The Second Plague: Frogs
Exodus 7:25-8:15
Exo.7.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וימלא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אחרי: PREP
- הכות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- היאר: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 7:20 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same episode: Moses and Aaron strike the Nile and 'all the waters were turned to blood,' the action of which 7:25 says seven days followed.
- Exodus 7:21 (verbal): Contiguous verse describing the consequences of the river's smiting (fish died, the river stank), directly tied to the event referenced in 7:25.
- Psalm 105:29 (quotation): The psalmist retells the Exodus plagues, expressly noting that God 'turned their waters into blood,' echoing the narrative of the Nile's smiting.
- Revelation 16:3 (thematic): Apocalyptic echo in which waters are turned to blood (the second bowl); uses the same bloody-water motif as the Egyptian plagues.
- Isaiah 19:5–7 (allusion): Prophetic depiction of the Nile drying up and fish dying, thematically reflecting the judgment on Egypt's river in Exodus.
Alternative generated candidates
- And seven days were fulfilled after YHWH had struck the Nile.
- And seven days were completed after YHWH struck the Nile.
Exo.7.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- ויעבדני: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,obj1
Parallels
- Exodus 5:1 (verbal): Same command-formula delivered by Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh: 'Thus says the LORD... Let my people go,' closely matching wording and purpose (release so they may serve/worship).
- Exodus 8:1 (verbal): Repeated divine instruction to Moses to tell Pharaoh 'Let my people go' at the start of the second plague sequence—verbal reprise of the liberation demand.
- Exodus 9:1 (verbal): Another iteration of the same command during the plagues narrative—same verbal demand that Israel be released to serve the LORD, underscoring the recurring prophetic formula.
- Exodus 10:3 (structural): Moses' confrontation with Pharaoh includes the familiar demand 'Let my people go' but framed with a rhetorical challenge ('How long will you refuse?'), marking a structural escalation in the indictment and demand for worshipful release.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Go in to Pharaoh and say to him: Thus says YHWH: Send my people, that they may serve me.'
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Go to Pharaoh and say to him: Thus says YHWH: Send my people, that they may serve me.'
Exo.7.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואם: CONJ
- מאן: PRON,interrog
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- לשלח: VERB,qal,infc,_,_,_
- הנה: PART
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- נגף: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- גבולך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- בצפרדעים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 8:1-4 (verbal): The immediate parallel in the same narrative where God tells Moses to bring the plague of frogs on Egypt — repeats the threat and begins the frog plague episode.
- Exodus 8:2-7 (structural): Describes the magicians of Egypt producing frogs by their secret arts and Pharaoh's reaction; part of the same episode showing escalation and rivalry between divine signs and Egyptian sorcery.
- Exodus 8:12-15 (thematic): Goes on to record Moses' removal of the frogs at Pharaoh's entreaty and Pharaoh's subsequent hardening of heart — provides the resolution and theological pattern (plague, relief, hardening).
- Psalm 78:45 (thematic): Retells Israel's exodus history and lists the Egyptian plagues, explicitly naming frogs as one of the divine judgments sent on Egypt.
- Revelation 16:13 (allusion): Uses imagery of 'unclean spirits like frogs' in apocalyptic judgment, alluding to the Egyptian frog-plague motif as a typological symbol of demonic/false religious activity.
Alternative generated candidates
- ‘And if you refuse to send, look, I am about to strike your whole territory with frogs.’
- ‘But if you refuse to send, look, I am striking all your territory with frogs.'
Exo.7.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושרץ: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- היאר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- צפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ועלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ובאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- בביתך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ובחדר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משכבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,ms
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- מטתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2,ms
- ובבית: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- ובעמך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,ms
- ובתנוריך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2,ms
- ובמשארותיך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+2,ms
Parallels
- Exod.8.2 (verbal): Same plague described — Aaron stretches out his hand and frogs come up and cover the land of Egypt (same event, closely parallel wording).
- Exod.8.3 (verbal): Notes that Pharaoh’s magicians replicated the sign and brought up frogs as well, repeating the detail of frogs infesting houses and objects.
- Ps.78.45 (thematic): Poetic retelling of the Exodus plagues that includes frogs sent against Egypt, echoing the theme of God’s judgments by swarms of creatures.
- Ps.105.30 (thematic): Another historical/psalmic summary of the Exodus miracles that explicitly mentions turning the land into frogs, paralleling the frog-plague motif.
- Rev.16.13 (allusion): Visionary allusion to ‘unclean spirits like frogs’ coming from unclean sources; uses frog imagery evocative of demonic or plague-like agents, echoing the Egyptian plague symbolism.
Alternative generated candidates
- ‘And the Nile will swarm with frogs, and they shall go up and come into your house and into your bedroom and upon your bed and into the houses of your servants and among your people and into your ovens and into your kneading troughs.’
- ‘And the Nile will swarm with frogs, and they will come up and go into your house and your bedchamber and upon your bed, and into the houses of your servants and among your people, and into your ovens and into your kneading troughs.'
Exo.7.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובכה: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- ובעמך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,SUF:2,m,sg
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- עבדיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- יעלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
Parallels
- Exodus 8:3 (verbal): Nearly identical wording describing frogs coming into Pharaoh’s house, bedchamber, upon his people and servants — the immediate parallel within the frog-plague narrative.
- Exodus 8:6 (structural): Narrative continuation: Aaron stretches out his hand and the frogs come up and cover the land, linking the command and the miraculous fulfillment of the frog invasion described in 7:29.
- Psalm 105:30 (thematic): Poetic retelling of the Exodus plagues; Psalm explicitly recalls frogs overrunning the land and entering the rulers’ chambers, echoing the image of frogs invading houses and people.
- Revelation 16:13 (allusion): Late-biblical reuse of frog imagery — 'spirits like frogs' as unclean/demonic agents — alludes to the Exodus plague and its association of frogs with divine judgment and malign influence.
Alternative generated candidates
- ‘And upon you and upon your people and upon all your servants the frogs shall go up.’
- ‘And upon you and upon your people and upon all your servants the frogs shall come up.’
Exo.8.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- במטך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,suff
- על: PREP
- הנהרת: NOUN,m,pl,def
- על: PREP
- היארים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- האגמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- והעל: VERB,hif,impv,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- על: PREP
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 7:19 (verbal): Same command pattern—God tells Moses to use his staff and stretch out his hand over the waters of Egypt—paralleling the action here though producing blood rather than frogs (parallel staff/hand-over-waters motif).
- Exodus 8:7 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel in the same plague cycle: the Egyptian magicians reproduce the frog-plague by their secret arts, highlighting the contest between Yahweh’s signs and the magicians’ imitation.
- Psalm 78:45 (allusion): Poetic retelling of the Egyptian plagues that explicitly lists frogs among the signs sent against Egypt, echoing Exodus’ judgment motif and the frog imagery as divine judgment.
- Psalm 105:30 (allusion): Another liturgical/chronological summary of the exodus events that mentions frogs as one of the plagues, reflecting later Israelite memory and theological interpretation of the Exodus signs.
- Revelation 16:13 (thematic): Uses the image of three unclean spirits 'like frogs' coming out of the mouths of the dragon, beast, and false prophet—an apocalyptic reworking of the frog motif as agents of demonic/judicial disturbance, echoing the plague’s symbolic force.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers, over the canals, and over the pools, and bring up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.'
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers, over the canals, and over the pools, and bring up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.'
Exo.8.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויט: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- מימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ותעל: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הצפרדע: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ותכס: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exod.7.20 (thematic): Another plague worked through Moses/Aaron on Egypt’s waters (the water turned to blood); parallels the motif of miraculous control over Egyptian waters as a judgment sign.
- Exod.8.7 (verbal): States that the Egyptian magicians reproduced the frog-plague by their enchantments—directly parallels the same event and the language of frogs covering the land.
- Psalm 105:30 (allusion): The psalm recounts the Egyptian plagues and explicitly mentions frogs among the judgments, echoing and memorializing the Exodus frog-plague.
- Rev.16:3 (thematic): In the vision of the bowls of wrath the sea/ waters are struck and become deadly; thematically parallels divine judgment enacted upon waters affecting the nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt.
- And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt.
Exo.8.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כן: ADV
- החרטמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בלטיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ויעלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- על: PREP
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 7:11 (verbal): The Egyptian magicians perform by their secret arts in a parallel phrase — they likewise replicate Moses’ sign (staff to serpent), echoing the magicians’ ability to imitate signs by enchantment.
- Exodus 7:22 (verbal): Earlier plague where the magicians also, by their sorceries, turn the river to blood — another explicit instance of the magicians reproducing a plague through their arts.
- Exodus 8:18–19 (structural): Immediate narrative contrast: the magicians cannot replicate the removal of the frogs and admit to Pharaoh that this is 'the finger of God,' showing the limits of their powers after initially imitating the plague.
- Exodus 9:11 (thematic): When boils afflict Egypt the magicians 'could not stand before Moses' — another passage demonstrating that the Egyptian magicians’ powers are ultimately limited and ineffective against God’s plagues.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the magicians did so by their secret arts, and they brought up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.
- And the magicians did likewise by their secret arts, and they brought up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.
Exo.8.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- למשה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולאהרן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- העתירו: VERB,hiph,impv,2,pl
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויסר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg
- ומעמי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
- ואשלחה: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויזבחו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 9:28-29 (verbal): Pharaoh again calls Moses and Aaron and uses the same formula—"entreat the LORD"—and promises to let the people go to sacrifice; closely parallels wording and demand to remove the plague.
- Exodus 12:31-32 (structural): At the end of the plague sequence Pharaoh summons Moses and Aaron and urgently tells them to leave with the people and their flocks—parallel instance of Pharaoh capitulating and sending Israel away to worship/leave Egypt.
- Jonah 3:9-10 (thematic): The city’s leaders call for communal repentance and God relents from bringing planned destruction—thematic parallel of human petition leading to removal/withholding of divine calamity.
- 2 Kings 20:2-6 (thematic): Hezekiah asks Isaiah to plead with the LORD for his life; God listens and alters the threatened punishment—another instance of intercession producing reversal or suspension of divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Pharaoh called Moses and Aaron and said, 'Plead with YHWH to remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people, that they may sacrifice to YHWH.'
- And Pharaoh called Moses and Aaron and said, 'Plead with YHWH, that he remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people that they may sacrifice to YHWH.'
Exo.8.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפרעה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- התפאר: VERB,hitpael,impf,2,m,sg
- עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- למתי: ADV,interrogative
- אעתיר: VERB,hiphil,impf,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- ולעבדיך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ולעמך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- להכרית: PREP+VERB,hiphil,inf
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ומבתיך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- רק: PRT
- ביאר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תשארנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 8:1-4 (structural): The opening instructions and action that produce the plague of frogs (Aaron stretches out his hand); sets the immediate context for Moses' later offer to entreat for their removal.
- Exodus 8:8 (verbal): Pharaoh summons Moses and Aaron to 'entreat the LORD' to take away the frogs — a direct parallel in language and action to Moses' question about when he should entreat.
- Exodus 8:9-12 (structural): The negotiation between Moses and Pharaoh over timing of the plea and the removal of the frogs; mirrors the exchange implicit in 8:5 about when Moses should pray.
- Exodus 9:28-29 (thematic): After the hail, Pharaoh himself asks Moses to entreat the LORD to stop the plague — another instance where Pharaoh requests Moses' intercession, paralleling the dynamic in 8:5.
- Exodus 10:3 (thematic): Moses' rhetorical challenge to Pharaoh, 'How long will you refuse...?' parallels the interrogative stance in 8:5 ('when shall I entreat you?'), both pressing Pharaoh over the crises of the plagues.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to Pharaoh, 'Have the honor over me: When shall I plead for you and for your servants and for your people, to cut off the frogs from you and from your houses? Only in the Nile shall they remain.'
- And Moses said to Pharaoh, 'Set the time for me: When shall I plead for you and for your servants and for your people, to remove the frogs from you and from your houses? Only in the Nile shall they remain.'
Exo.8.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- למחר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כדברך: PREP+NOUN+PRON,2,m,sg
- למען: PREP
- תדע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אין: PART,neg
- כיהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,sg,def+PRON,1,pl
Parallels
- Exod.7.5 (verbal): Uses the same formula of God acting in Egypt “that they may know” the LORD — both assert God’s unique sovereignty expressed through the plagues.
- Exod.9.14 (verbal): Nearly identical wording: God says he will act “that you may know there is none like me in all the earth,” a direct verbal parallel to Exod 8:6’s claim of the LORD’s uniqueness.
- Exod.10.2 (thematic): Continues the Exodus theme that God’s acts in Egypt are intended to make the nations and Israel’s descendants know who the LORD is (instruction to tell future generations).
- Deut.4.35 (verbal): Declares the same theological conclusion — that the LORD is God and there is no other — echoing the claim in Exod 8:6 about there being none like the LORD our God.
- Ps.86.8 (allusion): The psalmic affirmation “There is none like unto thee, O Lord” echoes the language and theological claim of God’s uniqueness found in Exod 8:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said, 'Tomorrow.' And Moses said, 'According to your word, so that you may know that there is none like YHWH our God.'
- And he said, 'Tomorrow.' And he said, 'According to your word, so that you may know that there is none like YHWH our God.'
Exo.8.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וסרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ממך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ומבתיך: PREP,pr,2,m,sg
- ומעבדיך: PREP,pr,2,m,sg
- ומעמך: PREP,pr,2,m,sg
- רק: PRT
- ביאר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תשארנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Exod.8:3-4 (verbal): Immediate context describing the same plague (frogs covering the land, houses, and people); repeats the image and scope found in 8:7.
- Exod.8:13-14 (structural): Continuation of the same episode: Moses prays, the frogs die, and their corpses fill houses and fields—shows the outcome and contrasts with the earlier promise that frogs would remain only in the river.
- Exod.7:20-21 (thematic): First plague (waters turned to blood) similarly affects the Nile and the domestic sphere (houses, drinking water, fish), paralleling the pattern of a river-centered plague impacting Egyptian life.
- Ps.78:45 (allusion): Poetic retelling of the Egyptian plagues that mentions frogs among the judgments God sent on Egypt, echoing the Exodus narrative’s themes and imagery.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the frogs shall depart from you and from your houses and from your servants and from your people; only in the Nile shall they remain.
- ‘And the frogs will depart from you and from your houses and from your servants and from your people; only in the Nile will they remain.’
Exo.8.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואהרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעם: PREP
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויצעק: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- שם: ADV
- לפרעה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.8.9 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: Pharaoh asks Moses and Aaron to entreat the LORD to remove the frogs — complements Exod 8:8’s statement that Moses cried to the LORD about the frogs.
- Exod.9.28 (verbal): Similar pattern and language: after the hail-plague Pharaoh begs Moses to 'pray for me' (or entreat the LORD) to end the judgment, paralleling the request and intercessory role in Exod 8:8.
- Num.12.13 (thematic): Moses intercedes directly with YHWH to remove an affliction (Miriam’s leprosy), mirroring Moses’ role as mediator who prays to have divine judgment reversed or mitigated.
- Jonah 3:9-10 (allusion): Shows the motif of God relenting from calamity in response to intercession/repentance: the people’s prayer and repentance lead YHWH to 'relent' from planned destruction, analogous to God removing the frogs after Moses’ prayer.
- 2 Sam.24:16-17 (thematic): King David’s intercession halts a divinely sent pestilence on Israel — another instance where human prayer to YHWH terminates a plague-like judgment, paralleling Exodus 8:8–12.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried out to YHWH concerning the matter of the frogs that he had set upon Pharaoh.
- And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried out to YHWH concerning the frogs that he had set upon Pharaoh.
Exo.8.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימתו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- הצפרדעים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- מן: PREP
- הבתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- מן: PREP
- החצרת: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- השדת: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 7:21 (verbal): Like the frogs here, the earlier plague of turning the Nile to blood culminates in the death of creatures (the fish); both lines describe God’s sovereign judgment on the environment and its living things.
- Exodus 8:11 (structural): Immediate literary parallel within the same episode: the Egyptian magicians acknowledge and reproduce the frog plague earlier but are unable to remove or control it—underscoring Yahweh’s unique power over the plague’s coming and going.
- Psalm 78:45 (allusion): The psalm retells Israel’s history and lists the plagues God sent on Egypt (including frogs), echoing the Exodus account and framing the frog-plague as part of Yahweh’s saving and judging acts.
- Psalm 105:30 (allusion): Another liturgical retelling of the Exodus plagues; the psalm mentions frogs among the judgments God sent on Egypt, paralleling the narrative detail and theological purpose of Exodus’s account.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died—from the houses, from the courtyards, and from the fields.
- And YHWH did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courtyards, and out of the fields.
Exo.8.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצברו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- חמרם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3mp
- חמרם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3mp
- ותבאש: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 8:2-14 (structural): Same episode (the plague of frogs): the narrative describes the inundation and its removal and explains the aftermath when frogs were heaped and the land became foul.
- Psalm 78:45-51 (thematic): A poetic retelling of the Egyptian plagues that mentions frogs and the devastation they brought—parallels the motif of divine plagues and their offensive aftermath.
- Psalm 105:30-31 (verbal): Recalls God’s wonders in Egypt, including frogs in their borders; echoes the Exodus tradition of miraculous infestations and their impact on the land.
- 1 Samuel 5:6-12 (thematic): When the Philistines are struck after seizing the ark (tumors/plague of mice), the land and people suffer contagion and uncleanness—a related motif of overwhelming, land‑wide affliction following divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they piled them in heaps upon heaps, and the land reeked.
- And they piled them up, heaps upon heaps, and the land stank.
Exo.8.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- היתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הרוחה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והכבד: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- לבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כאשר: CONJ
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.8.15 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the plague narrative: Pharaoh again 'hardened his heart' after a respite, repeating the same verb and pattern as 8:11.
- Exod.4.21 (verbal): God’s prior declaration that He will 'harden Pharaoh's heart' (uses same motif/terminology), framing the subsequent hardening episodes like 8:11.
- Exod.9.12 (verbal): Later statement in the narrative that 'the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart,' making explicit divine action in the same hardening theme found in 8:11.
- Rom.9:17-18 (allusion): Paul cites the Exodus hardening (including Pharaoh) to reflect on divine sovereignty — he alludes to the same event and theological meaning behind Pharaoh's hardened heart.
- Isa.6:9-10 (thematic): Isaiah's commissioning language about making a people 'heartless' and unresponsive echoes the motif of judicial hardening and spiritual unresponsiveness present in Exod.8:11.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Pharaoh saw that there was relief, and he made his heart heavy and did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken.
- And Pharaoh saw that there was relief, and he made his heart heavy, and he did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken.
Exo.8.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מטך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- והך: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לכנם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 8:16-19 (verbal): Immediate narrative continuation: Aaron stretches out his rod and strikes the dust, which becomes lice/gnats; the Egyptian magicians fail to reproduce the sign (same action and result).
- Exodus 7:19-20 (structural): Parallel pattern of Moses/Aaron stretching out the rod to bring a plague (here the waters turned to blood); similar use of the rod as divine instrument to afflict Egypt.
- Exodus 9:8-11 (thematic): Another plague produced by material from the earth (ashes) thrown into the air to cause boils—comparable motif of God using earth/dust as the medium of affliction through Moses/Aaron.
- Psalm 105:30-31 (quotation): Liturgical/psalmic summary of the Egyptian plagues that explicitly mentions flies and lice — a later biblical retelling/allusion to the lice plague of Exodus.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your staff and strike the dust of the land, and it shall become gnats in all the land of Egypt.'
- And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your staff and strike the dust of the earth, and it shall become gnats in all the land of Egypt.'
Exo.8.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כן: ADV
- ויט: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- במטהו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,m
- ויך: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הכנם: NOUN,m,pl,def
- באדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובבהמה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- כל: DET
- עפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כנים: ADJ,m,pl
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 8:16-19 (verbal): The immediate parallel account of the same plague: God (through Moses/Aaron) strikes the dust and it becomes lice/gnats throughout Egypt — essentially the same wording and action.
- Psalm 78:43-45 (thematic): Psalm retells the Exodus plagues, including God sending swarms of flies/gnats among Egypt; parallels the motif of small pests sent by God to afflict the people and animals.
- Psalm 105:29-30 (thematic): Another liturgical retelling of the plagues that speaks of God sending swarms/flies among the Egyptians — echoes the use of biting/infesting pests as divine judgment in the Exodus tradition.
- 1 Samuel 5:6-7; 6:3-5 (thematic): When the ark is among the Philistines they are struck with tumors and plagued by mice/rats; a thematically parallel instance of God inflicting pestilence/creeping pests on a people as punishment.
- Deuteronomy 28:27-28 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses where God threatens diseases and infestations (the 'botch of Egypt,' emerods, scab, itch); conceptually parallels the Exodus plague as divine-inflicted bodily affliction linked to Egypt.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his staff and struck the dust of the earth, and the gnats were on man and on beast; all the dust of the land became gnats in all the land of Egypt.
- And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his staff and struck the dust of the earth, and it became gnats on man and on beast; all the dust of the earth became gnats in all the land of Egypt.
Exo.8.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כן: ADV
- החרטמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- בלטיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- להוציא: VERB,hiph,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- הכנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ולא: CONJ
- יכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הכנם: NOUN,m,pl,def
- באדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובבהמה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 8:16–17 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel: Aaron strikes the dust and the gnats arise (the act that produces the plague described in 8:14).
- Exodus 8:19 (verbal): Direct follow-up: the Egyptian magicians admit their failure and declare 'This is the finger of God,' underscoring that the gnats could not be produced by their arts.
- Exodus 8:4–7 (thematic): Earlier in the sequence of plagues the Egyptian magicians do reproduce frogs by their secret arts, providing a contrast to their inability to produce the gnats.
- Exodus 7:11–12 (thematic): Earlier confrontation where Pharaoh’s magicians replicate some signs (staffs to serpents), highlighting the differing limits of their power compared with God’s acts (they fail with the gnats).
- Psalm 78:45 (allusion): Poetic retelling of the Egyptian plagues; verses like this recall God sending swarms among Egypt, thematically echoing the plague of gnats/flies upon people and animals.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the magicians did so by their secret arts to bring forth the gnats, and they could not; and the gnats were on man and on beast.
- And the magicians did likewise by their secret arts to bring forth the gnats, but they could not; and there were gnats on man and on beast.
Exo.8.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- החרטמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אל: NEG
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אצבע: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ויחזק: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כאשר: CONJ
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 4:21 (thematic): God announces beforehand that he will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that he will not let the people go — same theological motif of divine hardening found in 8:15.
- Exodus 7:3-5 (thematic): God declares he will harden Pharaoh’s heart and perform signs and wonders in Egypt so that his name may be proclaimed — frames the hardening language and purpose echoed in 8:15.
- Exodus 9:12 (verbal): A near-verbatim recurrence: ‘the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he hearkened not unto them,’ repeating the same wording and narrative result found in 8:15.
- Luke 11:20 (verbal): Jesus speaks of exorcisms done ‘by the finger of God,’ using the same idiom as the magicians’ declaration in 8:15 that the plague is the ‘finger of God.’
- Romans 9:17-18 (allusion): Paul cites the raising up and hardening of Pharaoh as divine action (’whom he will he hardeneth’), treating Exodus’ hardening language theologically — an interpretive echo of 8:15’s divine hardening motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the magicians said to Pharaoh, 'It is the finger of God.' But Pharaoh’s heart stiffened, and he did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken.
- And the magicians said to Pharaoh, 'It is the finger of God.' But Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken.
And seven days were fulfilled after YHWH struck the Nile. And YHWH said to Moses, 'Go to Pharaoh and say to him, “Thus says YHWH: Send my people, that they may serve me.”'
‘And if you refuse to send, look, I am striking your whole territory with frogs.’
‘And the Nile will swarm with frogs, and they shall go up and come into your house and into your bedchamber and upon your bed, and into the house of your servants and among your people, and into your ovens and into your kneading bowls.’
‘And upon you and upon your people and upon all your servants the frogs shall go up.’ And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your hand with your staff over the rivers, over the canals, and over the pools, and bring up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.' And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and covered the land of Egypt. And the magicians did likewise by their secret arts, and they brought up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.
Then Pharaoh called to Moses and to Aaron and said, 'Plead with YHWH that he remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people, that they may sacrifice to YHWH.' And Moses said to Pharaoh, 'Set the time for me: when shall I plead for you and for your servants and for your people, to cut off the frogs from you and from your houses? Only in the Nile shall they remain.' And he said, 'Tomorrow.' And he said, 'According to your word, so that you may know that there is none like YHWH our God.'
‘And the frogs shall turn away from you and from your houses and from your servants and from your people; only in the Nile shall they remain.’ And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried out to YHWH about the matter of the frogs that he had set upon Pharaoh. And YHWH did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died, from the houses, from the courtyards, and from the fields. And they piled them in heaps upon heaps, and the land reeked. And when Pharaoh saw that there was relief, he made his heart heavy and did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken. And YHWH said to Moses, 'Say to Aaron: Stretch out your staff and strike the dust of the earth, and it shall become gnats throughout all the land of Egypt.' And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his staff and struck the dust of the earth, and it became gnats on man and on beast. All the dust of the earth became gnats throughout all the land of Egypt. And the magicians did likewise by their secret arts to bring forth the gnats, but they could not; and the gnats were on man and on beast. And the magicians said to Pharaoh, 'It is the finger of God.' But Pharaoh’s heart was stiffened, and he did not listen to them, as YHWH had spoken.