Jesus Questions the Pharisees; Warnings against Hypocrisy
Luke 20:41-47
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Luke.20.41 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- προς: PREP
- αυτους·Πως: PRON,acc,pl,m
- λεγουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- χριστον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- Δαυιδ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- υιον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 22:41-46 (verbal): Parallel pericope where Jesus poses the same question to the Pharisees and then cites Psalm 110:1 to challenge the notion that the Messiah is merely David's son.
- Mark 12:35-37 (verbal): Mark’s account contains the same examen of the Messiah’s identity, including the question and the quotation of Psalm 110:1, serving as a close verbal parallel to Luke 20:41.
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The psalm Jesus immediately quotes ("The LORD said to my Lord…") to show that David calls the Messiah 'Lord,' complicating the simple designation 'son of David.'
- 2 Samuel 7:12-16 (thematic): The Davidic covenant promises an enduring offspring and kingdom—foundation for the Jewish expectation that the Messiah would be 'a son of David.'
- Jeremiah 23:5-6 (thematic): A prophetic promise of a 'righteous Branch' from David's line who will reign wisely—another messianic text underlying the title 'son of David.'
Alternative generated candidates
- He said to them, "How do they say that the Christ is David's son?"
- But he said to them, "How do they say that the Christ is David's son?"
Luke.20.42 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- γαρ: PART
- Δαυιδ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- λεγει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- βιβλω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ψαλμων·Ειπεν: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- μου·Καθου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- δεξιων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The original Old Testament verse Luke cites — 'The LORD said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand.' (the source and wording of Luke's quotation).
- Matthew 22:44 (quotation): Jesus quotes the same Psalm 110:1 in his debate with the Pharisees to show David calls the Messiah 'Lord,' raising the question of the Messiah's identity.
- Mark 12:36 (quotation): Mark's parallel to Matthew/Luke preserves Jesus' citation of Psalm 110:1 in the synagogue controversy, with the same force and wording.
- Acts 2:34-35 (quotation): Peter cites Psalm 110:1 at Pentecost to argue that David foresaw the Messiah's exaltation and that Jesus has been seated at God's right hand.
- Hebrews 1:13 (quotation): The author of Hebrews explicitly quotes Psalm 110:1 to demonstrate Christ's superiority and his session at the Father's right hand.
Alternative generated candidates
- For David himself says in the book of Psalms, "The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand,
- For David himself says in the book of Psalms, "The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand,
Luke.20.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εως: CONJ
- αν: PART
- θω: VERB,aor,act,subj,1,sg
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εχθρους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- υποποδιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ποδων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The original psalm quoted by Jesus: 'The Lord said to my Lord, Sit at my right hand...until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.' (source of Luke's line).
- Matthew 22:44 (verbal): Parallel synoptic quotation of the same Psalm in Jesus' argument with the Pharisees; wording closely matches Luke's citation.
- Mark 12:36 (verbal): Mark's account preserves the same citation of Psalm 110:1 in Jesus' dispute, reflecting the same verbal tradition used in Luke 20:43.
- Acts 2:34-35 (quotation): Peter cites Psalm 110:1 in his Pentecost sermon, using 'David says' to argue that David did not ascend to heaven—echoing the use of the psalm in Luke.
- Hebrews 1:13 (quotation): The author of Hebrews quotes Psalm 110:1 ('Sit at my right hand...until I make your enemies a footstool'), applying it to the exalted status of the Son.
Alternative generated candidates
- until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."
- until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."
Luke.20.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Δαυιδ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουν: CONJ
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- κυριον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- καλει: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- και: CONJ
- πως: ADV
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 110:1 (quotation): The original OT verse Jesus cites — 'The LORD said to my Lord...' which he uses to question how the Messiah can be David's son if David calls him 'Lord'.
- Matthew 22:44 (verbal): Synoptic parallel where Jesus quotes the same line from Psalm 110:1 in the same debate with the Pharisees.
- Mark 12:36 (verbal): Another synoptic parallel preserving Jesus' citation of Psalm 110:1 as proof that the Messiah is greater than David.
- Acts 2:34-36 (quotation): Peter cites Psalm 110:1 at Pentecost to show Jesus' exaltation and identity as both Lord and Messiah.
- Hebrews 1:13 (quotation): The author applies Psalm 110:1 to Christ to argue for his superior status and his seat at God's right hand.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore David calls him Lord; how then is he his son?
- Therefore David calls him Lord; how then can he be his son?
Luke.20.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ακουοντος: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- παντος: ADJ,gen,sg,masc
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- λαου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- μαθηταις·: NOUN,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Mark 12:38 (structural): Mark likewise moves from public teaching to a warning about scribes; the narrative shifts focus in a similar way to address the dangers of scribal hypocrisy.
- Matthew 23:1-4 (thematic): Jesus speaks to the crowds and his disciples and denounces the scribes and Pharisees — same theme of public teaching followed by critique of religious leaders.
- Luke 12:1 (structural): Luke elsewhere uses the same narrative pattern: a large crowd is present and Jesus then begins speaking privately to his disciples (’began to say to his disciples first’), paralleling the transition in 20:45.
- Mark 12:37-40 (verbal): Mark pairs the statement that the people heard him gladly with immediate material about the scribes’ hypocrisy (vv.38–40), mirroring Luke’s remark that the whole crowd was listening before Jesus addresses the disciples.
Alternative generated candidates
- While all the people were listening, he said to his disciples,
- While all the people were listening, he said to his disciples,
Luke.20.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Προσεχετε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
- απο: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- γραμματεων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- θελοντων: VERB,pres,act,part,gen,pl,m
- περιπατειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- εν: PREP
- στολαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- φιλουντων: VERB,pres,act,part,gen,pl,m
- ασπασμους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- αγοραις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- πρωτοκαθεδριας: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- εν: PREP
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- συναγωγαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- πρωτοκλισιας: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- δειπνοις: NOUN,dat,pl,n
Parallels
- Mark 12:38-40 (verbal): Close synoptic parallel: Jesus warns against the scribes who walk in long robes, love respectful greetings and prominent places, and exploit others (devour widows' houses).
- Matthew 23:5-7 (verbal): Part of Jesus' denunciation of the scribes and Pharisees: they perform deeds to be seen, make broad their phylacteries, and love greetings, the best seats in synagogues, and places of honor at feasts.
- Luke 11:43 (verbal): An earlier Lukan saying with the same charge: 'Woe to you... you love the best seats in the synagogues and greetings in the marketplaces,' echoing the criticism of status-seeking religious leaders.
- Matthew 23:25-28 (thematic): Thematic parallel on hypocrisy: the leaders' outward show (cleanliness, honored places) contrasted with inward corruption—connects the critique of external display in Luke 20:46 to the broader condemnation in Matthew 23.
Alternative generated candidates
- "Beware of the scribes, who like to walk about in long robes and love respectful greetings in the marketplaces, the front seats in the synagogues, and places of honor at feasts,
- "Beware of the scribes who like to walk about in long robes, who love respectful greetings in the market-places, the best seats in the synagogues, and places of honor at feasts,
Luke.20.47 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- κατεσθιουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- οικιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- χηρων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- προφασει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- μακρα: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- προσευχονται·ουτοι: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,pl
- λημψονται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,pl
- περισσοτερον: ADV,comp
- κριμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- Mark 12:40 (verbal): Almost verbatim parallel: accuses some leaders of 'devouring widows' houses' and making long prayers as a pretense; issues the same warning of greater condemnation.
- Matthew 23:14 (verbal): Part of the Matthean list of woes—uses the same charge that they 'devour widows' houses' and make long prayers, promising heavier judgment (appears in many manuscripts).
- Matthew 23:25-28 (thematic): Woes against the Pharisees for outward religiosity and inner corruption—extortion, hypocrisy, and judgment—echoes the condemnation of religious leaders who exploit the vulnerable.
- James 5:1-6 (thematic): Condemns wealthy oppressors who hoard wealth and defraud laborers, announcing imminent judgment; thematically parallels divine condemnation of those who exploit the poor and widows.
Alternative generated candidates
- who devour widows' houses and, for show, make long prayers—these will receive greater condemnation."
- who devour widows' houses and, as a pretense, make long prayers. These will receive the greater condemnation."
He said to them, "How do they say that the Christ is David's son?
For David himself declares in the Book of Psalms, 'The Lord said to my Lord,
'Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.'"
Therefore David calls him 'Lord'; how then is he his son?
As he spoke to the people, he said also to his disciples,
"Beware of the scribes, who like to go about in long robes, who love respectful greetings in the marketplaces, the chief seats in the synagogues, and places of honor at feasts,
who devour the houses of widows and, for show, make long prayers—these will receive greater condemnation."