city’s desolation.
- Jeremiah 8:21 (thematic): Shares the theme of personal anguish on behalf of the nation—'for the hurt of the daughter of my people I am hurt'—connecting communal calamity with intimate lament.
- Psalm 137:1–4 (thematic): Both texts depict mourning for Jerusalem/Zion and the difficulty (or refusal) of being comforted in exile or after devastation; imagery of sustained weeping and remembering Zion parallels Isaiah’s refusal of consolation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore I said, "Let my grief be bitter; let me weep bitterly." Do not hasten to comfort me concerning the devastation of the daughter of my people.
- Therefore I said, “Let me mourn bitterly; let me wail with lamentation. Do not hasten to comfort me concerning the spoil of the daughter of my people.”
Isa.22.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מהומה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומבוסה: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- ומבוכה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לאדני: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,m,poss1s
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בגיא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חזיון: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- מקרקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ושוע: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ההר: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:12-17 (thematic): Day of the LORD theme: the proud humbled and the lofty brought low—language of humiliation and judgement parallels Isaiah 22’s portrayal of tumult and abasement.
- Joel 2:1-11 (structural): Alarm/eschatological-military imagery (trumpet, tumult, invading host) and the coming ‘day of the LORD’ mirror the cry, noise, and impending overthrow in Isaiah 22:5.
- Zephaniah 1:14-16 (thematic): Near/terrible day of the LORD with loud cries, distress and trumpet sound—echoes the urgent, tumultuous judgement language of Isaiah 22:5.
- Ezekiel 7:7-10 (verbal): Phrases about sudden disaster, confusion and a cry of alarm reflect the same motif of abrupt calamity and shouting found in Isaiah 22:5.
- Isaiah 29:1-4 (allusion): Address to the ‘valley of vision’ (Ariel/Jerusalem) and its impending judgment directly parallels the setting and theme of Isaiah 22’s condemnation of the valley.
Alternative generated candidates
- For it is a day of tumult, of trampling and confusion before the LORD, the Lord of hosts, in the Valley of Vision—clamor and shouting, like the crash of a storm; a cry to the mountain.
- For it is a day of tumult, of trampling and of confusion before the LORD GOD of hosts in the Valley of Vision— clamoring and shouting unto the hill.
Isa.22.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועילם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נשא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אשפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ברכב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וקיר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ערה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מגן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Nahum 2:3 (verbal): Both verses depict chariots and horses in the streets and convey the din and commotion of an approaching assault (Nahum: 'The chariots rage in the streets').
- Joel 2:4-5 (thematic): Shared invasion imagery: mounted forces like mighty men, scaling walls and marching in ranks—parallel portrayal of cavalry causing panic in the city.
- Habakkuk 1:8 (verbal): Portrays horsemen as swift and terrifying instruments of judgment ('Their horses are swifter than leopards'), echoing Isaiah's emphasis on horses and riders as an ominous presence.
- 2 Kings 9:20 (structural): A watchman reports sighting chariots and horsemen approaching—a narrative parallel to Isaiah's scene of horses in the streets and the city's alarm.
- Jeremiah 4:13 (thematic): Describes chariots and horsemen advancing like a storm against the land—themewise parallel to Isaiah's depiction of an invading mounted force producing urban alarm.
Alternative generated candidates
- Elam has carried off the quiver—chariots of men and horsemen; Kir has removed the shield.
- Elam has taken up the quiver— chariots of men and horsemen— and Kir has uncovered the shield.
Isa.22.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מבחר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמקיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- מלאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והפרשים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- שת: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- השערה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Nahum 2:3-4 (verbal): Vivid military imagery of chariots and horses filling streets/ways and rushing like lightning — parallels Isaiah 22:7's picture of chariots and horsemen filling the valley and creating a tumult.
- Isaiah 5:28 (verbal): Prophetic depiction of horses, chariots, and wheels like a whirlwind — closely related vocabulary and motif of invading cavalry covering the land.
- Joel 2:4-5 (thematic): Description of an overwhelming army 'like horses' that advances with great noise and power — thematically echoes the image of chariots and horsemen filling the valley.
- Judges 4:12-15 (thematic): Narrative account of Sisera's chariots and horsemen assembling and filling the valley (Kishon/Megiddo) — a comparable scene of chariots occupying a valley in battle.
Alternative generated candidates
- The choicest of your valleys filled the chariots; the horsemen pranced on the ramparts.
- Your choicest valleys were full of chariots, and the horsemen stood at the gates.
Isa.22.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויגל: VERB,qal,wayyiq,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מסך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ותבט: VERB,hifil,perf,3,f,sg
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- אל: NEG
- נשק: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היער: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Kings 7:2-5 (structural): Describes Solomon's construction of the 'House of the Forest of Lebanon,' the building that Isaiah 22:8 alludes to—establishing the palace hall referenced as the place of arms.
- 1 Kings 10:16-17 (verbal): Reports that Solomon made shields and placed them in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, directly paralleling the mention of 'the weapons of the house of the forest' in Isaiah 22:8.
- 2 Chronicles 9:16-17 (verbal): Parallel account to 1 Kings noting shields/armaments stored in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, corroborating the image of an armory invoked by Isaiah 22:8.
- Isaiah 22:9-11 (structural): Immediate context: the surrounding verses expand on 'removing the covering of Judah' and on looking to the armory—showing the same scene and its theological critique within the chapter.
- Psalm 20:7 (thematic): Contrasts trusting in military hardware with trusting in God ('Some trust in chariots and some in horses...'), thematically echoing Isaiah's critique of looking to weapons rather than to YHWH.
Alternative generated candidates
- They rolled up Judah's covering; on that day you looked toward the armory of the House of the Forest.
- And he removed Judah’s covering; on that day you looked to the weapons of the House of the Forest.
Isa.22.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- בקיעי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ראיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- רבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ותקבצו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- הברכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- התחתונה: ADJ,f,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 32:3-4 (verbal): Hezekiah gathers and shuts up water springs and brings water into the city to prevent enemy access — closely parallels Isaiah's image of collecting the waters of the lower pool as a defensive measure in response to breaches.
- Nehemiah 2:13-15 (structural): Nehemiah inspects Jerusalem by night and finds the wall broken down and the gates burned; thematically parallels Isaiah's observation of breaches in the city and concern for the ruined fortifications.
- 2 Kings 20:20 (verbal): Concluding summary of Hezekiah's works (including stopping the upper watercourse and bringing water into the city) echoes the same action of securing water supplies mentioned in Isaiah 22:9.
- Jeremiah 39:4-5 (thematic): Describes enemy forces making a breach and entering Jerusalem; parallels the broader theme of breaches in the city walls and the consequences of compromised defenses.
Alternative generated candidates
- You saw the breaches in the City of David—there were many—and you collected the waters of the lower pool.
- You saw the breaches of the city of David; for they were many; you collected the waters of the lower pool.
Isa.22.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- בתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,1cs
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ספרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- ותתצו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- הבתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לבצר: VERB,qal,inf
- החומה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:9 (structural): Immediate context of the same oracle; repeats the action of counting Jerusalem's houses and preparing the city's defenses (same pericope and verbal/frame continuity).
- Nehemiah 4:16-18 (thematic): Describes rebuilding and defending Jerusalem's walls under threat—workers holding tools in one hand and weapons in the other—parallel concern with practical, physical measures to fortify the city.
- 2 Chronicles 32:2-5 (thematic): Hezekiah's measures to strengthen and repair Jerusalem (walls, towers, securing water supply); parallels the focus on preparing and fortifying the city in the face of danger.
- 2 Kings 25:10 (verbal): Reports the destruction/burning of the houses of Jerusalem by the Babylonians; echoes the language of houses of Jerusalem being broken down, though here the motive is destruction rather than dismantling for fortification.
Alternative generated candidates
- You counted the houses of Jerusalem and tore down houses to strengthen the wall.
- You counted the houses of Jerusalem, and you broke down houses to fortify the wall.
Isa.22.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומקוה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בין: PREP
- החמתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למי: PREP,interr
- הברכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הישנה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- הבטתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- עשיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויצרה: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מרחוק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ראיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 2:13 (verbal): Both verses use water/cistern imagery to criticize Israel’s misplaced trust: ‘forsaking the fountain of living waters’ and ‘hewing out cisterns’ echoes Isaiah’s ditch/cistern for the old pool.
- Isaiah 45:9 (thematic): Isaiah 22:11’s rebuke ‘you looked not unto the maker’ parallels the broader Isaiah motif in 45:9 condemning those who contest or fail to honor the Creator (potter–clay theme of divine sovereignty).
- Jeremiah 18:6 (verbal): The language of ‘him that fashioned it’ resonates with Jeremiah’s potter imagery—God as the craftsman who forms vessels—emphasizing human failure to acknowledge the former shaping by God.
- Isaiah 51:13 (thematic): Both passages condemn forgetting or failing to regard the one who formed Israel; Isaiah 51:13 similarly reproaches those who do not remember or trust the Lord, the maker.
Alternative generated candidates
- You made a reservoir between the two walls for the waters of the old pool; yet you did not look to the One who fashioned it, nor did you consider Him who formed it long ago.
- You made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool, but you did not look to the Maker, nor did you regard him who fashioned it long ago.
Isa.22.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- לבכי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולמספד: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולקרחה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולחגר: CONJ+PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- שק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 8:10 (verbal): Uses the same cluster of images—mourning/laments, sackcloth and baldness ("sackcloth upon all loins, and baldness upon every head"), closely paralleling Isa 22:12's call to weeping, lamentation, shaving and girding with sackcloth.
- Joel 2:12 (verbal): Calls for corporate repentance expressed by fasting, weeping and mourning ("Return to me with all your heart, with fasting, with weeping, and with mourning"), paralleling Isa 22:12's summons to lamentation and sackcloth.
- Jeremiah 9:17–18 (thematic): God summons mourning/wailers to lament impending judgment ("call for the mourning women... let them say, 'How long?'"), thematically similar to Isaiah's divine call to public lament.
- Zechariah 12:11 (thematic): Speaks of a great, communal mourning in Jerusalem ("a great mourning in Jerusalem"), echoing Isaiah's depiction of an announced day of weeping and lament.
- Micah 1:8 (thematic): Responds to catastrophe with loud lamentation and visible signs of mourning ("I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked"), resonating with Isaiah's emphasis on public expressions—weeping, mourning, sackcloth—at divine summons.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD, the Lord of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for mourning, for shaving of the head and for girding with sackcloth.
- On that day the LORD GOD of hosts called for mourning and lamentation, for shaving the head and girding with sackcloth.
Isa.22.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והנה: ADV
- ששון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הרג: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושחט: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בשר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושתות: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אכול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושתו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- מחר: ADV
- נמות: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,_,pl
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 15:32 (quotation): Paul cites the same refrain—"Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die"—to illustrate a nihilistic response to denial of resurrection, directly echoing Isaiah's line.
- Luke 12:19–20 (verbal): Jesus' parable of the rich fool uses nearly identical language—'Eat, drink, and be merry;... tonight your soul is required of you'—linking revelry in the face of imminent death to judgment.
- Ecclesiastes 8:15 (thematic): Solomon's counsel to 'eat, drink, and be merry' expresses a similar ethic of present enjoyment in view of life's brevity, paralleling Isaiah's fatalistic revelry.
- Amos 6:4–6 (thematic): Amos condemns the elite who 'eat lambs' and 'drink wine' and are unconcerned about coming ruin; thematically close to Isaiah's image of indulgent feasting amid impending disaster.
Alternative generated candidates
- But see—joy and gladness: they slaughter oxen and kill sheep; they eat meat and drink wine, saying, "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!"
- But look— joy and gladness, slaughtering oxen and killing sheep, eating flesh and drinking wine: “Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!”
Isa.22.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונגלה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- באזני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cstr
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אם: CONJ
- יכפר: VERB,pi'el,impf,3,m,sg
- העון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- תמתון: VERB,qal,imperf,2,m,pl
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Amos 3:7 (thematic): Both verses treat divine disclosure of judgment/secret matters: Amos affirms that God reveals his purposes to his servants (prophetic revelation), echoing Isaiah’s language about something being revealed in the ears of the LORD of hosts.
- Ezekiel 18:4 (verbal): Ezekiel’s declaration 'the soul that sinneth, it shall die' parallels Isaiah’s concern whether the community’s iniquity can be forgiven up to the point of death—both link sin and death as ultimate consequences.
- Numbers 15:30–31 (thematic): This law passage treats willful/high-handed sin as leading to cutting off (death/exclusion) without pardon—closely related to Isaiah’s rhetorical question about whether this iniquity will be forgiven until death.
- Matthew 12:31–32 (thematic): Jesus’ teaching about certain sins not being forgiven (neither in this age nor the age to come) parallels the thematic problem in Isaiah of iniquity that is not forgiven within a lifetime.
- Isaiah 1:20 (structural): Isaiah 1:20 sets up a conditional pattern—obedience brings life, rebellion brings death—mirroring Isaiah 22:14’s concern with whether sin will be pardoned or will result in fatal judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it was revealed before the LORD of hosts: "Can this iniquity be atoned for you? How long will you persist in this?" declares the LORD of hosts.
- And it was made known before the LORD GOD of hosts: “Can this guilt be expiated for you?— until you die?” declares the LORD GOD of hosts.
Isa.22.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- הסכן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- על: PREP
- שבנא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Kings 18:18 (verbal): Names Shebna alongside Eliakim and Joah as officials of Hezekiah ('Shebna the scribe'), directly corresponding to the Shebna 'who is over the house' mentioned in Isa 22:15.
- Isaiah 22:20-25 (structural): Immediate continuation of the Shebna oracle: God announces Shebna’s removal and Eliakim’s installation as steward—same scene and theme of judgment and replacement of the house-officer.
- Isaiah 36:3 (verbal): Parallel account of the Assyrian confrontation that lists the same officials (Eliakim, Shebna, Joah), confirming the historical/personal identity of the steward addressed in Isa 22:15.
- Genesis 41:40 (thematic): Contrastive thematic parallel about the appointment and role of a chief steward/overseer (Joseph as Pharaoh’s second-in-command) highlights the significance and responsibilities of the office that Shebna holds and loses.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD of hosts: Go, approach this steward, to Shebna who is over the house.
- Thus says the LORD GOD of hosts: Go, enter the chamber of that steward— Shebna, who is over the house.
Isa.22.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מה: PRON,int
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- פה: ADV
- ומי: PRON,interr
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- פה: ADV
- כי: CONJ
- חצבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- פה: ADV
- קבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חצבי: ADJ,m,sg
- מרום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קברו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3m
- חקקי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בסלע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 18:18,26-27 (structural): Same historical episode: Shebna is the official rebuked in Isaiah 22; 2 Kings records the confrontation and the embarrassment of Shebna, providing the narrative context for Isaiah’s prophecy about his tomb and removal.
- Proverbs 26:27 (verbal): Shares the proverb-like motif of self-made ruin—'whoever digs a pit will fall into it'—which parallels the image of hewing a tomb/pit for oneself in Isaiah 22:16.
- Matthew 23:29-30 (thematic): Jesus condemns religious leaders for building tombs for the prophets they or their ancestors killed; thematically parallels Isaiah’s critique of an official constructing a high tomb—an act tied to pride, hypocrisy, and impending judgment.
- Luke 11:47-48 (thematic): Parallel to Matthew’s lament: condemns building tombs for the righteous while persecuting them—resonates with Isaiah’s image of constructing a sepulcher for oneself as a sign of arrogance that leads to disgrace.
Alternative generated candidates
- What are you doing here, and whom have you here, that you have carved out a tomb for yourself—hewing a lofty tomb, carving a dwelling in the rock?
- What do you have here, and whom do you have here, that you have hewn out a tomb for yourself— you hew a lofty sepulcher, you carve your resting place in the rock?
Isa.22.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מטלטלך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טלטלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גבר: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ועטך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:18 (structural): Immediate context — continues the pronouncement of YHWH's action against the stewardly leadership, part of the same speech of removal and judgment.
- Isaiah 22:19 (verbal): Direct continuation that specifies the outcome—'I will thrust you from your office'—echoing the theme of displacement and loss of position implied in v.17.
- Jeremiah 1:10 (verbal): Jeremiah's commission formula ('to pluck up and to pull down...') uses the same language of removal and overturning authority, paralleling the motif of divine displacement in Isa 22:17.
- Ezekiel 12:15 (thematic): Announces dispersal of inhabitants among the nations as divine judgment — parallels the consequence of being 'carried away' or taken into captivity in Isa 22:17.
- Ezekiel 21:27 (thematic): Declares overthrow/overturning of a throne ('I will overturn, overturn, overturn it'), resonating with Isa 22:17's theme of sudden removal and the collapse of established authority.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, the LORD will hurl you away violently—O mighty one! He will seize you tightly.
- Behold, the LORD will hurl you away violently; he will seize you and wrap you up tightly.
Isa.22.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- צנוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יצנפך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- צנפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כדור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רחבת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- ידים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- שמה: ADV
- תמות: VERB,qal,yiqtol,2,m,sg
- ושמה: CONJ+ADV,loc
- מרכבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כבודך: NOUN,m,sg,pronom-2-m
- קלון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדניך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:19-23 (structural): Immediate context: the oracle continues with the official's removal and the transfer of authority to Eliakim—explains and expands the fate sketched in v.18 (casting out, death, and the loss of chariot-glory).
- Jeremiah 22:18-19 (thematic): A prophetic pronouncement of humiliation and disgrace on a king (Jehoiakim): he will be cast out and receive a shameful burial—parallels the image of being thrown into a broad land to die and the reversal of honor.
- Isaiah 14:11-12 (allusion): Taunt against the fallen ruler of Babylon: stripped of glory and brought low to the pit. The motif of former pride becoming shame echoes v.18’s collapse of 'chariots of your glory' into disgrace.
- Ezekiel 26:20-21 (verbal): Oracular description of Tyre’s destruction—corpses cast into the open and the city made a reproach among nations. Shares language/themes of being cast out into an open/broad place to die and becoming an object of shame.
Alternative generated candidates
- He will wrap you up and fling you like a ball into a broad land; there you shall die, and there shall be the chariots of your glory—the shame of the house of your lord.
- He will roll you up like a ball and cast you into a wide land; there you shall die, and there the chariots of your glory shall be the shame of the house of your lord.
Isa.22.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והדפתיך: VERB,hiph,perf,1,m,sg
- ממצבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
- וממעמדך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
- יהרסך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:20-22 (structural): Immediate literary parallel: the removal of Shebna (v.19) is followed by appointment of Eliakim, who receives authority (key of the house), showing transfer of office and status.
- Ezekiel 21:26-27 (thematic): God announces removal of a crown/leader—'take off the turban... the diadem will be removed'—portraying divine deposition and replacement like Isa.22:19's thrusting from office.
- Daniel 5:26-28 (thematic): Belshazzar is judged and his kingdom taken from him—'you have been weighed... your kingdom is divided'—a narrative of being removed from status and authority comparable to Isa.22:19.
- Psalm 75:7-8 (thematic): The psalm affirms that God 'puts down one, exalts another' and executes judgment on princes, echoing the motif of God deposing and lowering officials found in Isa.22:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I will thrust you from your station, and from your office I will pull you down.
- And I will thrust you from your office, and from your station will I pull you down.
Isa.22.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- וקראתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- לעבדי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1
- לאליקים: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חלקיהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:21 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same oracle: God appoints Eliakim and describes the transfer of Shebna’s robe and authority to him (further detail of the call).
- Isaiah 22:19 (structural): Preceding verse announcing Shebna’s removal from office—provides the context and purpose for God’s calling of Eliakim as replacement. (Contextual parallel within the same prophecy.)
- Isaiah 36:3 (verbal): Same figure named in a later narrative: Eliakim son of Hilkiah appears alongside Shebna and Joah as Hezekiah’s officials when the Assyrian envoy speaks, identifying the historical person called in Isa. 22:20.
- 2 Kings 18:26 (verbal): Parallel historical account to Isaiah 36:3—Eliakim son of Hilkiah, Shebna, and Joah are named as Hezekiah’s courtiers in the Rabshakeh episode, corroborating the identification and office of Eliakim.
- Isaiah 42:1 (thematic): Uses the same 'my servant' language—different context (the Servant songs) but thematically related in portraying a figure appointed by God to exercise authority or mission on God’s behalf.
Alternative generated candidates
- In that day I will call my servant, Eliakim son of Hilkiah.
- On that day I will call my servant Eliakim son of Hilkiah.
Isa.22.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והלבשתיו: VERB,hif,perf,1,m,sg
- כתנתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2ms
- ואבנטך: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,2ms
- אחזקנו: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- וממשלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms+pref_vav
- אתן: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לאב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליושב: PREP+PTCP,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולבית: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:22 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same oracle: the investiture motif continues (key, authority, firm peg), showing the transfer of administrative power to Eliakim.
- 2 Kings 18:18 (verbal): Historical/parallel reference to the same official (Eliakim son of Hilkiah) described as 'over the household,' reflecting the office to which Isaiah 22 appoints him.
- Isaiah 36:3 (verbal): Narrative identification of Eliakim 'who is over the household' alongside Shebna—repeats the same titles and personnel named in Isaiah 22's appointment oracle.
- Genesis 41:42 (thematic): Pharaoh clothes Joseph, puts a signet ring on his hand, and sets him over the land—parallel investiture imagery (clothing, insignia, delegation of authority).
- Daniel 5:29 (thematic): Belshazzar bestows garments and a chain on Daniel and makes him third ruler—another instance of clothing and bestowal of rank/authority as symbolic investiture.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will clothe him with your robe and gird him with your sash; I will commit your authority into his hand, and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah.
- I will clothe him with your robe and bind your sash on him; I will commit your authority into his hand. He shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah.
Isa.22.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- מפתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- שכמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ופתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- סגר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- וסגר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Revelation 3:7 (quotation): Explicitly echoes Isaiah 22:22 language ("the key of David"; "what he opens no one can shut"), applying the image of sovereign authority over doorways/access to Christ's role in the church.
- Matthew 16:19 (verbal): Uses the keys metaphor and the authority to bind and loose (open/close religious access or authority). Though not a direct citation, it parallels Isaiah's theme of delegated authority to open and shut.
- Revelation 1:18 (thematic): Speaks of Christ holding the "keys of Death and Hades," another use of key-imagery to signify decisive authority over domains (life/death), thematically related to Isaiah's image of authority to open and shut.
- Luke 11:52 (thematic): Jesus warns that religious leaders have taken away the "key of knowledge," a critique framed with key-imagery for access/authority; thematically parallels Isaiah's concern with who holds access/authority (open/shut).
Alternative generated candidates
- I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; when he opens, no one shall shut; when he shuts, no one shall open.
- And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; when he opens, no one shall shut; when he shuts, no one shall open.
Isa.22.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותקעתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- יתד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאמן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לכסא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
- כבוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:22 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse speaks of the key of the house of David and the transfer of authority to Eliakim; v.23 continues the thought by describing him as a peg/throne established for his father's house.
- 2 Samuel 7:12-16 (thematic): God's promise to David to establish his offspring and throne forever—parallels the motif of establishing a permanent, honored seat for a father's house.
- Zechariah 10:4 (verbal): Uses the concrete image of a 'tent peg' (or peg/foundation) as a symbol of firm, divinely‑given stability and leadership, echoing the peg metaphor in Isa.22:23.
- Amos 9:11-12 (thematic): Promise to restore the booth/tent of David and raise up its ruins—a restoration/establishment of Davidic rule comparable to making a 'throne of glory' for the father's house.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will fasten him as a peg in a secure place; he shall be a throne of honor for his father's house.
- I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he shall be for a throne of glory to his father's house.
Isa.22.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- כבוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- הצאצאים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- והצפעות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,def
- כל: DET
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- הקטן: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מכלי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- האגנות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- כל: DET
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- הנבלים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 22:21-23 (structural): Immediate context/same pericope: God appoints and clothes Eliakim with the honor of his father's house and gives him the 'key'—the passage to which this verse belongs.
- Revelation 3:7 (quotation): Explicitly echoes Isaiah's wording—Jesus is described as holding 'the key of David' and opening/closing what none can shut or open, directly alluding to Isaiah's conferment of authority.
- Matthew 16:19 (thematic): Key imagery and delegated authority: Jesus gives Peter 'the keys of the kingdom' with power to bind and loose, paralleling the symbolic transfer of authority represented by keys in Isaiah.
- 2 Kings 11:12 (thematic): Coronation/investiture motif: Jehoiada places the crown and garments on the young king (Joash), a parallel instance of transferring royal honors and insignia from a dynastic household to a successor.
- Psalm 89:20-24 (thematic): Divine appointment of a Davidic figure: God raises up and anoints a servant of David, establishing him and endowing him with honor—mirroring the theme of bestowing household glory and authority on a chosen successor.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the glory of his father's house—the offspring and the hoarded goods—every small vessel, from the vessels of cups to all the instruments of song—shall be hung on him.
- All the honor of his father's house— the offspring and the issue, every small vessel, from the bowls to all the jars— shall be hung on him.
Isa.22.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תמוש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- היתד: NOUN,f,sg,def
- התקועה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאמן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ונגדעה: VERB,nip,impf,3,f,sg
- ונפלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- ונכרת: VERB,nip,impf,3,f,sg
- המשא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Zechariah 10:4 (verbal): Uses the same imagery of a 'tent peg' (or peg/anchor) and the 'cornerstone' coming from the LORD—here the peg is presented positively as God's support, whereas Isaiah depicts the peg being removed and cut off.
- Isaiah 28:16 (thematic): Both verses employ foundation/support imagery (stone/cornerstone, peg) to speak of what secures a house or people; Isaiah 22 shows the support being removed, while 28:16 presents a sure cornerstone laid by the LORD.
- Psalm 118:22 (thematic): Speaks of a rejected stone and its reversal of fortune (becoming foundational); thematically parallels the fall/removal of what once held authority or stability in Isaiah 22:25.
- Ezekiel 17:24 (thematic): Describes divine action to strip away and overturn the strong/topmost branches and to lower the high—similar motif of God removing a chief support or leader and bringing about downfall.
Alternative generated candidates
- On that day, declares the LORD of hosts, the peg fastened in a secure place shall be plucked up and be cut down and fall; the burden on it shall be cut off, for the LORD has spoken.
- In that day, declares the LORD of hosts, the peg that is fastened in a secure place will be removed and be cut down and fall, and the load that was on it will be cut off; for the LORD has spoken.
An oracle concerning the Valley of Vision. What is this? Why have you gone up to the housetops, all of you?
The city is full of shouting, the town is noisy, the city rejoices; yet their dead are not dead by the sword, nor are their slain those of war.
All your officers have wandered off together; they have bound the bow— all who were found have banded together; from afar they fled.
Therefore I said, 'Wail with me; let me weep bitterly— do not hasten to console me concerning the spoil of the daughter of my people.'
For the day of the LORD, the LORD of hosts, is a day of tumult, trampling, and confusion in the Valley of Vision— a crashing cry, a shout to the hill.
Elam lifted up the quiver— with chariots of men and horsemen; Kir laid bare the shield.
Your choicest valleys were filled with chariots; the horsemen stood at the gate.
He stripped Judah's protection away, and on that day you looked toward the armory in the House of the Forest.
You saw the breaches of the City of David— there were many; and you gathered the waters of the lower pool.
You counted the houses of Jerusalem and demolished houses to strengthen the wall.
You made reservoirs between the walls for the waters of the lower pool; you did not look to the Maker, nor did you regard him who framed it long ago.
On that day the LORD GOD of hosts called for mourning, lamentation, shaving, and wearing sackcloth.
Behold— joy and gladness, slaughtering oxen and killing sheep, eating meat and drinking wine: 'Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!' And it was revealed before the LORD GOD of hosts: 'Can this sin be atoned for you, until you die?' says the LORD GOD of hosts. Thus says the LORD GOD of hosts: Go, come to this steward, to Shebna who is over the house.
What are you doing here, and who is this that you have here— that you have carved out a tomb for yourself, hewing a lofty sepulcher and cutting a resting place in the rock?
Behold, the LORD will thrust you away violently; he will grasp you and whirl you about.
He will bind you with a band and cast you like a ball into a broad land; there you shall die, and there your glorious chariots shall become the shame of your master's house.
I will thrust you from your office and pull you down from your station.
In that day I will call my servant Eliakim son of Hilkiah.
I will clothe him with your robe and bind your sash on him; I will put your authority in his hand, and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah.
I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder; when he opens, no one shall shut, and when he shuts, no one shall open.
I will fasten him as a peg in a secure place, and he shall be a seat of honor for his father's house.
On him shall hang all the honor of his father's house— the offspring and the issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons.
On that day, says the LORD of hosts, the peg fastened in a secure place shall be removed and cut down and fall, and the load that was on it shall be cut off— for the LORD has spoken.