The Song of Moses
Exodus 15:1-21
Exo.15.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אז: ADV
- ישיר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- השירה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הזאת: DEM,f,sg,def
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- אשירה: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- גאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- גאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורכבו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- רמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Psalm 98:1-3 (verbal): Begins with a command to 'Sing to the LORD' because he has done marvelous things—language and motive ('sing' because God acted to bring victory) echo Exodus 15's opening declaration of singing for the LORD's glorious triumph.
- Isaiah 12:2-6 (allusion): A communal song of praise celebrating God's salvation ('Surely God is my salvation... I will praise you') and calling the people to sing—Isaiah 12 echoes the motif and some language of Exodus 15's post‑deliverance hymn.
- Judges 5:1-31 (thematic): Deborah and Barak's victory song functions as a parallel deliverance hymn: communal celebration after miraculous victory, vivid combat and nature imagery, and the motif of God as the agent of victory—structurally and thematically akin to Moses' song.
- Revelation 15:3-4 (quotation): Explicitly identifies 'the song of Moses, the servant of God' alongside 'the song of the Lamb' and echoes Exodus 15's themes of God's righteous acts and victories—an explicit New Testament citation/allusion to Exodus 15.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Moses and the sons of Israel sang this song to YHWH, and they said: I will sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.
- Then Moses and the sons of Israel sang this song to YHWH, and they said, saying: I will sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.
Exo.15.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עזי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1cs
- וזמרת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- לישועה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- ואנוהו: CONJ+VERB,qal,cohort,1,_,sg+OBJ:3,ms
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- וארממנהו: CONJ+VERB,hiphil,cohort,1,_,sg+OBJ:3,ms
Parallels
- Psalm 118:14 (verbal): Largely repeats the same wording: ‘The LORD is my strength and my song, and he is become my salvation,’ echoing Exodus’ refrain of divine strength, song, and salvation.
- Isaiah 12:2–3 (verbal): Closely mirrors Exodus 15:2—‘Behold, God is my salvation… the LORD is my strength and my song; he also is become my salvation’—used in a liturgical thanksgiving context.
- Habakkuk 3:19 (thematic): Declares the LORD (or ‘the LORD God’) as the prophet’s strength and power in deliverance—shares the motif of God as empowering savior leading to praise.
- Psalm 18:1–2 (thematic): Expresses trust and praise using similar language of the LORD as strength and refuge (‘O LORD my strength… my rock, my fortress, my deliverer’), echoing Exodus’ themes of salvation and exaltation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yah is my strength and my song, and he has become my salvation; this is my God, and I will praise him; the God of my father, and I will exalt him.
- My strength and my song is Yah, and he has become my salvation; this is my God, and I will praise him; my father’s God, and I will exalt him.
Exo.15.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 42:13 (verbal): Uses virtually the same imagery/phrase — "The LORD will march out like a mighty man, like a man of war" (Hebrew similar to Exod 15:3).
- Psalm 24:8 (thematic): Both portray Yahweh as triumphant warrior/king: "Who is the King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD mighty in battle."
- Deuteronomy 20:4 (thematic): Speaks of Yahweh fighting on Israel's behalf—God as the divine combatant who goes with Israel to battle for them, echoing the warrior role in Exod 15:3.
- Isaiah 63:1–6 (thematic): God depicted as an avenging warrior who comes in wrath and treads down the peoples — extended warrior-judgment imagery parallel to Exod 15's depiction.
- Psalm 18:34 (2 Sam. 22:35) (verbal): Describes the LORD preparing/arming for battle and enabling victory ("He trains my hands for war"), reflecting the martial character ascribed to God in Exod 15:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- YHWH is a warrior; YHWH is his name.
- YHWH is a warrior; YHWH is his name.
Exo.15.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מרכבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וחילו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ירה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ומבחר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלשיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3ms
- טבעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- סוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 106:9 (verbal): Direct retelling of the same event — 'he overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea' — language closely parallels Exodus 15:4's report of Pharaoh's chariots and chosen captains sinking.
- Psalm 136:15 (verbal): Liturgical refrain praising God for overthrowing Pharaoh and his hosts in the Red Sea; echoes the Exodus wording and preserves the memory of the drowning.
- Psalm 114:3-5 (structural): Part of the Exodus tradition describing the sea's response ('the sea saw and fled; the Jordan turned back'), thematically linked to God's control of the waters and the deliverance that includes the destruction of Egypt's forces.
- Hebrews 11:29 (allusion): New Testament allusion to the Israelites passing through the Red Sea by faith; evokes the Exodus deliverance and implicitly the defeat and drowning of Pharaoh's army recounted in Exodus 15:4.
- Isaiah 51:10 (thematic): Calls to God's ancient act of drying up the sea and making a way for the redeemed, thematically connecting to the Exodus rescue and the overthrow of Egypt in the Red Sea narrative.
Alternative generated candidates
- Pharaoh’s chariots and his army he cast into the sea, and the choicest of his officers sank in the Sea of Reeds.
- Pharaoh’s chariots and his army he hurled into the sea; the elite of his officers sank in the Sea of Reeds.
Exo.15.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תהמת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- יכסימו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ירדו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- במצולת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כמו: PREP
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jonah 2:5-6 (verbal): Jonah uses the same imagery of waters closing over and the deep surrounding the speaker—'the waters closed in over me; the deep encompassed me'—echoing the motif of sinking into the depths like a stone.
- Psalm 18:16-17 (thematic): Psalm 18 (parallel to 2 Samuel 22) recalls God delivering by drawing out of 'many waters' and overthrowing enemies; it uses similar motifs of overwhelming waters and divine rescue/judgment found in the Exodus song.
- Psalm 106:9 (allusion): In a retrospective recounting of Israel's history, Psalm 106 recounts the Red Sea episode—God rebuked the sea and brought the Egyptians to disaster—echoing the drowning imagery of Exodus 15:5.
- Psalm 114:3-6 (thematic): Psalm 114 poetically recalls the Red Sea crossing—'the sea looked and fled' and the earth's convulsions—sharing the same tradition of divine control over the waters and the overthrow of Israel's foes.
- Isaiah 51:10 (allusion): Isaiah invokes God drying the 'sea, the waters of the great deep' and making a way through the depths for the redeemed, alluding to the Red Sea deliverance and the catastrophe of the waters for Egypt.
Alternative generated candidates
- The deeps covered them; they went down into the depths like a stone.
- The deeps covered them; they went down into the depths like a stone.
Exo.15.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ימינך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נאדרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בכח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימינך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תרעץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- אויב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.15.12 (structural): Within the same Song of the Sea: both verses depict the LORD’s outstretched right hand acting decisively against the enemy (’you stretched out your right hand; the earth swallowed them’).
- Ps.118:15-16 (verbal): Uses the phrase 'the right hand of the LORD' and attributes victory and valor to it ('the right hand of the LORD exalts, the right hand of the LORD does valiantly'), echoing Exod 15:6’s praise of the LORD’s powerful right hand.
- Ps.44:3 (thematic): Speaks of victory granted not by human might but by 'your right hand and your arm,' thematically linking divine deliverance to God’s right hand as the source of triumph.
- Isa.41:10 (thematic): Depicts the LORD’s right hand as supportive and powerful ('I will uphold you with my righteous right hand'), connecting the image of God’s hand with divine strength and protection.
- Hab.3:4-6 (allusion): In the theophany-poem God’s power is portrayed with imagery of rays and strength coming from his hand/arm—an evocative parallel to Exod 15:6’s portrayal of the LORD’s right hand breaking the enemy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your right hand, YHWH, is majestic in power; your right hand, YHWH, shatters the enemy.
- Your right hand, YHWH, is majestic in power; your right hand, YHWH, crushes the enemy.
Exo.15.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וברב: CONJ+PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גאונך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
- תהרס: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- קמיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2,ms
- תשלח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- חרנך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
- יאכלמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,ms,3,plobj
- כקש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 15:6 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the Song of the Sea: celebrates Yahweh’s right hand that shatters the enemy—same motif of divine power destroying foes.
- Psalm 97:3–5 (thematic): Speaks of a consuming fire before the Lord that burns his adversaries and makes the earth tremble—echoes the image of God’s fury consuming enemies like stubble.
- Psalm 18:8–15 (verbal): Theophanic language (smoke, fire, lightning, God routing foes) closely matches Exodus’ depiction of divine wrath sent out to consume enemies.
- Nahum 1:2–6 (thematic): Portrays Yahweh’s fierce, overwhelming wrath against nations and asks who can stand before his indignation—parallels Exodus’ theme of God destroying adversaries by his anger.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the greatness of your majesty you overthrow those who rise against you; you send forth your burning anger—it consumes them like stubble.
- And in the greatness of your majesty you overthrow your adversaries; you send forth your burning anger; it consumes them like stubble.
Exo.15.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וברוח: CONJ+PREP
- אפיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
- נערמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נצבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כמו: PREP
- נד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נזלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- קפאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- תהמת: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 106:9 (verbal): Retells the Red Sea event with similar language — God 'rebuked the Red Sea' and it was dried up, echoing the Exodus description of waters standing and the deep congealing.
- Psalm 77:16-20 (verbal): Uses parallel imagery: 'the waters saw you... the depths trembled' and recounts God's path through the sea, echoing the trembling/congealing of the deep in Exodus 15.
- Psalm 114:3-4 (thematic): Celebrates the same deliverance motif — the sea fled and Jordan turned back — invoking the miraculous reversal of waters central to Exodus 15.
- Isaiah 51:9-10 (allusion): Directly alludes to God 'drying the sea' and making the depths a way for the redeemed, explicitly recalling the Exodus sea‑crossing imagery.
- Nahum 1:4 (verbal): Speaks of God rebuking the sea and making it dry, using language that parallels Exodus' depiction of God's breath causing the waters to stand and the deep to congeal.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the blast of your nostrils the waters piled up; the floods stood upright like a heap; the deeps congealed in the heart of the sea.
- At the blast of your nostrils the waters piled up; the floods stood like a heap; the deeps congealed in the heart of the sea.
Exo.15.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אויב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארדף: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,m,sg
- אשיג: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,m,sg
- אחלק: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,m,sg
- שלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תמלאמו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg,obj:3mp
- נפשי: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cs
- אריק: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,m,sg
- חרבי: NOUN,f,sg,suff_1s
- תורישמו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg,obj:3mp
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 32:41 (verbal): Uses nearly identical language of sharpening a sword and the hand taking hold in judgment — a direct verbal echo of divine pursuit and retribution ("my sword will divide them; my hand will destroy them").
- Isaiah 63:3-4 (thematic): God pictured as executing vengeance and trampling enemies (winepress imagery); emphasizes divine anger, pursuit, and recompense — thematic parallel to the song's victorious pursuit and destruction of foes.
- Psalm 18:37 (verbal): Celebrates pursuing and overtaking enemies ('I pursued my enemies and overtook them'), closely mirroring Exodus 15:9's language of pursuit, catching up with, and defeating foes.
- 2 Samuel 22:36-45 (structural): David's victory song (parallel to Psalm 18) shares the same structural motifs — divine deliverance, the pursuit and destruction of enemies, and the taking of spoil — reflecting the song-of-victory tradition to which Exod 15 belongs.
Alternative generated candidates
- The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my desire shall be sated with them; I will draw my sword; my hand will dispossess them.
- The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my desire shall have its fill of them; I will draw my sword; my hand will destroy them.
Exo.15.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נשפת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ברוחך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כסמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צללו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כעופרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- במים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אדירים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exod.14.21 (verbal): Same episode: God uses a strong wind to control the sea—'the LORD drove the sea back by a strong east wind' echoes 'You blew with your wind' in the song.
- Exod.14.27-28 (structural): Narrative counterpart: the returned waters cover Pharaoh's chariots and horsemen and the army sinks—direct event that Exodus 15:10 poetically describes ('they sank like lead').
- Ps.106.9 (thematic): Retells the Exodus deliverance: 'He rebuked the Red Sea, and it dried up'—echoes the theme of divine judgment on Egypt and the sea swallowing the enemy.
- Isa.51.9-10 (allusion): Explicitly calls Israel to recall the LORD's mighty deed at the sea ('Was it not you who cut Rahab in pieces, who pierced the dragon? ... who divided the sea?'), alluding to the Exodus imagery of God overwhelming the waters and enemies.
- Nah.1.4 (verbal): Depicts God's control over the sea—'He rebukes the sea and dries it up'—a concise verbal echo of divine power over the waters as in Exodus 15:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- You blew with your breath; the sea covered them; they sank like lead in the mighty waters.
- You blew with your wind; the sea covered them; they sank like lead in mighty waters.
Exo.15.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- כמכה: PREP+SUF,2,ms,sg
- באלם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- כמכה: PREP+SUF,2,ms,sg
- נאדר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בקדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נורא: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- תהלת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פלא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 86:8 (verbal): Uses the same comparative formula 'Among the gods there is none like thee' echoing Exodus' rhetorical question about who is like Yahweh among the gods.
- Psalm 89:6 (thematic): Asks who in the heavens can be compared to the LORD, echoing Exodus' theme of God's uniqueness and unrivaled greatness.
- Isaiah 40:18 (verbal): Rhetorical challenge 'To whom then will ye liken God?' parallels Exodus' rhetorical questioning of any being comparable to Yahweh.
- Micah 7:18 (thematic): Proclaims 'Who is a God like thee?' — a direct thematic reprise of Yahweh's uniqueness and mercifully wondrous character described in Exodus 15.
- Psalm 77:13 (allusion): Speaks of God's way 'in the sanctuary' and asks who is so great a God, reflecting Exodus' emphasis on Yahweh's holiness, awe and wondrous deeds.
Alternative generated candidates
- Who is like you among the gods, O YHWH? Who is like you—majestic in holiness, awesome in praises, doing wonders?
- Who is like you among the gods, YHWH? Who is like you—majestic in holiness, awesome in praises, working wonders?
Exo.15.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נטית: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- ימינך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- תבלעמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 16:31-33 (verbal): The earth opens and swallows Korah, Dathan and Abiram and their households — same motif/language of the earth swallowing wicked men as divine judgment.
- Exodus 15:10 (structural): Immediate parallel within the Song of Moses: God’s wind/hand causes the sea to cover and the enemies to sink — closely parallel language and action to v.12.
- Psalm 77:16-20 (thematic): The psalm retells the Red Sea episode: the waters convulse and the sea’s depths are exposed as God routs the enemy — draws on the same deliverance imagery.
- Isaiah 51:9-10 (allusion): Isaiah summons the memory of God’s drying of the sea and overthrow of Rahab/sea-monster — explicitly reworking Exodus/Red Sea language of God’s mighty act.
- Psalm 18:16-17 (2 Samuel 22:16-17) (thematic): Describes the channels of the sea and the overthrow of foes at the LORD’s rebuke/breath — echoes the motif of God using waters and his mighty hand to defeat enemies.
Alternative generated candidates
- You stretched out your right hand; the earth swallowed them.
- You stretched out your right hand; the earth swallowed them.
Exo.15.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נחית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בחסדך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,prsfx:2,m
- עם: PREP
- זו: PRON,dem,f,sg
- גאלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- נהלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בעזך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,prsfx:2,m
- אל: NEG
- נוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדשך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prsfx:2,m
Parallels
- Psalm 77:20 (verbal): Uses the same verb of divine leading—'You led your people'—and depicts God guiding the redeemed like a flock (explicitly naming Moses and Aaron), echoing Exodus 15:13's 'in your steadfast love you led the people you redeemed.'
- Deuteronomy 32:11–12 (thematic): God's tender, powerful guidance is pictured (e.g., drawing with cords of love, protecting and guiding to a secure place), paralleling the notions of leading by steadfast love and by strength to a holy habitation.
- Psalm 78:54–55 (allusion): A retelling of the exodus tradition that explicitly says God 'brought them to his holy land' and 'settled them in the hill country,' echoing the Exodus song's claim that God led the redeemed to his holy dwelling.
- Psalm 136:13–15 (thematic): Recounts God’s deliverance from Egypt and leading his people through the wilderness into the land, with the recurring refrain 'for his steadfast love endures forever,' reflecting the combined themes of redemption, steadfast love, and divine guidance found in Exodus 15:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- In your steadfast love you have led the people whom you redeemed; you have guided them by your strength to your holy abode.
- In your steadfast love you led the people whom you redeemed; you guided them by your strength to your holy abode.
Exo.15.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- עמים: NOUN,pl,m,abs
- ירגזון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- פלשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.15.16 (structural): Within the same Song of the Sea: repeats the motif of foreign rulers and peoples trembling at Israel’s deliverance (parallel wording and context).
- Judges 5:4-5 (thematic): Deborah’s victory-song likewise depicts cosmic disturbance (earth and heavens trembling/pouring) and the terror caused by Yahweh’s march in battle, echoing the Song of the Sea’s motif of nations shaken by God’s act.
- Ps.114:7 (verbal): Explicitly calls the earth to 'tremble at the presence of the Lord' — a compact, poetic echo of peoples trembling before God’s salvific act as in Exod 15:14.
- Josh.2:10 (thematic): Rahab’s report that 'when we heard it, our hearts melted; neither did there remain any more courage' parallels the theme of surrounding peoples hearing of Israel’s deeds and responding in fear, as in Exod 15:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- Peoples have heard; they tremble; anguish has seized the inhabitants of Philistia.
- Peoples have heard; they tremble; anguish has seized the inhabitants of Philistia.
Exo.15.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אז: ADV
- נבהלו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- אלופי: NOUN,m,pl,constr
- אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אילי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- יאחזמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- רעד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נמגו: VERB,nif,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כנען: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 2:9-11 (verbal): Rahab reports that when Israel came from Egypt the hearts of the Canaanites and inhabitants of Jericho 'melted' and they were seized with terror—echoing Exodus 15:15's language of trembling and melting at Israel's deliverance.
- Psalm 114:6-7 (thematic): The psalm recalls the Exodus and commands the earth to 'tremble' at the presence of the LORD, thematically paralleling the fear and trembling of the nations in Exodus 15:15.
- Deuteronomy 2:25 (thematic): God promises to put 'dread and fear' of Israel upon the peoples of the land so they will not oppose them—a thematic continuation of the fear depicted in Exodus 15:15.
- Exodus 23:27 (thematic): God tells Israel he will send his 'terror' before them and throw into confusion those who oppose them—language and function closely parallel to the nations' fear in Exodus 15:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed; the leaders of Moab—trembling seizes them; all the inhabitants of Canaan melted away.
- Then the chiefs of Edom are dismayed; the leaders of Moab—trembling seizes them; all the inhabitants of Canaan melt away.
Exo.15.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תפל: VERB,qal,imperf,3,f,sg
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- אימתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ופחד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בגדל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זרועך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ידמו: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,pl
- כאבן: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- יעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- יעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- זו: PRON,dem,f,sg
- קנית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.15:6 (verbal): Same victory-song context — both verses invoke the LORD's 'arm'/'right hand' as the source of power that breaks the enemy and produces terror and stillness.
- Ps.77:16-20 (thematic): Psalmic retelling of the Red Sea event: the waters and deep 'trembled/feared' at God's presence and path through the sea — echoes the imagery of terror and divine might that stills enemies until Israel passes.
- Isa.51:9-11 (allusion): Isaiah summons the 'arm of the LORD' and recalls the sea‑parting deliverance, calling for vindication and the return of the redeemed — an explicit literary echo of Exodus' themes of divine arm, judgment, and passage of God's people.
- Josh.4:23-24 (structural): The Jordan crossing is presented as a typological parallel to the Red Sea: God acts by mighty hand so that the nations may know his power and the people he has redeemed, mirroring the purpose and effect described in Exod.15:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- Terror and dread fall upon them; because of the greatness of your arm they are still as a stone, till your people pass by, YHWH, till the people whom you have purchased pass by.
- Terror and dread fall upon them; by the greatness of your arm they are still like a stone, until your people pass by, YHWH—until the people you acquired pass by.
Exo.15.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תבאמו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ותטעמו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- נחלתך: NOUN,f,sg,suff2ms
- מכון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לשבתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff2ms
- פעלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מקדש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- כוננו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- ידיך: NOUN,f,pl,suff2ms
Parallels
- Psalm 78:54-55 (verbal): Speaks of God bringing Israel to his holy land and to ‘this mountain’ which his right hand had purchased — language and idea closely echo Exodus 15:17’s bringing/planting on the mountain of God’s inheritance.
- Psalm 132:13-14 (thematic): Declares that the LORD has chosen Zion as his habitation and will dwell there — parallels Exodus’ theme of God preparing a place/mountain as his dwelling and sanctuary.
- Micah 4:1 (cf. Isaiah 2:2) (thematic): Foretells the establishment of the mountain of the LORD’s house as the central, eschatological place of dwelling to which nations flow — thematically related to the ‘mountain of thy inheritance’ as God’s chosen dwelling-place.
- Psalm 68:18 (thematic): Links God’s victorious ascent and reception of gifts with the purpose that ‘the LORD God might dwell among them,’ echoing Exodus’ emphasis on God establishing a sanctuary/dwelling on the mountain.
- Joshua 21:43-45 (structural): Narrates God’s fulfillment of giving the land and rest to Israel — the concrete realization of being brought into and planted in the inheritance (the mountain/land) that Exodus 15:17 anticipates.
Alternative generated candidates
- You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance, the place you made for your dwelling, YHWH—the sanctuary, O Lord, which your hands have established.
- You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance—the place you made for your dwelling, YHWH; the sanctuary, O Lord, your hands established.
Exo.15.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ימלך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לעלם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
Parallels
- Psalm 10:16 (verbal): Uses the same formula (“The LORD is King for ever and ever”), a direct verbal echo of the Exodus victory song’s proclamation of God’s eternal reign.
- Psalm 9:7 (verbal): Declares the LORD enthroned forever; closely parallels Exodus’ emphasis on divine kingship and eternal rule, with an added stress on judgment.
- Psalm 93:1 (thematic): Affirms ‘The LORD reigns’ and portrays God’s sovereign, established rule over the world—thematically continuous with Exodus’ eternal kingship statement.
- Psalm 146:10 (verbal): “The LORD will reign for ever” echoes Exodus’ language almost verbatim, applying the eternal reign to Zion and future generations in a liturgical context.
- Revelation 11:15 (quotation): New Testament proclamation that ‘he shall reign for ever and ever’ explicitly echoes the Exodus formula, transferring the theme of God’s everlasting kingship into an eschatological setting.
Alternative generated candidates
- YHWH will reign forever and ever.
- YHWH will reign forever and ever.
Exo.15.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ברכבו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ובפרשיו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ביבשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Exodus 14:27-31 (quotation): Narrative account of the same event: Pharaoh’s chariots enter the sea, the waters return, and Israel crosses on dry land—this Song verse echoes the earlier narrative resolution.
- Psalm 136:13-15 (verbal): Liturgical retelling that praises God ‘who divided the sea’ and ‘drowned Pharaoh’s army’—closely echoes the imagery and language of Exodus 15.
- Psalm 77:16-20 (allusion): Poetic reflection on God’s power that splits the sea and leads Israel through the waters; draws on the Exodus/Sea motif found in the Song of the Sea.
- Isaiah 63:11-14 (allusion): Prophetic reminiscence of Yahweh’s deliverance—speaks of remembering the day when God led his people through the sea and guided them by his spirit, alluding to the Exodus rescue.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1-2 (allusion): Paul uses the crossing of the sea as foundational Israelite memory (‘all were baptized into Moses…passed through the sea’)—the Exodus crossing functions here as a theological typology of salvation.
Alternative generated candidates
- For when the horse of Pharaoh went with his chariot and with his horsemen into the sea, YHWH brought back upon them the waters of the sea, but the sons of Israel walked on dry land in the midst of the sea.
- For the horse of Pharaoh, with his chariotry and his horsemen, went into the sea, and YHWH turned back upon them the waters of the sea; but the sons of Israel walked on dry land in the midst of the sea.
Exo.15.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- מרים: NOUN,f,sg,prop
- הנביאה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אחות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- התף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בידה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,f,sg
- ותצאן: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- כל: DET
- הנשים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- אחריה: PREP,3,f,sg
- בתפים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl
- ובמחלת: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl
Parallels
- Judges 11:34 (verbal): Describes a daughter (and women) coming out to meet with timbrels and dances—uses the same imagery of women, timbrels (tambourines) and dance as in Exod 15:20.
- 1 Samuel 18:6-7 (verbal): After David's victory the women sang and danced with timbrels/tambourines, echoing the communal woman's song-and-dance celebration found in Exodus 15:20.
- Psalm 68:25 (verbal): Speaks of singers and musicians and ‘maidens playing timbrels,’ reworking the Exodus victory-song imagery and the specific mention of timbrels.
- Judges 5 (Deborah's Song) (thematic): Deborah is a woman prophetess who leads a victory song/poem; thematically parallels Miriam as a prophetess leading communal praise after military deliverance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Miriam the prophetess, sister of Aaron, took the tambourine in her hand, and all the women went out after her with tambourines and dances.
- And Miriam the prophetess, sister of Aaron, took the tambourine in her hand, and all the women went out after her with tambourines and with dances.
Exo.15.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותען: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- מרים: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- שירו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- גאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- גאה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורכבו: CONJ+NOUN+PRON,m,sg,3,m,sg
- רמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.15.1 (quotation): The opening lines of the Song of the Sea sung by Moses and Israel contain the same triumphant formula—'I will sing to the LORD, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and rider he has thrown into the sea'—which Miriam repeats here.
- Judg.5.12 (thematic): Deborah (a prophetess) and the women sing a victory song in Judges 5; both passages feature a female leader/chorus celebrating divine deliverance after a military triumph.
- Ps.114:1-3 (thematic): This pilgrim hymn recounts the Exodus/Red Sea events—'When Israel went out of Egypt... the sea looked and fled; the Jordan turned back'—a poetic retelling of the same event and imagery invoked by Miriam's song.
- Ps.136:15 (verbal): This thanksgiving refrain explicitly states that God 'overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea,' echoing the concrete claim of Miriam's line and the liturgical memory of that victory.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Miriam answered them, Sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.
- And Miriam answered them: Sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed gloriously; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.
Then Moses and the sons of Israel sang this song to YHWH, and they said: I will sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed—yes, triumphed; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.
My strength and my song is Yah, and he has become my salvation; this is my God, and I will praise him, my father’s God, and I will exalt him.
YHWH is a warrior; YHWH is his name.
He hurled Pharaoh’s chariots and his army into the sea; the choicest of his officers sank in the Sea of Reeds.
The deeps covered them; they went down into the depths like a stone.
Your right hand, YHWH—glorious in power; your right hand, YHWH—shatters the enemy.
In the greatness of your majesty you overthrow your adversaries; you send out your burning anger—it consumes them like stubble.
At the blast of your nostrils the waters piled up; the streams stood like a heap; the deeps congealed in the heart of the sea.
The enemy said: I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my desire shall be filled upon them; I will draw my sword; my hand will dispossess them.
You blew with your wind; the sea covered them; they sank like lead in mighty waters.
Who is like you among the gods, YHWH? Who is like you—majestic in holiness, awesome in praises, working wonders?
You stretched out your right hand; the earth swallowed them.
In your steadfast love you led the people you redeemed; you guided them by your strength to your holy abode.
Peoples have heard; they tremble; trembling seizes the inhabitants of Philistia.
Then the chieftains of Edom were dismayed; the nobles of Moab—shudder seizes them; all the inhabitants of Canaan melt away.
Terror and dread fall upon them; by the greatness of your arm they are still as a stone, until your people pass over, YHWH—until the people you acquired pass over.
You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance, the place you made for your dwelling, O YHWH; the sanctuary, O Lord, which your hands have established.
YHWH shall reign forever and ever.
For when Pharaoh’s horse, with his chariots and with his horsemen, went into the sea, YHWH brought back upon them the waters of the sea, while the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea.
Then Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a tambourine in her hand; and all the women went out after her with tambourines and dancing. And Miriam answered them: Sing to YHWH, for he has triumphed—yes, triumphed; horse and its rider he hurled into the sea.