Judgment on the Philistines
Jeremiah 47:1-7
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Jer.47.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אשר: PRON,rel
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ירמיהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנביא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- בטרם: PREP
- יכה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- עזה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 1:6-8 (verbal): Direct oracle against Gaza (a Philistine city); like Jer 47:1 it names Gaza and pronounces divine judgment on Philistia.
- Zephaniah 2:4-7 (thematic): Pronounces judgment on the Philistine cities (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron); parallels Jeremiah’s focus on Philistia and the fate of its cities.
- Ezekiel 25:15-17 (thematic): Oracle against the Philistines announcing God's vengeance; thematically parallels Jeremiah’s announcement of punishment on Philistia.
- Jeremiah 46:2 (structural): Another introductory formula in Jeremiah ('the word of the LORD ... concerning' and a reference to Egypt/Pharaoh); parallels the structural framing and the Egyptian connection in 47:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet concerning the Philistines, before Pharaoh struck Gaza.
- The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet concerning the Philistines, before Pharaoh struck Gaza.
Jer.47.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הנה: PART
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עלים: VERB,qal,ptcp,-,m,pl
- מצפון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והיו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לנחל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שוטף: VERB,qal,ptc,m,sg
- וישטפו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומלואה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וישבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- וזעקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- האדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והילל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Jeremiah 46:7 (verbal): Within the same book the enemy is likewise pictured as rising waters: “Who is this that riseth like the Nile?”—a close verbal and thematic echo of an invading force coming ‘from the north’ like an overflowing stream.
- Ezekiel 38:9 (thematic): The Gog–Magog advance is described in flood imagery—forces “pouring down like a storm” and covering the land—paralleling the metaphor of an invading army as overwhelming waters.
- Isaiah 8:7-8 (thematic): Assyria’s advance is portrayed in language of overflowing waters that pass through the land and fill places—similar imagery of a northern invasion likened to a flood.
- Nahum 1:8 (verbal): God’s judgment on Assyria/Nineveh is described with flood language—“with an overflowing flood he will make an utter end”—echoing the motif of destruction as an inundating stream.
- Jeremiah 51:42 (thematic): Babylon’s fall is depicted with maritime/inundation imagery—“The sea has come up on Babylon”—another instance of a city overwhelmed by waters as a figure for military catastrophe.
Alternative generated candidates
- Thus says the LORD: Behold, waters rise up from the north and swell into a rushing torrent; they will overflow the land and all that fills it. The city and its inhabitants cry out—men shout aloud, and all who dwell in the land wail.
- Thus says the LORD: Behold, waters rise up from the north and become a sweeping torrent; it will overflow the land and all its fullness—the city and its inhabitants—and people will cry out; all who dwell in the land will wail.
Jer.47.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שעטת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- פרסות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אביריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- מרעש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לרכבו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,3,m,sg
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- גלגליו: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- לא: PART_NEG
- הפנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אבות: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אל: NEG
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מרפיון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Nahum 2:3-4 (verbal): Vivid imagery of charging chariots, rushing wheels and galloping horses—language of noise, wheels and cavalry parallels Jeremiah's scene of a powerful, wheel‑borne force.
- Habakkuk 1:8-11 (thematic): Description of the Chaldean cavalry as swift, terrifying and unstoppable; thematically parallels Jeremiah's depiction of an overwhelming invading force and its demoralizing effect on the people.
- Joel 2:2-5 (thematic): Portrays a vast, overwhelming army like roaring horses and invaders who advance without pity; parallels Jeremiah's theme of a relentless military onslaught that leaves families powerless and faint.
- Jeremiah 4:13 (structural): Within the same book, uses similar prophetic imagery—chariots like a whirlwind and swift horses—showing a recurring Jeremiah motif for describing invading armies.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the sound of the neighing of his horses, at the clamor of his chariots—the tumult of his wheels—fathers do not turn back to their children, for hands have grown faint.
- From the sound of the galloping of his stallions, from the clamor of his chariots—the thunder of his wheels—fathers do not turn to their children, for their hands are faint.
Jer.47.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הבא: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לשדוד: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- להכרית: PREP+VERB,hiph,inf,NA,NA,NA
- לצר: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולצידון: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- שריד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- שדד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- שארית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אי: PRON,interrog
- כפתור: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Zephaniah 2:4-7 (verbal): Oracles against Philistine cities (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron) predicting their devastation and mentioning the remnant of the seashore—language and theme closely parallel Jeremiah's judgment on the Philistines and the 'remnant of the coast.'
- Amos 1:6-8 (thematic): Prophetic pronouncement of punishment on Philistine cities (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron) for their crimes; parallels Jeremiah's announcement of coming destruction of the Philistines.
- Ezekiel 25:15-17 (thematic): Ezekiel's oracle against the Philistines (including Cherethites/Caphtorim) promises God's vengeance and removal—echoes Jeremiah's theme of divine destruction of Philistia and its remnant.
- Deuteronomy 2:23 (allusion): Mentions the Caphtorim (Caphtor) who displaced earlier inhabitants and are connected with the Philistines; alludes to Caphtor referenced in Jeremiah 47:4 as locus of the Philistine remnant.
- Jeremiah 25:20 (structural): Within Jeremiah's wider list of nations to be judged—names the kings of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron and 'the remnant of the Philistines'—closely parallels wording and thematic placement of Jer 47:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the day has come to plunder all the Philistines, to cut off Tyre and Sidon and every remnant of the coast; for the LORD has laid waste the Philistines, the remnant of the coastlands.
- For the day has come to plunder all the Philistines, to cut off the remnant of Tyre and Sidon, the survivors of Azor; for the LORD has plundered the Philistines—the remnant of the isle of Caphtor.
Jer.47.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- באה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- קרחה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- עזה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נדמתה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- אשקלון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שארית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עמקם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- עד: PREP
- מתי: ADV,int
- תתגודדי: VERB,hithpael,impf,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Amos 1:6-8 (verbal): Pronounces divine judgment on Philistine cities including Gaza and Ashkelon (fire and destruction), closely paralleling Jeremiah’s announcement of ruin for Gaza and Ashkelon.
- Zephaniah 2:4-7 (verbal): Predicts desolation for Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod and Ekron and the exile of Philistine remnants—same roster of cities and the theme of utter devastation as in Jeremiah 47:5.
- Ezekiel 25:15-17 (thematic): Announces God’s punishment against the Philistines for their enmity toward Israel; thematically parallels Jeremiah’s oracle of destruction against Gaza and the Philistine remnant.
- Micah 1:16 (allusion): Calls for shaving and mourning (’Make yourself bald and poll’), which echoes Jeremiah’s rebuke of the Philistine remnant’s self-mutilation/mourning (’How long will you cut yourselves?’).
Alternative generated candidates
- Baldness has come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is put to shame—O remnant of their valley, how long will you keep gashing yourselves?
- Baldness has come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is made desolate. O remnant of their valley—how long will you cut yourselves?
Jer.47.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוי: INTJ
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- עד: PREP
- אנה: ADV,interrog
- לא: PART_NEG
- תשקטי: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- האספי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- תערך: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,sg
- הרגעי: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- ודמי: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 7:12-13 (verbal): Both passages personify God's weapon and speak of it being made ready or restrained—Psalm 7 warns God will 'sharpen his sword' if the wicked do not repent, paralleling Jeremiah's address to the sword of the LORD about action/rest.
- Jeremiah 51:20 (thematic): Jeremiah elsewhere depicts foreign powers as 'my battle-axe and weapons of war'—the same motif of instruments (sword/axe) under Yahweh's control and used to execute judgment.
- Isaiah 10:5-7 (thematic): Isaiah presents Assyria as the 'rod of my anger'—an instrument of divine judgment like the 'sword of the LORD' in Jeremiah 47:6, highlighting the theme of hostile powers serving God's purpose.
- Zechariah 13:7 (verbal): Zechariah issues an imperative to the sword ('Awake, O sword, against my shepherd'), a close verbal parallel in which a prophetic speaker directly addresses a weapon as agent of divine action or restraint.
Alternative generated candidates
- O sword of the LORD—how long will you not be quiet? Put yourself into your sheath; rest, be still.
- Woe to the sword of the LORD! How long will you not be quiet? Gather yourself, be still—restrain your hand; cease, and be silent.
Jer.47.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- איך: ADV
- תשקטי: VERB,qal,imprf,2,f,sg
- ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- אשקלון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- חוף: NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- הים: NOUN,m,sg,abs,def
- שם: ADV
- יעדה: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Amos 1:8 (verbal): Directly names Gaza and Askelon in a divine oracle of judgment—'I will send a fire... and it shall devour the palaces of Askelon'—paralleling Jeremiah's announcement of God’s command against Ashkelon and the seacoast.
- Zephaniah 2:4-7 (thematic): Pronounces destruction and exile for Philistine cities (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron) and speaks of the coastal region’s fate, echoing Jeremiah’s theme of divine action against the seacoast.
- Ezekiel 25:15-17 (allusion): A pronouncement of divine vengeance on the Philistines for past hostilities; thematically parallels Jeremiah’s depiction of the LORD commanding judgment on Ashkelon and the coastal towns.
- Zechariah 9:5-6 (verbal): Foretells shame and loss for Gaza and Ashkelon ('Ashkelon shall see it and be ashamed'), echoing Jeremiah’s focus on those Philistine coastal cities as objects of God’s appointed judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- How can you be quiet, when the LORD has commanded it? Against Ashkelon and the seaboard he has directed you; there I appoint you.
- How can you be silent, when the LORD has commanded it? He has appointed Ashkelon and the seaboard as its allotted place.
The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet concerning the Philistines, before Pharaoh struck Gaza. Thus says the LORD: Behold, waters rise from the north and become a sweeping torrent; they will overflow the land and all that fills it, the city and its inhabitants; the people cry aloud, and every resident of the land wails.
From the sound of the charging of his mighty steeds, from the crash of his chariots and the tumult of their wheels—people do not look back; fathers do not turn to their sons, for hands are limp.
For the day is coming to plunder all the Philistines, to cut off Tyre and Sidon—every remnant of the seaboard; for the LORD has plundered the Philistines, the remnant of the island of Caphtor.
Baldness has come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is ashamed; O remnant of their valley—how long will you cut yourselves in mourning?
O sword of the LORD, how long will you be quiet? Sheathe yourself; rest and be still.
How can you be quiet, when the LORD has commanded it? 'Against Ashkelon and the seashore I have appointed it; there I have given it its place.'