Introduction to the Law
Deuteronomy 4:44-49
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Deu.4.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזאת: CONJ+DEM,f,sg
- התורה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- שם: ADV
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 31:9 (verbal): Refers explicitly to Moses writing and delivering 'this law' to Israel/the priests, echoing the formulation that Moses set the law before the people.
- Deuteronomy 31:24-26 (structural): Describes Moses finishing writing the words of the law in a book and placing it beside the ark, a closely related structural context for 'this is the law' as a written corpus.
- Exodus 24:3-4 (verbal): Reports Moses' proclamation of the Lord's words to the people and that Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, paralleling the attribution of the law to Moses' presentation.
- Joshua 1:7-8 (thematic): Commands fidelity to 'the book of the law' and continuity of Moses' legal/ethical instruction for Israel's life in the land, thematically continuing the role of the law set before the people.
- Deuteronomy 17:18-19 (thematic): Instructs that the king must write a copy of 'this law' for himself, reflecting the concept of a written law 'before Israel' and the law's authoritative, public status.
Alternative generated candidates
- And this is the law that Moses set before the Israelites.
- This is the law that Moses set before the Israelites.
Deu.4.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- העדת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- והחקים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- והמשפטים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בצאתם: PREP+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Deut.5:1 (verbal): Uses the same formulation — Moses calls Israel and announces 'the statutes and judgments' he is about to speak, paralleling the formulaic introduction in 4:45.
- Deut.6:1 (verbal): Repeats the triad 'commandment, statutes, and judgments' and frames them as the teaching God commanded, continuing the same legal/ didactic tradition Moses delivers.
- Exod.18:20 (thematic): Jethro advises Moses to teach the people 'the statutes and laws' and show them how to live — thematically parallel in Moses' role as teacher of laws to Israel.
- Josh.24:25 (verbal): At the covenant renewal Joshua 'set them a statute and an ordinance' in Shechem, using similar language and institutionalizing the same body of law addressed in Deut 4:45.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the testimonies, the statutes, and the ordinances that Moses spoke to the Israelites when they came out of Egypt.
- These are the testimonies, the statutes, and the judgments that Moses proclaimed to the Israelites when they came out of Egypt.
Deu.4.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בגיא: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מול: PREP
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פעור: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- סיחן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
- בחשבון: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בצאתם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 21:21-31 (quotation): Direct narrative of Israel's request to pass through and the subsequent defeat of Sihon king of the Amorites at Heshbon—same event and many of the same place-names (Heshbon, Beth‑Peor).
- Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (verbal): Earlier Deuteronomic retelling of the conquest of Sihon with very similar wording and geographic detail, locating the battle in the land of Sihon and Heshbon.
- Joshua 12:2 (structural): Summary list of kings defeated in the Transjordan conquest; names Sihon king of Heshbon among those struck down by Israel, echoing the Deut. verse’s claim.
- Judges 11:17 (allusion): Jephthah's appeal refers to Israel's prior dealings with the Amorites and specifically cites Sihon of Heshbon as part of the territorial background and precedent.
Alternative generated candidates
- Beyond the Jordan, in the valley opposite Beth‑Peor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorite, who dwelt at Heshbon—whom Moses and the Israelites defeated when they came out of Egypt.
- On the other side of the Jordan, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites who lived at Heshbon—whom Moses and the Israelites struck down when they came out of Egypt.
Deu.4.47 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויירשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ארצו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,ms
- ואת: CONJ
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עוג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הבשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 21:33-35 (verbal): Direct narrative of Israel's defeat of Og king of Bashan and the taking of his land; language and sequence parallel Deut. 4:47's report of possessing Og's territory.
- Deut.3:1-11 (quotation): Moses' fuller retelling of the same episode—defeat of Og, king of Bashan, and the seizure of his land—using similar phrases and details (e.g., 'Bashan,' 'Og').
- Joshua 12:4-5 (structural): Joshua's summary list of kings defeated beyond the Jordan names both Sihon and Og and credits Israel with taking their lands, mirroring Deut. 4:47's claim about Bashan and Og.
- Joshua 13:12 (thematic): Describes the allotment of the former territory of Og in Bashan to the tribes (Reuben, Gad, half-Manasseh), reflecting the outcome noted in Deut. 4:47 that Israel possessed Og's land.
Alternative generated candidates
- They took possession of his land and the land of Og king of Bashan—the two kings of the Amorites beyond the Jordan, eastward toward the sunrise.
- They took possession of his land and the land of Og king of Bashan — two kings of the Amorites — who were beyond the Jordan, eastward toward the sunrise.
Deu.4.48 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מערער: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- שפת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- נחל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארנן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- הר: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- שיאן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- חרמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 11:17 (verbal): Uses the same northern landmark, 'Baal‑gad in the valley of Lebanon,' as a boundary point — a close verbal and topographical parallel to Deut 4:48.
- Joshua 13:5 (structural): Lists Mount Hermon as the northern extent of territory ('all Mount Hermon'), paralleling Deut 4:48's use of Hermon as a boundary marker.
- Deuteronomy 11:24 (thematic): Speaks of the promised land's geographic limits ('from the wilderness to Lebanon'), echoing Deut 4:48's concern with northern boundaries and territorial extent.
- Song of Songs 4:8 (allusion): Poetically invokes Mount Hermon among well‑known northern peaks, reflecting the same cultural/geographical prominence of Hermon that marks the border in Deut 4:48.
Alternative generated candidates
- From Aroer, which is on the bank of the Arnon, even unto Mount Shihan—which is Hermon.
- From Aroer, which is on the edge of the Arnon gorge, up to Mount Sion — that is, Hermon.
Deu.4.49 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הערבה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזרחה: ADV,dir
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- הערבה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- תחת: PREP
- אשדת: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- הפסגה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Joshua 13:27 (verbal): Gives an almost identical boundary description of the Jordan valley: “all the Arabah across the Jordan eastward to the Sea of the Arabah under the slopes of Pisgah,” repeating the same geographic phrasing.
- Deuteronomy 3:17-20 (thematic): Describes the allotment of the trans-Jordanian lands (Gilead, Bashan) to Reuben, Gad and the half‑tribe of Manasseh and situates them relative to the Jordan and Pisgah — same territorial theme and region.
- Numbers 32:34-38 (structural): Lists towns and districts assigned to the tribes on the east side of the Jordan; complements Deut. 4:49 by detailing the settlement and boundaries of the trans‑Jordanian territory.
- Joshua 12:2-3 (allusion): Catalogues the kings and regions defeated beyond the Jordan (Sihon, Og) and names sites in the Arabah/Arnon area, alluding to the same geographic zone referenced in Deut. 4:49.
Alternative generated candidates
- And all the Arabah beyond the Jordan eastward, even to the Salt Sea, under the slopes of Pisgah.
- And all the Arabah beyond the Jordan eastward, as far as the Salt Sea, beneath the slopes of Pisgah.
This is the law that Moses set before the people of Israel.
These are the decrees and the statutes and the judgments that Moses spoke to the people of Israel when they came out of Egypt.
Across the Jordan, in the valley opposite Beth‑Peor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites who dwelt at Heshbon—whom Moses and the people of Israel struck down when they came out of Egypt—
and they took possession of his land and the land of Og king of Bashan, the two kings of the Amorites, beyond the Jordan eastward, toward the sunrise.
From Aroer, on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, to Mount Sirion—that is, Hermon. And all the Arabah beyond the Jordan eastward as far as the Salt Sea, under the slopes of Pisgah.