Babylon's Doom and the Day of the Lord
Isaiah 13:1-14:23
Isa.13.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- חזה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישעיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמוץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 15:1 (structural): Uses the same prophetic heading מַשָּׂא ("oracle/burden") — an introductory formula in Isaiah for an oracle against a foreign nation (here: Moab), showing the book's pattern of oracles against nations.
- Isaiah 21:1 (structural): Another Isaiah opening that begins with מַשָּׂא ("oracle") for a non‑Israelite setting (the desert/watch/Sea), paralleling the genre and editorial rubric of 13:1.
- Jeremiah 50:1 (verbal): Jeremiah likewise introduces a prophetic word concerning Babylon ("The word that the Lord spoke concerning Babylon"), providing a direct parallel in theme and formula for an oracle against Babylon in the prophetic corpus.
- Psalm 137:1 (thematic): Though not an oracle heading, this exile lament invokes Babylon as the setting of Israel’s suffering ("By the rivers of Babylon"), thematically linked to Isaiah 13’s focus on Babylon’s role in Israel’s history and divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- A burden concerning Babylon that Isaiah son of Amoz saw.
- The oracle concerning Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw.
Isa.13.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- הר: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- נשפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- נס: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- הרימו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- הניפו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- פתחי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- נדיבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 5:26 (verbal): Uses near-identical imagery—'raise a banner/standard to the nations' and a summons from afar—parallel language and intent to call forces from the heights.
- Jeremiah 51:27-28 (verbal): Commands to 'set up a standard' and 'blow the trumpet among the nations' to muster peoples against a city (Babylon); closely parallels the call-to-arms motif and phrasing.
- Isaiah 18:3-4 (allusion): Speaks of a signal/banner on the mountains and swift envoys—similar mountain-signal imagery and expectation that messengers will come quickly in response.
- Joel 3:9-10 (Joel 4:9-10 in some Bibles) (thematic): A public proclamation to the nations to prepare for battle—matches the verse's summons to lift a signal and gather nations, stressing mobilization and judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Raise a signal on the bare hill; blow the trumpet—lift a banner on the watchtower; shout to them, wave the hand, come to the gates of the nobles.
- On the bare hill, blow the trumpet; raise the signal, call to them; lift up the hand—let them enter the gates of the nobles.
Isa.13.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- צויתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- למקדשי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1s
- גם: ADV
- קראתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- גבורי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- לאפי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- עליזי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1s
- גאותי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:1s
Parallels
- Joel 2:11 (thematic): God marshals a great divine host for the day of his anger—'the LORD before his army'—echoing Isaiah's summons of his mighty ones to execute divine wrath.
- Joel 3:9–12 (thematic): A call to summon nations and prepare for battle; like Isaiah 13:3 it frames God as calling warriors and nations before him for judgment.
- Isaiah 34:2–4 (verbal): Parallel imagery and vocabulary of divine wrath against the nations and the mobilization of heavenly hosts; Isaiah 34 reprises themes and language found in ch.13 about God calling forth his forces.
- Psalm 68:17 (allusion): The 'chariots of God' and the assembly of divine hosts recall the picture of God's summoned warriors—an ancient motif of God accompanied by a martial retinue.
- Revelation 19:14 (allusion): The heavenly armies following the Lord on white horses echo the motif of God calling forth mighty ones to execute judgment, a New Testament fulfillmental image of Isaiah's summons.
Alternative generated candidates
- I have commanded my consecrated ones; I have summoned my warriors for my wrath—those who exult in my pride.
- I have commanded my consecrated ones; I have summoned my warriors for my wrath—my exultant, my proud ones.
Isa.13.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בהרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- דמות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- קול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ממלכות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נאספים: VERB,niphal,part,3,m,pl
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מפקד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צבא: NOUN,m,sg,const
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 2:1-2 (thematic): Kings and peoples assemble and 'take counsel' against the LORD and his anointed—parallel theme of nations rising together against divine authority and the commotion of many peoples.
- Psalm 46:6 (verbal): 'The nations raged, the kingdoms were moved' echoes the image of tumult among nations and kingdoms found in Isaiah 13:4.
- Joel 2:11 (verbal): Describes the LORD's voice going before his vast army and an overwhelming invading host—parallels Isaiah's depiction of the LORD of hosts mustering troops.
- Joel 3:9-11 (or Joel 4:9-11 MT) (thematic): A call to proclaim among the nations and 'prepare war'; imagery of nations being summoned and readied for battle resonates with Isaiah's assembled multitudes.
- Zechariah 14:2 (verbal): 'I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle'—directly parallels the motif of nations being gathered together for conflict under divine purposes.
Alternative generated candidates
- A sound of a multitude on the mountains—like the roar of many peoples; the tumult of kingdoms, of nations gathering together. The LORD of hosts musters an army for battle.
- The sound of a multitude on the mountains—like the roar of many peoples; the tumult of kingdoms—nations gather: the LORD of hosts musters a host for battle.
Isa.13.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- באים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מרחק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וכלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- זעמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- לחבל: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (thematic): God raises up a foreign power as an instrument of his anger—language of sending an agent/tool of divine wrath to punish the nations parallels “the LORD and the weapons of his indignation.”
- Ezekiel 38:15 (thematic): An invading force coming from the far reaches/uttermost parts of the earth—both texts stress an enemy coming from a distant land to bring judgment.
- Joel 2:1-11 (structural): Description of a vast, invading army and the day of the LORD coming like a force from afar; shares imagery of a coming, overwhelming military judgment.
- Habakkuk 1:6-7 (verbal): God’s raising up the Chaldeans/Chaldean cavalry “from far away” who act as agents of destruction—close parallel in motif of a distant people summoned to execute divine judgment.
- Nahum 1:5-6 (thematic): Theophanic/judicial language of God’s presence causing cosmic disturbance as he comes to punish; parallels the idea of the LORD coming with instruments of wrath to lay waste.
Alternative generated candidates
- They come from a distant land, from the uttermost parts of the heavens: the LORD and the instruments of his wrath, to destroy the whole earth.
- They come from a far country, from the end of the heavens—the LORD and the instruments of his wrath—to shatter the whole earth.
Isa.13.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הילילו: VERB,piel,imp,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- קרוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כשד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משדי: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Joel 1:15 (verbal): Almost identical wording—'Alas for the day! for the day of the LORD is at hand; it shall come as destruction from the Almighty'—a close verbal parallel about the imminent Day of the LORD.
- Zephaniah 1:14 (verbal): Declares 'the great day of the LORD is near' and portrays it as a coming time of distress and judgment, echoing Isaiah's announcement of the Lord's near day.
- Amos 5:18 (thematic): Speaks of the 'day of the LORD' as a decisive, catastrophic day—here used polemically—but shares the theme of the Day as impending divine judgment.
- Isaiah 2:12 (structural): Within Isaiah itself this verse announces that 'the day of the LORD of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud,' showing the recurring structural theme of an imminent Day of the LORD bringing judgment.
- Nahum 1:2 (thematic): Portrays God as a jealous, avenging, and destructive Mighty One; thematically parallels Isaiah's depiction of the Day coming 'as destruction from the Almighty.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Wail, for the day of the LORD is near; it will come as ruin from the Almighty.
- Howl, for the day of the LORD is near; it will come as devastation from the Almighty.
Isa.13.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- כל: DET
- ידים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תרפינה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- לבב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אנוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימס: VERB,qal,impf,3,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:8 (structural): Immediate continuation of the oracle against Babylon — repeats the motif of fear, faint hands and melted hearts as part of the same prophetic unit.
- Jeremiah 4:19 (thematic): Expresses the prophet’s inward agony with language of the heart melting and intense emotional distress in the face of judgment.
- Habakkuk 3:16 (thematic): Describes a bodily and emotional collapse (trembling, quaking, anguish) at the coming divine judgment, echoing the image of fear causing physical fainting.
- Luke 21:26 (verbal): New Testament apocalyptic teaching uses the phrase 'hearts failing them for fear' to describe people's reaction to end‑time upheaval, echoing Isaiah’s language of hearts melting.
- Revelation 6:15–17 (thematic): Apocalyptic scene in which rulers and people are terrified and seek to hide from the Lamb’s wrath — parallels Isaiah’s picture of universal fear and collapse at divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore all hands will be feeble and every man’s heart will melt.
- Therefore all hands will be feeble, and every human heart will melt.
Isa.13.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונבהלו: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- צירים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וחבלים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יאחזון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- כיולדה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יחילון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- רעהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- יתמהו: VERB,hithpael,impf,3,m,pl
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- להבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- פניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jer.30:6-7 (verbal): Uses the same childbirth/travail imagery and the motif of people turning to one another with pale/amazed faces in a day of great distress—closely parallels Isaiah’s ‘pangs as a woman in travail’ and terrified faces.
- Nahum 2:10 (verbal): Describes melting hearts, weak knees, great pain and faces darkened—language and physiological reactions to sudden devastation echo Isaiah’s depiction of panic and faces like flames.
- Jer.4:31 (thematic): Speaks of a voice as of a woman in travail and the anguish of birth as an image of national catastrophe, paralleling Isaiah’s use of labour-pang imagery for overwhelming terror.
- Micah 4:10 (verbal): Directly employs the simile ‘like a woman in travail’ to describe Zion’s anguish at coming judgment, echoing Isaiah’s childbirth metaphor for distress and collapse.
Alternative generated candidates
- They will be terrified—pains and anguish will seize them; they will writhe like a woman in labor; each will look at his companion, their faces will be like flames.
- They will writhe in terror; pangs and anguish will seize them—they will be in pain like a woman in labor; one will be astonished at another, their faces aflame.
Isa.13.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אכזרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ועברה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וחרון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אף: ADV
- לשום: VERB,qal,inf
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לשמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וחטאיה: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3f
- ישמיד: VERB,hif,impf,3,m,sg
- ממנה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Joel 2:11 (verbal): Uses the phrase 'the day of the LORD' as a terrible, powerful visitation; depicts Yahweh's coming judgment with fury—language closely parallel to Isa 13:9.
- Zephaniah 1:14-18 (verbal): Announces the 'great day of the LORD' as a day of wrath, distress, and desolation—echoes Isa 13:9's portrayal of divine cruelty and land-wide destruction.
- Nahum 1:2-3 (thematic): Emphasizes the LORD's jealous, avenging nature and consuming anger against nations; thematically parallels Isa 13:9's focus on fierce divine wrath and destruction.
- Amos 5:18-20 (thematic): Warns that the 'day of the LORD' will be a day of darkness and judgment rather than deliverance—relates to Isa 13:9's announcement of a terrifying, punitive day for sinners.
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, the day of the LORD comes, cruel, with wrath and fierce anger, to make the land a desolation and to destroy its sinners from it.
- Behold, the day of the LORD comes—cruel, with wrath and fierce anger—to lay the land waste and to cut off its sinners from it.
Isa.13.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- כוכבי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וכסיליהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- יהלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- בצאתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- וירח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יגיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אורו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 32:7-8 (verbal): Speaks of blotting out the heavens, darkening the stars, covering the sun with a cloud and the moon not giving light—language closely parallels Isaiah’s celestial darkening imagery.
- Joel 2:31 (thematic): Declares the sun be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the day of the LORD—shares the apocalyptic ‘signs in sun, moon, stars’ motif with Isa 13:10.
- Amos 8:9 (thematic): “I will make the sun go down at noon and darken the earth in broad daylight” —a judicial darkening of the sun comparable to Isaiah’s portrayal of cosmic disorder as judgment.
- Revelation 6:12 (allusion): When the sixth seal is opened the sun becomes black and the moon like blood—an explicitly apocalyptic NT echo of OT prophetic imagery (including Isaiah 13) of celestial signs accompanying divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the stars of the heavens and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be dark at its rising and the moon will not shed its light.
- For the stars of the heavens and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be dark at its rising, and the moon will not shed its light.
Isa.13.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופקדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- על: PREP
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- רשעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עונם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- והשבתי: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,com,sg
- גאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זדים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וגאות: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עריצים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשפיל: VERB,qal,impf,1,com,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:11-12 (verbal): Both verses use similar language about the lofty being humbled and the Lord alone being exalted—Isa.13:11’s promise to abase the proud echoes Isa.2’s image of humbling human arrogance.
- Jeremiah 50:31 (allusion): A contemporaneous oracle against Babylon that explicitly declares God is against the proud—paralleling Isa.13’s threat to punish the arrogant power of the nations.
- Obadiah 1:3-4 (verbal): Obadiah condemns Edom’s pride and predicts its fall (‘the pride of your heart…you will be brought down’), reflecting Isa.13:11’s theme of humbling the haughty.
- Nahum 1:2-3 (thematic): Nahum proclaims the LORD’s vengeance against the wicked and his power to punish the arrogant—aligning with Isa.13:11’s emphasis on divine retribution for evil and pride.
- Psalm 75:6-7 (thematic): These verses affirm that God brings down the proud and lifts up the lowly—a theological parallel to Isa.13:11’s promise to abase the haughtiness of the mighty.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will punish the world for its evil and the wicked for their iniquity; I will put an end to the arrogance of the proud, and abase the arrogance of tyrants.
- I will punish the earth for its evil and the wicked for their iniquity; I will put an end to the arrogance of the proud and abase the pride of the tyrants.
Isa.13.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אוקיר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אנוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מפז: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואדם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מכתם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אופיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Job 28:15-16 (thematic): Job contrasts the pricelessness of wisdom with the gold of Ophir—similar language valuing something (here wisdom/man) as surpassing Ophir gold.
- Proverbs 8:10-11 (thematic): Proverbs places wisdom above silver and choice gold, echoing the theme of valuing what is truly precious more highly than gold.
- Psalm 49:8-9 (thematic): Speaks of the cost/preciousness of a soul's redemption—parallels Isaiah’s assertion that human life is more valuable than gold.
- 1 Kings 10:11 (verbal): Mentions the ‘gold of Ophir’ as a standard of fine gold; provides the same concrete image Isaiah uses to contrast human value with Ophir gold.
- 1 Peter 1:18-19 (thematic): Declares believers were not redeemed with perishable silver or gold but with precious (Christ’s) blood—theological echo of human worth exceeding gold.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will make mortal man rarer than fine gold and mankind than the gold of Ophir.
- I will make mankind rarer than fine gold and human beings than the gold of Ophir.
Isa.13.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- כן: ADV
- שמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ארגיז: VERB,hiph,impf,1,_,sg
- ותרעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ממקומה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- בעברת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אפו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff3ms
Parallels
- Haggai 2:6 (verbal): Uses the same language of God 'shaking the heavens and the earth'—a near verbal parallel to Isaiah's motif of cosmic disturbance by Yahweh.
- Hebrews 12:26-27 (quotation): The New Testament explicitly cites the 'once more I will shake' tradition (citing Haggai) and applies the shaking of heaven and earth to God's final judgment—echoing Isaiah's day of God's fierce anger.
- Psalm 18:7-8 (18:8-9 MT) (verbal): Describes the earth shaking and the foundations of the hills moved because of the LORD's wrath—similar imagery linking divine anger to cosmic trembling.
- Isaiah 24:19-20 (thematic): Isaiah elsewhere depicts the earth reeling and being overturned under Yahweh's judgment; this passage develops the same theme of global disruption in the day of the LORD.
- Joel 2:10 (thematic): In the prophetic 'day of the LORD' tradition Joel speaks of the earth quaking and the heavens trembling—parallel apocalyptic language for divine wrath and cosmic disturbance.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore I will shake the heavens and the earth will move out of its place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts and in the day of his fierce anger.
- Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall be moved from its place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts and in the day of his fierce anger.
Isa.13.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כצבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מדח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- וכצאן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- מקבץ: VERB,qal,ptcp,ms
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יפנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ארצו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,ms
- ינוסו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Jeremiah 50:16-17 (thematic): Oracle against Babylon that depicts utter rout, dispersion and the inability of people to gather—paralleling Isaiah's image of hunted flocks and a people scattered and fleeing.
- Jeremiah 51:6 (verbal): A direct exhortation to 'flee out of the midst of Babylon'—echoing Isaiah's motif of individuals fleeing to their own lands for safety.
- Ezekiel 12:15 (thematic): Prophetic promise to 'scatter them among the nations' and cause dispersion — similar theme of dislocation and people turning away to their own places.
- Nahum 2:10-13 (thematic): Graphic portrayal of rout and desolation—cities emptied, people fleeing and shame brought upon the nation—resonant with Isaiah's hunted/abandoned imagery.
- Isaiah 34:6-8 (thematic): Passage depicting divine slaughter and complete devastation of a nation so that no one gathers the dead—paralleling the desolate, abandoned scene of Isa.13:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it shall be as when a hunted roe runs away, and as sheep that no one gathers; each man shall turn to his own people and flee to his own land.
- Like a hunted gazelle, like sheep—no one will gather them; every man will turn to his own people and flee to his own land.
Isa.13.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- הנמצא: PART,nif,ptc,ms,sg,def
- ידקר: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הנספה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יפול: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 34:5-7 (verbal): Both passages portray the LORD’s sword and blood‑filled slaughter—language of sword, slain, and divine execution closely parallels Isa 13:15’s image of those found being struck down.
- Joel 3:12-16 (thematic): Joel depicts the ‘valley of decision’ where multitudes are put to the sword and the LORD judges the nations—a parallel theme of decisive, inescapable judgment by the sword.
- Zephaniah 1:13-18 (thematic): Zephaniah describes the day of the LORD when people cannot escape wrath—sudden, comprehensive destruction and the impossibility of refuge echo Isa 13:15’s ‘whoever is found… will fall by the sword.’
- Nahum 3:1-7 (thematic): Nahum’s oracle against a great city (Nineveh) pictures total overthrow, stripping and slaughter; the imagery of a metropolis cut down with no deliverance parallels the fate declared for Babylon in Isa 13:15.
- Revelation 18:8 (allusion): Revelation’s judgment on Babylon borrows OT language of sudden, total ruin—‘her plagues will come in one day’—alluding to prophetic Babylon oracles (including Isa 13) that depict people falling and no escape.
Alternative generated candidates
- Everyone who is found will be pierced through; and everyone who is captured will fall by the sword.
- Whoever is found will be pierced through; whoever is caught will fall by the sword.
Isa.13.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועלליהם: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ירטשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לעיניהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ישסו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בתיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ונשיהם: NOUN,f,pl,prsuf
- תשכבנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Nahum 3:10 (verbal): Uses the same violent wording — “her young children were dashed in pieces” — describing slaughter of infants in the streets, directly echoing Isaiah’s imagery of children killed before the eyes of their parents.
- Hosea 13:16 (verbal): Parallel phrasing and theme: infants dashed in pieces and pregnant women torn open — similar language and the motif of brutal punishment of a city/people for rebellion.
- Lamentations 4:10 (thematic): Depicts siege-era atrocities against children (mothers boiling/eating their own children); resonates thematically with Isaiah’s picture of extreme wartime violence and the breaking of families.
- Deuteronomy 28:53–57 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses describing siege horrors — famine, cannibalism, and the violation/seizure of family members — thematically parallels Isaiah’s account of houses plundered and wives violated.
Alternative generated candidates
- Their children will be dashed in pieces before their eyes; their houses will be plundered and their wives violated.
- Their children will be dashed in pieces before their eyes; their houses will be plundered, and their wives violated.
Isa.13.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- מעיר: PREP
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מדי: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יחשבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- וזהב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יחפצו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:11 (verbal): Explicitly attributes the overthrow of Babylon to God raising up the Medes ('the spirit of the kings of the Medes'), closely echoing Isaiah's announcement that God will 'stir up the Medes'.
- Jeremiah 50:9 (thematic): Speaks of God raising an assembly from the north against Babylon (the Medes among them), paralleling Isaiah's theme of foreign nations sent as God's instrument of judgment against Babylon.
- Daniel 5:28 (thematic): Daniel's judgment on Belshazzar—'Your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians'—reflects the historic fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy that the Medes would be the conquerors.
- Daniel 5:30-31 (allusion): Narrates Babylon's fall and the transfer of power to the Medes/Persians (and Darius the Mede), serving as a narrative fulfillment/allusion to Isaiah's prediction of the Medes' role in Babylon's destruction.
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (structural): Immediate context within the same oracle expands on Babylon's devastation and plunder; these verses continue the same motif of conquest and desolation introduced in v.17 (the Medes as agents of ruin).
Alternative generated candidates
- Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, who make no account of silver and do not delight in gold.
- Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them—who have no regard for silver and take no delight in gold.
Isa.13.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וקשתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תרטשנה: VERB,qal,imprf,3,f,pl
- ופרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בטן: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- ירחמו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תחוס: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- עינם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+pron,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:16 (structural): Same oracle against Babylon immediately earlier in the chapter: explicitly says children will be dashed to pieces before their eyes, using the same theme of merciless slaughter of the young.
- Psalm 137:9 (verbal): Uses stark, violent language about dashing infants ('Happy shall he be... who dashes thy little ones'), paralleling the imagery of no mercy toward children in Isaiah 13:18.
- Deuteronomy 28:56-57 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses describing siege and famine when even the most tender mother 'will not have compassion on the son or daughter she bears,' resonating with the idea that there will be no mercy for infants.
- Ezekiel 9:6 (thematic): God's executioners are commanded to slaughter 'old and young, little children and women' without pity—comparable language of indiscriminate, merciless killing of the young.
Alternative generated candidates
- Their bows will dash the young men to pieces, and they will have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eye will not spare infants.
- Their bows will dash the young men in pieces; they will show no mercy to the fruit of the womb; their eye will not pity children.
Isa.13.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- צבי: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- ממלכות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
- תפארת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גאון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כשדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כמהפכת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- עמרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 19:24 (allusion): Narrative account of God overthrowing Sodom and Gomorrah (fire and brimstone) — the concrete event Isaiah invokes as the model for Babylon’s destruction.
- Deuteronomy 29:23 (verbal): Uses the same comparative formula (“as the LORD overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah…”) to describe utter desolation, closely paralleling Isaiah’s language and trope.
- Amos 4:11 (thematic): God’s overthrow of cities like Sodom and Gomorrah is cited as precedent for divine punishment of nations — a thematic parallel to Babylon’s fate in Isaiah.
- Ezekiel 16:49–50 (allusion): Describes Sodom’s guilt and Yahweh’s judgment and explicitly compares another city’s fate to Sodom, supplying moral/ethical reasons and background for the Sodom-analogy Isaiah employs.
- Luke 17:29 (thematic): Jesus cites the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as the paradigm of sudden, decisive judgment — a New Testament echo of the same typology Isaiah applies to Babylon.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the splendour and pride of the Chaldeans, will be like when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.
- Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldeans’ pride, will be like when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.
Isa.13.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשב: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לנצח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תשכן: VERB,qal,imprf,3,f,sg
- עד: PREP
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יהל: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- ערבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורעים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ירבצו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): On Babylon: 'Babylon shall become heaps... without an inhabitant' — closely parallels Isaiah's declaration that the city will not be lived in and will be void of people.
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (thematic): Uses the same desolation motif — human absence and occupation by desert/wild animals — echoing the prophecy that no Arabs or shepherds will shelter there.
- Nahum 2:10–13 (thematic): Describes an enemy city laid waste and emptied of inhabitants (Nineveh), with imagery of desolation and animals taking the place of people, paralleling Isaiah's ruined-city tableau.
- Ezekiel 26:20–21 (thematic): Prophecy against a coastal city (Tyre) rendered a desolation and uninhabited — similar language and consequence: no more human dwelling, city given over to desolation.
- Leviticus 26:32–33 (allusion): Covenantal curse that the land will be made desolate and its people scattered so it will not be inhabited — an earlier legal/theological basis for prophetic images of perpetual desolation.
Alternative generated candidates
- It will never be inhabited nor lived in from generation to generation; nor will Arab pitch tent there, nor will shepherds make their flocks lie down there.
- It shall not be inhabited forever; it shall not be lived in from generation to generation; no Arab will pitch his tent there, no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there.
Isa.13.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ורבצו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
- ציים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומלאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בתיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- אחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושכנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
- בנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יענה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ושעירים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ירקדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 34:14 (verbal): Repeats the catalogue of desert/unclean creatures (se'irim/satyrs, owls, porcupines/etc.) in a prophecy of desolation—close verbal and thematic echo of Isa.13:21.
- Jeremiah 51:37 (thematic): Speaks of Babylon becoming a haunt for wild creatures and a desolate dwelling—same motif of ruined cities inhabited by animals.
- Psalm 102:6 (verbal): Uses similar bird/desert imagery (‘pelican/ostrich/owl of the desert’) to depict ruin and desolation, echoing Isa.13:21’s animal motifs.
- Job 30:29 (verbal): Mentions kinship with ‘dragons’/‘owls’ in exile language—uses the same wild-creature imagery to convey isolation and ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- But wild beasts will lie there, and their houses will be full of owls; ostriches will dwell there and there the shaggy goats will dance.
- Wild animals shall lie there; their houses shall be full of owls; ostriches shall dwell there, and wild goats shall dance there.
Isa.13.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וענה: CONJ+PN,m,sg,abs
- איים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באלמנותיו: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+3ms
- ותנים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בהיכלי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ענג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקרוב: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- לבוא: VERB,qal,inf
- עתה: ADV
- וימיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- ימשכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:21 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same oracle: identical roster of desert creatures (wild beasts, satyrs, owls) inhabiting the ruined city — same language of desolation.
- Isaiah 34:13-15 (verbal): Very close verbal and thematic correspondence: Isaiah 34 uses the same catalogue of animals (wild beasts, hyenas/satyrs, owls) to portray complete desolation and divine judgment.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (thematic): Prophecy against Babylon that likewise depicts the city given over to desert creatures (hyenas, wild beasts, ostriches) as the sign of irrevocable ruin and abandonment.
- Jeremiah 51:37 (verbal): Parallel depiction of Babylon turned into a haunt for wild animals/‘dragons’ (jackals) and a desolate, uninhabited place — echoing the motif of permanent desolation in Isaiah 13:22.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hyenas shall cry in its palaces and dogs in its pleasant places; her time is near to come, and her days will not be prolonged.
- There wild beasts will meet hyenas, and satyrs will call to one another; its time is near to come, and its days will not be prolonged.
Isa.14.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- ירחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובחר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והניחם: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- אדמתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss,3,m,pl
- ונלוה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הגר: NOUN,f,sg,def,prop
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ונספחו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezek.39:25 (verbal): Both texts speak of God’s mercy toward Jacob/Israel and the restoration of their fortunes—language of bringing back the exiles and showing compassion echoes Isaiah 14:1.
- Jer.31:1 (thematic): Jeremiah likewise emphasizes the LORD’s compassion and renewed relationship with Israel (‘I will be the God of all the families of Israel’), echoing the theme of divine pity and choice.
- Isa.56:6-8 (allusion): Isaiah 56 explicitly promises that foreigners who join themselves to the LORD will be gathered to God’s people and land, directly paralleling ‘the stranger shall be joined with them.’
- Lev.19:34 (structural): The law’s instruction to treat the resident foreigner as a native provides a covenantal/communal precedent for strangers being attached to the house of Israel as stated in Isaiah 14:1.
- Ps.147:2-3 (thematic): The psalm celebrates God’s gathering of Israel’s outcasts and healing of the brokenhearted—themes of restoration and compassionate care that mirror Isaiah’s promise of mercy and settlement in the land.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the LORD will have compassion on Jacob and will again choose Israel, and set them in their own land; and strangers shall be joined with them and cling to the house of Jacob.
- For the LORD will have compassion on Jacob and will again choose Israel; he will set them in their own land, and the sojourner will join them and cling to the house of Jacob.
Isa.14.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקחום: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- והביאום: CONJ+VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- מקומם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON:3,m,pl
- והתנחלום: CONJ+VERB,hitp,impf,3,m,pl
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- אדמת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לעבדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולשפחות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שבים: VERB,qal,ptc,2,m,pl
- לשביהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON:3,m,pl
- ורדו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בנגשיהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON:3,m,pl
Parallels
- Ezekiel 36:24 (verbal): Uses near-identical language of God ‘taking’/gathering Israel from the nations and bringing them into their own land — a restoration motif that echoes Isa 14:2’s bringing and settling of Israel.
- Ezekiel 28:25 (thematic): Proclaims God will gather Israel from the peoples and cause them to dwell in their land and rule — similar reversal of exile and subjugation of former oppressors found in Isa 14:2.
- Obadiah 1:17-21 (verbal): Speaks of the house of Jacob possessing their possessions and taking possession of the lands of their enemies, with former oppressors judged — closely parallels Isa 14:2’s image of Israel possessing peoples and ruling over former masters.
- Isaiah 49:22-23 (thematic): Promises nations will bring Israel and their rulers will serve and bow to Israel (kings becoming like nursing fathers), reflecting Isa 14:2’s theme of nations serving Israel and Israel’s ascendancy over oppressors.
Alternative generated candidates
- People will take them and bring them to their own place, and the house of Israel will possess them in the land of the LORD as servants and handmaids; they will take them captive who were their captors, and rule over those who oppressed them.
- And peoples will take them and bring them to their place, and the house of Israel will possess them in the land of the LORD as servants and handmaids. They will take captive those who were their captors, and rule over those who oppressed them.
Isa.14.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- הניח: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- מעצבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ומרגזך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- העבדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הקשה: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:1 (structural): Immediate context: the chapter opens with the promise that God will show mercy to Israel and restore them — a structural continuation of the relief from oppression stated in 14:3.
- Exodus 3:7-8 (thematic): God hears the Israelites' affliction and vows to bring them out of bondage into a land of rest, paralleling the motif of deliverance from hard service and sorrow.
- Isaiah 61:1-2 (thematic): Proclaims liberty to captives and comfort for mourners; closely echoes Isa.14:3's themes of relief from sorrow and release from oppressive service.
- Jeremiah 30:8 (verbal): Speaks of breaking the yoke from Israel's neck — a verbal and thematic parallel to being freed from the 'hard bondage' mentioned in Isa.14:3.
- Psalm 146:7 (thematic): Attributes to Yahweh the freeing of prisoners and help for the oppressed, echoing the promise of rest and deliverance in Isa.14:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it will be in the day when the LORD gives you rest from your pain and turmoil and from the hard service in which you were made to serve,
- And it will be in the day when the LORD gives you rest from your sorrow and from your tumult and from the hard service in which you were enslaved,
Isa.14.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונשאת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- המשל: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- על: PREP
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- איך: ADV
- שבת: VERB,qal,inf
- נגש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שבתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- מדהבה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Part of the larger oracle against Babylon describing the city’s desolation and loss of former glory, thematically continuous with the taunt in Isa.14:4.
- Isaiah 21:9 (verbal): Declares 'Babylon is fallen, is fallen,' a concise proclamation of Babylon’s collapse that echoes the language of cessation in Isa.14:4.
- Isaiah 47:1 (allusion): Addresses the humiliation of 'daughter of Babylon'—a parallel depiction of Babylon’s downfall and shame similar to the taunting tone of Isa.14:4.
- Ezekiel 27:32 (structural): Contains the imperative 'Take up a lamentation/dirge for Tyre,' a parallel formula to 'take up this taunt' (ונשאת המשל הזה) linking prophetic pronouncements of a city’s fall.
- Psalm 137:7 (thematic): Expresses hostile rejoicing and calls for memory/judgment against Babylon ('Remember, O LORD... they said, “Down with it”'), reflecting the same vindictive/taunting attitude toward Babylon’s demise.
Alternative generated candidates
- that you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon and say: 'How the oppressor has ceased, the golden city is ceased!'
- that you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon and say: 'How the oppressor has ceased! The golden city lies broken—'
Isa.14.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מטה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רשעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שבט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משלים: VERB,piel,ptc,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 9:4 (verbal): Speaks of breaking the yoke/staff and rod of the oppressor—very close verbal and thematic parallel to breaking the wicked's staff/scepter.
- Ezekiel 21:26-27 (thematic): Describes removing the crown/scepter and overturning a throne until the rightful one comes—parallels the overthrow of tyrannical rulers and loss of their scepter.
- Psalm 2:9 (verbal): The ruler will 'break them with a rod of iron'—uses rod/scepter imagery for divine judgment against nations and kings, echoing Isaiah's breaking of the rulers' staff.
- Daniel 7:26-27 (thematic): God's judgment removes the oppressors' dominion and establishes an everlasting kingdom—parallels the motif of God breaking worldly rulers' power.
- Isaiah 14:6 (structural): Immediate context to v.5 that continues the taunt against the fallen oppressor and describes the consequences of the broken staff—serves as an internal parallel within the taunt-song.
Alternative generated candidates
- The LORD has broken the staff of the wicked, the scepter of rulers;
- The LORD has broken the rod of the wicked, the scepter of rulers.
Isa.14.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- בעברה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מכת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- בלתי: NEG
- סרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- רדה: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- באף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מרדף: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- בלי: PREP
- חשך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Nahum 1:2-9 (verbal): Speaks of the LORD’s avenging wrath that brings an end to the foe — “trouble will not rise up the second time” — echoing the idea of an unrelenting blow/punishment and relentless pursuit in Isa. 14:6.
- Isaiah 13:5-11 (thematic): A prophecy of divine punishment on nations (Babylon) described as the LORD’s indignation and a day of wrath: parallels Isa.14:6’s theme of a crushing, divinely‑wrought stroke against peoples.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (thematic): God’s commissioning of Assyria as the ‘rod of my anger’ to smite nations parallels the motif in Isa.14:6 of a punitive blow upon the peoples executed by God’s instrument(s).
- Habakkuk 1:6-11 (thematic): Depicts the Chaldeans as an unstoppable, punitive nation raised by God to execute judgment — similar to Isa.14:6’s image of relentless pursuit and destructive chastisement of the nations.
- Jeremiah 25:8-9 (thematic): Declares that the LORD will summon all the peoples of the north to execute judgment on the land — connecting to Isa.14:6’s oracle of a divinely ordained, sweeping stroke upon nations.
Alternative generated candidates
- he who struck the peoples in wrath with unceasing blows, who ruled the nations in fury—he persecuted without restraint.
- He smites the nations in his anger; a stroke that will not be removed—he rules in wrath and pursues the peoples with relentless desolation.
Isa.14.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נחה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שקטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- כל: DET
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- פצחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- רנה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 52:9 (verbal): Both verses use the language of bursting into a shout/joy (Heb. פצחו רנה / 'break forth into singing/joy') to celebrate a decisive change—here the fall of an oppressor and the ensuing rejoicing.
- Psalm 96:11-12 (thematic): Imagery of the whole earth rejoicing and singing (heavens, earth, sea, field) parallels Isaiah's picture of the whole earth at rest and breaking forth into song in response to God's act.
- Zephaniah 3:17 (thematic): Both passages depict divine reversal that produces joy and song: God rejoices and sings over his people, while Isaiah pictures the earth breaking into joyful song when the oppressor is removed.
- Habakkuk 2:20 (thematic): Habakkuk's call that the LORD is in his holy temple and that all the earth should keep silence echoes the motif of the earth's changed posture (silence/peace or rest) before a divine act, resonating with Isaiah's 'the whole earth is at rest.'
Alternative generated candidates
- The whole earth is at rest and quiet; they break forth into singing.
- The whole earth is at rest and quiet; they break forth into singing.
Isa.14.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גם: ADV
- ברושים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- ארזי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- לבנון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מאז: ADV
- שכבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יעלה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הכרת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
Parallels
- Ezekiel 31:3-9 (verbal): Uses the same cedar-of-Lebanon imagery to describe a great power likened to a lofty tree and the consequences of its fall; close verbal and thematic resonance with Isaiah's taunt about cedars and a laid-low oppressor.
- Isaiah 10:33-34 (thematic): Speaks of Lebanon's cedars being cut down by a conqueror (Assyria); thematically related as both passages treat the fate of great trees (nations) and the action of woodcutters/conquerors—Isa.14.8 presents the reverse situation (no woodcutter comes).
- Psalm 92:12-15 (thematic): Employs tree imagery (cedar/palm) to depict the flourishing or survival of the righteous; parallels Isaiah's use of trees as symbols for peoples/nations and their condition after judgment or deliverance.
- Obadiah 1:17-18 (thematic): Celebrates the deliverance and restoration of Israel and the downfall of an oppressor; thematically similar in portraying nations' reversal and the joy or vindication that follows an enemy's humiliation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Even the cypresses rejoice at you, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, 'Since you were laid low no woodcutter has come up against us.'
- Even the junipers and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice at you; since you were laid low no woodcutter has come up against us.
Isa.14.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתחת: PREP
- רגזה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- לקראת: PREP
- בואך: PREP,when+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,2,m,sg
- עורר: VERB,piel,impv,2,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- רפאים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כל: DET
- עתודי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הקים: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- מכסאותם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 32:21 (verbal): Ezekiel depicts Sheol/the pit as filled with princes and leaders of the nations, echoing Isaiah's image of the dead and kings being roused to meet the coming one.
- Revelation 20:13-14 (thematic): The motif of Death/Hades (Sheol) surrendering the dead parallels Isaiah's picture of the underworld giving up its inhabitants in response to a coming judge or victim.
- 1 Samuel 2:6 (thematic): Hannah's song states that the LORD brings down to the grave and raises up, connecting to Isaiah's concern with the movement of those in Sheol and divine sovereignty over the dead.
- Job 26:5-6 (thematic): Job's description of the realm of the dead (Sheol/Abaddon) as exposed and stirred before God resonates with Isaiah's portrayal of the underworld being roused to meet the arrival.
Alternative generated candidates
- Sheol below is stirred up to meet you when you come; it rouses the shades to greet you, all who were leaders of the earth; it raises from their thrones all who ruled the nations.
- Sheol beneath is stirred to meet you at your coming; it rouses the shades to greet you— all the princes of the earth; it raises from their thrones all who were kings of the nations.
Isa.14.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- יענו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- גם: ADV
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- חלית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- כמונו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- אלינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- נמשלת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:9 (structural): Same Sheol-scene immediately before and after v.10; the shades rise to meet the fallen king and mock him—direct continuation of the taunt in v.10.
- Ezekiel 32:21 (verbal): Dead/royal personages in the Pit speak to the fallen king; language and situation (the mighty in the Pit answering the newcomer) closely mirror Isaiah’s image of the shades mocking the proud.
- Psalm 49:12-14 (thematic): The proud and wealthy are likened to beasts that perish and are laid in the grave—theme of illustrious humans reduced to the same fate as others, echoing “you have become like us.”
- Ecclesiastes 3:19-20 (thematic): Affirms that humans and animals share the same fate in death and return to the dust, reinforcing the theme that the exalted are made like the common dead.
- Job 17:13-16 (thematic): Job’s language about the grave as his house and joining the inhabitants of darkness resonates with Isaiah’s portrayal of the dead addressing and equating the fallen ruler with themselves.
Alternative generated candidates
- They all answer and say to you, 'Even you have been made weak as we; you have become like us.'
- They will all answer and say to you, 'You too have become weak like us; you have become like us.'
Isa.14.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הורד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גאונך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2ms
- המית: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נבליך: NOUN,m,pl,suff-2ms
- תחתיך: PREP,suff-2ms
- יצע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומכסיך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2ms
- תולעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:9 (structural): Immediate context and taunt-song continuation: both verses depict Sheol/Netherworld responding and the descent of the proud king into the realm of the dead, forming a matched literary unit.
- Ezekiel 28:13-16 (allusion): Ezekiel’s oracle against the king/guardian of Tyre uses imagery of beauty, music and a proud figure cast down from a high place into destruction—paralleling Isaiah’s humiliation of the proud ruler and the collapse of his splendour.
- Ezekiel 31:14-18 (thematic): Ezekiel’s portrayal of a once‑mighty tree/kingdom being felled and brought down into the pit resonates with Isaiah’s motif of descent into Sheol and the complete loss of former glory.
- Job 21:26 (verbal): Job speaks of the wicked lying down in the dust and being covered by worms, echoing Isaiah’s vivid image of maggots and worms as the ultimate covering of the fallen proud.
- Psalm 49:14-15 (thematic): The psalmist’s picture of the mighty being laid in the grave and consumed by death parallels Isaiah’s theme that earthly pomp ends in humiliation and decay in Sheol.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your pomp is brought down to Sheol, the sound of your harps; maggots are spread beneath you and worms cover you.
- Your pomp is brought down to Sheol, the sound of your harps; maggots are spread beneath you, and worms cover you.
Isa.14.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איך: ADV
- נפלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- משמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הילל: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שחר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נגדעת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,m,sg
- לארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חולש: VERB,qal,ptcp,ms,sg
- על: PREP
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:12-19 (verbal): Oracle against the ruler of Tyre uses similar language of exaltation, splendour and a dramatic fall (pride, being cast down), often read as a parallel or source for the Isaiah taunt.
- Luke 10:18 (allusion): Jesus says, 'I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven,' echoing the heavenly fall imagery of Isaiah 14:12 and applying the motif to Satan's defeat.
- Revelation 12:9 (thematic): Describes the dragon/ancient serpent being thrown down from heaven to the earth, reflecting the cosmic expulsion motif found in Isaiah's 'fallen from heaven' taunt.
- Psalm 82:6-7 (thematic): Speaks of earthly rulers called 'gods' who nonetheless die like men—paralleling Isaiah's theme of a proud ruler ('son of the dawn') who once dominated nations but is cut down.
Alternative generated candidates
- How you are fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You are cut down to the ground, you who laid low the nations.
- How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You are cut down to the ground, you who laid low the nations.
Isa.14.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- אמרת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בלבבך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אעלה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- ממעל: ADV
- לכוכבי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אל: NEG
- ארים: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
- כסאי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
- ואשב: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בירכתי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- צפון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:12 (structural): Immediate context: the taunt continues the theme of a being fallen from heaven ('morning star'); both verses use celestial ascent/fall imagery to describe pride and overthrow.
- Ezekiel 28:17 (thematic): Speaks of a proud heart and being cast down ('your heart was proud because of your beauty... I cast you to the ground'), paralleling the motif of proud ascent to heaven and subsequent ruin.
- Daniel 4:30–31 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar's boastful exaltation and claim to be like the Most High, followed by divine humiliation, parallels the kingly/prideful claim in Isa.14:13 and its judgmental outcome.
- Luke 10:18 (allusion): Jesus’ remark 'I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven' echoes the fallen-from-heaven imagery of Isaiah and is used in the New Testament to interpret such passages as referring to Satan's fall.
- Revelation 12:7–9 (allusion): The heavenly conflict and expulsion of the dragon/Satan from heaven resonates with Isaiah’s motif of celestial exaltation and fall, providing an apocalyptic reworking of the same theme.
Alternative generated candidates
- You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God I will set my throne; I will sit on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of the north.
- You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God I will set my throne; I will sit on the mount of assembly, in the far reaches of the north;'
Isa.14.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אעלה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- על: PREP
- במתי: PREP
- עב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדמה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- לעליון: PREP+ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezek. 28:2 (verbal): Address to the ruler of Tyre accusing him of claiming divine status—'you are a god'—parallels Isaiah's boastful claim to be 'like the Most High.'
- Ezek. 28:17 (thematic): Depicts a proud ruler whose heart is lifted up because of beauty and wisdom corrupted by splendor, followed by judgment and downfall—echoing Isaiah's motif of hubris leading to humiliation.
- Ps. 82:6-7 (verbal): Uses the language 'You are gods… children of the Most High' then contrasts it with mortality and judgment, directly engaging the claim of being 'like the Most High.'
- Dan. 4:30-32 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar's boastful exaltation ('Is not this great Babylon… am I not the greatest?') and God’s humbling of him parallels the pattern of royal pride in Isaiah 14 and its reversal by divine judgment.
- Rev. 12:7-9 (allusion): The cosmic overthrow of the dragon/Satan—cast out of heaven—reflects later scriptural reception of Isaiah's taunt-figure as a proud heavenly being brought low, linking the boast 'I will be like the Most High' to a heavenly fall motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the Most High.'
- I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High.
Isa.14.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- אל: NEG
- שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תורד: VERB,hiph,impf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- ירכתי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- בור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezek.28:17 (verbal): Like Isa 14:15, Ezekiel depicts a proud figure brought low: 'I cast you to the ground; I made you a spectacle to the kings,' a verbal parallel of being hurled down.
- Ezek.31:15-18 (thematic): Ezekiel uses Sheol/abyss imagery for the fall of a mighty tree/empire—God brings the exalted down into the depths, thematically echoing Isaiah's 'down to Sheol, to the deepest pit.'
- Luke 10:18 (allusion): Jesus' report 'I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven' alludes to the same motif of a heavenly/royal figure hurled from high place to overthrow, traditionally linked to Isaiah 14's taunt.
- Rev.12:9 (thematic): The dragon (Satan) is cast out of heaven and thrown down—a New Testament continuation of the theme of a cosmic being expelled and confined to the abyss/pit (cf. Rev 20:3).
Alternative generated candidates
- But you are brought down to Sheol, to the depths of the pit.
- But you shall be brought down to Sheol, to the depths of the pit.
Isa.14.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ראיך: VERB,qal,ptc,3,mp
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ישגיחו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- יתבוננו: VERB,hitp,impf,3,mp
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מרגיז: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מרעיש: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms,sg
- ממלכות: NOUN,f,pl,cs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (verbal): Immediate context of the taunt against the king of Babylon—same oracle about proud ascent and catastrophic fall; continues the theme of a once-mighty one brought low.
- Nahum 3:7 (verbal): Describes the astonished reaction to the fall of a great city (Nineveh): observers gape and declare the former powerhouse laid waste, echoing the imagery of onlookers marveling at a ruler who 'shook kingdoms.'
- Psalm 2:1-4 (thematic): Speaks of rebellious kings and rulers opposed to God and the divine response (derision/laughter and overthrow), paralleling the motif of arrogant earthly power humbled.
- Ezekiel 31:15-18 (thematic): Prophetic lament over the fall of a great tree/empire (Assyria) that causes nations to mourn and be appalled—similar language of amazement and downfall of a mighty power.
- Revelation 18:9-10 (structural): Vision of the fall of Babylon where kings and merchants react with shock and lamentation; New Testament echo of the motif of a once-dominant power unexpectedly overthrown.
Alternative generated candidates
- Those who see you will stare at you and consider: 'Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms,
- Those who see you will stare at you and ponder: 'Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?'
Isa.14.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שם: ADV
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כמדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועריו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m
- הרס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אסיריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- פתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביתה: NOUN,m,sg,suff-3,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (thematic): Describes Babylon made like a wilderness, its cities laid waste and never inhabited — closely parallels the image of the land as a desert and ruined cities.
- Jeremiah 50:39-40 (thematic): Predicts Babylon’s land becoming a desolation with no inhabitants — echoes the motif of a once-populated region turned into a wilderness.
- Ezekiel 26:21 (thematic): God’s oracle against a great city (Tyre) portrays total destruction and perpetual ruin, similar language of cities laid waste and made desolate.
- Nahum 3:13-14 (verbal): Speaks of gates and bars rendered useless and the city’s defenses undone — parallels the imagery of prisoners and closed houses/doors not being opened.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): Announces Babylon’s fall and describes it as a haunt of demons/a prison-like desolation — New Testament echo of prophetic rhetoric about ruined cities and captivity imagery.
Alternative generated candidates
- who made the world a desert and overthrew its cities, who did not release his prisoners to go home?'
- You will be cast down like a loathed branch to the realm of the dead; your pomp will be laid low, your city laid waste—its gates will be left unclosed.
Isa.14.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- שכבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בכבוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בביתו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 49:11-14 (verbal): The psalm depicts the mighty whose ‘graves are their houses’ and who lie down like sheep for the grave—echoing Isaiah’s image of kings lying in their houses/tombs.
- Ezekiel 32:27 (thematic): Ezekiel describes fallen princes/kings lying in Sheol with the slain of the nations—a parallel motif of defeated rulers resting in the realm of the dead.
- Isaiah 14:9 (structural): Immediate chapter parallel: Sheol is pictured as stirred up to meet the fallen one, and the dead kings of the nations are summoned—same scene and theme continued.
- Revelation 6:15-17 (thematic): The kings and great men of the earth confronted by divine judgment (hiding and fearing), paralleling Isaiah’s portrayal of rulers exposed and laid low before God’s justice.
- Isaiah 26:14 (thematic): Declares that the wicked are dead and will not rise—resonates with Isaiah 14’s assertion of the final, dishonoring fate of the nations’ kings lying in their tombs.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the kings of the nations lie in glory, each in his own tomb.
- All the kings of the nations lie in glory, each in his own tomb.
Isa.14.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- השלכת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- מקברך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כנצר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתעב: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- לבוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הרגים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- מטעני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יורדי: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- בור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כפגר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מובס: ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- Isa.14:18 (structural): Immediate context/parallel: the surrounding verses portray the kings and the fallen one lying in the pit, taken as spoil by the dead—continuing the same imagery of being cast to the grave and among the slain.
- Isa.14:11 (thematic): Shares the theme of humiliation and descent to Sheol—'your pomp is brought down to Sheol' parallels the picture of being thrown from a grave and stripped among the slain.
- Ezek.28:18-19 (thematic): Prophecy against the ruler of Tyre uses similar motifs—pride punished, death by the sword and being cast down and left among the nations/dead, echoing the language of a ruler thrown into a pit like a loathsome corpse.
- Ezek.31:16-18 (allusion): Speaking of Assyria/Cedar imagery, Ezekiel describes the fall and descent into the realm of the dead and being an object of scorn—parallels Isaiah's depiction of a once-majestic figure cast into the pit among the slain.
- Ezek.32:21 (verbal): Depicts warriors/princes speaking from the midst of the grave and the dead lying silent—resonates with Isaiah's image of the fallen cast to the stones of the pit and treated like a trampled corpse.
Alternative generated candidates
- But you are cast out of your grave like a loathsome branch, clothed with the slain, those pierced by the sword, who descend to the stones of the pit, like a corpse trodden underfoot.
- But you are cast out from your grave like a loathsome branch, clothed with the slain—those pierced by the sword—descenders to the stones of the pit, like a carcass trodden underfoot.
Isa.14.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תחד: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- בקבורה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ארצך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שחת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- הרגת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יקרא: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- לעולם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מרעים: VERB,qal,ptc,,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:19 (structural): Immediate context: speaks of being cast down to Sheol and not being buried with the kings—direct continuation of the motif of exclusion from honorable burial.
- Isaiah 13:20 (thematic): On Babylon’s fate: the land will be desolate and uninhabited—parallels the judgment theme of ruined land and loss of posterity.
- Jeremiah 22:18-19 (verbal): Pronounces that a condemned king will not receive an honorable burial (’buried with the burial of an ass’), echoing the denial of proper burial and shame in death.
- Ezekiel 32:18-27 (allusion): Depicts fallen princes lying among the uncircumcised, not mourned or accorded proper burial—parallels Isaiah’s image of exclusion from burial and obliteration of lineage.
Alternative generated candidates
- You will not be joined with them in burial, for you have destroyed your land and slain your people; never will your name be remembered among the living.
- You will not be united with them in burial, because you have ruined your land and slain your people; the name of the wicked shall perish forever.
Isa.14.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הכינו: VERB,hiph,imp,2,m,pl
- לבניו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- מטבח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- בל: PART
- יקמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- וירשו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומלאו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תבל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ערים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 20:5; Deuteronomy 5:9 (verbal): The idea of punishment extending to descendants — "visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children" — parallels Isaiah’s commissioning to prepare judgment against the sons for their fathers' sin.
- Ezekiel 18:20 (structural): A prophetic counterpoint: Ezekiel insists "the son shall not bear the guilt of the father," presenting a theological contrast to texts (like Isa 14:21) that depict collective or hereditary retribution.
- Deuteronomy 28:32 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses where offspring are exiled or given to others and the people lose inheritance — thematically related to Isaiah’s wish that the king’s sons not rise to possess the land.
- Nahum 1:14 (verbal): Nahum pronounces that the enemy’s name and offspring will not be perpetuated and speaks of making their grave — language and intent closely parallel Isaiah’s decree against descendants and their possession of the land.
- Psalm 137:8-9 (thematic): A vengeful prayer against Babylon that envisions violence toward children so they will not multiply — thematically akin to Isaiah’s desire to prevent the enemy’s posterity from inheriting and filling the earth.
Alternative generated candidates
- Prepare a place of slaughter for his sons because of the iniquity of their fathers; let them not rise up and possess the land, let them not fill the face of the world with cities.
- Prepare slaughter for his sons because of the iniquity of their fathers; let them not arise and possess the earth, nor fill the face of the world with cities.
Isa.14.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וקמתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,comm,sg
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והכרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,ms,sg
- לבבל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שם: ADV
- ושאר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונין: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונכד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:19-22 (verbal): Earlier oracle against Babylon that uses parallel language of Babylon’s destruction and desolation (cities left uninhabited, creatures taking possession), closely echoing the theme and vocabulary.
- Isaiah 14:23 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same prophecy; repeats the theme of wiping out Babylon’s name and remnant and describes the city’s utter devastation.
- Isaiah 47:5-9 (thematic): Another Isaiah oracle directed against Babylon emphasizing humiliation, loss of power and reputation—paralleling the motif of cutting off name and offspring.
- Jeremiah 50:1-3 (thematic): Jeremiah’s oracle against Babylon likewise anticipates its overthrow and desolation; thematically reinforces the prophetic conviction that Babylon’s existence and lineage will be ended.
- Revelation 18:2 (allusion): New Testament depiction of ‘Babylon the great’ fallen echoes the prophetic motif of Babylon’s judgment and removal of status/name, functioning as a typological fulfillment or literary allusion to the OT oracles.
Alternative generated candidates
- For I will rise up against them, declares the LORD of hosts, and cut off from Babylon name and remnant, son and grandson, declares the LORD.
- But I will rise up against them, declares the LORD of hosts, and cut off from Babylon name and remnant, offspring and descendants, declares the LORD.
Isa.14.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמתיה: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg+PRON,3,f,sg
- למורש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קפד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואגמי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וטאטאתיה: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
- במטאטא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השמד: VERB,hiph,infabs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 34:11-15 (verbal): Describes desolated lands inhabited by birds and wild creatures (pelican, owl, bittern), closely echoing the motif of a ruined city given over to wild animals.
- Isaiah 13:21-22 (thematic): Announces Babylon’s desolation where desert beasts, owls, and bittern-like creatures dwell—parallel imagery of urban destruction and abandonment.
- Ezekiel 39:4-20 (thematic): Speaks of the slain being left for birds and beasts (ravenous birds) and the land made a feeding place for scavengers, a parallel of divine judgment leaving a place to wild creatures.
- Jeremiah 50:39 (thematic): Predicts the land becoming a haunt for desert animals and an uninhabited ruin (wild beasts, owls), echoing the picture of a city swept into desolation for the creatures’ possession.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will make it a possession for porcupines and pools of water, and sweep it with the broom of destruction, declares the LORD of hosts.
- I will make it a possession for hedgehogs and swampy pools of water; I will sweep it with the broom of destruction, declares the LORD of hosts.
An oracle concerning Babylon, which Isaiah son of Amoz saw.
On a bare hill raise a signal—lift a banner to them; sound the horn, summon the nations, call together the kingdoms; raise your voice, wave your hand; come to the gates of the nobles.
I have commanded my consecrated ones; I have also summoned my warriors—those who exult in my anger and boast in my majesty.
A tumult on the mountains—like the sound of many peoples; a clamor of kingdoms and a roar of nations assembled— the LORD of hosts is mustering the army for battle.
They come from a distant land, from the farthest parts of the heavens—the LORD and the instruments of his fury—to devastate the whole earth.
Howl, for the day of the LORD is near; it will come as ruin from the Almighty.
Therefore all hands will grow weak, every human heart will melt.
They will be terrified; pangs and anguish will seize them; like a woman in labor they will be in pain; each will be astonished at his neighbor; their faces will be like flames.
Behold, the day of the LORD comes—cruel, with wrath and fierce anger—to make the land a desolation and to cut off its sinners from it.
For the stars of heaven and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be dark at its rising, and the moon will not shed its light.
I will punish the world for its evil and the wicked for their iniquity; I will put an end to the pride of the arrogant and abase the pomp of tyrants.
I will make mankind rarer than fine gold, and humankind than the gold of Ophir.
Therefore I will stir up the heavens, and the earth will be shaken from its place in the wrath of the LORD of hosts and in the day of his furious anger.
It will be like a hunted gazelle, like sheep with none to gather them; each will turn to his own people, and each will flee to his homeland.
Whoever is found shall be pierced; whoever is captured shall fall by the sword.
Their little ones will be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses will be plundered and their wives violated.
Behold, I will stir up against them the Medes, who have no regard for silver and take no delight in gold.
Their bows will tear the young men; they will show no pity to the fruit of the womb; their eye will have no compassion on children.
Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the splendor and pomp of the Chaldeans, will be like when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.
It shall never be inhabited, nor shall it be settled from generation to generation; no nomad will pitch his tent there, no shepherd will make his sheepfold there.
Wild creatures shall lie down there, and their houses shall be full of howling beasts; ostriches shall dwell there and wild goats shall dance there.
Hyenas shall cry in its strongholds, jackals in its luxurious palaces; her time is near to come, and her days shall not be prolonged.
For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob and will choose Israel again, and will set them in their own land; the sojourner will join himself to them, and the alien will cling to the house of Jacob. And peoples will take them and bring them to their place, and the house of Israel will possess them in the land of the LORD as male and female servants. They will take captive those who had been their captors and will rule over those who oppressed them. And it shall be in the day when the LORD gives you rest from your sorrow and from your hard bondage and from the harsh labor imposed on you,
that you will take up this taunt-song against the king of Babylon and say: 'How the oppressor has ceased, the insolent city is broken!'
The LORD has broken the staff of the wicked, the scepter of rulers.
He who struck the peoples in his wrath with unrelenting blows, who subdued nations in his anger and pursued them without respite.
The whole earth is at rest and quiet; they break forth into singing.
The cypresses rejoice for you, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, 'Since you were laid low, no one has come up to cut us down.'
Sheol beneath stirs up to meet you; it rouses the shades to greet you, all who were leaders of the earth; it raises up from their thrones all the kings of the nations.
All of them will answer and say to you, 'You too have become weak like us; you have become like us.'
Your pomp is brought down to Sheol, the sound of your harps; maggots are spread out as your bed, worms are your covering.
How you are fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You are cut down to the ground, you who laid low the nations.
You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God I will set my throne; I will sit on the mount of assembly in the far reaches of the north;'
'I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the Most High.'
Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol, to the depths of the pit.
Those who see you will gaze at you and ponder you: 'Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?'
He made the world a waste and its cities lie in ruins; its prisoners never went free to their homes.
All the kings of the nations lie in glory, each in his own house. But you are cast out of your grave like a rejected branch, clothed with the slain, pierced with the sword, those who go down to the stones of the pit like a trodden corpse.
You will not be united with them in burial, for you have destroyed your land and slain your people. Your name will be no more remembered; evil will not be perpetuated.
Prepare slaughter for his sons because of the iniquity of their fathers; let them not rise to possess the land, and let their name be blotted out in their descendants.
I will rise up against them, declares the LORD of hosts, and cut off from Babylon name and remnant, offspring and descendant, declares the LORD.
I will make it a possession for hedgehogs and marshes of water; I will sweep it with the broom of destruction, declares the LORD of hosts.