Pekah Rules and Wars with Judah
2 Kings 15:27-31
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2 K.15.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- חמשים: NUM,card,pl
- ושתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לעזריה: PREP+PN,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמליהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בשמרון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 15:25 (structural): Same narrative sequence: Pekah son of Remaliah assassinates Pekahiah and takes the throne in Samaria; 15:27 gives the synchronism/date for that accession.
- Isaiah 7:1 (thematic): Names 'Pekah son of Remaliah' alongside Rezin of Aram in an attack on Judah (context of Ahaz), reflecting the political/military role of Pekah early in his reign.
- 2 Chronicles 28:5-6 (thematic): Reports Pekah son of Remaliah’s military action against Judah—slaying large numbers of Israelites of Judah—echoing the consequences of Pekah’s rise to power.
- 2 Kings 16:5 (allusion): Relates how Rezin king of Syria and Pekah king of Israel threatened Jerusalem in the days of Ahaz, an episode tied to Pekah’s foreign policy during his reign.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the fifty-second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria; and he reigned twenty years.
- In the fifty‑second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria; and he reigned twenty years.
2 K.15.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הרע: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- סר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- חטאות: NOUN,f,pl,const
- ירבעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נבט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- החטיא: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Kings 12:28-30 (quotation): Account of Jeroboam’s establishment of the golden calves at Bethel and Dan — the origin of “the sins of Jeroboam” that later kings continued.
- 2 Kings 17:21-23 (thematic): Summarizes Israel’s persistent practice of the sins instituted by Jeroboam and links that persistence to the exile — the broader consequence of the pattern named in 2 Kgs 15:28.
- 2 Kings 14:24 (verbal): Uses the same refrain that a later king “did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam,” a direct verbal parallel to the formula in 2 Kgs 15:28.
- 1 Kings 15:34 (verbal): Another occurrence of the royal formula stating a king ‘did evil in the sight of the LORD’ and ‘did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam,’ showing the recurring evaluation of northern kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- He did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; he did not turn away from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which caused Israel to sin.
- He did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which led Israel into sin.
2 K.15.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תגלת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פלאסר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עיון: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואת: CONJ
- אבל: CONJ
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעכה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- ינוח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- חצור: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- הגלעד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הגלילה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- כל: DET
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נפתלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויגלם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אשורה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 28:20 (verbal): Almost identical report: Tiglath‑pileser (Pul) captures Ijon, Abel‑beth‑maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead and Galilee (the land of Naphtali) and carries them to Assyria.
- 2 Kings 17:6 (thematic): Broader account of the Assyrian conquest and deportation of the northern kingdom of Israel—parallels the theme of Assyrian capture and exile of Israelite territory and populations.
- 2 Kings 18:11 (thematic): Notes the Assyrian removal of Israelites (including territory of Naphtali) into exile—another statement of Assyrian deportation of Israelite lands and peoples.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26 (allusion): Refers to Tiglath‑pileser (Pul) stirring the Assyrian kings to carry Israelite tribes into exile; echoes the same historical movement of Assyrian deportations mentioned in 2 Kgs 15:29.
- Isaiah 9:1 (thematic): Mentions the districts of Zebulun and Naphtali (Galilee) — thematically linked to 2 Kgs 15:29, which records the conquest of Naphtali/Galilee; Isaiah offers a contrasting prophetic perspective on that region.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria came and took Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, and Galilee—all the land of Naphtali—and he carried them captive to Assyria.
- In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath‑pileser king of Assyria came and took Ijon, Abel‑beth‑maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, and Galilee—all the land of Naphtali—and carried them captive to Assyria.
2 K.15.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקשר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- קשר: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- הושע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמליהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויכהו: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg+PRON,3,m,sg
- וימיתהו: VERB,hif,impf,3,m,sg,clit:3,m,sg
- וימלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- ליותם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 15:25 (verbal): Very similar wording and pattern of regicide: Pekah son of Remaliah conspired against and killed Pekahiah and reigned in his place — a near-verbal parallel of assassination and usurpation.
- 2 Kings 15:29 (structural): Situates the same historical period: Tiglath‑pileser’s campaigns and deportations occur in the days of Pekah, providing Assyrian context for the political turmoil that leads to Hoshea’s coup.
- 2 Kings 17:1-6 (thematic): Continuation of the narrative about Hoshea as king: these verses treat Hoshea’s reign as the last of Israel and describe the Assyrian conquest of Samaria — the ultimate consequence of the dynastic change.
- Isaiah 7:1 (thematic): Refers to the alliance of Rezin and Pekah and their attack on Judah in the days of Ahaz, echoing Pekah’s political-military activity that forms the wider backdrop to his overthrow by Hoshea.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hoshea son of Elah conspired against Pekah son of Remaliah; he struck him down and killed him, and reigned in his place—in the twentieth year of Jotham son of Uzziah.
- Hoshea son of Elah conspired against Pekah son of Remaliah; he struck him and killed him, and reigned in his place, in the twentieth year of Jotham son of Azariah.
2 K.15.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- פקח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- הנם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כתובים: VERB,pual,ptcp,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ספר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- למלכי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Kings 14:19 (verbal): Uses the same closing formula — “And the rest of the acts… are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings…” — showing the standard annalistic notice for a king (here referring to Judah).
- 2 Kings 16:20 (verbal): Almost identical verbal formula concluding the reign of Ahaz: directs readers to the book of the chronicles for fuller records of the king’s deeds (same genre and function).
- 1 Kings 22:39 (structural): Parallel structural placement: a brief regnal summary ends with a reference to the chronicles, demonstrating the recurring historiographical ending-line for royal entries.
- 2 Chronicles 27:7 (verbal): Chronicles echoes the same reference-to-chronicles motif (“the rest of the acts… are they not written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah”), showing how both Kings and Chronicles employ annals as source references.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now the rest of the acts of Pekah and all that he did are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.
- Now the rest of the acts of Pekah, and all that he did, are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.
In the fifty-second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah son of Remaliah became king over Israel in Samaria; and he reigned twenty years.
He did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; he did not turn away from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which caused Israel to sin.
In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath‑Pileser king of Assyria came, and took Ijon and Abel‑beth‑Maacah and Janoah and Kedesh and Hazor and Gilead and the Galilee—all the land of Naphtali—and he carried them to Assyria.
Hoshea son of Elah conspired against Pekah son of Remaliah, struck him and killed him, and reigned in his place in the twentieth year of Jotham son of Uzziah. Now the rest of the acts of Pekah and all that he did are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.