Kings of the North and South: Wars and Persecution
Daniel 11:2-35
Dan.11.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועתה: CONJ
- אמת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אגיד: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- הנה: PART
- עוד: ADV
- שלשה: NUM,m
- מלכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עמדים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- לפרס: PREP
- והרביעי: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,def,ord
- יעשיר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מכל: PREP
- וכחזקתו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעשרו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יעיר: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- הכל: PRON,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מלכות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.8:3-4 (thematic): Vision of the ram (Medo‑Persia) and the goat (Greece) — the same succession of Persian rulers followed by the Greek kingdom that 11:2 describes.
- Dan.8:20-22 (quotation): The angelic interpretation identifying the ram as the Medes and Persians and noting four kingdoms from Greece parallels 11:2's mention of Persian kings and the rise of the Greek realm.
- Dan.10:20–11:1 (structural): Contextual link: the angel announces he must explain what will happen, introducing the detailed sequence of kings and kingdoms that begins in 11:2.
- Dan.11:3 (verbal): Immediate continuation — describes the 'mighty king' arising from the fourth (Grecian) power, developing the outcome hinted at in 11:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- And now I will tell you the truth: Behold, three more kings shall rise up for Persia, and the fourth shall be far richer than they all; and by his riches he shall stir up all against the kingdom of Greece.
- And now I will tell you the truth: Behold—three kings shall arise for Persia, and a fourth shall be far richer than them all. By his wealth he shall stir up all against the kingdom of Greece.
Dan.11.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועמד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גבור: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ומשל: CONJ+PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- ממשל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כרצונו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.36 (verbal): Uses the same language and idea — the king ‘does according to his will’ (ויעש כרצונו), echoing the autonomous, domineering rule described in 11:3.
- Dan.8.23 (verbal): Another Daniel passage about a powerful, ruthless king in the latter time ('a king of fierce countenance') who rises with great power; parallels the portrait of a mighty ruler who rules with strong dominion.
- Dan.7.8 (thematic): The little horn/king in Daniel 7 rises to prominence and asserts authority over others, thematically paralleling a single mighty ruler who establishes dominant rule as in 11:3.
- Rev.13:5-7 (allusion): The beast is granted authority to act and to wage war and to conquer, reflecting the apocalyptic motif of a dominant, self-willed ruler who exercises vast dominion like the king of Dan. 11:3.
- 2 Thess.2:3-4 (allusion): The ‘man of lawlessness’ who exalts himself and claims authority echoes the motif of a lone, powerful ruler acting according to his own will and asserting oppressive dominion found in Daniel 11:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- A mighty king shall arise and rule with great dominion and do according to his will.
- A mighty king shall arise, who shall rule with great dominion and do as he wills.
Dan.11.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכעמדו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תשבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- מלכותו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- ותחץ: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- לארבע: PREP+NUM,f,pl
- רוחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ולא: CONJ
- לאחריתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- ולא: CONJ
- כמשלו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- אשר: PRON,rel
- משל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- תנתש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- מלכותו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- ולאחרים: CONJ+PREP+ADJ,m,pl
- מלבד: PREP
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
Parallels
- Daniel 8:8 (verbal): Describes the male goat’s great horn being broken and four notable ones standing up toward the four winds—same language of a single power being broken and divided into four.
- Daniel 8:22 (verbal): Explicitly interprets the broken horn as Greece and states that four kingdoms shall stand up in its place—parallels the meaning of the division in Dan 11:4.
- Daniel 7:6 (thematic): The leopard with four wings and four heads symbolizes swift conquest followed by division into four—echoes the motif of one empire splitting into four parts.
- Daniel 11:3 (structural): The immediately preceding verse introduces the ‘mighty king’ whose kingdom is described as broken in 11:4—direct narrative continuation and context.
- Daniel 2:40-41 (thematic): Daniel’s vision of successive empires and the later divided/toe-like mixed kingdom thematically parallels the idea of a ruler’s realm failing to continue intact and being divided.
Alternative generated candidates
- But when he is risen his kingdom shall be broken and divided toward the four winds of heaven, and not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled; for his kingdom shall be plucked up and given to others besides them.
- But when he has grown strong, his kingdom shall be broken and divided toward the four winds of heaven; it shall not go to his posterity nor be equal to his rule, for his dominion shall be plucked up and given to others besides them.
Dan.11.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויחזק: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- שריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3m
- ויחזק: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- ומשל: CONJ+PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- ממשל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- ממשלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Daniel 11:3 (verbal): Immediate context: uses similar language about a 'mighty king' who rules with great dominion—parallels the theme of ascending royal power in v.5.
- Daniel 11:4 (structural): Continues the succession motif: describes the end of one dominion and the rise of others—structurally parallels the transfer and contest of power in v.5.
- Daniel 8:8-9 (thematic): Uses horn imagery of one element becoming 'very great' and another arising to challenge it; thematically parallels the rise of a subordinate who surpasses the king.
- 1 Kings 1:5-9 (thematic): Adonijah, a royal prince, exalts himself and gains followers in an attempt to supplant David's chosen successor—a parallel case of a prince rising in influence relative to the reigning king.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the king of the South shall grow strong, and one of his princes shall gain strength over him and shall become ruler; his authority shall be great.
- The king of the South shall grow strong, and one of his princes shall grow stronger than he and shall rule; his dominion shall be a great dominion.
Dan.11.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקץ: CONJ+PREP
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יתחברו: VERB,hitpael,imprf,3,m,pl
- ובת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- תבוא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
- מישרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תעצר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- כוח: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הזרוע: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יעמד: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- וזרעו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+prsuf:3,m,sg
- ותנתן: VERB,qal,imprf,3,f,sg
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- ומביאיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והילדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומחזקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בעתים: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Daniel 11:7 (structural): Immediate literary continuation: the same sequence of a southern princess brought to the king of the north and the political consequences is elaborated in the next verse, showing the prophetic pattern of alliance, loss of power, and reversal.
- 2 Samuel 3:6-21 (thematic): Abner’s seizure of Saul’s concubine and his subsequent covenant with David illustrate marriage/concubinage as a political claim and the use of personal relations to form alliances — similar motif of a woman used to secure political advantage and the shifting control that follows.
- 1 Kings 11:1-8 (thematic): Solomon’s foreign wives (political marriages) lead to foreign influence and loss of proper rule; parallels the idea that marriages to foreign princesses are political maneuvers that affect royal power and loyalty.
- Ezekiel 23:1-11 (allusion): The allegory of two sisters (Aholah and Aholibah) depicts Israel and Judah entering sexual/political liaisons with foreign powers; like Daniel 11:6 it portrays women used in interstate alliances and the resulting political subjugation and disgrace.
Alternative generated candidates
- And at the end of some years they shall make a league: the daughter of the king of the South shall come to the king of the North to make an agreement. But she shall not retain the power of her arm, nor shall he stand, nor his seed; and she shall be given up—she and those who brought her and her child and the one who strengthened her in those times.
- And at the appointed time they shall join together. The daughter of the king of the South shall come to the king of the North to make an agreement; but she shall not retain the strength of her arm, nor shall he or his offspring stand. She shall be given up, with her attendants and he who begot her and he who supported her in those times.
Dan.11.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועמד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מנצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שרשיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- כנו: PREP
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- החיל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- במעוז: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- והחזיק: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Daniel 11:8 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation of the same sequence of rising rulers and military incursions; echoes the language of a leader coming upon fortified positions and exercising control.
- Daniel 11:5 (thematic): Earlier verse framing the ongoing rivalry between the 'king of the north' and 'king of the south'—the broader theme of competing kings seizing territory and influence that this verse continues.
- 2 Samuel 5:6-8 (verbal): David's capture of the stronghold of Zion—'took the stronghold' and established his rule—parallels the motif and language of entering a fortress and holding it (seizure and occupation of a fortified place).
- Ezekiel 38:15 (thematic): Prophetic depiction of an invader coming 'from the north' against the land; shares the thematic motif of a northern power advancing into and occupying target territory.
Alternative generated candidates
- And one that proceeds from his seed shall arise like him and shall come to the army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the North and shall deal with them and prevail.
- One from her own people shall arise in his place, shall come against the army and enter the fortress of the king of the North; he shall deal with them and prevail.
Dan.11.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וגם: CONJ
- א: PRT
- להיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,prsuf:3,m,pl
- עם: PREP
- נסכיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- עם: PREP
- כלי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- חמדתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וזהב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בשבי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יבא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יעמד: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ממלך: VERB,qal,inf
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 12:9 (thematic): Shishak (an Egyptian king) carries off the treasures of the house of the LORD and the king's house to Egypt — a direct parallel in which valuable ritual/royal objects are taken into Egypt as spoils.
- 1 Samuel 5:1-2 (thematic): The Philistines seize the ark of the LORD and set it in Dagon's temple — an earlier Israelite example of a deity/holy object being captured and held by a foreign power.
- Isaiah 46:1-2 (verbal): Bel and Nebo are pictured as bowing and being borne on beasts — similar language and imagery of idols being carried away, underscoring the humiliation and mobility of false gods.
- Psalm 115:4-8 (thematic): Idols described as silver and gold, made by human hands and incapable of speech or action — echoes Daniel's mention of 'silver and gold' vessels and the impotent status of captured idols.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also their gods with their images and their precious vessels of silver and gold shall be carried off to Egypt as plunder; and he shall refrain for some years from the king of the North.
- Their gods and their metal images and their valuables of silver and gold shall be carried into Egypt as booty; they shall be for a time under the rule of the king of the North.
Dan.11.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכות: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- אדמתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Daniel 11:5 (thematic): Introduces the figure called the 'king of the south' and sets up the same north–south rivalry that underlies v.9's movement into the southern realm.
- Daniel 11:25 (thematic): Describes a military advance 'against the king of the south'—thematively related to v.9's incursion into the southern territory and subsequent movements.
- Daniel 11:29 (verbal): Speaks of returning 'to his own land' (or 'at the time appointed he shall return'), echoing v.9's language about coming into the south and then returning home.
- Daniel 8:9 (allusion): The little horn's advance 'toward the south' in the earlier vision alludes to the same southward movement of a Hellenistic ruler depicted in Dan 11:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then he shall come into the realm of the king of the South, and return to his own land.
- Then the king of the North shall come into the realm and return to his own land.
Dan.11.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובניו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יתגרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- ואספו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- חילים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בוא: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- ושטף: VERB,qal,impf,3,sg
- ועבר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ויתגרה: VERB,qal,impf,3,fs
- עד: PREP
- מעזו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.14 (thematic): Same chapter & context: describes many rising up against the king of the south and martial mobilization—parallels the sons gathering a great host and renewed conflict.
- Dan.11.40 (thematic): Later verse in the chapter depicting large-scale military action at the time of the end (chariots, horsemen, ships) — parallels the motif of massive forces assembling and overwhelming action.
- Dan.8.7-8 (allusion): The ram and goat vision portrays sudden military assault, overthrow, and the rise of successors who press onward—an earlier Daniel image of aggressive advance and succession echoed in 11:10’s language of coming, overflowing, and passing through.
- Dan.7.24 (structural): Vision of ten horns (kings) and a later horn arising: structural parallel to the theme of successive rulers/sons stirring up and continuing hostilities in Daniel’s royal succession schema.
Alternative generated candidates
- But his sons shall stir up strife and gather a multitude of great forces; one shall come and overflow and pass through; and again he shall return and be stirred up even to his fortress.
- His sons shall muster a multitude and gather a great host; and one shall come and overflow and pass through, and advance even to his fortified stronghold.
Dan.11.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתמרמר: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ונלחם: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והעמיד: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ההמון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.13 (verbal): Uses near-identical language about the king of the south raising a great army and attacking the king of the north—closely parallel report of the southern king's military muster and action.
- Dan.11.8-9 (thematic): These verses describe earlier movements, gains and reversals between the same kings (south's advance, temporary success, and subsequent retreat/loss), thematically linked to the combat and prize in 11:11.
- Dan.8.23-25 (thematic): The vision of a fierce, deceitful ruler who arises and wages destructive warfare echoes the broader theme of Hellenistic power struggles and ruthless kingship that underlies the north–south conflicts in chapter 11.
- 1 Maccabees 1:16–17 (allusion): Historical account of Seleucid (northern) incursions into Egypt (the southern Hellenistic realm) — provides historical background for the north vs. south warfare that Daniel's vision symbolically depicts.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the king of the South shall be stirred up and go forth and fight with him, even with the king of the North; and he shall set forth a great multitude, but the multitude shall be given into his hand.
- Then the king of the South shall be provoked to anger; he shall go out and fight with him, with the king of the North, and shall set out a great host; and the multitude shall be given into his hand.
Dan.11.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ההמון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ורם: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- לבבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- והפיל: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,sg
- רבאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יעוז: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Uses similar language of self-exaltation and boasting by a hostile power and the theme that his greatness brings about his undoing (pride and lack of real help).
- Dan.11.36 (verbal): Directly parallels the motif of a ruler who 'exalts and magnifies himself' above all — same vocabulary of arrogance and self-exaltation in the Daniel narrative.
- Ps.2:1-3 (thematic): Depicts peoples and rulers rising together in arrogant opposition — a collective, boastful uprising that echoes 'the multitude' lifting itself up.
- Prov.16:18 (thematic): Summarizes the moral principle behind the verse: pride/exaltation precedes downfall — connecting arrogance of the many with impending failure.
- Isa.10:12 (thematic): God judges a proud, exalted power (the Assyrian) for its haughty heart and look — parallels the theme of arrogant multitudes being brought low.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the multitude shall be carried away; his heart shall be exalted, and he shall cast down tens of thousands, but he shall not prevail.
- When the multitude is carried away, his heart shall be exalted, and he shall cast down tens of thousands; yet he shall not stand, for plots are devised against him.
Dan.11.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והעמיד: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ולקץ: CONJ+PREP
- העתים: DET+NOUN,f,pl,def
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בוא: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- בחיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- וברכוש: PREP
- רב: ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- Daniel 11:29-30 (verbal): Same episode in the narrative: the king of the north 'returns' after some years and makes incursions with a large force; wording and sequence echo 11:13.
- Daniel 11:40-45 (thematic): Continuation and culmination of the north–south conflict motif: the northern ruler musters forces and wages broad campaigns in the latter days.
- Daniel 8:23-25 (allusion): Prophetic depiction of a fierce, latter-time ruler who rises with great power and military success—echoes the characterization of the north's repeated musterings and campaigns.
- Ezekiel 38:4-6 (thematic): Gog, coming from the north, assembles a vast host to invade Israel; parallels the image of a northern leader gathering a great army for assault.
- Zechariah 14:2 (thematic): Foreign nations are gathered to besiege Jerusalem and plunder it—similar motif of many peoples/armies coming against the land in a concentrated campaign.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the king of the North shall return and set forth a greater multitude than the former; and at the end of times he shall come with a great army and much wealth.
- Then the king of the North shall return and set up a multitude greater than the former; and at the appointed time he shall come with a great army and with much wealth.
Dan.11.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובעתים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ההם: PRON,dem,m,pl
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- יעמדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- פריצי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- ינשאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- להעמיד: PREP+VERB,hif,inf
- חזון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונכשלו: CONJ+VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Dan.11.25 (verbal): Like v.14, v.25 describes forces rising against the king of the south—both passages picture military action stirred up against that ruler and continue the same sequence of conflicts.
- Dan.11.21 (thematic): Earlier in the chapter a 'contemptible' or opportunistic figure gains power by intrigue; this parallels v.14's 'robbers of thy people' who exalt themselves to establish a vision but ultimately fail.
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Daniel 8:25 portrays a proud antagonist who prospers by deception and is destined to be broken—echoing v.14's motif of self-exalting agents seeking to establish a course of action yet ending in collapse.
- Hab.2.2-3 (thematic): Habakkuk's instruction to 'write the vision' and the theme of a divinely appointed vision that will come to pass contrasts human attempts to 'establish' a vision; it highlights the prophetic/eschatological framework behind v.14's reference to establishing a vision and the ultimate fulfillment beyond human scheming.
Alternative generated candidates
- And in those times many shall rise up against the king of the South; the violent among your people shall lift themselves up to support the vision, yet they shall stumble.
- In those times many shall rise against the king of the South. Men of violent temper among your own people shall lift themselves up to establish the vision, but they shall fail.
Dan.11.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הצפון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וישפך: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- סוללה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולכד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מבצרות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וזרעות: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- יעמדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ועם: CONJ+PREP
- מבחריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- כח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לעמד: VERB,qal,inf
Parallels
- Dan.11.40 (structural): Same Daniel cycle of conflict between 'king of the north' and 'king of the south'—later/eschatological restatement of the northward/southward offensives and mutual inability to sustain resistance.
- Dan.8.9-10 (verbal): The vision‑language of a rising power advancing 'toward the south' and growing strong—echoes the image of a northern ruler expanding his reach and overwhelming southern forces.
- 2 Kings 18:13 (thematic): Sennacherib, king of Assyria (from the north), comes against and takes fortified cities—parallel motif of a powerful northern king besieging and capturing walled towns.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (thematic): Assyria depicted as the northern instrument of conquest who advances into and takes hold of nations—similar theological/prophetic portrayal of a northern monarch overrunning fortified regions.
- Habakkuk 1:6 (thematic): The Chaldeans are pictured as a swift, powerful nation set over lands not their own, seizing possessions—comparable motif of an overpowering foreign force that leaves the local defenders with no strength to stand.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the king of the North shall come and cast up a ramp and take a fortified city; the forces of the South shall not stand, neither shall there be strength in his chosen people.
- And the king of the North shall come and build siegeworks and take a fortified city; the forces of the South shall not withstand, neither his chosen troops, for there is no strength to stand.
Dan.11.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הבא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כרצונו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עומד: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ויעמד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- הצבי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וכלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.36 (verbal): Uses the same formula—'he shall do according to his will'—to describe a proud ruler acting with autonomous authority; a direct verbal/structural echo within Daniel's account of the king's behavior.
- Rev.13:4-7 (thematic): The beast is granted broad authority and none can make war with him; parallels the motif of a dominant leader who acts unchecked over lands and peoples.
- Isa.10:5-7 (thematic): Assyria portrayed as God's instrument yet boasting and acting proudly—an invading power that carries out its own will and appears to stand unopposed, echoing the conqueror motif in Daniel 11:16.
- Hab.1:6-11 (thematic): The rise of the Chaldeans as a swift, ruthless force who 'do according to their own will' and are feared by nations—parallels the image of an unstoppable military power acting with impunity.
- Dan.4:30 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar's boastful exaltation ('Is not this great Babylon... I will be like the Most High') reflects the theme of a ruler exalting himself and acting arrogantly—an internal Daniel parallel to the pride and self-will in 11:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- He who comes against him shall do according to his will, and none shall stand before him; he shall stand in the glorious land and destroy many.
- He who comes against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him. He shall take his stand in the Glorious Land, and there his power shall be consumed.
Dan.11.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פניו: NOUN,m,pl,cons+3,m,sg
- לבוא: VERB,qal,inf
- בתקף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- מלכותו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3ms
- וישרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ובת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הנשים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- להשחיתה: VERB,hiphil,inf,3,f,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- תעמד: VERB,qal,juss,2,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.6 (verbal): Repeats the same motif and near-verbatim phrase 'give him the daughter of women'—an earlier instance of a royal marriage used as a political/diplomatic device with destructive consequences.
- Dan.8.25 (thematic): Describes a powerful, crafty ruler who prospers by guile and brings ruin—parallels the portrait of a king using force and intrigue to attain his ends.
- 1 Kgs.16:31 (thematic): Ahab's marriage to Jezebel (a foreign princess) introduces idolatry and political/religious ruin—illustrates the theme of a royal marriage causing corruption and downfall.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Reports the problem of Israelites marrying foreign women who lead the community into sin—parallel concern about foreign marriages producing harmful consequences for a polity.
Alternative generated candidates
- He shall set his face to come with the strength of his whole kingdom; he shall do what he wills, and he will give a daughter of women to corrupt it—but she shall not endure, and she shall not be for him.
- He shall set his face to come with the might of his whole kingdom; he shall act and give him the daughter of women to ruin the kingdom. But she shall not stand, and she shall not be his.
Dan.11.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פניו: NOUN,m,pl,cons+3,m,sg
- לאיים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולכד: VERB,qal,impf,3,ms
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- והשבית: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- קצין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חרפתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,ms
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- בלתי: NEG
- חרפתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,ms
- ישיב: VERB,hifil,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Daniel 8:24 (thematic): Both describe a powerful ruler who inflicts great destruction on peoples (including the holy/saints) and carries out violent conquests—parallel theme of a conquering, devastating king.
- Daniel 11:36–37 (structural): Later verses in the same Daniel 11 section continue the portrait of an arrogant king who pursues his own will and exalts himself against gods—part of the same composite characterization and narrative sequence.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:3–4 (allusion): The 'man of lawlessness' who exalts himself against God and opposes the holy ones echoes Daniel’s depiction of a ruler who attacks and humiliates God's people and sets himself against the divine.
- Isaiah 10:5–7 (thematic): Isaiah’s account of the Assyrian conqueror—sent to devastate nations but proud and destructive—parallels the motif of a fierce ruler who captures many and brings ruin to peoples.
Alternative generated candidates
- He shall turn his face to the coasts and take many; he shall also set his heart against the strongholds, and a commander shall shame him, so that shame shall return to him.
- He shall set his face toward the fortresses of his own land; he shall stumble and fall, and shall not be found.
Dan.11.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פניו: NOUN,m,pl,cons+3,m,sg
- למעוזי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ארצו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,ms
- ונכשל: VERB,nip,impf,3,m,sg
- ונפל: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- ימצא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Both passages describe the ruler's sudden collapse and end — Daniel 8:25 speaks of the prince being broken/perishing (not by human hand), echoing 'he stumbled and fell' and the sense of helplessness.
- Dan.11.4 (structural): Earlier verse in the same chapter describing the breaking up and end of a kingdom; thematically linked as part of the pattern of conquests followed by sudden disintegration and downfall of rulers.
- Ezek.21:26 (thematic): Ezekiel's oracle about removing the crown and casting down the prince parallels the motif of a ruler's abrupt overthrow and loss of power — a prophetic image of downfall like Daniel's 'stumbled and fell'.
- Prov.16:18 (thematic): The proverb 'Pride goes before destruction' resonates with Daniel's depiction of a proud ruler turning to his stronghold only to stumble and find no help — a moral-theological explanation for sudden collapse.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then he shall turn his face to his own land and shall stumble and fall, and shall not be found.
- Then he shall turn back to the fortresses of his land and be shaken and fall—none to help him.
Dan.11.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועמד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- כנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעביר: VERB,hif,ptc,m,sg
- נוגש: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- הדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלכות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אחדים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ישבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- באפים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- במלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.11.21 (structural): Immediate literary continuation describing the same 'contemptible person' who seizes the kingdom by flatteries—closely parallel language and narrative role.
- Dan.11.22 (verbal): Follows directly and repeats the theme of the usurper's swift downfall 'within a few days' and being broken without battle—echoes the fate predicted in 11:20.
- Dan.8.23-25 (allusion): Describes a fierce, deceitful ruler who succeeds by craft and causes great destruction but is ultimately broken—shares verbal motifs (craft, success, sudden downfall) and likely refers to the same type of oppressor.
- Dan.7.24-26 (thematic): The vision of horns and a boastful little horn that subdues and persecutes before being judged parallels the motif of a usurping, contemptible ruler who rises by intrigue and is later destroyed.
- 2 Thess.2.3-4 (thematic): The New Testament portrayal of the 'man of lawlessness' who exalts himself and comes by deceptive means echoes the theme of an illegitimate, boastful ruler who attains power through deceit and faces ultimate divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And in his place shall arise one who will put an end to the reproachful splendor of the kingdom; and within a few days he shall be broken—neither by anger nor by battle.
- And there shall arise in his place a contemptible one who shall not be given the honor of the throne; he shall come in without honor and shall seize the kingdom by intrigue.
Dan.11.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועמד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- כנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נבזה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ולא: CONJ
- נתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- הוד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מלכות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בשלוה: PREP,3,m,sg
- והחזיק: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- מלכות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בחלקלקות: PREP
Parallels
- Daniel 8:23-25 (verbal): Describes a later, cunning ruler in the 'latter time' who uses policy/peace and deceit to prosper and destroy—language and motifs (a contemptible/impious ruler who gains power by craft and 'peace') closely mirror 11:21.
- Daniel 7:8 (thematic): The 'little horn' motif: a presumptuous, emergent power that rises illegitimately, speaks boastfully and persecutes the saints—parallels the character and illegitimate ascent of the 'vile person' in 11:21.
- Daniel 11:20 (structural): Immediate context within the same chapter: 11:20 describes an earlier king removed and his end, setting the stage for 11:21's appearance of a 'contemptible' successor who attains kingship without rightful honor.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:3-4 (thematic): Paul's description of the 'man of lawlessness' who exalts himself and comes with deception to assert authority echoes Daniel's portrait of an illegitimate, boastful ruler who gains power by deceitful means.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then there shall stand up in his place a vile person, to whom they will not give the honor of the kingdom; but he shall come in peaceably and obtain the kingdom by flatteries.
- Armies shall be swept away before him and broken, yes—both a prince of the covenant.
Dan.11.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזרעות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- השטף: DEF+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ישטפו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מלפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- וישברו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- וגם: CONJ
- נגיד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.9:26-27 (allusion): Both passages speak of a 'prince' in relation to a covenant and violence—Daniel's motif of a covenant-prince who brings or breaks treaties ties 11:22 to the earlier Daniel tradition about a coming/prince and covenant.
- Isa.8:7-8 (verbal): Uses flood/river imagery of forces sweeping forward and overflowing; parallels Daniel's image of forces being swept away before a power (זרעות השטף — arms/streams of the flood).
- Isa.59:19 (verbal): Speaks of the enemy coming 'like a flood'—same motif of inundating attack and divine or political response as in the sweeping imagery of Dan 11:22.
- 2 Sam.5:20 (thematic): Describes victory imagery of God 'bursting through' enemies like water; thematically parallels the depiction of military forces overwhelmed or broken as by flood-like power.
Alternative generated candidates
- With the flood of his forces they shall be swept away before him and shall be broken; and also the prince of the covenant shall be broken.
- And the host of his flood shall be swept away before him, and both the prince of the covenant shall be broken.
Dan.11.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- התחברות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- מרמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועלה: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- ועצם: NOUN,m,sg,abs,pref:wa
- במעט: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Both verses speak of the ruler’s success achieved by deceit/cunning—language about acting craftily and prospering through treachery parallels the ’work deceitfully’ of 11:23.
- Dan.11.21 (structural): Earlier description of the same actor: a ‘vile person’ who gains power by intrigue—parallels 11:23’s theme of rise to strength through deception after a pact.
- Dan.9.27 (thematic): Speaks of a pact/covenant that is then violated (mid-week breaking/abomination); thematically parallels the motif of making a league/covenant and then acting treacherously in 11:23.
- Dan.11.32 (thematic): Describes corruption and seduction of people by flatteries/deceit—connects with 11:23’s depiction of gaining strength through deceptive means and small loyal following.
Alternative generated candidates
- And by his craft he shall do deceit and shall become strong with a small people.
- After an alliance is made he shall work deceitfully; he shall go up and become strong with a small people.
Dan.11.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בשלוה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובמשמני: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,gen
- מדינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- ואבות: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אבתיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3s
- בזה: PREP+DEM
- ושלל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורכוש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- יבזור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- מבצרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יחשב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מחשבתיו: NOUN,f,pl,suff
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
Parallels
- Dan.11.21 (structural): Immediate context: introduces the 'vile person' who gains power by peaceful means — same figure and narrative frame as v.24 (seizing authority by intrigue rather than open war).
- Dan.11.25 (thematic): Continues the same episode: describes stirring up power and using force/strategy against the south and strongholds, echoing v.24's plotting against fortresses and distribution of plunder.
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Shares key language and motif (rendered in many translations as 'by peace shall destroy many' and stressing craft/policy and self-exaltation), paralleling v.24's emphasis on peaceful seizure, deceitful tactics, and plunder.
- 2 Thess.2:3-4 (thematic): NT parallel: the 'man of lawlessness' who exalts himself and comes by deception — thematically similar to Daniel's ruler who attains power by guile, behaves unlike his predecessors, and seeks domination and spoil.
Alternative generated candidates
- In peace he shall enter and gain power through smooth words; he shall even do what his fathers and forefathers did not do—scatter plunder and spoil, and devise plans against fortified places—but only for a time.
- He shall enter peaceably—even into the richest provinces—and do what his fathers and forefathers did not do: he shall distribute plunder, spoil, and riches to those who support him, and shall devise plans against the strongholds—but only for a time.
Dan.11.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויער: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כחו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF:3,m,sg
- ולבבו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- על: PREP
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בחיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ומלך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנגב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יתגרה: VERB,hitpael,impf,3,m,sg
- למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בחיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ועצום: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- מאד: ADV
- ולא: CONJ
- יעמד: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יחשבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- מחשבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Daniel 11:11 (verbal): Same episode repeated: the king of the south is enraged and goes out with a great army to fight—close verbal and narrative parallel within the chapter describing the same north–south military clash.
- Daniel 8:23-25 (thematic): Describes a powerful, crafty ruler who acts with great military power, prospers by intrigue, and defeats the mighty—shares language and themes of power, deception, and decisive warfare.
- Revelation 13:7 (allusion): The beast is granted authority to make war and overcome (the saints); parallels the motif of a dominant ruler conducting successful, destructive campaigns through force and craft.
- 1 Maccabees 1:10-11 (thematic): Historical depiction of Hellenistic royal aggression (Antiochus-era campaigns) that echoes Daniel’s portrayal of large-scale conflicts between 'north' and 'south' rulers and their mighty armies.
Alternative generated candidates
- When his power and heart have been set against the king of the South, he shall use a great and mighty army; the king of the South shall stir up a great force for war, but it shall not stand; for schemes are devised against him.
- He shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the South with a great army; the king of the South shall muster a great and mighty army, but it shall not stand, for schemes shall be devised against it.
Dan.11.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואכלי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בגו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ישברוהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- וחילו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- ישטוף: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- ונפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- חללים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Dan.11.25 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verses describe the military maneuvers and confrontations that lead into v.26’s report of forces being shattered and heavy casualties.
- Dan.11.31 (verbal): Same chapter’s later description of the ruler’s military power being broken (׳ישברו׳/׳יתבקעו׳ themes); both verses portray defeat and the collapse of his forces.
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Uses the language of a powerful antagonist who causes great destruction but is ultimately 'broken' (׳ישבר׳/׳נשבר׳); parallels the motif of many being slain and the leader’s downfall.
- Rev.19:19-21 (thematic): Apocalyptic counterpart: the beast and his armies are captured/killed and many are slain — a New Testament depiction of the decisive defeat of an hostile ruler and his forces.
- 2 Thess.2:8 (thematic): Speaks of the ultimate destruction of the 'man of lawlessness' by the Lord — a New Testament parallel to the fate of the arrogant military leader who is broken and whose followers fall.
Alternative generated candidates
- Those who eat at his table will break him; his army shall be swept away, and many shall fall slain.
- Those who eat as a delicacy within his camp shall break him; his army shall be swept away and many shall fall slain.
Dan.11.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושניהם: PRON,3,m,pl
- המלכים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לבבם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- למרע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- שלחן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- כזב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידברו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- תצלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- עוד: ADV
- קץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למועד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 8:10 (verbal): Both texts depict rulers or counselors devising plans and then state that those counsels will be brought to nothing (language of counsel/word not prospering).
- Psalm 2:1-3 (thematic): Kings and rulers taking counsel together to act against a higher authority — a parallel motif of conspiratorial royal intent.
- Daniel 8:25 (verbal): Similar imagery of a deceitful or blasphemous ruler using lying words and cunning; both verses focus on deceptive speech as a royal tactic.
- Daniel 11:35 (structural): Shares the chapter's eschatological timetable language (the idea of an appointed time/end) and the theme of events culminating at the foretold time.
- Acts 4:26-28 (allusion): NT citation of the motif (from Psalm 2) of rulers plotting together; echoes the New Testament's use of conspiratorial royal activity to underscore divine sovereignty over such plans.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the two kings' hearts shall be bent on evil, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper, for yet the end is at the appointed time.
- And both kings' hearts shall be to do evil, and they shall speak lies at the same table; but it shall not prosper, for the end is yet for the appointed time.
Dan.11.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ארצו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,ms
- ברכוש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ולבבו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- על: PREP
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- לארצו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Dan.11.31 (verbal): Closely connected context: this verse describes foreign forces profaning the sanctuary and breaking the 'holy covenant,' echoing the language and action (attack on the covenant/temple) of 11:28.
- Dan.11.36 (thematic): Both verses portray a willful ruler acting according to his own intent against religious/political norms—11:28's hostile heart toward the 'holy covenant' parallels 11:36's autonomous, self‑willed king.
- Dan.7.25 (thematic): Daniel's vision of a persecuting horn that speaks against the Most High and oppresses the saints parallels 11:28's hostile posture toward the covenant and aggressive exploits against God's people.
- Dan.8.25 (thematic): Describes a blustering, successful persecutor who prospers for a time and attacks the sacred order—paralleling 11:28's return with great riches and hostile action toward the holy covenant.
- 2 Thess.2:3-4 (allusion): The New Testament depiction of the 'man of lawlessness' who opposes and exalts himself over God echoes Daniel's portrayal of an arrogant ruler acting against the covenant and sacred worship.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then he shall return to his land with great riches, and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; he shall do exploits, and return to his own land.
- Then he shall return to his land with great wealth, and his heart shall be set against the holy covenant; he shall act and return to his own land.
Dan.11.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- למועד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישוב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בנגב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- כראשנה: ADV
- וכאחרנה: CONJ+PREP+ADJ,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Daniel 11:27 (verbal): Explicitly uses the language of an ‘appointed time’ (delay of the end); part of the same narrative unit describing the kings’ actions and the timing referred to in 11:29.
- Daniel 11:30 (structural): Immediate continuation that explains the reason for the king’s return (ships of Kittim) and describes his change of course and fury, directly relating to 11:29’s note that his movement will not be like before.
- Daniel 11:25 (thematic): Earlier depiction of campaigns by sea and movements to the south—parallels the military shifts and alternating successes and setbacks reflected in 11:29.
- Daniel 11:40 (thematic): A later prophecy of the king’s action against southern/coastal regions in the ‘latter time’; echoes the motif of southern campaigns and the altered character of his actions implied by 11:29.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the appointed time he shall return and come toward the south; but it shall not be as it was before or as it will be afterward.
- At the appointed time he shall return and come into the South, but it shall not be as the former or as the latter.
Dan.11.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובאו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ציים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ונכאה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- וזעם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קודש: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- ויבן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- עזבי: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,m,pl
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.11.31 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same episode: describes profaning the sanctuary and taking away the daily sacrifice, directly expanding 11:30’s hostility toward the ‘holy covenant.’
- Dan.9.27 (verbal): Speaks of making and then breaking a covenant and causing sacrifice to cease; shares key language and the theme of violation of the covenant and temple worship.
- Dan.8.11-12 (allusion): The ‘little horn’ opposes the host and stops the daily sacrifice—visionary language and motifs that parallel the ruler enraged against the holy covenant in 11:30.
- 1 Maccabees 1:11-16 (thematic): Historical account of Antiochus IV’s plundering and profaning of the Jerusalem sanctuary and abolition of proper worship—an historical fulfilment/parallel to Daniel’s depiction of temple desecration.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:3-4 (thematic): Paul’s portrayal of a lawless figure who exalts himself against God and takes his seat in God’s temple echoes the motif of a ruler opposing God and profaning the sanctuary.
Alternative generated candidates
- For ships of Kittim shall come against him; therefore he shall be grieved and shall return, and shall be roused against the holy covenant and shall act; then he shall turn back and show regard for those who forsake the holy covenant.
- For ships from Cyprus shall come against him; therefore he shall be grieved and return and become furious against the holy covenant; he shall act and return and set himself against those who abandon the holy covenant.
Dan.11.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזרעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יעמדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- וחללו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- המקדש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- המעוז: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והסירו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- התמיד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ונתנו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- השקוץ: NOUN,m,sg,def
- משומם: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.8:11-13 (verbal): Uses the same imagery of a power that exalts itself, stops the continual (daily) sacrifice, and causes a ‘transgression/desolation’—a near-verbatim thematic and verbal parallel within Daniel.
- Dan.9:27 (verbal): Speaks of one who in the middle of a week will put an end to sacrifice and offering—same verbal motif of cessation of the daily/regular sacrifice found in 11:31.
- Dan.12:11 (structural): Repeats the formula linking removal of the daily sacrifice with the setting up of the abomination that makes desolate and supplies the chronological framework (days), showing continuity of the motif in the book's structure.
- Matt.24:15 (quotation): Jesus explicitly cites the ‘abomination of desolation’ language and warns his hearers to recognize it—an explicit New Testament quotation/allusion to Daniel’s imagery (commonly traced to 11:31/12:11).
- 1 Maccabees 1:54 (allusion): Describes Antiochus IV’s ritual desecration of the Jerusalem altar and cessation of Jewish sacrifice—an historical episode often read as the real-world realization of Daniel’s ‘abomination’ and removal of the daily sacrifice.
Alternative generated candidates
- Forces shall stand up from him, and shall profane the sanctuary fortress; they shall take away the daily sacrifice and set up the abomination that makes desolate.
- Forces from him shall appear and profane the sanctuary, the fortress, and shall take away the regular burnt offering; they shall set up the abomination that makes desolate.
Dan.11.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומרשיעי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יחניף: VERB,hiph,impf,3,m,sg
- בחלקות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ועם: CONJ+PREP
- ידעי: ADJ,ptcp,qal,m,pl,abs
- אלהיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יחזקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ועשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
Parallels
- Daniel 11:33 (structural): Immediate continuation/parallel within the same prophecy: repeats and expands the theme that those who know God will be strengthened and will carry out heroic deeds.
- Daniel 12:3 (thematic): Promises reward for the wise and those who lead others to righteousness—like Daniel 11:32’s promise that the God‑knowing will be strengthened and honored.
- Hebrews 11:33-34 (thematic): Describes the heroes of faith who, through knowing/trusting God, accomplished great exploits (conquered kingdoms, shut mouths of lions), echoing Daniel’s motif of strength and deeds.
- 1 Chronicles 12:32 (thematic): Speaks of men who ‘had understanding of the times’ and knew what Israel should do—parallels Daniel’s association of right knowledge/insight with effective action on behalf of God.
- Acts 4:13 (thematic): The apostles’ boldness and effective witness (despite being unlettered) is attributed to their association with Jesus/knowledge of God, resonating with the idea that those who know God are strengthened.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the wicked who act against the covenant shall be corrupted by smooth talk; but the people who know their God shall be strong and act.
- And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall flatter with smooth words; but the people who know their God shall be strong and do mighty acts.
Dan.11.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומשכילי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,const
- עם: PREP
- יבינו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לרבים: PREP+ADJ,m,pl
- ונכשלו: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובלהבה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בשבי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובבזה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Dan.11.34-35 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same oracle: repeats the motif of the wise instructing many, being tested and persecuted, and specifies their purification and the prolonged suffering ('many days').
- Dan.12.3 (verbal): Eschatological parallel: 'the wise shall shine... and those who turn many to righteousness' echoes Dan 11:33's 'the wise of the people shall make many understand' and the theme of reward for those who instruct others.
- Hebrews 11:35-38 (thematic): Lists faithful who suffered torture, execution, destitution and persecution—close thematic parallel to 'they shall fall by sword and by flame, by captivity and by spoil' as the fate of the faithful.
- Matthew 5:10-12 (thematic): Beatitude promising blessing for those persecuted for righteousness' sake and describing enduring reproach and suffering—parallels Daniel's depiction of sufferers who witness/teach despite persecution.
- Revelation 13:7 (thematic): The beast is granted authority to make war on the saints and to conquer them—an apocalyptic echo of prolonged persecution ('many days') and violent opposition to the faithful.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the wise among the people shall instruct many; yet they shall fall by sword and by flame, by captivity and by plunder for many days.
- Those of the people who are wise shall instruct many; yet they shall fall by sword and flame, by captivity and plunder.
Dan.11.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובהכשלם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יעזרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- עזר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מעט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונלוו: VERB,hitp,perf,3,pl
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- בחלקלקות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Dan.8.25 (verbal): Same Daniel tradition about a wicked ruler using craft and deceit to prosper and to mislead many—language of cunning and causing many to be led astray parallels ‘many shall join with them by flattery.’
- 2 Thess.2:9-12 (thematic): The lawless one works by Satanic power and deception so that many are deceived; thematically parallels the idea of widespread deception and people being drawn in by false help or persuasion.
- Rev.13:11-14 (thematic): The second beast performs signs and deceives the inhabitants of the earth so that many follow and are led into idolatry—parallels the motif of ‘help’ or signs that draw many to join by deception and flattery.
- Jer.6:14 (thematic): Prophets and leaders give superficial consolation—‘peace, peace’—when there is no peace; echoes the idea of a little or false help and deceptive assurances that enable wrongdoing and draw people in.
Alternative generated candidates
- When they fall they shall be aided with a little help; many shall join themselves to them by deceit.
- When they fall, some help shall be given to them—so that many will join with them in flattery; nevertheless some shall escape with their own strength.
Dan.11.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- המשכילים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- יכשלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לצרוף: INF,piel
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ולברר: CONJ+INF,piel
- וללבן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- עת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- קץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- עוד: ADV
- למועד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Dan.11.33 (structural): Immediate literary parallel in the same pericope: 11:33–35 treats the fate of the 'wise' (חכמים), describing their instruction of others and their suffering/stumbling—11:33 provides the context of persecution that 11:35 explains as a process of refinement.
- Dan.12.10 (verbal): Closely echoes the language and theme—'many shall be purified, made white and refined'—linking the motif of testing and purification of the righteous to the eschatological 'time of the end' language.
- Malachi 3:2–3 (thematic): Uses the image of a refiner’s fire and purifier to describe God’s action toward the priests/people, paralleling Daniel’s motif of purification/ refining to remove impurity before an appointed time.
- Zechariah 13:9 (thematic): Speaks of refining and testing Israel—'I will bring them through the fire' and divide the refined—resonates with Daniel’s idea of suffering/stumbling as a purgative process that produces a purified remnant.
- 1 Peter 1:7 (allusion): New Testament parallel in imagery and purpose: faith is 'tested by fire' so that it may result in praise/glory at Christ’s revelation—echoes Daniel’s theme of trials refining the faithful until the appointed eschatological time.
Alternative generated candidates
- And some of the wise shall stumble, to refine them, to purify and make them white until the time of the end; for it is yet an appointed time.
- And from among the wise some shall stumble, that they may be refined, purified, and made white until the time of the end; for it is yet for an appointed time.
And now I will tell you the truth: behold, three more kings shall arise for Persia, and a fourth shall be richer than them all; and by his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece.
A mighty king shall arise, and he shall rule with great dominion, and shall do according to his will. But when he has arisen, his kingdom shall be broken and divided toward the four winds of heaven, and not to his posterity, nor in the dominion with which he ruled; for his kingdom shall be uprooted and given to others besides these.
The king of the South shall become strong, and one of his princes shall be strong over him; and he shall become greater than he and rule; his dominion shall be a great dominion. And at the end of some years they shall make an agreement; and the daughter of the king of the South shall come to the king of the North to make a league. But she shall not retain the power of her dowry, nor shall he and his seed stand; she and her attendants, even he who fathered her and he who strengthened her in those times, shall be given up.
One from his own roots shall rise up like him and shall come into the army; he shall enter the fortress of the king of the North and shall deal with them and shall prevail.
Also their gods, with their molten images, with their incense and their precious vessels of silver and gold, shall be carried into Egypt as captives; and he shall stand for years between the king of the North and the king of the South.
Then the king of the South shall come into his kingdom, and shall return to his own land.
His sons shall stir up strife, and assemble a multitude of great forces; and one shall come, overflow, pass through, and return, and shall stir up strife even to his fortress.
The king of the South shall be provoked and shall go out and fight with the king of the North; he shall set forth a great multitude, but that multitude shall be delivered into his hand.
He shall lift up his face with pride, and cast down tens of thousands, yet he shall not prevail.
Then the king of the North shall return and set forth a greater multitude than the former; and in those times he shall come on with a great army and much wealth.
In those times many shall rise up against the king of the South; and the violent among your people shall lift themselves up to establish the vision, but they shall stumble.
The king of the North shall come and throw up siegeworks and take a fortified city; the forces of the South shall not withstand, neither their chosen people, nor is there strength to stand.
He shall do according to his will; none shall stand before him. He shall establish himself in the land of splendour, and it shall be consumed by his hand.
He shall set his face to come with the full might of his kingdom; he shall give her the daughter of women to corrupt her—but she shall not stand, nor shall he have her.
He shall set his face to come against the coasts and capture many; he shall make himself arrogant and do outrage, then shall return to his own land.
He shall turn his face back to the fortresses of his land; he shall stumble and fall, and not be found. And in his place shall arise one contemptible, one who will not be given the honor of the kingdom; he shall come in a time of ease and seize the kingdom by flattery. In a little while he shall be destroyed, neither by anger nor by war.
A vile person shall stand up in his place; they will not give him the glory of the kingdom, yet he shall come in peaceably and obtain the kingdom by intrigue.
The overflow of his forces shall sweep away before him and shall break them; and also the prince of the covenant shall be broken.
After an alliance is made with him he shall work deceitfully; he shall ascend and become strong with a few.
He shall come into the richest provinces by peace and do what his fathers and the fathers of his fathers did not do—scatter plunder and spoil and devise plans against fortresses—but it shall be for a time.
He shall stir up his power and courage against the king of the South with a great army; the king of the South shall raise a mighty and very great army, yet it shall not stand, for they shall devise plots against him.
Those who eat his bread shall break him; his army shall be swept away, and many shall fall down dead. And both kings shall scheme to do evil, and shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper, for still the end is at the appointed time.
Then he shall return to his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; he shall act, and return to his own land.
At the appointed time he shall return and come toward the South, but it shall not be as before, nor as after.
Ships of Kittim shall come against him; therefore he shall be grieved and return, and shall have wrath against the holy covenant; he shall act and return, and shall set himself against those who forsake the holy covenant.
Forces from him shall stand up and profane the sanctuary fortress; they shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall set up the abomination that makes desolate.
Those who act wickedly against the covenant shall be bribed with flattery; but the people who know their God shall be strong, and shall do exploits. And the wise among the people shall instruct many; yet they shall fall by sword and flame, by captivity and plunder, for many days.
When they stumble, there shall be help for them a little while; many shall join themselves to them in hypocrisy. And some of the wise shall stumble, that they may be refined, purified and made white, until the time of the end—for it is yet for an appointed time.