Repentance and Promise of Restoration
Hosea 14:1-9
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Hos.14.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תאשם: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- מרתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- באלהיה: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
- בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יפלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עלליהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- ירטשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- והריותיו: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יבקעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 13:16 (verbal): Depicts the same horrific imagery of infants dashed to pieces and cities plundered as part of divine judgment on a rebellious people; closely parallels the language and motif of violent destruction of children and families.
- Nahum 3:10 (verbal): Uses near‑identical language of infants being dashed in the streets when a city is captured; a parallel instance of prophetic description of urban fall and slaughter of the young.
- Deuteronomy 28:53–57 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses describing extreme wartime suffering—bereavement, loss of children, and degradation—echoing the idea that covenant unfaithfulness brings catastrophic violence on families.
- Ezekiel 16:38–41 (thematic): Describes severe punitive actions against Jerusalem—including slaughter, humiliation, and devastation of the populace—as consequences of infidelity to God; thematically parallels Hosea’s prediction of bloody retribution on a sinful city.
Alternative generated candidates
- Samaria shall bear her guilt; she has rebelled against her God. They shall fall by the sword; their infants will be dashed in pieces, and their pregnant women ripped open.
- Samaria shall bear her guilt; she has rebelled against her God. By the sword they shall fall, their little ones dashed in pieces, and their pregnant women ripped open.
Hos.14.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שובה: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- כי: CONJ
- כשלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בעונך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,ms
Parallels
- Hos.6:1 (verbal): Same prophetic summons to 'return' (שׁוּב) to YHWH; both verses use the language of repentance and restoration within Hosea's call to Israel.
- Jer.3:12 (verbal): Direct imperative 'Return, O faithless Israel' addresses Israel's unfaithfulness and calls for repentance—closely parallels Hosea's call and rationale (sin as cause of downfall).
- Isa.55:7 (thematic): Calls the wicked to forsake their way and 'return' to the LORD with the promise of mercy—echoes Hosea's connection between repentance and reconciliation.
- Joel 2:12 (thematic): A solemn call to 'return to me with all your heart' (repentance from fasting to wholehearted turning), reflecting the prophetic motif that return from sin restores relationship with God.
- 2 Chron.7:14 (structural): Covenantal formula linking national humility, turning from wickedness, and divine healing—structurally parallels Hosea's linkage of Israel's sin, their need to return, and the prospect of restoration.
Alternative generated candidates
- Return, O Israel, to the LORD your God; for you have stumbled by your iniquity.
- Return, O Israel, to the LORD your God; for you have stumbled by your iniquity.
Hos.14.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קחו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- עמכם: PREP+PRON,2,pl
- דברים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושובו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אמרו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- תשא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- עון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקח: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ונשלמה: VERB,qal,cohort,1,m,pl
- פרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שפתינו: NOUN,f,pl,poss,1,pl
Parallels
- Joel 2:12-13 (allusion): A summons to ‘return to the LORD’ with heartfelt repentance because he is gracious and merciful—closely parallels Hosea’s call to return and plea for God to remove iniquity and receive them.
- Isaiah 55:6-7 (thematic): Calls sinners to seek and return to the LORD with the promise that he will pardon and abundantly forgive—echoes Hosea’s appeal to repentance and divine acceptance.
- Psalm 51:16-17 (thematic): Emphasizes that God values a contrite, repentant heart over ritual offerings; relates to Hosea’s shift from physical sacrifice to offerings of words/repentance (the ‘calves of our lips’).
- Micah 7:18-19 (thematic): Asks rhetorically who pardons sin and describes God as one who forgives and casts sins away—parallels Hosea’s petition ‘take away all iniquity’ and trust in divine pardon.
- Hebrews 13:15 (verbal): Speaks of ‘a sacrifice of praise’ and ‘the fruit of lips’ offered to God—directly echoes Hosea’s image of offering ‘calves of our lips’ (an offering of words/praise).
Alternative generated candidates
- Take words with you and return to the LORD; say to him, “Take away all iniquity, accept what is good, and we will render the fruit of our lips.”
- Take words with you and return to the LORD. Say to him, “Take away all iniquity; accept what is good, and we will present the calves of our lips.”
Hos.14.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אשור: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- יושיענו: VERB,hiph,imprf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- סוס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- נרכב: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- נאמר: VERB,niphal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
- למעשה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידינו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+1cp
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ירחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יתום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 31:1 (verbal): Both condemn reliance on military/foreign powers—'those who go down to Egypt for help' and reliance on 'horses'—echoing Hosea's rejection of salvation by Assyria/horses.
- Psalm 20:7 (verbal): Explicit contrast between trusting in chariots/horses and trusting the LORD; parallels Hosea's refusal to rely on horses for deliverance.
- Isaiah 2:8 (verbal): Denounces worship of 'the work of their hands' (idols); corresponds to Hosea's renunciation of saying 'these are our gods, the work of our hands.'
- Deuteronomy 10:18 (thematic): Speaks of God's justice and care for the fatherless/widow; parallels Hosea's appeal to God's mercy toward the orphan and reliance on Yahweh rather than idols or foreign aid.
Alternative generated candidates
- Assyria shall not save us; on horses we will not ride, and we will say no more to the work of our hands, “Our God.” In you the orphan finds compassion.
- Assyria shall not save us; on horses we will not ride, nor shall we any more say to the work of our hands, ‘You are our gods.’ For in you the fatherless finds mercy.
Hos.14.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ארפא: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
- משובתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,pl
- אהבם: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg+obj3,m,pl
- נדבה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- שב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אפי: NOUN,m,sg,poss1s
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Hos.2:19 (verbal): Within Hosea: a direct promise of reconciled, freely-given love (betrothal language) that echoes 'I will heal their backsliding; I will love them freely.'
- Jer.31:3 (thematic): God's steadfast/everlasting love and the promise of restoration parallels the motif of divine love and returning favor in Hosea 14:5.
- Exod.34:6 (verbal): God described as merciful, gracious and slow to anger—language underlying the idea that divine anger is turned away in response to repentance.
- Ps.85:2–3 (verbal): The psalm speaks of God forgiving and withdrawing his anger ('thou hast forgiven... thou hast taken away all thy wrath'), closely paralleling Hosea's assertion that God's anger has been turned away.
- Joel 2:13 (thematic): Call to return because the LORD is gracious and merciful—links repentance and God's readiness to forgive, corresponding to Hosea's healing of backsliding and restored love.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will heal their apostasy; I will love them freely, for my anger has turned away from them.
- I will heal their apostasy; I will love them freely, for my anger has turned away from them.
Hos.14.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אהיה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- כטל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לישראל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יפרח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כשושנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- שרשיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- כלבנון: PREP+PROPN,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 32:2 (verbal): Uses dew/rain imagery for God's blessing — 'my speech shall distil as the dew' — paralleling Hosea's 'I will be like the dew to Israel.'
- Isaiah 35:1-2 (thematic): Speaks of wilderness and desert rejoicing and 'blossom[ing] like the rose' — resonates with Hosea's 'he shall blossom like the lily' (image of restoration).
- Psalm 92:12-14 (verbal): Speaks of the righteous flourishing and growing 'like a cedar in Lebanon' — echoes Hosea's 'strike root like the trees of Lebanon' (strength and establishment).
- Jeremiah 17:7-8 (thematic): Promises one who trusts in the LORD will be 'like a tree planted by the waters' that spreads roots and prospers — parallels Hosea's root-and-flourish motif.
Alternative generated candidates
- I will be like dew to Israel; he shall blossom like the lily, and his roots shall strike deep like Lebanon.
- I will be like dew to Israel; he shall blossom like the lily, and his roots shall spread like the cedars of Lebanon.
Hos.14.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ילכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ינקותיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- כזית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הודו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- וריח: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כלבנון: PREP+PROPN,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 72:16 (verbal): Speaks of abundant produce and Lebanon in the same breath—'the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon' and 'they of the city shall flourish'—paralleling Hosea's image of flourishing and the Lebanon scent.
- Isaiah 27:6 (thematic): Promises that Israel will 'take root... blossom and bud,' echoing Hosea's theme of national renewal and fruitful flourishing.
- Psalm 92:12-14 (verbal): Uses the image of growth 'like the palm tree' and 'like a cedar in Lebanon'—the cedar/Lebanon motif links to Hosea's Lebanon imagery of vigor and beauty.
- Song of Solomon 4:11 (verbal): Compares fragrance to 'the fragrance of Lebanon,' directly paralleling Hosea's simile of a pleasing scent like the wine/odor of Lebanon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Its young shoots shall spread; its beauty shall be like the olive, and its fragrance like Lebanon.
- Its young shoots shall spring forth; it shall be glorious like an olive tree, and its scent like Lebanon.
Hos.14.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- בצלו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss-3ms
- יחיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- דגן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויפרחו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- כגפן: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זכרו: VERB,qal,imperat,2,m,pl
- כיין: ADV
- לבנון: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 27:6 (verbal): Speaks of Israel taking root, blossoming and bearing fruit—close verbal parallel to 'blossom as the vine' and renewed fruitfulness.
- Psalm 1:3 (thematic): The righteous are compared to a well-watered, fruit-bearing tree—similar imagery of thriving and fruitfulness under God's care.
- Joel 2:24–26 (thematic): Promises full threshing floors and vats overflowing with wine and grain—parallels the restoration imagery of grain and wine abundance.
- Amos 9:14–15 (verbal): God's restoration promises include planting vineyards and enjoying their wine—echoes Hosea's vine/wine motif as a sign of renewal.
- Song of Solomon 4:11 (verbal): Uses the fragrance of Lebanon to describe perfume/produce—parallels Hosea's simile of scent likened to the wine of Lebanon.
Alternative generated candidates
- Those who dwell in its shade shall live; they shall bear grain and blossom like the vine, their renown like the wine of Lebanon.
- Those who dwell in its shade shall return and live; grain shall abound, and they shall blossom like the vine—its fragrance like the wine of Lebanon.
Hos.14.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- עוד: ADV
- לעצבים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- עניתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- ואשורנו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- כברוש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רענן: ADJ,m,sg
- ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg
- פריך: ADJ,m,sg
- נמצא: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 32:4 (verbal): Affirms God's righteousness and the rightness of his ways (‘just and right is he’), paralleling 'the ways of the LORD are right.'
- Psalm 25:8-10 (thematic): Declares the LORD is good and upright and that his paths are steadfastly for those who keep his covenant—echoes the idea that the righteous walk in the LORD's ways.
- Psalm 1:6 (thematic): Contrasts the destiny of the righteous and the wicked—'the LORD knows the way of the righteous; the way of the wicked will perish'—similar to righteous walking safely while transgressors stumble.
- Proverbs 4:18-19 (thematic): Contrasts the path of the righteous and the wicked ('path of the just... the way of the wicked is as darkness'), resonating with Hosea's contrast between those who walk in God's ways and those who fall.
- Jeremiah 6:16 (allusion): Calls people to 'stand in the ways, and see... and walk therein'—an exhortation to choose the good/old paths that parallels Hosea’s appeal to understand and walk in the LORD's ways.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephraim—what more have I to do with idols? I have answered and will regard him; I am like a flourishing cypress; from me your fruit is found.
- Ephraim—what more have I to do with idols? I have answered and will answer; I am like a flourishing cypress—your fruit is found from me.
Samaria shall bear her guilt, for she has rebelled against her God; by the sword her children shall fall, their strongholds be plundered, and its gates be broken.
Return, O Israel, to the LORD your God; for you have stumbled by your iniquity.
Take words with you, and return to the LORD; say to him, “Take away all iniquity; accept that which is good, and we will offer the calves of our lips.”
Assyria shall not save us; on horses we will not ride; nor will we again say to the work of our hands, “You are our gods.” In you the fatherless finds mercy.
I will heal their apostasy; I will love them freely, for my anger has turned away from them.
I will be as dew to Israel; he shall blossom like the lily, and his shoots shall strike root like the cedars of Lebanon.
Its young shoots shall spread; it shall be lovely like the olive, and its fragrance like Lebanon.
Those who dwell under his shade shall return; they shall be revived as grain, they shall blossom like the vine, and his renown shall be like the wine of Lebanon.
Who is wise? Let him understand these things; who is prudent? Let him know them. For the ways of the LORD are right, and the righteous walk in them; but transgressors stumble in them.