Crossing the Red Sea
Exodus 13:17-14:31
Exo.13.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בשלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- נחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- דרך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- כי: CONJ
- קרוב: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- פן: CONJ
- ינחם: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בראתם: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,pl
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מצרימה: NOUN,prop,pl,m,abs
Parallels
- Exod.13:18 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same sentence: God leads the people around the land of the Philistines and brings them by the wilderness — repeats/continues the reason given in 13:17.
- Exod.14:3-4 (thematic): God deliberately engineers a route and Pharaoh's pursuit so that the Egyptians will know the LORD and so the people will not return to Egypt — echoes the motive in 13:17 (avoid an easy route that would permit retreat).
- Deut.8:2-3 (thematic): Moses explains that God led Israel through the wilderness to humble and test them and to teach dependence on him — parallels the Exodus rationale for not taking the nearer Philistine road (formation through hardship).
- Num.14:3 (thematic): When confronted with the prospect of Canaanite opposition the people expressed a desire to return to Egypt — mirrors the fear-of-war/return-to-Egypt concern named in Exod 13:17.
- Ps.106:7-11 (thematic): The psalm recounts Israel’s reluctance and forgetfulness after deliverance, recalling their wish to return to Egypt and rebellion despite God’s wonders — thematically echoes the danger addressed in Exod 13:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass, when Pharaoh sent the people away, that God did not lead them by the way of the land of the Philistines, though it was near; for God said, Lest the people change their mind when they see war and return to Egypt.
- And it came to pass, when Pharaoh sent the people, that God did not lead them by the way of the land of the Philistines, for it was near; for God said, Lest the people change their mind when they see war, and return to Egypt.
Exo.13.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויסב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- דרך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחמשים: NUM,card,pl
- עלו: PREP+3ms_suff
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exod.13:17 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same narrative: explains the reason God did not lead Israel by the shorter Philistine route but directed them through the wilderness (sets up 13:18).
- Exod.12:37 (verbal): Early description of the Israelite departure from Egypt ('the children of Israel journeyed out...'); parallels 13:18's statement that the people went up out of Egypt, armed.
- Num.33:3-5 (structural): Numbers' travel itinerary retells the Exodus departure (from Rameses, encamping at Succoth/Etham at the edge of the wilderness), echoing the motif of God directing Israel by the desert route.
- Ps.78:52-53 (thematic): A liturgical retelling: God 'made his people go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness,' echoing the theme of divine leadership through the desert toward deliverance.
- Deut.8:15 (thematic): Moses' reflection on the wilderness journey: God led Israel through a 'great and terrible wilderness'—a theological summary of the same divine guidance emphasized in Exod 13:18.
Alternative generated candidates
- But God turned the people round by the way of the wilderness toward the Sea of Reeds, and the sons of Israel went up from the land of Egypt armed.
- And God turned the people toward the way of the wilderness to the Sea of Reeds; and the sons of Israel went up armed from the land of Egypt.
Exo.13.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- עצמות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יוסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- השבע: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השביע: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- פקד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יפקד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- והעליתם: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- עצמתי: PRON,1,m,sg
- מזה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Gen.50.24-25 (quotation): Joseph's original dying charge and the oath he obtained from the Israelites that his bones should be carried out of Egypt — the source for Moses' action in Exod 13:19.
- Josh.24.32 (structural): Narrative fulfillment: the Israelites later bring Joseph's bones up out of Egypt and bury them at Shechem, completing the promise/intent recorded in Exod 13:19.
- Heb.11.22 (allusion): New Testament reflection: the author of Hebrews cites Joseph's instructions about his bones as an example of faith looking forward to the Exodus and God's promises.
- Acts.7.15-16 (allusion): Stephen's retelling of the patriarchal history echoes the motif of the ancestors being removed from Egypt and buried at Shechem, reflecting the tradition that Joseph's remains were brought up from Egypt.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for he had surely made the sons of Israel swear, saying, God will surely take notice of you; and you shall carry up my bones from here with you.
- And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for he had surely made the sons of Israel swear, saying, God will surely visit you, and you shall bring up my bones from here with you.
Exo.13.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויסעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מסכת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויחנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- באתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 33:6 (verbal): In the itinerary lists Numbers repeats the same movement: departing Succoth and camping at Etham/’the edge of the wilderness,’ closely mirroring Exodus 13:20’s wording.
- Exodus 12:37 (thematic): Describes the initial departure of the Israelites from Egypt — ‘they journeyed from Rameses to Succoth’ — providing the larger context for the movement noted in Exodus 13:20.
- Exodus 13:17-18 (structural): Immediate context that explains why they traveled by the edge of the wilderness (the LORD did not lead them by the way of the Philistines) and notes the LORD going before them as a pillar, linking the place of encampment with divine guidance.
- Exodus 14:2-3 (thematic): God instructs Moses where to camp (before Pi-hahiroth, by the sea) — another instance of strategic encamping locations during the wilderness movement tied to the narrative of departure and pursuit.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they set out from Succoth and encamped at Etham, at the edge of the wilderness.
- And they set out from Succoth and camped at Etham, at the edge of the wilderness.
Exo.13.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לפניהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- יומם: ADV
- בעמוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ענן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לנחתם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,pl
- הדרך: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ולילה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעמוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- להאיר: VERB,hiph,inf
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ללכת: VERB,qal,inf
- יומם: ADV
- ולילה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 40:34-38 (verbal): Same imagery and function: the cloud covers the tent of meeting and the LORD's presence rests on the tabernacle; the cloud by day and fire by night accompany Israel 'throughout all their journeys.' — a direct narrative parallel.
- Numbers 9:15-23 (structural): Describes the cloud's movements as the signal for Israel's travel and encampment: the cloud over the tabernacle by day and fire by night, governing when they set out and halted — same guiding role as Exod 13:21.
- Psalm 105:39 (verbal): Poetic retelling of the Exodus: 'He spread a cloud for a covering, and fire to give light in the night,' echoing the cloud-by-day/fire-by-night motif.
- Psalm 78:14 (thematic): Retells Israel's wilderness guidance: 'He led them by the cloud by day, and by the light of the fire by night,' a direct thematic and verbal echo of the Exodus account.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH was going before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them on the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, to go by day and by night.
- And YHWH went before them by day in a pillar of cloud, to lead them on the way, and by night in a pillar of fire, to give light to them, to go by day and by night.
Exo.13.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- ימיש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עמוד: NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- הענן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יומם: ADV
- ועמוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- האש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.14:19-20 (verbal): Uses the same pillars of cloud and fire imagery; the cloud/fire move to interpose between Israel and Egypt, a close verbal and situational echo of Exod 13:22.
- Num.9:15-23 (structural): Describes the cloud over the tabernacle and how its settling or lifting governed when Israel camped and journeyed — an expanded account of the cloud/fire guiding the people.
- Num.10:34 (verbal): States that 'the cloud of the Lord was upon them by day' when they departed the camp — a brief verbal reprise of the Exodus motif.
- Ps.78:14-15 (allusion): A poetic retelling of the Exodus that explicitly says God led 'with a cloud by day' and 'a light of fire by night,' directly alluding to the Exodus depiction.
- Ps.105:39 (thematic): Speaks of God 'spreading a cloud for a covering' and providing 'fire to give light in the night,' echoing the same protective/guide imagery of cloud and fire.
Alternative generated candidates
- The pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night did not depart from before the people.
- The pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night did not depart from before the people.
Exo.14.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Exod.6.2 (verbal): Uses the same formula 'And God spake unto Moses, saying...' — a direct divine address to Moses that initiates revelation (verbal parallel).
- Exod.3.10 (thematic): God commissions Moses to confront Pharaoh and deliver Israel — thematically parallel as a pivotal divine command appointing Moses to lead.
- Exod.14.15 (structural): Within the same chapter God again speaks to Moses with a command ('Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel...') — structural echo of the opening divine address.
- Deut.31.14 (verbal): Same basic formula 'And the LORD said unto Moses...' as God speaks to Moses about the transfer of leadership and impending end of his ministry — another direct divine utterance to Moses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:
- And YHWH said to Moses, saying:
Exo.14.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ויחנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- פי: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- החירת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- בין: PREP
- מגדל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- לפני: PREP
- בעל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צפן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נכחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- תחנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Exodus 14:3-4 (structural): Immediate context: God positions Israel at Pi-hahiroth/by the sea and states that Pharaoh will pursue so that He may be glorified—explains the purpose of the encampment named in v.2.
- Numbers 33:7-8 (verbal): Itinerary summary that repeats the place names Pi-hahiroth and Baal-zephon and records Israel's encampment there, echoing the same geographic detail.
- Psalm 78:13-14 (thematic): Poetic retelling of the Exodus motif: God led by a pillar of cloud/fire and divided the sea so Israel passed through—themes tied to Israel's encampment and crossing.
- Psalm 106:9 (thematic): Recapitulation of the Red Sea event—'He rebuked the Red Sea, and it was dried up'—connects to the setting at the sea where deliverance occurs after the encampment.
- Isaiah 51:10 (allusion): Prophetic allusion to God drying the sea and making a way for the redeemed; reinterprets the Exodus crossing (the same event implied by the encampment at the sea) as a foundational act of salvation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Speak to the sons of Israel, that they turn back and encamp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea; before Baal-zephon—opposite it you shall encamp by the sea.
- Speak to the sons of Israel, that they turn back and encamp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea; before Baal-zephon; opposite it you shall camp by the sea.
Exo.14.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לבני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נבכים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- סגר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 14:4 (structural): God announces he will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that Pharaoh’s pursuit — and his statement that Israel is ‘shut in’ — will display God’s power and bring about deliverance.
- Exodus 14:9 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: Pharaoh and his chariots pursue the Israelites because he believes they are trapped in the wilderness as he declared in 14:3.
- Exodus 14:28–30 (thematic): Contrast to Pharaoh’s assumption in 14:3: the waters return and the Egyptian army is destroyed, showing that Israel was not abandoned but delivered by God.
- Psalm 114:1–3 (thematic): Poetic retelling of the sea’s flight and Israel’s deliverance; echoes the reversal of Pharaoh’s expectation that Israel was trapped in the wilderness and instead emphasizes God’s saving intervention.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Pharaoh will say of the sons of Israel, They are confused in the land; the wilderness has shut them in.
- And Pharaoh will say of the sons of Israel, They are bewildered in the land; the wilderness has shut them in.
Exo.14.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וחזקתי: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,n,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ורדף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ואכבדה: VERB,hiphil,impf,1,n,sg
- בפרעה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- חילו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וידעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כן: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 4:21 (verbal): Same declaration—God tells Moses he will harden Pharaoh's heart so that Pharaoh will not let the people go; repeats the key verbal motif of divine hardening found in 14:4.
- Exodus 7:3-4 (verbal): Early statement of the same purpose: God will harden Pharaoh's heart and multiply signs and wonders, linking hardening to the display of God's power over Egypt.
- Exodus 10:1-2 (verbal): God explicitly explains that he will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that his wonders may be told and the nations will know the LORD—same intent stated in 14:4 about God's vindication and revelation.
- Romans 9:17-18 (allusion): Paul cites Pharaoh as an example of God raising someone up and hardening a heart to display divine power and mercy/justice—echoes the theological rationale in Exodus 14:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I will harden the heart of Pharaoh, and he will pursue after them; and I will get glory over Pharaoh and over all his army, and the Egyptians shall know that I am YHWH. And they did so.
- And I will harden the heart of Pharaoh, and he will pursue after them; and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and through all his army, and Egypt shall know that I am YHWH. And they did so.
Exo.14.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויגד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- ברח: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויהפך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לבב: NOUN,m,sg,const
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועבדיו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- מה: PRON,int
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- עשינו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- כי: CONJ
- שלחנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעבדנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1,pl
Parallels
- Exod.14.8 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — the LORD hardens Pharaoh’s heart and he pursues Israel, explaining why Pharaoh reverses course and attacks after letting the people go.
- Exod.14.11-12 (thematic): Israelites echo similar language of reproach: they ask Moses 'What have you done... that you have brought us out of Egypt?' — parallels the complaint about having allowed Israel to depart.
- Exod.5.21 (thematic): Earlier complaint of the Israelite elders to Moses that his actions have made them abhorrent to Pharaoh and his servants — similar theme of blame and consequences tied to Israel’s departure.
- Exod.15.9 (quotation): In the Song of Moses Moses recounts Pharaoh’s boastful intent to pursue and overtake Israel ('I will pursue, I will overtake...'), echoing Pharaoh’s decision in 14:5 to go after the fleeing people.
- Exod.9.12 (verbal): Recurring theological motif: 'the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart.' This verse parallels the explanation given elsewhere (including 14:8) for Pharaoh’s reversal and hostile pursuit after the Israelites’ escape.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it was told to the king of Egypt that the people had fled; and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was turned against the people, and they said, What is this we have done, that we have sent Israel away from serving us?
- And it was told to the king of Egypt that the people had fled; and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was turned against the people, and they said, What is this we have done, that we have sent Israel away from serving us?
Exo.14.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאסר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- רכבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- לקח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.14:8 (verbal): Immediate repetition/expansion — Pharaoh ‘took’ his chariot(s) with him; v.8 gives the specific force (600 chosen chariots), echoing the same action.
- Exod.14:9 (structural): Direct narrative continuation — describes the Egyptian pursuit (chariots, horsemen) that follows Pharaoh’s taking of his chariots and people.
- Exod.15:4 (quotation): The Song of Moses recounts the same event, explicitly naming Pharaoh’s chariots and host as being cast into the sea — poetic retelling of the pursuit begun in 14:6.
- Psalm 106:9-12 (thematic): Liturgical/poetic reflection on the Exodus — recalls God’s rebuke of the Red Sea and deliverance from Egypt, thematically tied to Pharaoh’s pursuit and Israel’s rescue.
Alternative generated candidates
- So he harnessed his chariot and took his people with him.
- And he harnessed his chariot, and he took his people with him.
Exo.14.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בחור: ADJ,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ושלשם: CONJ
- על: PREP
- כלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.14.6 (verbal): Immediate context: Pharaoh readied and took his chariot and went after Israel—prepares the same military force described in v.7.
- Exod.14.9 (structural): Narrative continuation: the Egyptians pursue Israel with all Pharaoh’s horses, chariots, and horsemen—direct consequence and parallel depiction of the chariot force.
- Exod.15.4 (thematic): Song of the Sea recounts the fate of Pharaoh’s chariots and horsemen cast into the sea—theologically links Egypt’s military power (chariots) with God’s defeat of them.
- Judg.4:3 (thematic): Describes Jabin’s great chariot force (900 chariots) as Israel’s military antagonist—parallels the ancient Near Eastern use of chariots as principal military strength.
- Ps.20:7 (thematic): Contrasts human reliance on chariots and horses with trust in the LORD—echoes the implicit theological critique of trusting Egypt’s chariotry in Exodus 14.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and officers over all of them.
- And he took six hundred choice chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and officers over all of them.
Exo.14.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויחזק: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וירדף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אחרי: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יצאים: VERB,qal,part,,m,pl
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 14:4 (quotation): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: God declares he will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that he will pursue Israel (same idea and wording).
- Exodus 4:21 (quotation): Earlier statement that God will harden Pharaoh’s heart and that Pharaoh will let the people go only after God’s signs — establishes the hardening motif leading to the pursuit and exodus.
- Exodus 7:3-4 (quotation): Explicit promise that God will harden Pharaoh’s heart and multiply signs, so that God’s power and name will be displayed — background for Pharaoh’s pursuit.
- Exodus 9:12 (verbal): One of the formulaic repetitions: 'the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart' — the same verbal motif explaining Pharaoh’s continued pursuit and refusal.
- Romans 9:17-18 (allusion): Paul cites the Exodus hardening of Pharaoh to make a theological point about God’s sovereignty in hardening hearts, echoing the event behind Exodus 14:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the sons of Israel, while the sons of Israel were going out with a high hand.
- And YHWH hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the sons of Israel; and the sons of Israel were going out with a high hand.
Exo.14.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירדפו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- וישיגו: VERB,hiphil,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אותם: PRON,3,m,pl,obj
- חנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- כל: DET
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ופרשיו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וחילו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- פי: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- החירת: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לפני: PREP
- בעל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צפן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.14:5-7 (structural): Immediate narrative setup: Pharaoh readies his chariots and horsemen and sends them in pursuit — the antecedent to v.9's statement that the Egyptians pursued.
- Exod.14:23-28 (structural): Narrative continuation and fulfillment: God parts the sea, the Israelites cross, and the Egyptian chariots and horsemen are overtaken and destroyed — the outcome of the pursuit in v.9.
- Exod.15:4-5 (verbal): Moses' song recounts the same episode using similar vocabulary (chariots, horsemen, pursuit) and depicts the enemy's pursuit and drowning at the sea.
- Ps.77:16-20 (allusion): Poetic retelling of the Red Sea event: the psalmist recalls God dividing the waters and overthrowing the pursuing enemy, echoing the scene of pursuit and deliverance in v.9.
- Ps.106:9-11 (thematic): Confessional/summary recollection of the Exodus: God rebuked the Red Sea and routed the pursuing forces to bring Israel through — thematically parallel to the Egyptians overtaking and being defeated.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the Egyptians pursued after them, and they overtook them encamping by the sea—every horse of Pharaoh’s chariots and his horsemen and his army—by Pi-hahiroth, before Baal-zephon.
- And the Egyptians pursued after them and overtook them, encamped by the sea—every horse of Pharaoh’s chariots, and his horsemen, and his army—at Pi-hahiroth, before Baal-zephon.
Exo.14.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופרעה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הקריב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וישאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- עיניהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3mp
- והנה: ADV
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נסע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- וייראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מאד: ADV
- ויצעקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod 14:11 (verbal): Immediate continuation: the Israelites voice their fear and complaint to Moses after seeing the Egyptians—same scene and response (raises eyes, fear, cry).
- Ps 106:7-12 (allusion): The psalm recounts Israel’s terror at the Red Sea and their cry to the LORD, retelling the Exodus scene and God’s deliverance (explicitly alluding to the event in Exod 14).
- Num 14:2-4 (thematic): The congregation reacts to a threatening situation with mass fear, weeping, and desire to return to Egypt—similar communal panic and distrust of God’s plan.
- Judg 6:6-7 (thematic): When oppressed by enemies the Israelites ‘cried out’ to the LORD for deliverance—parallels the pattern of communal fear followed by crying to God in times of danger.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Pharaoh drew near, and the sons of Israel lifted their eyes, and behold, Egypt was marching after them, and they were very afraid; and the sons of Israel cried out to YHWH.
- And Pharaoh drew near; and the sons of Israel lifted up their eyes, and look, Egypt was marching after them, and they were very afraid; and the sons of Israel cried out to YHWH.
Exo.14.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המבלי: PART
- אין: PART,neg
- קברים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לקחתנו: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg+PRON,1,pl
- למות: VERB,qal,inf
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- עשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- להוציאנו: VERB,hiph,inf+PRON,1,pl
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 16:3 (verbal): Israelites say they would rather have died in Egypt than perish in the wilderness—same complaint blaming Moses for bringing them out.
- Numbers 14:2-4 (verbal): The congregation declares ‘Would God we had died in the land of Egypt,’ and even plots to return—closely parallels the Red Sea reproach.
- Deuteronomy 1:26-28 (thematic): Moses’ later retelling of the people’s murmuring in the wilderness—accusing God/Moses of bringing them out to die echoes Exod 14:11.
- Psalm 106:7,13 (allusion): The psalm recounts Israel’s forgetfulness and complaints (including at the Red Sea) and laments their desire to return to Egypt.
- Hebrews 3:16-19 (thematic): New Testament citation of the Israelites’ unbelief and rebellion in the wilderness—uses their complaining as a warning, referring to the same episodes of murmur and refusal to trust.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they said to Moses, Is it because there are no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? What is this you have done to us, to bring us out from Egypt?
- And they said to Moses, Is it because there are no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? What is this you have done to us, bringing us out of Egypt?
Exo.14.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הלא: PART
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דברנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- חדל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ונעבדה: VERB,qal,imprf,1,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ממתנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss,1,pl
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 14:2-4 (verbal): After the spies' report the people say, “Would that we had died in the land of Egypt… Let us choose a leader and go back to Egypt,” explicitly echoing the preference for Egyptian bondage in Exod 14:12.
- Deuteronomy 1:27-28 (verbal): Moses’ retelling of the wilderness rebellion: the people murmured that they would rather have died in Egypt or the wilderness and spoke of returning to Egypt, restating the same complaint.
- Psalm 106:7,13-14 (thematic): The psalm recounts Israel’s repeated forgetting of God, lusting after Egypt and testing the Lord in the wilderness — a poetic summary of the attitude expressed in Exod 14:12.
- Acts 7:39-40 (allusion): In Stephen’s speech the fathers are said to have ‘turned back to Egypt’ in their hearts; the speech retells the Exodus-era refusal and desire to return to slavery described in Exod 14:12.
- 1 Corinthians 10:10 (thematic): Paul warns Christians ‘do not grumble’ citing the Israelites’ wilderness complaints as an example of rebellion, using the same motif of murmuring and regret about leaving Egypt.
Alternative generated candidates
- Is not this the word that we spoke to you in Egypt, saying, Leave us alone, that we may serve Egypt? For it is better for us to serve Egypt than to die in the wilderness.
- Is not this the word that we spoke to you in Egypt, saying, Leave us alone, and let us serve Egypt? For it is better for us to serve Egypt than for us to die in the wilderness.
Exo.14.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- תיראו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- התיצבו: VERB,hitpael,impv,2,m,pl
- וראו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ישועת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כי: CONJ
- אשר: PRON,rel
- ראיתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- תסיפו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לראתם: VERB,qal,inf,3,m,pl
- עוד: ADV
- עד: PREP
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 20:17 (quotation): Very close verbal echo: 'set yourselves, stand ye still, and see the salvation of the LORD' — same command to cease fighting and trust God for deliverance.
- Isaiah 43:16,18 (verbal): God declares 'I make a way in the sea' and urges not to 'remember the former things' — echoes the miracle at the sea and the promise that Egypt will be seen no more.
- Psalm 77:19 (allusion): Speaks of God's 'way in the sea' and his path through the waters — a poetic reflection on the Red Sea deliverance invoked by Exodus 14:13.
- Psalm 106:7-12 (thematic): Retells Israel's deliverance at the Red Sea, highlighting God's salvation from Egypt and the people's response — thematically parallel to Moses' assurance of God's salvation.
- Hebrews 11:29 (thematic): New Testament reference to the Exodus event: 'By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land' — interprets the Red Sea crossing as an act of God's saving power referenced in Exodus 14:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to the people, Do not fear; stand firm and see the salvation of YHWH, which he will do for you today; for the Egyptians whom you have seen today, you will never again see them, forever.
- And Moses said to the people, Do not fear; stand firm, and see the salvation of YHWH, which he will do for you today; for the Egyptians whom you see today you shall never see again, forever.
Exo.14.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ילחם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ואתם: CONJ+PRON,2,pl
- תחרישון: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Deut 1:30 (verbal): A near-identical promise: 'The LORD your God who goes before you will fight for you,' echoing the same assurance that God will fight on Israel's behalf.
- Deut 3:22 (verbal): Directly tells Israel not to fear because 'it is the LORD your God who fights for you,' paralleling the Exodus declaration that the LORD will fight and Israel should be silent.
- 1 Sam 17:47 (thematic): David before Goliath declares the victory belongs to the LORD ('the battle is the LORD's'), emphasizing divine, not human, agency in deliverance—same theological point as Exodus 14:14.
- 2 Chron 20:15-17 (quotation): The prophetic assurance to Jehoshaphat: 'Do not be afraid... the battle is not yours but God's... you will not have to fight,' closely paralleling the content and tone of Exodus 14:14.
- Ps 46:10 (thematic): 'Be still, and know that I am God' complements 'you shall hold your peace'—both call for silence/trust in God's sovereign deliverance rather than human action.
Alternative generated candidates
- YHWH will fight for you, and you, be silent.
- YHWH will fight for you, and you—be silent.
Exo.14.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- תצעק: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויסעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 14:13-14 (structural): Immediate context: Moses tells Israel to 'stand still' and rely on the LORD to fight for them—this contrasts with 14:15 where God commands Moses to instruct Israel to advance.
- Exodus 3:7-10 (thematic): God commissions Moses to deliver Israel from Egypt and bring them out—parallels God's ongoing direction to Moses as leader and agent of Israel's movement.
- Joshua 3:5-8 (thematic): Before crossing the Jordan God instructs Joshua and the people to prepare and then move forward; parallels the divine command to advance through a body of water under God's power.
- Psalm 77:19 (allusion): Poetic recollection of 'Thy way was in the sea'—an allusive reference to the same Red Sea deliverance occasion that 14:15 concerns.
- Hebrews 11:29 (allusion): New Testament reflection on the Exodus crossing ('By faith they passed through the Red Sea'), linking the event in which God ordered Israel to move forward to themes of faith and deliverance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses, Why do you cry to me? Speak to the sons of Israel, that they set out.
- And YHWH said to Moses, Why do you cry out to me? Speak to the sons of Israel, that they set out.
Exo.14.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- הרם: VERB,hif,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מטך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ונטה: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ובקעהו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+3ms
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ביבשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 14:21 (verbal): Same scene: Moses stretches out his hand (and/or staff) over the sea so that the LORD drives the sea back — direct narrative parallel to the command to lift the staff and stretch out the hand.
- Exodus 14:26 (verbal): Narrative continuation: Moses stretches out his hand and the waters return — echoes the action commanded in 14:16 and its immediate outcome.
- Exodus 15:8 (quotation): Song of Moses recounts the divine act poetically ('At the blast of your nostrils the waters piled up') — a poetic retelling of the same event.
- Psalm 77:16–20 (allusion): The psalmist recalls God dividing the sea and leading Israel through the waters — an explicit allusion to the Exodus crossing and divine deliverance.
- Joshua 3:14–17 (structural): Israel crosses the Jordan on dry ground after divine/ritual action by the priests — a later narrative that mirrors the Exodus crossing in structure and theological significance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you—lift up your staff, and stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it, and the sons of Israel shall come into the midst of the sea on dry ground.
- And you—lift up your staff, and stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it, and the sons of Israel shall come into the midst of the sea on dry ground.
Exo.14.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואני: PRON,1,sg
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- מחזק: VERB,piel,ptc,NA,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ואכבדה: VERB,hiphil,imf,1,NA,sg
- בפרעה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- חילו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ברכבו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ובפרשיו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.4:21 (verbal): Same formula about God hardening Pharaoh/the Egyptians' hearts so they will pursue Israel; echoes the divine intent to display God's power and purposes.
- Exod.7:3-5 (verbal): Declares God will harden Pharaoh's heart and multiply signs and wonders in Egypt so that God's name and power will be known—closely parallels the purpose language of 14:17.
- Exod.14:8 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel: here the LORD actively hardens Pharaoh's heart at the Red Sea episode, reflecting the same action described in 14:17.
- Rom.9:17 (allusion): Paul cites the Pharaoh episode (and similar language) to argue that God raised up Pharaoh to display his power and make his name known — a theological reprise of the purpose stated in 14:17.
- Ps.106:8 (thematic): Speaks of God saving and acting 'for his name's sake' so that his power would be made known—echoes the motif of God's actions directed to his own honor found in 14:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I—behold, I am hardening the heart of Egypt, and they shall go in after them; and I will get glory over Pharaoh and over all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen.
- And as for me, behold, I am hardening the heart of Egypt, and they shall go in after them; and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and through all his army, in his chariots and in his horsemen.
Exo.14.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בהכבדי: PREP+VERB,hiphil,perf,1,sg
- בפרעה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברכבו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff:3,m
- ובפרשיו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,suff:3,m
Parallels
- Exodus 14:4 (verbal): Same declaration that God will gain glory over Pharaoh — nearly identical phrasing and immediate parallel within the Red Sea narrative.
- Exodus 14:31 (thematic): Describes the result of the deliverance: Israel (and implicitly others) recognized the LORD's power — parallels the purpose that the Egyptians should 'know' the LORD.
- Exodus 9:16 (thematic): God states He has raised up Pharaoh to demonstrate His power and make His name known — a broader statement of purpose behind Pharaoh’s role, matching the motif of divine glorification.
- Psalm 106:8 (thematic): Speaks of God saving for His name’s sake and making His mighty power known — echoes the theological rationale that God acts to reveal Himself.
- Romans 9:17 (quotation): Paul cites Exodus 9:16 (God raising up Pharaoh to show His power) to make a theological point — a New Testament quotation/allusion to the same purpose attributed to God's dealings with Pharaoh.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Egypt shall know that I am YHWH, when I get glory over Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.
- And Egypt shall know that I am YHWH, when I am glorified in Pharaoh, in his chariots and in his horsemen.
Exo.14.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויסע: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מלאך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ההלך: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- לפני: PREP
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מאחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ויסע: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עמוד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הענן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מפניהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- ויעמד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מאחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 13:21-22 (verbal): Describes the same pillar of cloud/by-day and pillar of fire/by-night that went before Israel, using similar language about the cloud/fire guiding and standing over the camp.
- Numbers 9:15-23 (verbal): Records how the cloud covered the tabernacle and governed Israel’s movements—when it lifted they journeyed, when it stayed they encamped—paralleling the cloud’s protective and directional role.
- Exodus 23:20-23 (thematic): God promises to send an angel before Israel to guard and lead them to the promised place, echoing the protective/military role of the 'angel of God' in Exodus 14:19.
- Psalm 78:14 (allusion): Retells Israel’s wilderness guidance: 'He led them with a cloud by day, and with a light of fire by night,' alluding to the pillar-of-cloud/fire motif that surrounds the angel’s movement in Exod 14:19.
- Isaiah 63:9 (thematic): Speaks of 'the angel of his presence' who saved Israel in their distress—echoing the concept of a divine angelic figure acting to protect and deliver the people as in Exod 14:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the messenger of God who was going before the camp of Israel moved and went behind them; and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them.
- And the angel of God, who went before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them; and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them.
Exo.14.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ובין: CONJ+PREP
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- הענן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והחשך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויאר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- קרב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- כל: DET
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.14:19 (verbal): Immediate context: the angel of God and the pillar of cloud move to stand between the Egyptian and Israelite camps, explaining how they were kept apart all night.
- Exod.13:21-22 (verbal): Earlier description of the pillar of cloud by day and pillar of fire by night that guided and lit Israel’s way—same cloud/fire motif and protective light for Israel.
- Ps.78:14-15 (thematic): Retells the Exodus tradition: God led them with a cloud by day and a fire that gave light by night, echoing the protective/separating role of the cloud and fire.
- Ps.105:39 (thematic): Summarizes the Exodus saving acts: God spread a cloud for covering and fire to give light by night—an interpretive recollection of the cloud/fire phenomenon at the sea.
- 1 Cor.10:1-2 (allusion): Paul alludes to Exodus traditions—saying Israel were 'baptized into the cloud and in the sea'—using the cloud/sea imagery typologically to recall divine protection and separation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came between the camp of Egypt and the camp of Israel, and there was the cloud and the darkness, and it gave light to the night; and the one did not draw near the other all the night.
- And it came between the camp of Egypt and the camp of Israel; and there was the cloud and the darkness, and it lit up the night; and the one did not come near the other all the night.
Exo.14.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויט: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ויולך: VERB,hif,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ברוח: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קדים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- עזה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- לחרבה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויבקעו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Exod.15:8-10 (quotation): The Song of Moses retells the event—God blew with his wind, the waters stood up and covered the enemies—using the same vocabulary and imagery as the narrative.
- Ps.114:3-6 (verbal): Poetic recall: 'The sea fled; the Jordan turned back' and the earth trembled—echoes the divided waters and the ground’s reaction to God’s presence.
- Ps.106:9 (allusion): Historical summary that God 'rebuked the Red Sea and it dried up'; a direct retrospective reference to Israel’s passage in Exodus 14.
- Josh.3:15-17 (thematic): The Jordan crossing where the waters were held back so the people crossed on dry ground; parallels the motif of God providing a dry path through waters for Israel.
- 1 Cor.10:1-2 (thematic): Paul interprets Israel’s passage through the sea as a typological event (a form of baptism), using the Exodus crossing theologically in the New Testament.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and YHWH drove back the sea by a strong east wind all the night and made the sea dry ground, and the waters were split.
- And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and YHWH drove back the sea with a strong east wind all the night, and made the sea into dry ground, and the waters were split.
Exo.14.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- ביבשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- והמים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- חמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מימינם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,pl
- ומשמאלם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 66:6 (verbal): Uses the same image—'He turned the sea into dry land; they passed through the river on foot'—directly echoing Israelites' passage on dry ground.
- Psalm 77:19–20 (allusion): Speaks of God's 'way in the sea' and leads 'your people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron,' alluding to the Red Sea crossing and its leadership motif.
- Psalm 114:3–4 (thematic): Describes the sea's flight and waters' upheaval at Israel's Exodus, thematically paralleling the miraculous crossing and waters standing as walls.
- Hebrews 11:29 (verbal): Explicitly recounts the event: 'By faith the people passed through the Red Sea as by dry land,' echoing the dry-ground wording and faith dimension of the crossing.
- Isaiah 63:11–12 (allusion): Recalls God remembering 'the days of old' and leading by Moses' hand, mentioning the divine act of dividing waters that brought Israel through—an interpretive retelling of the Exodus crossing.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Israel came into the midst of the sea on dry ground, and the waters were a wall for them on their right and on their left.
- And the sons of Israel went into the midst of the sea on dry ground, and the waters were a wall to them on their right hand and on their left.
Exo.14.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירדפו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ויבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- רכבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ופרשיו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תוך: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Exodus 14:27–28 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: Moses stretches out his hand, the waters return, and Pharaoh’s chariots and horsemen are overwhelmed—direct repetition/fulfillment of the pursued Egyptians going into the sea.
- Exodus 15:1–5 (verbal): The Song of Moses celebrates Yahweh’s triumph, explicitly declaring that Pharaoh’s chariots and his host were cast into the sea—a poetic retelling of the same event.
- Psalm 136:13–15 (verbal): Liturgical/psalmic retelling that credits God with dividing the Red Sea and overthrowing Pharaoh and his host in the sea, echoing the Exodus imagery.
- Hebrews 11:29 (allusion): New Testament theological summary: by faith the people passed through the Red Sea and the Egyptians attempting the same were drowned—an explicit allusion to the Exodus episode and its theological significance.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1–2 (thematic): Paul uses the Red Sea crossing typologically (baptism into Moses/cloud and sea), referencing the same crossing and its corporate/typological meaning for Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the Egyptians pursued and came after them—every horse of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen—into the midst of the sea.
- And the Egyptians pursued and went in after them—all Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots, and his horsemen—into the midst of the sea.
Exo.14.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- באשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הבקר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וישקף: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בעמוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וענן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 14:19 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel in the same scene: the angel of God stands between the camps, preparing the setting in which God looks upon and troubles the Egyptians.
- Exodus 14:27 (structural): Continuation/parallel of the same episode: Moses stretches out his hand and the LORD acts against the Egyptians, completing the divine assault described in 14:24.
- Psalm 77:16-20 (verbal): Uses similar language and motifs—'the waters were troubled,' God leading by cloud and pillar of fire—echoing the picture of God looking through the pillar and afflicting Egypt.
- Isaiah 63:11-14 (allusion): Recalls the Exodus: God remembered Moses, led Israel with a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night, and executed judgment on Egypt—an explicit allusion to the same divine actions in 14:24.
- Psalm 106:9 (thematic): Summarizes the Red Sea deliverance—'He rebuked the Red Sea'—thematising God's intervention against Egypt that is enacted in Exodus 14:24.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it came to pass, in the morning watch, that YHWH looked down on the camp of Egypt in the pillar of fire and cloud, and he threw the camp of Egypt into panic.
- And it came to pass, at the morning watch, that YHWH looked down on the camp of Egypt through the pillar of fire and cloud, and he threw the camp of Egypt into confusion.
Exo.14.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויסר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אפן: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מרכבתיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- וינהגהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg,prn:3,m,sg
- בכבדת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אנוסה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מפני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נלחם: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exod.14.14 (verbal): Same assurance wording and immediate context: 'The LORD will fight for you' — the claim that Yahweh fights for Israel parallels the statement that causes Egyptian panic.
- Deut.1.30 (verbal): Promise that 'the LORD your God who goes before you will fight for you' referring back to the Exodus deliverance — echoes the motif of God fighting on Israel's behalf against Egypt.
- Exod.15.3-4 (allusion): The Song of Moses depicts Yahweh as a warrior who 'threw into the sea' Pharaoh's chariots and host — a poetic retelling of the same divine intervention that immobilized the Egyptian chariots.
- 2 Chron.20.15 (thematic): Jehoshaphat is told 'the battle is not yours but God's' and the enemy is routed — a parallel theological motif of God fighting for Israel and causing the enemy's defeat.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he removed the wheels of their chariots and made them drive with difficulty; and the Egyptians said, Let us flee from before Israel, for YHWH is fighting for them against Egypt.
- And he removed the wheels of their chariots and made them drive with difficulty; and the Egyptians said, Let us flee from before Israel, for YHWH is fighting for them against Egypt.
Exo.14.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נטה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ידך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,f,sg
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- על: PREP
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- רכבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- פרשיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
Parallels
- Exod.14.28 (verbal): Immediate narrative fulfillment: the waters returned and covered Pharaoh's chariots and horsemen, echoing the command in 14:26.
- Exod.15:4-5 (quotation): The Song of Moses recounts the same event poetically—God cast Pharaoh's chariots into the sea and the deep covered them.
- Ps.77:16-19 (allusion): Poetic retelling of God dividing the sea and overwhelming the enemy; imagery parallels the sea returning on Egypt.
- Ps.106:9-12 (thematic): Historical confession that God rebuked the Red Sea and routed Pharaoh's army—reflects the deliverance/destruction theme of 14:26.
- Heb.11:29 (allusion): New Testament reference to the Exodus: Israel passed through the sea by faith, while the Egyptians who pursued were drowned when the waters returned.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses, Stretch out your hand over the sea, that the waters may return upon Egypt, upon his chariots and upon his horsemen.
- And YHWH said to Moses, Stretch out your hand over the sea, that the waters may return upon Egypt, upon his chariots and upon his horsemen.
Exo.14.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויט: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- לפנות: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאיתנו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- ומצרים: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,pl,abs
- נסים: VERB,qal,ptcp,m,pl
- לקראתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
- וינער: VERB,piel,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Exodus 14:21 (verbal): Same scene earlier in the chapter: Moses stretches out his hand over the sea and God divides the waters — closely related verbal/actional parallel to v.27's reversal of the waters.
- Exodus 15:4-5 (quotation): The Song of Moses recounts the event, declaring that Pharaoh's chariots and host were cast into the sea — a poetic retelling of the overthrow described in 14:27.
- Psalm 106:9 (allusion): Psalmic retelling: 'He rebuked the Red Sea, and it was dried up,' recalling God's control over the sea and the destruction of the Egyptians.
- Hebrews 11:29 (thematic): New Testament reflection: attributes Israel's crossing of the sea (and the Egyptians' drowning) to faith — echoes the deliverance and judgment reported in Exodus 14:27.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and the sea returned, at the turning of the morning, to its strength, and the Egyptians were fleeing toward it; and YHWH shook off Egypt in the midst of the sea.
- And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and toward morning the sea returned to its normal state, and the Egyptians were fleeing toward it; and YHWH shook off Egypt in the midst of the sea.
Exo.14.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- המים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויכסו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הרכב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הפרשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לכל: PREP
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הבאים: PART,qal,ptcp,masc,pl,def
- אחריהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- בים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- נשאר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.15:4-5 (quotation): The Song of Moses recounts the drowning of Pharaoh’s chariots and horsemen in the sea, repeating the imagery and outcome of Exod 14:28.
- Psalm 136:15 (thematic): Celebratory retelling that God overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea, echoing the deliverance and destruction described in Exod 14:28.
- Psalm 78:53-54 (verbal): Narrative psalm retells the crossing—God divided the sea and caused the waters to stand as a heap—paralleling the miraculous defeat of Egypt in Exod 14:28.
- Isaiah 63:11-12 (allusion): Prophetic recollection of the Exodus depicts God leading Israel through the sea and defeating the pursuing host, alluding to the same event recorded in Exod 14:28.
- Hebrews 11:29 (allusion): New Testament reference that affirms by faith the Israelites passed through the Red Sea while the Egyptians attempting to follow were drowned, alluding to the historical claim of Exod 14:28.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen, even all the army of Pharaoh that had come after them into the sea; there did not remain of them even one.
- And the waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen, even all the army of Pharaoh that was coming after them into the sea; not even one of them remained.
Exo.14.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ביבשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- והמים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- חמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מימינם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
- ומשמאלם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 15:8-10 (quotation): The Song of Moses immediately retells the same event, using the same imagery ('the waters were gathered; the floods stood upright'), a poetic quotation/retelling of the crossing.
- Psalm 66:6 (verbal): Explicit verbal echo: 'He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the flood on foot,' directly recalling the sea made dry and Israel passing through.
- Psalm 78:13-14 (allusion): A poetic allusion to the Exodus crossing—'He divided the sea and made the waters stand as a heap'—recounting the standing waters and passage.
- Joshua 3:14-17 (structural): A parallel miraculous crossing (the Jordan): the people pass on dry ground while the waters are held back, mirroring the structure and theology of the Red Sea event.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1-2 (allusion): Paul alludes to Israel's passage through the sea as a typological event ('they were all baptized into Moses... in the sea'), reusing the Exodus crossing as theological typology.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea, and the waters were a wall for them on their right and on their left.
- But the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea, and the waters were a wall to them on their right hand and on their left.
Exo.14.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויושע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מיד: PREP
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מת: ADJ,m,sg
- על: PREP
- שפת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
Parallels
- Exodus 15:1-5 (structural): The Song of Moses immediately recounts the same event — celebrates Yahweh’s salvation and the drowning of Pharaoh’s chariots and host at the sea.
- Psalm 106:8-11 (thematic): A historical psalm retelling the exodus: Yahweh rebuked the Red Sea and delivered Israel, with the enemy overwhelmed — a poetic retelling of the deliverance and the Egyptians’ defeat.
- Psalm 114:3-4 (thematic): A compact poetic memory of the crossing: the sea and Jordan fled/turned back at Israel’s presence, recalling the miraculous passage and triumph over Egypt.
- 1 Corinthians 10:1-2 (verbal): Paul refers to the fathers’ passing through the sea and being 'baptized unto Moses,' using the crossing as a typological example of corporate deliverance.
- Hebrews 11:29 (allusion): The author of Hebrews explicitly cites the Red Sea crossing as an act of faith by which Israel passed through as on dry land while the Egyptians were drowned, echoing Exodus’ saving event.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH saved Israel that day from the hand of Egypt, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the shore of the sea.
- Thus YHWH saved Israel that day from the hand of Egypt, and Israel saw Egypt dead on the shore of the sea.
Exo.14.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- היד: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הגדלה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וייראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ויאמינו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- ובמשה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 4:31 (verbal): Uses almost identical language: the people 'believed in the LORD and in his servant Moses' after witnessing God's signs—direct verbal parallel to Israel's faith response.
- Hebrews 11:29 (thematic): New Testament summary of the Exodus event: by faith the Israelites passed through the Red Sea—connects the crossing to faith in God, echoing Israel's belief in Exod 14:31.
- Psalm 78:12–13 (allusion): The psalm recounts God's 'wonders in the land of Egypt' and delivering Israel by dividing the sea—an allusive retelling of the same divine act that produced fear and faith.
- Deuteronomy 4:34 (thematic): Moses' claim that no other god has done such mighty and awesome works for a nation mirrors the emphasis on the 'great hand' of the LORD displayed in the Exodus and the resulting awe and belief.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Israel saw the great hand that YHWH had shown in Egypt, and the people feared YHWH, and they believed in YHWH and in Moses his servant.
- And Israel saw the great hand that YHWH had used against Egypt, and the people feared YHWH, and they believed in YHWH and in Moses his servant.
And it came to pass, when Pharaoh sent the people away, that God did not lead them by the way of the land of the Philistines, for it was near; for God said, 'Lest the people change their minds when they see war and return to Egypt.' But God led the people around by the way of the wilderness toward the Sea of Reeds; and the sons of Israel went up armed from the land of Egypt. And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for he had surely made the sons of Israel swear, saying, 'God will surely visit you, and you shall carry up my bones from here with you.' And they set out from Succoth and camped at Etham, at the edge of the wilderness. And YHWH went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them on the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, to go by day and by night.
He did not remove the pillar of cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. And YHWH said to Moses, saying:
'Speak to the sons of Israel, and let them turn back and camp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea; before Baal-zephon—opposite it you shall camp by the sea.'
'And Pharaoh will say of the sons of Israel, “They are bewildered in the land; the wilderness has shut them in.”'
''And I will harden the heart of Pharaoh, and he will pursue after them; and I will get glory over Pharaoh and over all his army, and Egypt shall know that I am YHWH.' And they did so. And it was told to the king of Egypt that the people had fled; and the heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was changed toward the people, and they said, 'What is this we have done, that we have sent Israel away from serving us?' And he harnessed his chariot and took his people with him. And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, with officers over them all. And YHWH hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the sons of Israel; and the sons of Israel were going out with a high hand. And the Egyptians pursued after them and overtook them, encamped by the sea—all the horses of Pharaoh’s chariots, and his horsemen, and his army—at Pi-hahiroth, before Baal-zephon. And when Pharaoh drew near, the sons of Israel lifted up their eyes, and behold, Egypt was marching after them; and they feared greatly, and the sons of Israel cried out to YHWH. And they said to Moses, 'Is it for lack of graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? What is this you have done to us, to bring us out of Egypt?'
'Is not this the word that we spoke to you in Egypt, saying, “Leave us alone, and let us serve the Egyptians”? For it would be better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.' And Moses said to the people, 'Do not fear; stand firm, and see the salvation of YHWH, which he will do for you today; for as you have seen the Egyptians today, you shall see them no more, forever.'
'YHWH will fight for you, and you—keep silent.' And YHWH said to Moses, 'Why do you cry out to me? Speak to the sons of Israel, and let them set out.'
'And you—lift up your staff, and stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it, and let the sons of Israel come into the midst of the sea on dry ground.'
'And as for me, behold, I am hardening the heart of the Egyptians, and they will go in after them; and I will get glory over Pharaoh and over all his army, over his chariots and over his horsemen.'
'And Egypt shall know that I am YHWH, when I am glorified over Pharaoh, over his chariots and over his horsemen.'
Then the angel of God who went before the camp of Israel moved and went behind them; and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them. And it came between the camp of Egypt and the camp of Israel; and the cloud was with the darkness, and it lit up the night, and the one did not come near the other all the night. And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and YHWH drove the sea back by a strong east wind all the night, and he made the sea dry ground, and the waters were split. And the sons of Israel went into the midst of the sea on dry ground, and the waters were for them a wall on their right and on their left. And the Egyptians pursued and went in after them—all the horses of Pharaoh, his chariots and his horsemen—into the midst of the sea. And it came to pass in the morning watch that YHWH looked down upon the camp of Egypt in the pillar of fire and cloud, and he threw the camp of Egypt into panic. And he removed the wheels of their chariots and made them drive with difficulty; and Egypt said, 'Let us flee from before Israel, for YHWH is fighting for them against Egypt.'
Then YHWH said to Moses, 'Stretch out your hand over the sea, and the waters will return upon Egypt, upon his chariots and upon his horsemen.' And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and the sea returned at the turning of the morning to its strength, and the Egyptians were fleeing against it; and YHWH shook off the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. And the waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen, all the army of Pharaoh that went after them into the sea; not even one of them remained. But the sons of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst of the sea, and the waters were for them a wall on their right and on their left. Thus YHWH saved Israel that day from the hand of Egypt; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the shore of the sea. And Israel saw the great hand which YHWH had done against Egypt; and the people feared YHWH, and they believed in YHWH and in Moses his servant.