Manna from Heaven
Exodus 16:1-36
Exo.16.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויסעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מאילם: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- מדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- סין: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בין: PREP
- אילם: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- סיני: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בחמשה: PREP+NUM,m,pl
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,construct
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לצאתם: INF,qal,inf+PRON,3,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 15:27 (verbal): Mentions Elim as a campsite with twelve springs and seventy palms — establishes the preceding location (Elim) from which Israel subsequently departs in Exod 16:1.
- Numbers 33:10-11 (structural): Part of the itinerary list of Israel's encampments; explicitly records the encampment 'in the wilderness of Sin' soon after the Red Sea crossing, paralleling the same stage named in Exod 16:1.
- Exodus 17:1 (verbal): Continues the travel narrative from the wilderness of Sin to Rephidim — shows immediate narrative continuity with Exod 16:1 (same locale and sequence of movement).
- Exodus 19:1 (thematic): Places Israel at Mount Sinai in the third month after the exodus; thematically and chronologically linked to Exod 16:1's mention of the wilderness 'between Elim and Sinai' and the travel-timeline following the departure from Egypt.
Alternative generated candidates
- They set out from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their coming out from the land of Egypt.
- They set out from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their going out from the land of Egypt.
Exo.16.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילונו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 11:1-3 (verbal): The congregation 'murmured' against Moses there as well; the verb and pattern of complaint in the wilderness are the same, leading to divine judgment (fire) and Moses' intercession.
- Numbers 14:2-4 (thematic): A large-scale, communal rejection of Moses' leadership and God's promise (weeping, desire to return to Egypt); echoes Exodus 16's theme of Israel's lack of trust in the wilderness.
- Exodus 17:3 (verbal): Another immediate sequel in Exodus where 'the people murmured against Moses' over lack of water; shows recurring pattern of complaint directed at Moses/Aaron in different crises.
- Psalm 78:19-24 (allusion): The psalm retells Israel's complaints about provision in the wilderness (doubting God's ability to provide food), directly connecting to the context of Exodus 16 and the manna narrative.
- John 6:41-51 (allusion): In the NT, Jews 'murmured' at Jesus' claim to be the bread from heaven; John explicitly links the manna tradition (Exodus 16) to Jesus' teaching, echoing the theme of disbelief regarding heavenly provision.
Alternative generated candidates
- And all the congregation of the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness.
- And the whole congregation of the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness.
Exo.16.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- מותנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,pl
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בשבתנו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,pl
- על: PREP
- סיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- באכלנו: PREP+VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לשבע: PREP+NUM,card,pl
- כי: CONJ
- הוצאתם: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,pl
- אתנו: PRON,1,pl
- אל: NEG
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- להמית: VERB,hiphil,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הקהל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- ברעב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.14:11-12 (verbal): Israelites accuse Moses of bringing them out to die—language and complaint echoing the charge in Exod 16:3 about preferring death in Egypt.
- Num.11:4-6 (thematic): People crave meat and complain about the manna, mourning life in Egypt and desiring the food they had there—parallel theme of grumbling over provision and longing for Egypt's food.
- Num.21:5 (verbal): The people say, 'Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness?' and complain about food/water and 'this light bread'—near‑verbal repetition of the same accusation.
- Deut.1:27-28 (verbal): The people tell Moses that he has brought them out to die, echoing the charge found in Exod 16:3; same motif of blaming leaders for alleged doom in the desert.
- Ps.78:18-31 (allusion): Psalm retells Israel's grumbling about lack of food, their longing for Egypt's meat, and God's response (quail and judgment), alluding to the episode summarized in Exod 16:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Israel said to them: If only we had died by the hand of YHWH in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the pots of meat, when we ate bread to the full! For you have brought us out into this wilderness to put this whole assembly to death with hunger.
- And the sons of Israel said to them, "If only we had died by the hand of YHWH in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the pots of meat, when we ate bread to the full; for you have brought us out into this wilderness to put all this assembly to death with hunger."
Exo.16.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- ממטיר: VERB,hiph,imprf,1,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מן: PREP
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולקטו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביומו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- למען: PREP
- אנסנו: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
- הילך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בתורתי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
- אם: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
Parallels
- Psalm 78:23-25 (verbal): Explicitly describes God ‘raining down’ food from heaven and giving manna and grain — a direct verbal parallel to God’s promise to ‘rain bread from heaven.’
- Deuteronomy 8:2-3 (thematic): Refers to the manna episode as God’s way of humbling and testing Israel and teaching dependence on God’s word — echoes Exod 16’s purpose ‘to test them, whether they will walk in my law.’
- Nehemiah 9:15 (verbal): Recalls that God gave them bread from heaven and provision in the wilderness, citing the manna tradition as God’s daily provision for Israel.
- John 6:31-33 (allusion): Jesus and his audience invoke the manna (‘our fathers ate the manna’) and call it ‘bread from heaven,’ using the Exodus provision as the background for Jesus’ claim about himself as the true bread.
- Matthew 6:11 (thematic): ‘Give us this day our daily bread’ echoes the daily gathering and dependence on God for daily provision exemplified in the manna narrative of Exodus 16.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then YHWH said to Moses: Look, I am raining bread for you from the heavens, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion day by day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in my instruction or not.
- And YHWH said to Moses, "Look, I am raining bread from the heavens for you, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion day by day, that I may test them whether they will walk in my instruction or not."
Exo.16.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- הששי: ADJ,ord,m,sg,def
- והכינו: VERB,piel,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יביאו: VERB,hif,impf,3,m,pl
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- משנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ילקטו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:22–30 (verbal): Direct continuation and clarification of v.5: people are instructed to gather twice as much on the sixth day so none must be gathered on the Sabbath; describes baking/boiling and the prohibition against leaving manna overnight on other days.
- Exodus 20:8–11 (thematic): The Ten Commandments' Sabbath injunction (remember the Sabbath, six days of labor, seventh day of rest) provides the foundational theological rationale for ceasing work on the seventh day, which Exodus 16 anticipates in its provision for the sixth day.
- Deuteronomy 5:12–15 (thematic): Repeats and reframes the Sabbath command (observe the Sabbath), linking Sabbath observance to Israel's deliverance from Egypt rather than creation—another key scriptural explanation for resting on the seventh day.
- Exodus 35:2–3 (structural): Later legal prohibition against kindling a fire on the Sabbath; connects to Exodus 16’s concern about preparing food (baking/boiling) for the Sabbath and the broader regulation of Sabbath activity.
- Numbers 28:9–10 (thematic): Prescribes additional burnt offerings for the Sabbath, showing the cultic/ritual dimension of the Sabbath observance that complements the practical provision for rest and food provision found in Exodus 16.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it shall be on the sixth day that they prepare what they bring in, and it shall be double what they gather day by day.
- And it shall be on the sixth day that they prepare what they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather day by day.
Exo.16.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואהרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וידעתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוציא: VERB,hiphil,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 6:6 (verbal): God's promise to bring Israel out of Egypt uses essentially the same idea/language—'I will bring you out'—which underlies Moses' declaration that they will know the LORD brought them out.
- Exodus 14:31 (thematic): After the Red Sea deliverance Israel 'saw the great work' and came to know/believe in the LORD; parallels the purpose stated in 16:6 that the people should know the LORD brought them out.
- Deuteronomy 8:2-3 (thematic): Moses explains that the wilderness trials (including dependence on God's provision) were meant to humble and test Israel so they would know God's ways—the same pedagogy behind the manna announcement in 16:6.
- Psalm 78:23-25 (allusion): Poetic retelling of the manna provision ('he rained down manna…bread of angels') that interprets the event as God's provision meant to teach Israel that he had delivered them from Egypt, echoing the declaration of 16:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses and Aaron said to all the sons of Israel: At evening you shall know that YHWH brought you out from the land of Egypt,
- And Moses and Aaron said to all the sons of Israel, "At evening you will know that YHWH brought you out from the land of Egypt,
Exo.16.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובקר: CONJ,NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וראיתם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- כבוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בשמעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- תלנתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ונחנו: PRON,1,pl
- מה: PRON,int
- כי: CONJ
- תלינו: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,pl
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
Parallels
- Exod.16.10 (quotation): Immediate parallel in the same narrative: the congregation looks and “the glory of the LORD appeared,” directly echoing the promise that they would see God’s glory in the morning.
- Exod.2.24-25 (verbal): Uses the same motif of God ‘hearing’ Israel’s cries/groanings; links God’s attentive hearing of Israel’s complaints to his subsequent action on their behalf.
- Num.11.1-2 (thematic): Another instance where Israel’s murmuring provokes a divine response (fire from the LORD); parallels the theme of complaint met by an immediate manifestation of God’s power or presence.
- Ps.78:19-25 (allusion): The psalm retells the Exodus/manna episode and Israel’s complaining (‘they spoke against God’) and God’s provision of manna—an interpretive echo of Exod.16’s connection between complaint and God’s saving provision.
- Exod.40:34-35 (structural): A separate but related occurrence of the ‘glory of the LORD’ visibly appearing/filling the sanctuary; parallels the motif of divine glory manifesting as a sign of God’s presence and action.
Alternative generated candidates
- and in the morning you shall see the glory of YHWH, for he hears your grumblings against YHWH. And what are we, that you grumble against us?
- "and in the morning you will see the glory of YHWH, for he hears your complaints against YHWH. And what are we, that you grumble against us?"
Exo.16.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בתת: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בשר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאכל: INF,qal
- ולחם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבקר: PREP
- לשבע: PREP+NUM,card,pl
- בשמע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- תלנתיכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- מלינם: VERB,qal,ptcp,act,pl,m
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- ונחנו: CONJ+PRON,1,m,pl
- מה: PRON,int
- לא: PART_NEG
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- תלנתיכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- על: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod 16:11-12 (verbal): Immediate continuation: God says he has heard the people's complaints and promises to provide quail in the evening and bread in the morning — same language and action as v.8.
- Num 11:4-6 (thematic): The people again complain about food ( craving meat); God responds by providing quail — repeats the motif of Israel's grumbling and divine provision.
- Ps 78:19-25 (allusion): A liturgical retelling of Israel's grumbling and God's giving of 'bread from heaven' and quails, explicitly echoing the Exodus manna/quail episode.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus cites the manna episode ('our fathers ate manna') and contrasts it with himself as the true bread from heaven — connects Exodus provision to broader theological theme of divine sustenance.
- Deut 8:3 (thematic): Explains the purpose of manna (to humble and test Israel and teach dependence on God's word), echoing the significance of God's provision in Exodus 16.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said: When YHWH gives you in the evening meat to eat and in the morning bread to the full, because YHWH hears your grumblings that you grumble against him—what are we? Your grumblings are not against us, but against YHWH.
- And Moses said, "When YHWH gives you in the evening meat to eat, and in the morning bread to the full, because YHWH hears your complaints that you complain against him—what are we? Your complaints are not against us but against YHWH."
Exo.16.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קרבו: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- תלנתיכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2mp
Parallels
- Exodus 16:11-12 (verbal): God tells Moses directly that He has heard the people’s complaints and will provide food—same idea and similar wording as v.9 ('heard your murmurings').
- Numbers 11:1-2 (verbal): Another account of Israel’s murmuring where the text says the LORD heard them and punished or responded—parallels the motif of complaint and God hearing it.
- Psalm 78:18-25 (thematic): A poetic retelling of Israel’s grumbling in the wilderness and God’s provision of 'bread from heaven' (manna), echoing the complaint/hearing/provision sequence.
- Deuteronomy 8:2-3 (thematic): Reflects the wilderness testing and God’s provision (manna) in response to Israel’s needs—frames the provision as response to their situation and dependence on God.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus and the crowd recall the manna narrative ('Our fathers ate the manna') and contrast earthly bread with the true bread from heaven—links back to Israel’s complaint and God’s provision of bread.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Moses said to Aaron: Say to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, “Draw near before YHWH, for he has heard your grumblings.”
- And Moses said to Aaron, "Say to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, 'Draw near before YHWH, for he has heard your complaints.'"
Exo.16.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויפנו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- והנה: ADV
- כבוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נראה: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
- בענן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.13:21-22 (thematic): The pillar of cloud guiding Israel by day and the manifestation of God's presence that accompanies the people in the wilderness — same cloud motif as a visible sign of divine guidance and presence.
- Exod.40:34-38 (verbal): After the tabernacle is erected the glory of the LORD fills the tent and a cloud covers it, echoing the language of 'glory' and 'cloud' as the visible presence of God among Israel.
- Exod.24:16-17 (thematic): At Sinai the glory of the LORD descends in cloud and the people see the bright manifestation of God's presence on the mountain — similar imagery of divine glory appearing in a cloud.
- Lev.9:23-24 (allusion): When Moses and Aaron bless the people the glory of the LORD appears and fire consumes the offering before all the people—another instance where the glory manifests visibly and elicits the community's reaction.
- 1 Kgs.8:10-11 (thematic): At Solomon's dedication of the temple the cloud fills the house of the LORD and the priests cannot stand to minister because of the glory — parallels the cloud/glory as God's dwelling among Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it happened, as Aaron was speaking to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, that they turned toward the wilderness, and look—the glory of YHWH appeared in the cloud.
- And it came to pass, as Aaron spoke to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, that they turned toward the wilderness; and behold, the glory of YHWH appeared in the cloud.
Exo.16.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Exod.19.3 (verbal): The LORD calls Moses out of the mountain and speaks to him with commissioning language—same pattern of divine address that introduces instruction to Moses and Israel.
- Exod.3.4 (thematic): God calls Moses from the burning bush and initiates revelation; thematically parallels the momentary, direct divine address signaled by 'And the LORD spoke unto Moses.'
- Lev.1.1 (structural): Priestly opening formula ('And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him...')—a recurring structural marker for divine speeches delivered to Moses.
- Num.1.1 (verbal): Another explicit instance of 'And the LORD spake unto Moses...' introducing a specific command (the census); parallels Exodus 16:11 as part of the Sinai-era pattern of God speaking instructions to Moses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:
- And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:
Exo.16.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- תלונת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בשר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובבקר: CONJ+PREP
- תשבעו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וידעתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.16.4 (structural): Immediate context: God announces the provision (manna and testing) and purpose—testing Israel's obedience and dependence on YHWH, tying the promise in v.12 to the chapter's framework.
- Num.11.18-20 (verbal): Very close verbal parallel: God tells Moses to announce that Israelites will eat meat in the evening and be filled with bread in the morning—same promise of quail and bread as fulfillment of Exod 16:12.
- Num.11.4-6 (thematic): Describes Israel's craving and complaining for meat and the ensuing provision of quail; shares the theme of murmuring, divine provision, and satisfaction found in Exod 16:12.
- Ps.105.40-41 (allusion): Liturgical retelling of the wilderness provision—'he rained down manna' and 'he brought quail'—echoing Exod 16's account and portraying God as provider of bread and meat.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus invokes the manna tradition ('our fathers ate the manna') to contrast temporary heavenly bread with himself as the true 'bread of life,' alluding to Exodus' provision and its theological meaning.
Alternative generated candidates
- I have heard the grumblings of the sons of Israel. Speak to them, saying: At twilight you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread; and you shall know that I am YHWH your God.
- "I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Speak to them, saying, 'At twilight you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread; and you shall know that I am YHWH your God.'"
Exo.16.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותעל: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- השלו: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ותכס: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- המחנה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובבקר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- שכבת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- הטל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- סביב: ADV
- למחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 11:31-32 (structural): Same narrated episode of quails filling the camp and being eaten by the people — a direct continuation/parallel of the quail provision in the wilderness.
- Psalm 78:23-29 (allusion): A poetic retelling of Israel’s wilderness provision (manna and meat), recalling God’s sending of food from heaven and quail to feed the people.
- Psalm 105:40 (verbal): Explicitly recalls God giving quail and 'bread from heaven' to Israel — a verbal/thematic echo of the quail-and-manna motif.
- John 6:31-35 (quotation): Jesus refers to the manna episode (and Israel’s wilderness provision) to contrast earthly bread with himself as the 'bread of life,' reinterpreting the Exodus provision theologically.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass at evening that quail came up and covered the camp; and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
- And it came to pass at evening that quail came up and covered the camp; and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
Exo.16.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותעל: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- שכבת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- הטל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והנה: ADV
- על: PREP
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- דק: ADJ,m,sg
- מחספס: ADJ,m,sg
- דק: ADJ,m,sg
- ככפר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 11:7-9 (verbal): Describes the same substance (manna) as small, like coriander seed/hoar frost and details its appearance and taste — a close verbal and descriptive parallel to Exodus’ depiction.
- Psalm 78:24-25 (thematic): Recounts God’s provision of ‘manna’ as heavenly bread for Israel in the wilderness, thematically linking Exodus’ morning provision to later retellings of the event.
- Psalm 105:40 (thematic): Summarizes the Exodus narrative by saying God 'rained down' manna/food from heaven for Israel in the wilderness, reinforcing the same miraculous provision pictured in Exodus 16:14.
- Judges 6:37-40 (allusion): Uses dew as a miraculous sign (Gideon’s fleece: dew on fleece but not ground, then reversed), echoing the motif of dew associated with divine provision (manna appearing after the dew lifted).
Alternative generated candidates
- And when the layer of dew went up, there, on the surface of the wilderness, was a fine, flaky thing, fine as frost on the ground.
- And when the layer of dew went up, behold, on the surface of the wilderness a fine, flaky thing, fine as frost on the ground.
Exo.16.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- מן: PREP
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- לא: PART_NEG
- ידעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- מה: PRON,int
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- הלחם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לאכלה: PREP+INF,qal
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 8:3 (quotation): Deuteronomy explicitly recalls the wilderness episode and the manna: God 'fed you with manna' to teach dependence, echoing Moses’ identification of the food as the LORD’s provision.
- Psalm 78:24–25 (verbal): The psalm retells Israel’s receiving of 'bread from heaven' (manna), using language closely paralleling Exodus’ description of the food God gave them.
- Nehemiah 9:15 (thematic): Nehemiah’s prayer recounts God giving 'bread from heaven' in the wilderness as God’s provision for Israel—a thematic retelling of the Exodus manna episode.
- John 6:31–35 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the manna story ('Our fathers ate the manna in the wilderness') and then presents himself as the true 'bread of life,' reinterpreting Exodus’ provision Christologically.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the sons of Israel saw it, they said each to his brother, “What is it?” for they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them: It is the bread that YHWH has given you for food.
- When the sons of Israel saw it, they said each to his fellow, "What is it?" for they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them, "It is the bread that YHWH has given you to eat."
Exo.16.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לקטו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפי: PREP
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- עמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לגלגלת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מספר: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+SUFF,2,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאשר: CONJ
- באהלו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- תקחו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.16.4 (structural): Immediate instruction in the same narrative: God promises bread from heaven and frames the manna as a test—sets up the daily gathering rule underlying v.16.
- Exod.16.18 (verbal): Repeats the omer measurement and reports the result that those who gathered much had nothing left and those who gathered little had no lack—directly tied to the instruction in v.16.
- Num.11:8-9 (thematic): Later report of the manna’s collection, preparation and perishability; echoes the regimen of daily gathering and the communal dependence on measured portions.
- Deut.8:3 (thematic): Interpretive reflection on the wilderness provision: God humbled and fed Israel with manna to teach dependence on his word—connects the daily provision rule to spiritual instruction.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus and his audience invoke the manna narrative (bread from heaven) to discuss God’s provision; Jesus contrasts the manna with the true ‘bread of life,’ echoing the theme of divine daily sustenance.
Alternative generated candidates
- This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Gather from it, each according to his eating—an omer per head, according to the number of your persons; each shall take for those who are in his tent.
- "This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Gather from it, each one according to his eating, an omer per head, according to the number of your persons; each shall take for those who are in his tent."
Exo.16.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כן: ADV
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וילקטו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- המרבה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והממעיט: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.16.18 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same scene: explains explicitly that each gathered 'according to his eating,' clarifying the phrase 'some much, some little.'
- Num.11.8 (verbal): Describes the Israelite practice of gathering manna in the wilderness—'the people went about and gathered it'—paralleling the act and variety of gathering in Exodus 16:17.
- Ps.78.24-25 (thematic): Retells God's provision of 'bread from heaven' (manna) and the people's eating, thematically linking divine provision and human gathering/consumption.
- Matt.25.15 (thematic): Parable of the talents distributes resources 'to each according to his ability,' echoing the idea of differing allotments ('some much, some little') and distribution according to need or capacity.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Israel did so, and they gathered—some more, some less.
- And the sons of Israel did so, and gathered, some more and some less.
Exo.16.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וימדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בעמר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- העדיף: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,sg
- המרבה: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- והממעיט: CONJ+PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- החסיר: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפי: PREP
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- לקטו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.16.16 (verbal): Immediate parallel: the command to gather an omer per person is stated explicitly here — same measuring instruction as background to v.18.
- Exod.16.17 (verbal): Direct narrative parallel: the people measure the manna by omer and the equality of portions (no surplus or lack) is reported, closely matching v.18's observation.
- Num.11.7-9 (thematic): Description of manna's appearance, daily gathering and use for food — parallels the context of gathering, measuring and daily provision in Exod.16.
- Ps.78.24-25 (thematic): Poetic retelling of God raining down 'bread from heaven' (manna) for the people to eat — echoes the theme of divinely provided, measured food.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus and his audience invoke the manna episode as a precedent for God's provision; Jesus contrasts manna's role as temporary sustenance with himself as the 'bread of life,' reflecting theological use of the Exodus manna narrative.
Alternative generated candidates
- They measured it with the omer: he who gathered much had nothing over, and he who gathered little had no lack; each gathered according to his eating.
- And they measured it with the omer; he who had gathered much had nothing left over, and he who had gathered little had no lack; each gathered according to his eating.
Exo.16.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- יותר: ADV,comp
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:20 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation showing the consequence of disobeying Moses' command — some kept manna till morning and it bred worms and stank.
- Exodus 16:24 (verbal): Contrasts those who obeyed Moses' instructions by laying up manna till morning (and it did not stink), echoing the command about not leaving any over improperly.
- Numbers 11:8 (thematic): Describes the perishability and physical character of the manna (how it melted with the dew), underscoring why it could not be kept overnight except as specially provided.
- Psalm 78:24–25 (thematic): Retells God's provision of 'bread from heaven' (manna) for Israel, thematically linking the miraculous provision and the rules governing its use.
- John 6:31–35 (allusion): Jesus and his hearers appeal to the manna tradition ('our fathers ate manna in the wilderness') to discuss dependence on God’s provision and to contrast spiritual bread with the temporary physical manna.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to them: Let no one leave any of it over till morning.
- And Moses said to them, "Let no one leave any of it until morning."
Exo.16.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויותרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וירם: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- תולעים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ויבאש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ויקצף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:19 (verbal): Immediate context: reports that some kept manna until morning, when it bred worms and became foul—the same event described in 16:20.
- Exodus 16:23-24 (structural): Restates the instruction not to keep manna overnight (except for the Sabbath provision) and shows Moses' enforcement/anger—parallels the rule and its enforcement surrounding the spoilage incident.
- Psalm 78:19-25 (thematic): A liturgical retelling of the manna episode that highlights Israel's distrust and failure to obey God’s provision, echoing the complaint/disobedience and the ephemeral nature of the manna.
- John 6:49-51 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the manna granted to Israel and contrasts that perishable provision with himself as the true 'bread of life,' invoking the temporary/earthly quality of manna (which could spoil) to make a theological point.
- Numbers 11:1-3 (thematic): Another episode of Israelite grumbling that provokes divine/Mosaic displeasure; parallels the motif of the people’s disobedience and the leaders’ anger in the wilderness narrative.
Alternative generated candidates
- But they did not listen to Moses; some left of it until morning, and it bred worms and stank, and Moses was angry with them.
- But they did not listen to Moses; some left of it until morning, and it bred worms and stank, and Moses grew angry with them.
Exo.16.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילקטו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- בבקר: PREP
- בבקר: PREP
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כפי: PREP
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- וחם: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ונמס: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.16.4 (structural): God's command that he will 'rain bread from heaven' and that the people are to gather it daily — sets up the daily morning gathering described in v.21.
- Exod.16.20 (verbal): Immediate narrative contrast about leaving manna overnight (it bred worms and stank) — connects to v.21's emphasis on gathering each morning and the manna's perishability.
- Exod.16.22-30 (structural): The Sabbath exception to daily gathering (double portion on sixth day, none on seventh) explains the normal 'morning by morning' collection pattern of v.21.
- Num.11.7-9 (thematic): Describes the nature, preparation, and perishability of manna (gathering, grinding, baking; did not keep overnight), echoing v.21's note that it melted in the heat.
- Ps.78.23-25 (thematic): Retells God 'raining' bread from heaven and giving 'food of angels' to satisfy Israel — a theological echo of divine daily provision expressed in v.21.
Alternative generated candidates
- So they gathered it morning by morning, each according to his eating; and when the sun grew hot, it melted.
- And they gathered it morning by morning, each according to his eating; and when the sun grew hot, it melted.
Exo.16.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- הששי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לקטו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- העמר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לאחד: PREP+NUM,card,m,sg
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- נשיאי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- העדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויגידו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- למשה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:5 (verbal): Earlier instruction that on the sixth day the people should prepare what they bring in — the direct command motivating the double gathering recorded in v.22.
- Exodus 16:26-30 (structural): Immediate continuation that establishes the Sabbath regulation and forbids gathering on the seventh day, explaining why a double portion was collected on the sixth.
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Sabbath command framed by deliverance from Egypt and divine provision; parallels the linkage of Sabbath observance with God’s provision exemplified by the manna instructions.
- Psalm 78:23-25 (thematic): Poetic retelling of God raining down manna and feeding Israel — echoes the account’s emphasis on heavenly provision and the people’s eating of the bread.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the manna episode ('our fathers ate manna') to teach about bread from heaven; uses the manna tradition to contrast temporary provision with the true bread that gives life.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass on the sixth day that they gathered bread, double—two omers for each one—and all the chiefs of the congregation came and told Moses.
- And it came to pass on the sixth day that they gathered bread in double measure, two omers for each; and all the leaders of the congregation came and told Moses.
Exo.16.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שבתון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- מחר: ADV
- את: PRT,acc
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תאפו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אפו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff3ms
- ואת: CONJ
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תבשלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בשלו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ואת: CONJ
- כל: DET
- העדף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הניחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- למשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- הבקר: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 20:8-11 (thematic): The formal Sabbath commandment to remember and keep the seventh day holy; both texts prescribe cessation from work and sanctification of the day.
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Restatement of the Sabbath law emphasizing rest and holy observance (here tied to Israel's deliverance); parallels the instruction to observe a holy Sabbath and refrain from ordinary work.
- Exodus 16:25-30 (verbal): Immediate narrative continuation in the manna account that repeats and elaborates the instruction to bake/cook in advance and keep leftovers until morning, stressing that it is what the LORD commanded.
- Exodus 31:15-17 (thematic): Declares the Sabbath a perpetual sign and prescribes cessation of work on the seventh day; underscores the holy, covenantal character of Sabbath referenced in Exod 16:23.
- Leviticus 23:3 (verbal): Describes the seventh day as a Sabbath of solemn rest and a holy convocation—language and concept echo the phrase 'sabbaton, a holy Sabbath to the LORD' in Exod 16:23.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said to them: This is what YHWH has spoken: A sabbath-rest, a holy sabbath to YHWH, is tomorrow. What you bake, bake, and what you boil, boil; and all that is left over, put aside for yourselves for safekeeping until the morning.
- And he said to them, "This is what YHWH has spoken: Tomorrow is a Sabbath-rest, a holy Sabbath to YHWH. Bake what you will bake, and boil what you will boil; and all that is left over put aside for yourselves to be kept until morning."
Exo.16.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויניחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- עד: PREP
- הבקר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- הבאיש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ורמה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.16:20 (verbal): Direct verbal contrast within the same narrative: some who disobeyed left manna overnight and it 'bred worms and stank,' whereas 16:24 reports that when left as Moses commanded it did not stink.
- Exod.16:22-23 (structural): Immediate context — Moses' instructions about gathering double on the sixth day and leaving part until morning (and for the Sabbath); 16:24 describes the result when the instruction was followed.
- Exod.16:32-34 (structural): Later in the same chapter an omer of manna is preserved before the Lord 'to be kept throughout your generations,' reinforcing the theme of manna being kept/intentionally preserved.
- Ps.78:24-25 (thematic): Poetic retelling of the Exodus provision: God 'rained down' bread from heaven (manna). The passage thematically parallels Exodus' emphasis on divine provision of food in the wilderness.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus explicitly alludes to the Exodus manna as background for his claim to be the true 'bread from heaven,' drawing on the Exodus tradition of God’s miraculous provision.
Alternative generated candidates
- So they put it aside until morning, as Moses commanded, and it did not stink, and there were no worms in it.
- And they put it aside until morning as Moses commanded, and it did not stink, and no worm was in it.
Exo.16.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אכלהו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- תמצאהו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בשדה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:23 (verbal): Moses' immediate instruction that tomorrow is a holy sabbath and that they should bake what they will eat — the parallel verbal instruction about Sabbath and the manna/double portion on the sixth day.
- Exodus 16:27-30 (structural): Narrative continuation: some went out on the seventh day and found none, and Moses reiterates the prohibition against leaving one's place on the Sabbath — directly mirrors the situation described in 16:25.
- Exodus 16:29 (verbal): God’s explanation that He has given the sabbath and provided a double portion on the sixth day so nothing would be on the ground on the seventh — restates the reason for no manna on the sabbath.
- Exodus 20:8-11 (thematic): The Sabbath commandment enjoins rest on the seventh day because God rested after creation — broader legal/theological basis for Israel’s Sabbath observance reflected in the manna regulations.
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Repetition of the Sabbath law with emphasis on rest and remembrance of Israel’s deliverance from Egypt — thematic parallel about keeping the Sabbath as a commanded day of cessation from labor.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said: Eat it today, for today is a sabbath to YHWH; today you will not find it in the field.
- And Moses said, "Eat it today, for today is a Sabbath to YHWH; today you will not find it in the field."
Exo.16.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ששת: NUM,m,sg,cons
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תלקטהו: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,pl
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 16:22–30 (quotation): Immediate parallel in the same narrative that repeats and expands the manna instructions: gathering for six days, a double portion on the sixth, and explicit prohibition of going out or gathering on the seventh (Sabbath).
- Exodus 20:8–11 (thematic): Ten‑Commandments formulation of Sabbath observance: six days of labor and a day of rest tied to God's rest after creation—provides the broader covenantal rationale behind not gathering on the seventh day.
- Deuteronomy 5:12–15 (thematic): Deuteronomic restatement of the Sabbath commandment that parallels Exodus’ six‑days/one‑day structure but emphasizes remembrance of Israel’s slavery in Egypt as the reason for Sabbath observance.
- Numbers 15:32–36 (thematic): A narrative case enforcing Sabbath prohibition (a man found gathering sticks on the sabbath is punished), illustrating the seriousness of refraining from work or gathering on the seventh day, as in the manna instructions.
Alternative generated candidates
- Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day is a sabbath—there will be none.
- "Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day, a Sabbath, there will be none."
Exo.16.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- השביעי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ללקט: VERB,qal,inf
- ולא: CONJ
- מצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 16:29-30 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same pericope: Moses explains that the LORD has given the Sabbath, so none would be found to gather on the seventh day—direct explanation of 16:27.
- Exodus 20:8-11 (thematic): The Decalogue's command to keep the Sabbath as a day of rest grounded in God's rest after creation; the manna narrative enforces Sabbath observance in Israel's life.
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Restates the Sabbath command with the motivation of Israel's deliverance from Egypt; provides the legal/theological background for the people's tested obedience in the manna episode.
- John 6:31-35; 6:49-51 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the manna (bread from heaven) tradition to contrast the temporary provision in the wilderness—tied to Sabbath provision—and to present himself as the true/eternal bread of life.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass on the seventh day that some of the people went out to gather, but they did not find any.
- And it came to pass on the seventh day that some of the people went out to gather, but they found none.
Exo.16.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- אנה: ADV,interrog
- מאנתם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לשמר: VERB,qal,infc
- מצותי: NOUN,f,pl,abs,1cs
- ותורתי: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs,1cs
Parallels
- Numbers 14:11 (verbal): God's rebuke uses the same 'How long…' challenge to Israel—asking how long the people will provoke/refuse Him in the wilderness.
- Psalm 95:8-11 (allusion): Warns not to harden your heart 'as in the day of temptation' and cites the wilderness rebellion; echoes the Exodus rebuke about refusing God's commands.
- Psalm 78:18-22 (thematic): Retells Israel's grumbling over manna and their failure to obey/trust God in the desert, paralleling the episode and accusation in Exod 16.
- Jeremiah 7:23-24 (thematic): God reminds Israel that He commanded obedience ('Obey my voice') and laments their disobedience—same theme of refusing God's commandments.
- Hebrews 3:7-11 (quotation): The NT passage quotes Psalm 95 and applies the wilderness refusal as a warning not to harden hearts, directly drawing on the Exodus wilderness episode.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses: How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my instruction?
- And YHWH said to Moses, "How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my instructions?"
Exo.16.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ראו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- כי: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- השבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ביום: PREP
- הששי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יומים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שבו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ממקמו: PREP+NOUN+PRON,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- השביעי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 16:22-26 (verbal): Immediate context describing the same instruction: gather a double portion on the sixth day and do not leave camp on the seventh because the LORD has given the Sabbath.
- Exodus 20:8-11 (thematic): The fourth commandment institutes Sabbath rest on the seventh day, grounding it in God's rest after creation — a parallel theological rationale for observing the Sabbath.
- Exodus 31:15-17 (thematic): Affirms the Sabbath as a perpetual sign between God and Israel, linking divine rest and sanctification of the seventh day, echoing the provision and prohibition in 16:29.
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Reiterates the Sabbath command with the rationale of Israel's deliverance from Egypt rather than creation, offering another canonical explanation for observing the seventh day rest.
Alternative generated candidates
- See, for YHWH has given you the sabbath; therefore he gives you on the sixth day bread for two days. Stay—each in his place; let no one go out from his place on the seventh day.
- "See, because YHWH has given you the Sabbath, therefore he gives you on the sixth day bread for two days. Remain, each man in his place; let no one go out from his place on the seventh day."
Exo.16.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישבתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ביום: PREP
- השבעי: ADJ,ord,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.16.29 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same narrative: Moses announces the Sabbath provision and rest for the people (same chapter and context explaining why 'the people rested on the seventh day').
- Gen.2:2-3 (thematic): Earliest theological origin of Sabbath rest — God 'rested on the seventh day,' setting a pattern and model for human rest on the seventh day.
- Exod.20:8-11 (thematic): The Decalogue command to 'remember the Sabbath day' links rest on the seventh day to covenantal law and the creation pattern mentioned in Exodus 16.
- Exod.31:15-17 (allusion): Develops the Sabbath as a perpetual sign between God and Israel and insists on cessation of work on the seventh day — theological reinforcement of the practice that 'the people rested.'
- Deut.5:12-15 (thematic): Deuteronian rest-command frames the Sabbath both as commanded rest and as a memorial of Israel's liberation from Egypt, echoing Exodus 16's provision and observance of the seventh day.
Alternative generated candidates
- So the people rested on the seventh day.
- So the people rested on the seventh day.
Exo.16.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקראו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- כזרע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- גד: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- לבן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וטעמו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- כצפיחת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- בדבש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Num.11.7-9 (verbal): Gives a parallel physical description of the manna (white like a seed/coriander) and its taste—closely matching Exodus' wording about appearance and flavor.
- Ps.78.24-25 (thematic): Recounts God’s provision of “bread from heaven” (the manna), describing it as heavenly food and noting its agreeable taste, echoing Exodus’ presentation of manna as divine sustenance.
- John 6:31-33 (thematic): Jesus cites the Exodus manna as ‘bread from heaven’ eaten by the fathers to contrast with the true/eternal bread he offers—an interpretive echo of the Exodus provision.
- Deut.8:16 (allusion): Recalls that God fed Israel with manna in the wilderness; echoes Exodus’ report and uses the manna narrative to teach dependence on God.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the house of Israel called its name Manna; and it was like coriander seed, white, and its taste like wafers with honey.
- And the house of Israel called its name manna; and it was like coriander seed, white, and its taste was like wafers with honey.
Exo.16.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלא: ADJ,m,sg
- העמר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- למשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- למען: PREP
- יראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הלחם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- האכלתי: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,_,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בהוציאי: PREP+VERB,hiphil,perf,1,_,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exod.16:33-34 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same instruction — an omer of manna is to be placed in the testimony in the tabernacle as a preserved witness for future generations.
- Deut.8:3,16 (thematic): Moses recalls God’s giving of manna in the wilderness to humble and test Israel and to teach dependence on God; echoes the purpose of remembering the bread that fed them.
- Ps.78:23-25 (thematic): Retells God’s provision of “bread of heaven” (manna) for Israel in the wilderness, using the episode as liturgical/pastoral memory of divine provision.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the manna episode (‘our ancestors ate the manna’) as background for his claim to be the true bread of life, contrasting temporary sustenance with enduring life in him.
- Heb.9:4 (verbal): Speaks of the golden jar containing the manna placed in the Most Holy Place, directly echoing the preservation of an omer of manna described in Exodus 16:32–34.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said: This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations, so that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness when I brought you out from the land of Egypt.
- And Moses said, "This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations, so that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness when I brought you out from the land of Egypt."
Exo.16.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- צנצנת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- ותן: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- שמה: ADV
- מלא: ADJ,m,sg
- העמר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מן: PREP
- והנח: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- למשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.16.32 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same narrative — Moses commands an omer of manna to be gathered and kept for future generations (essentially the same instruction).
- Exod.16.34 (structural): Narrative continuation: Aaron places the preserved manna 'before the Testimony' to be kept, completing the action Moses ordered in 16:33.
- Heb.9:4 (allusion): New Testament reference to a 'golden pot that had the manna,' explicitly recalling the preserved manna kept with the covenant relics.
- John 6:31-35 (thematic): Jesus cites the manna tradition ('our fathers did eat manna') and uses it typologically to contrast physical bread with himself as the true Bread from heaven.
- Ps.78:24-25 (thematic): Psalm recounts God giving 'bread from heaven' (manna) to feed Israel — echoes the theological significance and memory-preservation of the manna tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to Aaron: Take a jar and put in it a full omer of manna, and set it before YHWH to be kept for your generations.
- And Moses said to Aaron, "Take a jar and put in it a full omer of manna, and set it before YHWH, to be kept for your generations."
Exo.16.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויניחהו: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- העדת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- למשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.16:33 (structural): Immediate context: Moses commands Aaron to set aside a jar of manna, and Aaron places it before the testimony — the same episode continued one verse earlier.
- Num.17:10 (verbal): Aaron’s rod is placed 'before the testimony, to be kept for a sign against the rebels' — uses the same wording and function ('placed before the testimony... to be kept').
- Heb.9:4 (allusion): The New Testament lists a jar of manna among the items (with Aaron’s rod and the tablets) contained with the 'testimony' — explicitly connects the preserved manna with the Ark tradition.
- Lev.24:6-9 (thematic): The showbread is set 'before the LORD' on the table and is associated with priestly keeping and eating — a parallel practice of placing sacred bread before the divine presence for ritual/ceremonial preservation.
Alternative generated candidates
- As YHWH commanded Moses, so Aaron placed it before the Testimony for safekeeping.
- As YHWH commanded Moses, Aaron set it before the Testimony, to be kept.
Exo.16.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- המן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ארבעים: NUM,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- באם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נושבת: ADJ,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- המן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- באם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- קצה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כנען: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.16:4 (structural): Immediate context announcing that God would rain bread from heaven (manna) for the people—same event and provision described.
- Num.11:6-9 (verbal): Describes the character and daily eating of manna in the wilderness, echoing how the Israelites survived on it during their wanderings.
- Deut.8:3 (thematic): Recalls that Israel lived on manna in the wilderness and that God humbled and tested them—ties the manna to Israel’s forty‑year dependence on God.
- Ps.78:24-25 (allusion): Poetic retelling of God providing ‘bread from heaven’ and food for the people—liturgical reflection on the same manna tradition.
- John 6:31-35 (allusion): Jesus and His audience refer to the manna as the bread given by Moses’ God; uses Israel’s eating of manna to illustrate deeper spiritual truths (contrast with the true bread from heaven).
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land; they ate the manna until they came to the edge of the land of Canaan.
- And the sons of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to a settled land; they ate the manna until they came to the edge of the land of Canaan.
Exo.16.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והעמר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- עשרית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- האיפה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 16:16 (verbal): Immediate context in the same chapter uses the term 'omer' and prescribes gathering 'an omer for each person,' establishing the practical meaning of the measure.
- Leviticus 23:10-11 (verbal): Uses the noun 'omer' (sheaf) in cultic context for the waving of the first sheaf; connects the term to a ritual measure/portion.
- Ezekiel 45:11 (verbal): Gives metrological relations among ephah, bath, and homer (ephah as a tenth part of a homer), providing parallel measurement ratios that relate to the omer/ephah relationship in Exodus 16:36.
- Deuteronomy 25:13-16 (thematic): Law regulating honest weights and measures; thematically related by concern for correct standard measures and fair commerce, echoing Exodus' precise definition of an omer.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now the omer is a tenth of an ephah.
- And the omer is a tenth of an ephah.
Then they set out from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their going out from the land of Egypt. And the whole congregation of the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness. And the sons of Israel said to them, Would that we had died by the hand of YHWH in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the pot of meat, when we ate bread to the full; for you have brought us out into this wilderness to put to death this whole assembly by hunger.
Then YHWH said to Moses: Behold, I am raining down for you bread from the heavens, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, in order that I may test them, whether they will walk according to my instruction or not. And it shall be on the sixth day that they prepare what they bring in, and it shall be double what they gather day by day. And Moses and Aaron said to all the sons of Israel: At evening you shall know that YHWH has brought you out from the land of Egypt,
and in the morning you shall see the glory of YHWH, for he hears your grumblings against YHWH. And what are we, that you grumble against us? And Moses said: When YHWH gives you in the evening meat to eat, and in the morning bread to the full, because YHWH has heard your grumblings that you grumble against him—what are we? Your grumblings are not against us but against YHWH.
Then Moses said to Aaron, Say to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, Draw near before YHWH, for he has heard your grumblings. And it happened, as Aaron spoke to all the congregation of the sons of Israel, that they turned toward the wilderness, and behold, the glory of YHWH appeared in the cloud.
Then YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:
I have heard the grumblings of the sons of Israel. Speak to them, saying, At twilight you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be satisfied with bread; and you shall know that I am YHWH your God. And it came to pass in the evening that quail came up and covered the camp; and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp. And when the layer of dew went up, behold, on the surface of the wilderness a fine, flake-like thing, fine as frost on the ground. And the sons of Israel saw it and said each to his brother, What is it? for they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them, It is the bread that YHWH has given you to eat.
This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Gather of it, each one according to what he can eat; an omer per head, according to the number of your persons; each of you take it for those who are in his tent. And the sons of Israel did so, and gathered, some more and some less. And they measured it with the omer; he who gathered much had nothing over, and he who gathered little had no lack; each gathered according to what he could eat. And Moses said to them, Let no one leave any of it over until morning. But they did not listen to Moses; and some left of it until morning, and it bred worms and stank, and Moses was angry with them. And they gathered it morning by morning, each according to what he could eat; and when the sun grew hot, it melted. And it came to pass on the sixth day that they gathered double bread, two omers for each one; and all the leaders of the congregation came and told Moses. And he said to them, This is what YHWH has spoken: Tomorrow is a sabbath-rest, a holy sabbath to YHWH. Bake what you will bake, and boil what you will boil, and all that is left over lay up for yourselves to be kept until morning. And they laid it up until morning, as Moses commanded; and it did not stink, and no worm was in it. And Moses said, Eat it today, for today is a sabbath to YHWH; today you will not find it in the field.
Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day is a sabbath; in it there will be none. And it came to pass on the seventh day that some of the people went out to gather, and they did not find. And YHWH said to Moses, How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my instruction?
See, for YHWH has given you the sabbath; therefore on the sixth day he gives you bread for two days. Stay, each man, in his place; let no man go out from his place on the seventh day. So the people rested on the seventh day. And the house of Israel called its name manna; and it was like coriander seed, white, and its taste was like wafers with honey. And Moses said, This is the thing that YHWH has commanded: Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations, so that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness when I brought you out from the land of Egypt. And Moses said to Aaron, Take a jar, and put there a full omer of manna, and set it before YHWH, to be kept for your generations.
As YHWH commanded Moses, so Aaron set it down before the Testimony, to be kept. And the sons of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land; they ate the manna until they came to the edge of the land of Canaan. And the omer is a tenth of an ephah.