God's Wrath Against Ungodliness
Romans 1:18-32
Rom.1.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Αποκαλυπτεται: VERB,pres,pass,ind,3,sg
- γαρ: PART
- οργη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- απ᾽ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- πασαν: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- ασεβειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- αδικιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ανθρωπων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αληθειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- αδικια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- κατεχοντων: VERB,pres,act,part,gen,pl,m
Parallels
- Rom.1:24 (structural): Immediate development in the same argument: God’s wrath 'revealed' in 1:18 is shown concretely by God 'giving them up' to sinful desires.
- Rom.2:5-8 (thematic): Continues the theme of God’s righteous judgment and wrath against ungodliness and those who do evil; contrasts revealed wrath with revealed righteousness.
- Eph.5:6 (verbal): Uses similar language—'let no one deceive you... for because of these things the wrath of God comes'—echoing the idea of divine wrath against disobedience.
- Isa.5:25 (allusion): Old Testament antecedent: 'Therefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against his people'—causal language linking sin with divine anger, echoed by Paul.
- Ps.7:11 (thematic): Portrays God as a judge who feels indignation/anger daily—background motif for Paul’s statement about God’s wrath revealed from heaven.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness.
- For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness.
Rom.1.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- διοτι: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- γνωστον: ADJ,nom,sg,neut
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- φανερον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- εφανερωσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 19:1-4 (thematic): Creation declares God's glory and knowledge to all people—parallel theme of God being made manifest in creation and accessible to human perception.
- Romans 1:20 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same argument: God's invisible attributes are clearly perceived in creation, expanding 1:19's claim that God has shown what may be known of him.
- Acts 14:17 (thematic): Paul's summary that God 'did not leave himself without witness' in giving rain and fruitful seasons connects to the idea that God has shown himself to humanity through providential signs in creation.
- Acts 17:27-28 (thematic): At the Areopagus Paul argues that God is discoverable in creation ('in him we live and move and have our being'), reflecting the same conviction that God has made himself known to people.
- Romans 2:14-15 (thematic): The testimony of conscience and natural law among Gentiles as an inward revelation of God's requirements parallels the claim that knowledge of God has been made manifest to humanity.
Alternative generated candidates
- For what is known about God is plain to them, for God has shown it to them.
- For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them.
Rom.1.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- γαρ: PART
- αορατα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- απο: PREP
- κτισεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- κοσμου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- ποιημασιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- νοουμενα: PART,pres,pass,acc,pl,n
- καθοραται: VERB,pres,pass,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- τε: CONJ
- αιδιος: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- δυναμις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- θειοτης: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- αναπολογητους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Psalm 19:1-4 (verbal): 'The heavens declare the glory of God'—creation proclaims God's attributes; language and theme closely parallel Paul's claim that the invisible is perceived in the things made.
- Acts 14:15-17 (allusion): Paul and Barnabas argue that God 'did not leave himself without witness' but shows goodness and providence in creation (rain, fruitful seasons), echoing Romans' appeal to creation's testimony to God's power.
- Job 12:7-10 (thematic): Job insists that animals, birds and the earth teach about God and that life and breath are in his hand—supporting the idea that the natural world reveals God's nature and power.
- Romans 1:19-21 (structural): Immediate context: Paul develops that what can be known about God is plain in creation, so humans are without excuse—this verse is a key step in that structural argument.
- Hebrews 11:3 (thematic): The writer affirms that the visible world was formed by what is unseen, implying that creation points back to divine reality and power—resonant with Paul's claim that creation makes God's invisible attributes evident.
Alternative generated candidates
- For his invisible attributes—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly perceived ever since the creation of the world, being understood through the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.
- For his invisible attributes—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly perceived ever since the creation of the world, being understood through what has been made. So they are without excuse.
Rom.1.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- διοτι: CONJ
- γνοντες: PART,aor,act,nom,pl,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ουχ: PART,neg
- ως: ADV
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εδοξασαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ηυχαριστησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- αλλα: CONJ
- εματαιωθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- διαλογισμοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- εσκοτισθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ασυνετος: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- καρδια·: NOUN,nom,sg,f
Parallels
- Psalm 14:1 (and Psalm 53:1) (thematic): ’The fool says in his heart, “There is no God”’ parallels the motif of foolishness and a darkened/irreverent heart that refuses to honor God.
- Hosea 4:6 (allusion): ‘My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge…’ echoes the consequence of rejecting true knowledge of God—failure to honor or thank him leads to ruin.
- 1 Corinthians 1:20-21 (verbal): Paul’s contrast between human wisdom and God’s wisdom (‘Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world…’) parallels Romans’ language about futile thinking and darkened understanding.
- Romans 1:22 (structural): Immediate parallel within the argument: those who ‘claimed to be wise’ became ‘fools,’ a direct continuation of the theme of futile thinking and darkened hearts.
- Romans 1:25 (thematic): ‘They exchanged the truth of God for a lie’ is a closely related consequence of not glorifying or thanking God—turning away from truth and into error.
Alternative generated candidates
- For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks. Instead their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened.
- For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks. Instead their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened.
Rom.1.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- φασκοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- σοφοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εμωρανθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 3:18 (verbal): Uses almost identical wording and reversal: whoever thinks himself wise in this age should become a fool so that he may become wise — closely parallels Romans' 'claiming to be wise, they became fools.'
- Proverbs 26:12 (verbal): Warns against self-conceit: 'Do you see a man wise in his own eyes? There is more hope for a fool...' — echoes the judgment on those who claim wisdom but are foolish.
- Isaiah 5:21 (allusion): Condemns those 'wise in their own eyes' — a prophetic critique of self-declared wisdom that resonates with Paul's charge in Romans 1:22.
- 1 Corinthians 1:25 (thematic): Contrasts divine wisdom and human foolishness ('the foolishness of God is wiser than men') and thematizes the failure of human wisdom — a major theological echo of Romans' claim about false wisdom becoming folly.
Alternative generated candidates
- Claiming to be wise, they became fools.
- Claiming to be wise, they became fools.
Rom.1.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ηλλαξαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αφθαρτου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- ομοιωματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- εικονος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- φθαρτου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- ανθρωπου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- πετεινων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- τετραποδων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ερπετων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
Parallels
- Psalm 106:20 (verbal): Directly parallels the language of exchanging the glory of God for an image (e.g., "They exchanged their glory for the image of an ox").
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Condemns idols made by human hands and notes that makers become like their creations—echoes the critique of idolatry and misplaced worship in Rom 1:23.
- Isaiah 44:9-17 (thematic): Satirizes the making and worship of idols—crafting images from wood and metal and then worshiping them—similar to Romans' depiction of exchanging God's glory for created likenesses.
- Jeremiah 10:14-15 (thematic): Emphasizes the worthlessness and breathless nature of carved images and the folly of trusting them, resonating with Paul’s contrast between the incorruptible God and corruptible likenesses.
- Acts 17:29 (allusion): Paul’s speech in Athens denies that God is like an image of gold, silver, or stone—reiterates the same polemic against imagining the divine in created forms found in Romans 1:23.
Alternative generated candidates
- They exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man and birds and animals and creeping things.
- And they exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like mortal man and birds and four-footed animals and reptiles.
Rom.1.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Διο: CONJ
- παρεδωκεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- επιθυμιαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- καρδιων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- ακαθαρσιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ατιμαζεσθαι: VERB,pres,pass,inf
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- σωματα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
Parallels
- Romans 1:26–27 (verbal): Repeats the same 'God gave them up' judicial formula and develops it specifically into 'dishonorable passions' and same theme of sexual uncleanness and dishonoring the body.
- Romans 1:28 (verbal): Close verbal parallel in the triadic pattern: God 'gave them up' (παρέδωκεν) again, here to a debased mind—same divine judgment motif applied to moral consequences.
- Ephesians 4:19 (thematic): Speaks of people 'given over' to sensuality and moral insensitivity—Pauline language and theme about loss of restraint and indulgence in uncleanness.
- Psalm 81:12 (allusion): OT antecedent of the motif: 'So I gave them over to their stubborn heart'—God handing people over to their desires as a form of judgment, which Paul echoes theologically.
- Judges 2:14 (thematic): Narrates God 'selling' or delivering Israel into enemies' hands as punishment—an earlier biblical instance of divine handing-over as punitive judgement, paralleling Paul's argument.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore God gave them up in the desires of their hearts to impurity, to dishonor their bodies among themselves.
- Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to dishonor their bodies among themselves.
Rom.1.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οιτινες: PRO,rel,nom,pl,m
- μετηλλαξαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αληθειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- ψευδει: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- εσεβασθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- ελατρευσαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- κτισει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- παρα: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- κτισαντα: PART,aor,act,acc,sg,m
- ος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ευλογητος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αιωνας·αμην: NOUN,acc,pl,m+INTJ
Parallels
- Jeremiah 2:11-13 (thematic): Speaks of a people who 'changed their glory for that which does not profit' and forsook the 'fountain of living waters' for 'broken cisterns'—a close prophetic parallel to exchanging God's truth for falsehood and turning from the Source to created things.
- Isaiah 44:9-20 (thematic): Ridicules idol-making and idol-worship (men fashioning and then worshiping created objects), illustrating the folly of honoring the creature rather than the Creator.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Contrasts living God with lifeless idols ('they have mouths but do not speak'); implies that those who trust idols become like them—a moral and religious indictment similar to Romans' charge.
- Acts 14:15-17 (thematic): Paul urges Gentiles to 'turn from these vain things to a living God, who made heaven and earth,' directly confronting worship of created things and affirming worship of the Creator.
- 1 Corinthians 8:4-6 (thematic): Paul contrasts the nonexistence/ineffectiveness of idols with the one true God 'from whom are all things,' echoing Romans' insistence that worship belongs to the Creator, not the creature.
Alternative generated candidates
- They exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
- They exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
Rom.1.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Δια: PREP
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- παρεδωκεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- παθη: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ατιμιας·αι: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- τε: CONJ
- γαρ: PART
- θηλειαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- μετηλλαξαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φυσικην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- χρησιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- παρα: PREP
- φυσιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Rom.1.27 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same argument: Paul explicitly describes men committing same-sex acts—language parallel to v.26's 'exchanged natural relations.'
- Jude 1:7 (allusion): Uses Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of those who 'indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire,' echoing Rom 1:26–27's wording and theme of 'against nature.'
- Leviticus 18:22 (verbal): Old Testament prohibition: 'You shall not lie with a male as with a woman' — a legal/ethical precedent for condemning same-sex intercourse reflected in later NT texts like Rom 1:26–27.
- Genesis 19:1-11 (thematic): The Sodom narrative depicts attempted male sexual violence and leads to divine judgment; Paul (and Jude) allude to Sodom as an archetype of sexual transgression and God's wrath (theme underlying Rom 1:26).
- 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 (verbal): Paul's list of behaviors excluding people from God's kingdom includes terms often rendered 'men who have sex with men' (Arsenokoitai/Malakoi), paralleling Romans' denunciation of same-sex acts as sinful.
Alternative generated candidates
- For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions. Their women exchanged natural relations for those contrary to nature,
- For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions. Their women exchanged natural sexual relations for those contrary to nature;
Rom.1.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ομοιως: ADV
- τε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- αρσενες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- αφεντες: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φυσικην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- χρησιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- θηλειας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εξεκαυθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- ορεξει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- αλληλους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- αρσενες: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- αρσεσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- ασχημοσυνην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- κατεργαζομενοι: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αντιμισθιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εδει: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πλανης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- εαυτοις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- απολαμβανοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:22 (thematic): Explicit OT prohibition of sexual relations between men; provides the Torah background for later Jewish/Christian judgments about male same‑sex activity that Paul echoes thematically.
- Leviticus 20:13 (thematic): Repeats the Levitical ban and prescribes penalty for male homosexual intercourse, reinforcing the Old Testament legal context behind Paul’s condemnation.
- 1 Corinthians 6:9–10 (verbal): Paul’s list of unrighteous persons who will not inherit God’s kingdom includes terms (e.g., arsenokoitai) often understood as referring to male same‑sex intercourse, echoing Romans’ moral categorization.
- Jude 7 (allusion): Uses Sodom and Gomorrah as paradigms of sexual immorality and perversion—an image Paul invokes in Romans 1 (vv.26–27) to illustrate divine judgment for sexual transgression.
- Genesis 19:1–11 (structural): The Sodom narrative (men seeking sex with male visitors) is the narrative source behind Jewish/Christian condemnations of same‑sex acts and underlies Paul’s appeal to ‘the due penalty’ and examples of divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- and likewise the men, abandoning natural relations with women, were inflamed with passion for one another—men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.
- and likewise the men, abandoning natural relations with women, were inflamed with passion for one another—men committing indecent acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.
Rom.1.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- καθως: CONJ
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εδοκιμασαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εχειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- εν: PREP
- επιγνωσει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- παρεδωκεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- αδοκιμον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- νουν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ποιειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- μη: PART
- καθηκοντα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
Parallels
- Romans 1:24 (verbal): Uses the same formula 'God gave them up' (παρέδωκεν αὐτούς ὁ Θεός) as part of the triadic sequence of divine abandonment in 1:24–26,28.
- Romans 1:26 (verbal): Another instance in the chapter where Paul repeats 'God gave them up,' linking sexual vice (vv.24,26) with divine judicial giving over (v.28) as a recurring motif.
- Romans 1:21 (structural): Immediately precedes the giving-over sequence: failure to honor or retain God in knowledge (v.21) is the moral/causal background for God's handing them over in v.28.
- Psalm 81:12 (80:12 LXX) (thematic): OT parallel: 'So I gave them over to their stubborn heart' (or similar in LXX), a clear precedent for divine abandonment when people reject God's ways.
- Proverbs 1:29–31 (thematic): Speaks of those who 'hated knowledge' and suffered the consequences—parallels Paul's description of refusing to retain God in knowledge and ensuing ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them over to a debased mind to do what ought not to be done.
- And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them over to a debased mind to do what ought not to be done.
Rom.1.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- πεπληρωμενους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- παση: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- αδικια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- πονηρια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- πλεονεξια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- κακια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- μεστους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- φθονου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- φονου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εριδος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- δολου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- κακοηθειας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ψιθυριστας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Galatians 5:19-21 (verbal): Paul's list of the 'works of the flesh' (enmities, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, envies, murders, drunkenness, orgies) closely parallels the vices enumerated in Rom 1:29 (envy, murder, strife, etc.).
- 2 Timothy 3:2-4 (thematic): A portrait of morally corrupt persons (lovers of self, covetous, proud, abusive, disobedient, ungrateful, etc.) that echoes the general catalogue of depravity found in Rom 1:29.
- Titus 3:3 (thematic): Describes former conduct 'living in malice and envy, hateful and hating one another,' directly reflecting key terms and themes (malice, envy, mutual hatred) in Rom 1:29.
- Proverbs 16:28 (verbal): States that 'a perverse person stirs up strife' and 'a whisperer separates close friends,' closely paralleling the ideas and the specific term translated 'whisperers' (ψιθυριστας) in Rom 1:29.
- Matthew 15:19 (verbal): Jesus' list of evil deeds proceeding from the heart ('evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, false witness, slanders') shares verbal and conceptual overlap with the sins named in Rom 1:29 (murders, deceit/false witness, slanders).
Alternative generated candidates
- They were filled with every kind of unrighteousness: sexual immorality, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and craftiness; they are gossips,
- They were filled with every kind of unrighteousness: wickedness, covetousness, malice; they are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and maliciousness.
Rom.1.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- καταλαλους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- θεοστυγεις: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- υβριστας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- υπερηφανους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- αλαζονας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- εφευρετας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- κακων: ADJ,gen,pl,n
- γονευσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- απειθεις: ADJ,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Rom.1.29 (structural): Immediate context — verse 29 begins the catalogue of vices of which v.30 is part; many of the same sins are listed across vv.29–31 (e.g. inventors of evil, disobedient to parents).
- 2 Tim.3.2-3 (verbal): A near-verbal parallel: lists similar personal vices (ἀλαζόνες/ὑπερήφανοι, βλάσφημοι, γονεῦσιν ἀπειθεῖς) and condemns the same pattern of corrupt character.
- Gal.5.19-21 (thematic): Another Pauline catalogue of morally corrupt behaviours (‘works of the flesh’); thematically parallels Romans’ list as a grouping of social/ethical sins (strife, jealousy, fits of anger, dissensions, etc.).
- 1 Cor.6.9-10 (thematic): Lists persons who will not inherit God’s kingdom (including revilers/slanderers and other vices); parallels Romans’ moral catalogue by grouping socially destructive sins that exclude from righteous community.
Alternative generated candidates
- slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents,
- They are gossips, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents.
Rom.1.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασυνετους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- ασυνθετους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- αστοργους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- ανελεημονας·: ADJ,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- 2 Timothy 3:3 (verbal): Part of a Pauline vice‑list that uses the same vocabulary (e.g. ἀστόργοι/"without natural affection") to describe moral depravity in the last days, echoing Romans 1:30‑31.
- Titus 3:3 (thematic): Describes former godless behavior (foolish, disobedient, deceived, enslaved to passions) that parallels Paul’s catalogue of vices in Romans 1 — the same theme of human corruption and lack of compassion.
- Galatians 5:19–21 (thematic): Paul’s list of the 'works of the flesh' (enmities, jealousies, murders, drunkenness, etc.) functions like Romans 1:29–31 as a catalogue of behaviors evidencing moral alienation from God.
- Psalm 14:1–3 (or Psalm 53:1–3) (thematic): Old Testament witness to universal human folly and moral failure ('There is no one who does good'), thematically parallel to Romans’ depiction of widespread understandinglessness and lack of compassion.
Alternative generated candidates
- senseless, faithless, heartless, ruthless.
- They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless—devoid of understanding, covenant-faith, natural affection, and pity.
Rom.1.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οιτινες: PRO,rel,nom,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- δικαιωμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- επιγνοντες: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- τοιαυτα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- πρασσοντες: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- αξιοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- θανατου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- ου: PART,neg
- μονον: ADV
- αυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- ποιουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- αλλα: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- συνευδοκουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- πρασσουσιν: VERB,pres,act,part,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Rom.1:30-31 (structural): Immediate context: verses 30–31 list the same vices (malice, envy, murder, etc.) that lead into v.32’s summary judgment and indictment of those who approve such behavior.
- Gal.5:19-21 (thematic): Lists 'works of the flesh' (sexual immorality, strife, jealousy, etc.) and warns that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom—paralleling Paul’s moral catalogue and its condemning outcome.
- 1 Tim.1:9-10 (verbal): Paul’s pastoral statement about the law being for the lawless enumerates similar sinful categories (murderers, sexual sinners, liars, etc.), echoing the moral taxonomy and culpability found in Rom 1:32.
- 1 Cor.6:9-10 (thematic): A comparable list of wrongdoers (sexually immoral, thieves, drunkards, etc.) followed by the warning that such persons will not inherit God’s kingdom—paralleling the ethical condemnation and consequences in Rom 1:32.
Alternative generated candidates
- Though they know God's righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do them but also approve of those who practice them.
- Though they know the righteous decree of God that those who practice such things deserve death, they not only do them but give approval to those who practice them.
For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.
For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them.
For his invisible attributes—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly perceived ever since the creation of the world in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.
For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks; rather their thinking became futile and their senseless hearts were darkened.
Claiming to be wise, they became fools. And they exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man, birds, animals, and creeping things.
Therefore God gave them up to dishonorable passions; their bodies were dishonored among themselves.
They exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
For this reason God gave them up to degrading passions. Their women exchanged natural relations for those contrary to nature;
and in the same way the men, abandoning natural relations with women, were inflamed with lust for one another, committing shameful acts with men and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error. And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them up to a debased mind to do things that ought not to be done.
They are filled with every kind of unrighteousness: wickedness, greed, depravity; they are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malicious intent.
They are gossips, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents;
foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.
Although they know God's righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve death, not only do they do them but they approve of those who practice them.