Weeks (Pentecost)
Leviticus 23:15-22
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Lev.23.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וספרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ממחרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מיום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הביאכם: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- התנופה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- שבע: NUM,card
- שבתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תמימת: ADJ,f,pl,abs
- תהיינה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:10-11 (structural): Immediate context: commands to bring the omer (the wave-sheaf) 'morrow after the sabbath'—the act from which the seven-week count begins.
- Deuteronomy 16:9 (verbal): Repeats the command to 'number seven weeks' (count seven weeks) beginning with the time the sickle is put to the grain—parallel legal formulation for calculating the Festival of Weeks.
- Numbers 28:26-31 (structural): Prescribes the offerings and observance for the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot/Pentecost), linking the count of weeks with the festival liturgy.
- Acts 2:1 (thematic): New Testament fulfillment: 'When the day of Pentecost was fully come'—Christian festival dated by Jewish counting from Firstfruits (Lev.23:15–16).
- 1 Corinthians 15:20-23 (allusion): Paul uses the 'firstfruits' motif (Christ as firstfruits) echoing the cultic firstfruits instituted in Leviticus and its theological significance for resurrection chronology.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Sabbath, from the day you bring the sheaf of elevation—seven complete Sabbaths shall there be.
- And you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Sabbath—from the day you bring the sheaf of elevation—seven complete weeks shall there be.
Lev.23.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עד: PREP
- ממחרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- השביעת: ADJ,f,sg,def
- תספרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- חמשים: NUM,card,pl
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והקרבתם: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,pl
- מנחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חדשה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:15 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter giving the command to count seven full weeks from the day after the Sabbath—Leviticus 23:16 restates the completion (fifty days) and the offering that follows.
- Deuteronomy 16:9-12 (structural): Repeats the instruction to 'count seven weeks' and to celebrate the Feast of Weeks with offerings and rejoicing when you bring the firstfruits, paralleling the timing and harvest/firstfruit themes.
- Numbers 28:26 (verbal): Prescribes the offerings to be made at the Feast of Weeks (the new grain/firstfruits offering), directly parallel to Leviticus 23:16's 'new grain offering to the LORD.'
- Exodus 34:22 (thematic): Mentions the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot) in connection with the harvest—connects the agricultural/timely setting underlying the fifty-day count and firstfruits offering.
- Acts 2:1 (allusion): New Testament event located on 'the day of Pentecost' (Greek for Feast of Weeks), reflecting the later liturgical/chronological development of the fifty-day counting period culminating in a communal religious observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- Until the day after the seventh Sabbath you shall count fifty days; then you shall present a new grain offering to the LORD.
- Until the day after the seventh Sabbath you shall count fifty days; then you shall bring a new grain offering to the LORD.
Lev.23.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ממושבתיכם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+2,mp
- תביאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,mp
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תנופה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שתים: NUM,card,f,dual
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- עשרנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- סלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תהיינה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- חמץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תאפינה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- בכורים: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:15-21 (verbal): Immediate context giving the full regulation for counting seven weeks and bringing the two loaves of fine flour, baked with leaven, as a wave‑offering — same ceremony and language as v.17.
- Numbers 28:26-31 (structural): Prescribes the offerings for the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot/Pentecost), paralleling Leviticus' cultic framework for the seasonal grain/firstfruits observance.
- Deuteronomy 16:9-12 (thematic): Commands the seven‑week counting and celebration of the Feast of Weeks with rejoicing and presentation of firstfruits — thematic legal parallel to Leviticus' instructions.
- Exodus 34:22 (thematic): Briefly names the Feast of Weeks (Feast of Harvest) as one of the appointed festivals tied to the harvest/firstfruits tradition that Leviticus 23:17 regulates in detail.
- Acts 2:1-4 (allusion): The New Testament account locates the outpouring of the Spirit at Pentecost (the Jewish Feast of Weeks when the two loaves/firstfruits were offered), a theological fulfillment alluding to the Levitical festival observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- From your settlements you shall bring bread of elevation—two loaves; two tenths of an ephah of fine flour shall they be; they shall be baked with leaven—firstfruits to the LORD.
- From your settlements you shall bring bread for an elevation—two loaves; two tenths of an ephah of fine flour shall they be, baked with leaven—as firstfruits to the LORD.
Lev.23.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והקרבתם: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- הלחם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- כבשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תמימם: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ופר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- ואילם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ומנחתם: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,poss3,m,pl
- ונסכיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,poss3,m,pl
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ריח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ניחח: ADJ,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:19 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same pericope — continues the description of the firstfruits/Feast of Weeks offering, repeating the language of offerings being a ‘sweet savour’ and linking the animals with the two loaves.
- Numbers 28:26-31 (verbal): Nearly identical sacrificial formula for the Feast of Weeks/Firstfruits: lists the same mix of bull, ram, and seven lambs with meat and drink offerings as a burnt offering to the LORD.
- Deuteronomy 16:10-12 (thematic): Prescribes observance of the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot) with rejoicing and presenting firstfruits before the LORD — thematic parallel to Lev.23.18’s sacrificial elements tied to the festival celebration.
- Deuteronomy 26:2-11 (thematic): Gives the firstfruits presentation and declaration ritual: presents produce before the priest and God and ties the offering of firstfruits to worship and thanksgiving, thematically parallel to the sacrificial firstfruits offerings in Leviticus 23:18.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall present along with the bread seven lambs without blemish, a year old, and one bull of the herd, and two rams; they shall be a burnt offering to the LORD, with their grain offering and their drink offerings—an offering by fire to the LORD, a pleasing aroma.
- And you shall offer with the bread seven lambs a year old, without blemish, one bull of the herd, and two rams; they shall be a burnt offering to the LORD, with their grain offering and their drink offerings—an offering by fire to the LORD, a pleasing aroma.
Lev.23.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועשיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- שעיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- לחטאת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושני: CONJ+NUM,card,m,pl
- כבשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לזבח: VERB,qal,inf
- שלמים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 9:3 (verbal): Lists the same combination of offerings for priestly inauguration — a kid of the goats for a sin offering and a lamb (of the first year) for a burnt offering, closely mirroring the wording and sacrificial roles.
- Exodus 29:38–39 (thematic): Specifies the regular/daily offering of two lambs of the first year as continual burnt offerings (one in the morning and one at twilight), paralleling the prescription of two year-old lambs for a burnt offering.
- Leviticus 4:27–31 (thematic): Describes the sin offering for an individual of the community, including the use of a goat for atonement; parallels the function and ritual procedures associated with a 'goat for sin' in the verse.
- Numbers 28:3–4 (structural): Prescribes the continual burnt offering of two lambs of the first year each day, echoing the numerical and sacrificial structure (two year-old lambs as burnt offerings) found in the verse.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall offer one male goat for a sin offering, and two lambs a year old for a sacrifice of well-being.
- And you shall offer one male goat for a sin offering, and two lambs a year old for a sacrifice of well-being.
Lev.23.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והניף: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- הכהן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבכורים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- תנופה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- כבשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- לכהן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:11 (verbal): Uses the same ritual verb and action: the priest 'shall wave' (וְהִנִּיפָה/וְהִנִּיפָה) a first‑grain offering (the omer) before the LORD — same wave‑offering procedure applied to firstfruits.
- Leviticus 23:17 (structural): On the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot) Israel brings 'two loaves' as a special offering; Lev 23:20 connects that two‑fold grain/animal offering with priestly wave and designation as holy to the priest, showing parallel structure between the festival bread and accompanying sacrificial items.
- Numbers 28:26–31 (thematic): Prescribes the sacrificial schedule and animals for the Feast of Weeks/firstfruits (special burnt offerings and accompanying animals). The passage parallels Lev 23:20 in linking festival observance, specific animal offerings, and priestly service.
- Deuteronomy 26:1–11 (thematic): Describes bringing the firstfruits to the place of the LORD and presenting them to the priest (who receives the basket) with a priestly declaration — thematically parallels Lev 23:20’s presentation of firstfruits and items set apart for the priest.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the priest shall elevate them with the bread of the firstfruits as an elevation before the LORD, together with the two lambs; they shall be holy to the LORD for the priest.
- And the priest shall elevate, with the bread of the firstfruits, the two lambs as an elevation before the LORD; they shall be holy to the LORD for the priest.
Lev.23.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וקראתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בעצם: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- מלאכת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עבדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מושבתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2,mp
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:3 (verbal): Uses the same formula 'מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ' (a holy convocation) and the injunction 'do no work' for the Sabbath — parallel verbal/structural language applied to sacred days.
- Numbers 28:26-31 (structural): Gives the ritual framework for the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot): sacrificial offerings and wording that marks the day as a solemn rest/holy convocation, echoing Lev 23:21's cultic prescriptions.
- Deuteronomy 16:9-12 (thematic): Commands the counting of seven weeks and the observance/celebration of the Feast of Weeks at the place the LORD will choose — a thematic parallel concerning timing, worship, and communal observance.
- Exodus 34:22 (thematic): Explicitly names the Feast of Weeks and links it with the harvest/firstfruits — another Torah locus that prescribes observance of this festival mentioned in Lev 23:21.
- Exodus 12:14 (structural): Formulates the recurring legal phrase 'an ordinance forever / a statute for your generations' regarding festival observance (Passover), paralleling Lev 23:21's 'חקת עולם' language applied to holy convocations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall proclaim on this very day a holy convocation for you; all work of labor you shall not do; it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your settlements.
- And you shall proclaim on this very day a sacred assembly; it shall be for you a holy convocation; you shall do no work of labor; it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your settlements.
Lev.23.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובקצרכם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons,suff,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- קציר: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- ארצכם: NOUN,f,sg,cons,suff,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תכלה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- פאת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- בקצרך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- ולקט: CONJ+VERB,qal,inf
- קצירך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- תלקט: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לעני: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולגר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תעזב: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.19:9-10 (verbal): A nearly identical injunction: do not reap to the very edge or gather the gleanings; leave them for the poor and the stranger.
- Deut.24:19-21 (verbal): Repeats and expands the law—leave forgotten sheaves and gleanings (in fields, vineyards, and oliveyards) for the poor, the widow, the orphan, and the sojourner.
- Exod.23:10-11 (thematic): Related land-and-welfare legislation: provisions to leave produce (especially in the sabbatical year) so that the poor may eat—same social concern for vulnerable groups.
- Ruth 2:2-3,15-16 (allusion): Narrative enactment of the law: Ruth gleans in Boaz's field and Boaz instructs his workers to let her glean freely, illustrating the practical application of leaving gleanings for the needy.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap to the very edge of your field in your reaping, and the gleanings of your harvest you shall not gather; for the poor and the sojourner you shall leave them. I am the LORD your God.
- And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the edge of your field when you reap, and the gleaning of your harvest you shall not gather; for the poor and for the resident alien you shall leave them; I am the LORD your God.
And you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Sabbath, from the day you bring the sheaf of the wave offering—seven complete Sabbaths.
Until the day after the seventh Sabbath you shall count—fifty days; and you shall present a new grain offering to the LORD.
From your settlements you shall bring bread for a wave offering—two loaves; two tenths of an ephah of fine flour shall they be; baked with leaven, as firstfruits to the LORD. And you shall present along with the bread seven lambs without blemish, a year old, and one bull of the herd, and two rams; they shall be a burnt offering to the LORD, with their grain offering and their drink offerings—an offering by fire, a pleasing aroma to the LORD. And you shall make one male goat for a sin offering, and two lambs a year old for a sacrifice of well-being. And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits as a wave offering before the LORD, together with the two lambs; they shall be holy to the LORD for the priest. And on this very day you shall proclaim a holy convocation for yourselves; you shall not do any laborious work; it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your settlements. And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap to the very edge of your field, nor shall you gather the gleanings of your harvest; for the poor and for the resident alien you shall leave them. I am the LORD your God.