Paul's Greeting and the Gospel's Power
Romans 1:1-17
Rom.1.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- δουλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- κλητος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- αποστολος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αφωρισμενος: VERB,perf,pass,ptc,nom,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Galatians 1:1 (verbal): Begins with Paul designated as an apostle whose authority derives from divine calling—parallels Romans' emphasis on being 'called' and set apart for the gospel.
- 1 Corinthians 1:1 (verbal): 'Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ' closely matches the wording and theme of apostolic calling in Romans 1:1 (including appeal to God's initiative).
- Titus 1:1 (verbal): Combines the titles 'servant' (δοῦλος) and 'apostle' and speaks of being appointed for the faith—echoes Romans' self‑designation and mission orientation.
- Ephesians 1:1 (verbal): Paulic salutation 'Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God' mirrors Romans' structural form and the stress on divine calling to the apostolic ministry.
- Acts 9:15 (thematic): God's declaration that Paul is a 'chosen instrument' set apart to bear Jesus' name to the Gentiles thematically parallels Romans' language of being 'set apart' (ἀφωρισμένος) for the gospel of God.
Alternative generated candidates
- Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God,
- Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God,
Rom.1.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- προεπηγγειλατο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- δια: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- προφητων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- γραφαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- αγιαις: ADJ,dat,pl,f
Parallels
- Acts 3:18 (verbal): Speaks of what God announced beforehand through the mouth of all the prophets — close verbal parallel to promises ‘foretold through his prophets,’ applied to Christ’s sufferings and fulfillment.
- Hebrews 1:1 (structural): Declares that long ago God spoke to the fathers by the prophets, paralleling Paul’s claim that God promised beforehand through his prophets and framing fulfillment in later revelation.
- Luke 24:44 (allusion): Jesus affirms that everything written in the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms must be fulfilled in him — connects the ‘promised beforehand in the holy Scriptures’ motif to Christ’s fulfillment.
- Galatians 3:8 (thematic): Says Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith and preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham — exemplifies OT promises in Scripture anticipating the gospel.
- 1 Peter 1:10-12 (thematic): Describes prophets who searched and inquired about the grace to come, prophesying about Christ and the gospel — echoes the idea of promises made beforehand through the prophets in the holy writings.
Alternative generated candidates
- which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures,
- which God promised beforehand through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures,
Rom.1.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- περι: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- υιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- γενομενου: VERB,aor,pass,part,gen,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- σπερματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- Δαυιδ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- κατα: PREP
- σαρκα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Matthew 1:1 (verbal): Opens with Jesus as 'the son of David,' directly identifying the Messiah by Davidic descent—parallels Paul's emphasis 'descended from David according to the flesh.'
- 2 Timothy 2:8 (verbal): Paulic formula: 'Remember Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, of the seed of David, according to my gospel,' echoing the same Davidic lineage language found in Rom 1:3.
- Acts 13:23 (thematic): Speaks of God's raising up 'a Savior, Jesus, from the house of David'—the early Christian preaching link between Jesus and Davidic descent mirrors Paul's claim in Romans.
- 2 Samuel 7:12-16 (structural): The Davidic covenant promises an enduring 'seed' and house for David—serves as the Old Testament foundation for New Testament claims that the Messiah comes from David's line.
- Isaiah 11:1 (thematic): Messianic prophecy of a 'shoot from the stem of Jesse' (David's father) anticipates the motif of a Davidic descendant who will rule—the prophetic background to Paul's statement about Jesus' descent from David.
Alternative generated candidates
- concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh,
- concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh,
Rom.1.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ορισθεντος: VERB,aor,pass,ptc,gen,sg,masc
- υιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- δυναμει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- κατα: PREP
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αγιωσυνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εξ: PREP
- αναστασεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- νεκρων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
Parallels
- Rom.1.3 (structural): Immediate context: v.3 states Jesus’ human lineage and v.4 completes the sentence by locating his divine sonship in the resurrection—part of the same Pauline affirmation.
- Acts 13:33 (quotation): Paul (in Acts) cites Psalm 2 ('You are my Son...today I have begotten you') and applies it to the resurrection, paralleling Rom 1:4's claim that the resurrection declared Jesus to be the Son of God.
- Acts 2:36 (thematic): Peter’s sermon links God’s raising of Jesus with his being declared Lord and Christ—connecting resurrection and the public declaration of Jesus’ status like Rom 1:4.
- Philippians 2:9-11 (thematic): Describes God’s exaltation of Jesus and universal acknowledgment of his lordship—resonates with Rom 1:4’s emphasis on resurrection as the powerful vindication and declaration of Jesus’ identity.
- Rom.8:11 (verbal): Both verses attribute life-giving, resurrection power to the Spirit ('in power according to the Spirit of holiness' in Rom 1:4; Rom 8:11 speaks of the Spirit giving life to mortal bodies), linking Spirit and resurrection.
Alternative generated candidates
- and who was designated Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead—Jesus Christ our Lord—
- and who was declared to be Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead — Jesus Christ our Lord.
Rom.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- δι᾽ου: PREP+REL,gen,sg,m
- ελαβομεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- χαριν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- αποστολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- υπακοην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- πασιν: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- εθνεσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- υπερ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ονοματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rom.11:13 (thematic): Paul explicitly names himself 'apostle of the Gentiles,' reiterating the same apostolic mission to bring Gentiles to faith that is stated in Rom 1:5.
- Gal.2:7-9 (verbal): The Jerusalem apostles acknowledge that Paul was entrusted with the gospel to the Gentiles—paralleling Rom 1:5's language of apostleship and mission to the nations (τὰ ἔθνη).
- Eph.3:8-10 (thematic): Paul describes a grace given to him to preach to the Gentiles and to reveal God's manifold wisdom—echoing Rom 1:5's link of grace, mission, and Gentile inclusion for God's name.
- Acts 26:17-18 (allusion): Paul's commission from the risen Christ to open Gentiles' eyes and turn them to God resonates with Rom 1:5's purpose of securing 'obedience of faith' among the nations.
- Rom.15:16 (verbal): Paul speaks of ministering as a priest to present the Gentiles as an offering, reflecting the same apostolic purpose to bring Gentiles to faith for the sake of Christ's name.
Alternative generated candidates
- through whom we received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations,
- Through him we received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith among all the nations for his name's sake.
Rom.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εν: PREP
- οις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- εστε: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,pl
- και: CONJ
- υμεις: PRON,nom,pl,2
- κλητοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 1:2 (verbal): Addresses the believers as "those sanctified... called to be saints, together with all who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ," using the same language of being 'called' in Christ.
- Romans 1:7 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same letter: Paul greets the Roman Christians as "called, saints," echoing the designation of the readers as those 'called of Jesus Christ' in 1:6.
- Romans 8:28-30 (thematic): Develops the theological framework of divine calling ('those whom he foreknew he also foreordained... called'), connecting the status of believers as 'called' to God's saving purpose and perseverance.
- Galatians 1:6 (verbal): Paul reproves the Galatians for turning away from 'the one who called you,' using the same verb and concept of God's call to Christ as the basis for identity and faithfulness.
Alternative generated candidates
- among whom you also are called to belong to Jesus Christ;
- Among them you also are called to belong to Jesus Christ.
Rom.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- πασιν: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- ουσιν: PART,pres,act,dat,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- Ρωμη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αγαπητοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- κλητοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- αγιοις·χαρις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- ειρηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- απο: PREP
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- πατρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- και: CONJ
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 1:2 (verbal): Address to 'those sanctified in Christ Jesus and called to be saints' parallels Romans' 'called to be saints'—same Pauline designation of the community.
- Ephesians 1:2 (verbal): Uses the identical greeting formula 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,' matching Romans' benediction.
- Philippians 1:2 (verbal): Same salutation 'Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,' showing Paul's standard epistolary blessing.
- Colossians 1:2 (verbal): Address to 'the saints and faithful brothers and sisters in Christ' together with the 'grace and peace' formula echoes Romans' language of being 'loved by God, called to be saints.'
- 1 Thessalonians 1:1 (structural): Epistolary opening that links community identity ('church of the Thessalonians') with a greeting of 'grace and peace' from God and the Lord Jesus Christ—parallels Romans' opening structure and communal/theological emphasis.
Alternative generated candidates
- to all those in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
- To all those in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
Rom.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Πρωτον: ADV
- μεν: PART
- ευχαριστω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- θεω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- δια: PREP
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- περι: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- οτι: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πιστις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- καταγγελλεται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- ολω: ADJ,dat,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- κοσμω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Thessalonians 1:8 (verbal): Both passages report the believers' faith being proclaimed or having 'gone out' throughout regions/the world; similar publicizing of their faith.
- 1 Corinthians 1:4 (thematic): Paul opens with a thanksgiving to God for the believers (a common Pauline thanksgiving motif), as in Rom 1:8.
- Philippians 1:3-5 (structural): Another Pauline opening thanksgiving that links remembrance/thanksgiving with the believers' partnership in the gospel—parallels Rom 1:8's giving of thanks 'through Jesus Christ' for their faith.
- Colossians 1:3 (verbal): Shares the formulaic language of continual thanksgiving ('we always thank God') and the practice of thanking God in connection with the recipients' faith and conduct.
- Ephesians 1:15 (thematic): Like Rom 1:8, Paul links his thanksgiving/prayer to having heard of the believers' faith—both texts connect knowledge of faith with praise/thanksgiving.
Alternative generated candidates
- First, I give thanks to my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.
- First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, because your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.
Rom.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- μαρτυς: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- λατρευω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- πνευματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- ευαγγελιω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- υιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ως: ADV
- αδιαλειπτως: ADV
- μνειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- ποιουμαι: VERB,pres,mid,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Philippians 1:3-4 (verbal): Paul's repeated formula of thanksgiving and 'always' remembering the recipients in prayer closely parallels Rom 1:9's language of constant remembrance and prayer.
- 1 Thessalonians 1:2 (verbal): Contains nearly identical wording—'always thanking God for you, making mention of you in our prayers'—mirroring Rom 1:9's claim of unceasing remembrance in prayer.
- 2 Corinthians 11:31 (thematic): Paul invokes God as witness to his truthfulness ('The God ... knows that I lie not'), echoing Rom 1:9's opening 'God is my witness' as a guarantee of Paul's sincerity.
- Philippians 3:3 (thematic): Speaks of worship/serving 'in the Spirit'—paralleling Rom 1:9's claim that Paul serves God 'with my spirit' in the gospel, linking spiritual service/worship to the gospel context.
Alternative generated candidates
- For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you,
- For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I mention you always in my prayers;
Rom.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- παντοτε: ADV
- επι: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- προσευχων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- δεομενος: VERB,pres,mid,part,nom,sg,m
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- πως: ADV
- ηδη: ADV
- ποτε: ADV
- ευοδωθησομαι: VERB,fut,pas,ind,1,sg
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- θεληματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ελθειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- προς: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
Parallels
- Rom.15:32 (verbal): Paul again prays that, 'by God's will,' he may come to the believers—same formula expressing a hoped-for visit dependent on God's will.
- 1 Cor.4:19 (verbal): 'I will come to you shortly, if the Lord wills'—same conditional language linking a planned visit to the Lord’s (God’s) will.
- Philem.1:22 (verbal): Paul asks Philemon to prepare a guest room because he hopes 'through your prayers' he will be granted to come—combines prayer and hope for a visit.
- 1 Thess.3:10 (thematic): Paul speaks of 'night and day' praying exceedingly that he might see their face and complete what is lacking in their faith—parallel concern and constant prayer for a visit to strengthen the recipients.
- Phil.2:24 (verbal): Paul expresses confidence 'in the Lord' that he himself will come soon—another instance of planning a visit while appealing to the Lord's sovereign will.
Alternative generated candidates
- constantly asking if perhaps now at last, by God's will, I may succeed in coming to you.
- making request, if by any means now at last by God's will I may succeed in coming to you.
Rom.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- επιποθω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- γαρ: PART
- ιδειν: VERB,aor,act,inf
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- ινα: CONJ
- τι: PRON,int,nom,sg,n
- μεταδω: VERB,aor,mid,subj,1,sg
- χαρισμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- πνευματικον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- εις: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- στηριχθηναι: VERB,aor,pass,inf
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 14:12 (thematic): Paul’s concern that spiritual gifts be used to build up and strengthen the church parallels his desire in Romans 1:11 to impart a spiritual gift so the Romans may be established.
- Ephesians 4:11-12 (structural): Describes Christ-given gifts to equip the saints and build up the body—conceptually parallel to Paul’s intention to give a spiritual gift for the believers’ strengthening.
- 2 Timothy 1:6 (verbal): Paul exhorts Timothy to ‘fan into flame the gift’ and refers to having ‘imparted’ spiritual ministry (by laying on of hands), echoing the language and idea of imparting a spiritual gift in Rom 1:11.
- Acts 8:17-19 (allusion): Peter and John lay hands on Samaritans so they receive the Holy Spirit—an episode of personal visitation and the impartation of a spiritual gift, analogous to Paul’s desire to visit and impart a gift.
- 1 Thessalonians 3:10 (thematic): Paul’s longing to see the Thessalonians ‘night and day’ so he might ‘supply what is lacking’ in their faith corresponds to the motive in Romans 1:11—visiting in order to strengthen/establish them.
Alternative generated candidates
- For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, that you may be established—
- For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you,
Rom.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- δε: CONJ
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- συμπαρακληθηναι: VERB,aor,pass,inf
- εν: PREP
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- δια: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- αλληλοις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- τε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- εμου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Rom.1.11 (structural): Immediate context: v.11 states Paul’s purpose to impart a spiritual gift to strengthen them, which frames v.12’s goal of mutual encouragement by shared faith.
- 1 Thess.3.6-8 (thematic): Paul reports being personally encouraged and strengthened by the Thessalonians’ faith—closely parallels the idea of mutual encouragement derived from one another’s faith.
- 1 Thess.5.11 (thematic): Direct exhortation to ‘encourage one another and build up,’ reflecting the New Testament ethic of mutual edification that Romans 1:12 expresses.
- Heb.10.24-25 (thematic): Calls believers to provoke one another to love and good deeds and not neglect meeting together, explicitly urging mutual encouragement and strengthening of faith.
- 2 Cor.1.4-7 (thematic): Speaks of God’s comfort enabling believers to comfort others in affliction and of shared experience of encouragement—parallels the reciprocity of encouragement in Romans 1:12.
Alternative generated candidates
- that is, so that we may be mutually encouraged by each other's faith, both yours and mine.
- that is, that I may be mutually encouraged by each other's faith — yours and mine.
Rom.1.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ου: PART,neg
- θελω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- δε: CONJ
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- αγνοειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- πολλακις: ADV
- προεθεμην: VERB,aor,mid,ind,1,sg
- ελθειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- προς: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- και: CONJ
- εκωλυθην: VERB,aor,pass,ind,1,sg
- αχρι: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- δευρο: ADV
- ινα: CONJ
- τινα: PRON,acc,sg,m
- καρπον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- σχω: VERB,pres,act,subj,1,sg
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- καθως: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- λοιποις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- εθνεσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
Parallels
- 1 Thessalonians 2:17-18 (verbal): Paul states he often intended to visit the Thessalonians but was hindered (explicitly 'Satan hindered us'), closely mirroring Rom 1:13's language of repeated intention and being prevented.
- Romans 15:23-24 (thematic): Later in Romans Paul reiterates his desire to visit Rome and to preach where Christ is not named—echoing Rom 1:13's aim to visit so he might 'have some fruit' among the Roman believers.
- 2 Corinthians 1:15-16 (structural): Paul recounts a prior resolve and planned sequence of visits (to the Corinthians and Macedonia), a similar structural motif of declared travel intentions and their pastoral purpose as in Rom 1:13.
- Colossians 1:6 (thematic): Speaks of the gospel 'bearing fruit and growing' among the nations; parallels Rom 1:13's concern with 'having some fruit' among a particular community as the result of evangelistic ministry.
Alternative generated candidates
- I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that I often intended to come to you (but have been prevented until now), in order that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the rest of the Gentiles.
- I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (but have been prevented until now), that I might reap some harvest among you also, even as among the rest of the nations.
Rom.1.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ελλησιν: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- τε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- βαρβαροις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- σοφοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- τε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- ανοητοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- οφειλετης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ειμι·: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 9:16-22 (verbal): Paul states his obligation/necessity to preach and explains he becomes 'all things to all people'—echoing the sense of duty to Greeks and barbarians, wise and foolish in Rom 1:14.
- Romans 1:16 (structural): Immediate companion verse in the same argument: the gospel is 'to the Jew first and also to the Greek,' paralleling Rom 1:14's claim of responsibility toward different peoples.
- Romans 10:12 (thematic): Affirms no distinction between Jew and Greek—the universal scope of salvation and mission that underlies Paul’s claim of indebtedness to all.
- Matthew 28:19-20 (thematic): The Great Commission's command to make disciples of all nations parallels Paul's expressed obligation to minister to every ethnic and intellectual group.
- Acts 17:16-34 (thematic): Paul's preaching at Athens—addressing Greek philosophers and the idol-worshipping populace—illustrates his engagement with Greeks ('wise'/'foolish') and supports his claim of duty to diverse audiences.
Alternative generated candidates
- I am under obligation both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.
- I am under obligation both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.
Rom.1.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ουτως: ADV
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- κατ᾽εμε: PREP+PRON,acc,1,sg
- προθυμον: ADJ,nom,sg,nt
- και: CONJ
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- εν: PREP
- Ρωμη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ευαγγελισασθαι: VERB,aor,mid,inf
Parallels
- Rom.15.22-24 (structural): Same letter and immediate context: Paul explains his inability so far to visit Rome and his intention/plan to come, expanding the practical purpose behind his eagerness to evangelize in Rome.
- Rom.15.20 (thematic): Paul's stated ambition to preach the gospel where Christ was not named parallels his eagerness here to carry the message to the Roman believers.
- Rom.10.14-15 (verbal): Both passages treat the necessity and sending of preachers and use related language about bringing the good news (εὐαγγελίζεσθαι/εὐαγγελισάσθαι) and the beauty/need of those who preach.
- 1 Cor.9.16 (thematic): Paul's sense of obligation and compulsion to proclaim the gospel ('woe to me if I do not preach') echoes the zeal and readiness expressed in Rom 1:15.
- Gal.1.15-16 (allusion): Paul's divine calling to preach the gospel to the Gentiles corresponds to his expressed eagerness to evangelize the Roman believers, a largely Gentile audience.
Alternative generated candidates
- So for my part I am ready to proclaim the gospel to you who are in Rome also.
- So, for my part, I am ready to proclaim the gospel to you who are in Rome also.
Rom.1.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ου: PART,neg
- γαρ: PART
- επαισχυνομαι: VERB,pres,mid/pp,ind,1,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ευαγγελιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- δυναμις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- σωτηριαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- παντι: PRON,dat,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- πιστευοντι: VERB,pres,act,ptc,dat,sg,m
- Ιουδαιω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- τε: CONJ
- πρωτον: ADV
- και: CONJ
- Ελληνι·: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 1:18 (verbal): Both speak of the gospel/cross as the 'power of God' for salvation — contrasting divine power with human judgment of the message as foolishness; close verbal and theological parallel.
- Romans 1:17 (structural): Immediate thematic continuation in the same epistle: the gospel's saving power is explained as the revelation of God's righteousness, 'the righteous shall live by faith,' linking salvation to faith.
- 2 Timothy 1:8 (verbal): Paul elsewhere uses the same injunction not to be ashamed (of the testimony/about our Lord) — echoing Rom 1:16's proclamational courage regarding the gospel.
- Mark 8:38 (thematic): Jesus warns against being ashamed of him and his words before others; thematically parallels Paul's refusal to be ashamed of the gospel and the cost/commitment of public allegiance.
- Romans 10:9-10 (thematic): Develops how one is saved through confession and belief — concrete soteriological parallel to Rom 1:16's claim that the gospel is 'power of God for salvation to everyone who believes.'
Alternative generated candidates
- For I am not ashamed of the gospel; it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek.
- For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes — to the Jew first and also to the Greek.
Rom.1.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- δικαιοσυνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- αποκαλυπτεται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- εκ: PREP
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- πιστιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καθως: CONJ
- γεγραπται·Ο: VERB,perf,pass,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- δικαιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- πιστεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ζησεται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Habakkuk 2:4 (quotation): The explicit OT source quoted by Paul: 'The righteous shall live by his faith' is taken from this verse.
- Galatians 3:11 (quotation): Paul cites the same Habakkuk text to argue that justification and life are by faith, not by the law.
- Hebrews 10:38 (quotation): The author of Hebrews also quotes Habakkuk 2:4 to affirm that the righteous live by faith, applying the line to perseverance and assurance.
- Romans 3:22 (verbal): Develops the same Paulinist formula — 'the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ' — echoing Rom 1:17's theme of righteousness revealed by faith.
- Romans 1:16 (structural): Immediate context: the gospel's power to bring salvation 'to everyone who believes' sets up Rom 1:17's claim that God's righteousness is revealed through faith.
Alternative generated candidates
- For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith, as it is written, 'The righteous shall live by faith.'
- For in the gospel the righteousness of God is revealed: a righteousness that is by faith from first to last. As it is written, 'The righteous shall live by faith.'
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God,
which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures,
concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh,
and who was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead—Jesus Christ our Lord—
through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations,
including you who are called to belong to Jesus Christ;
to all those in Rome who are beloved of God and called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
First, I give thanks to my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is being proclaimed throughout the whole world.
For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I mention you always in my prayers,
asking that somehow, by God’s will, at last I may succeed in coming to you.
For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you—
that is, that we may be mutually encouraged by one another’s faith: yours by mine and mine by yours.
I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that I often intended to come to you (but have been prevented until now), so that I might reap some harvest among you as I have among the rest of the nations.
I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish. So for my part I am eager to proclaim the gospel also to you who are in Rome.
For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes—first to the Jew, then to the Greek.
For in the gospel the righteousness of God is revealed: a righteousness that comes from faith and leads to faith. As it is written, 'The righteous shall live by faith.'