Day of Atonement
Leviticus 23:26-32
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Lev.23.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Lev.23.1 (verbal): Identical opening formula ("And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying") used earlier in the same chapter to introduce divine instructions about the appointed festivals.
- Num.6.22 (verbal): Same divine-speech formula introducing priestly legislation (the Aaronic blessing); both verses function as God speaking to Moses to convey cultic/ritual commands.
- Lev.1.1 (structural): Similar introductory formula where God calls and speaks to Moses from the tabernacle to introduce sacrificial laws; parallels the pattern of divine address that frames legal material.
- Lev.25.1 (verbal): Uses the same wording "And the LORD spake unto Moses... saying" to introduce the Jubilee and land-rest laws, showing the recurring formula for major legislative sections given through Moses.
- Exod.20.1 (thematic): "And God spake all these words, saying" introduces the Decalogue; thematically parallel as a key instance of God speaking to Moses (and Israel) to deliver foundational law.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Lev.23.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אך: PART
- בעשור: PREP+NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הכפרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ועניתם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2,mp
- והקרבתם: VERB,hiphil,perf,2,m,pl
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Lev.16:29 (verbal): Same command and timing: in the seventh month on the tenth day you shall 'afflict your souls' — the Day of Atonement statute appears with nearly identical wording.
- Lev.16:30 (thematic): Explains the purpose of the day named in 23:27 — on that day atonement is made to cleanse Israel from sins, linking the observance to purification.
- Lev.23:28-32 (structural): Immediate chapter context that repeats and expands the commands of 23:27 (holy convocation, afflicting the soul, ceasing work, concluding with the sabbath rest observance for the Day of Atonement).
- Num.29:7-11 (thematic): Prescribes the sacrificial offerings and the holy convocation for the tenth day of the seventh month (Yom Kippur), paralleling the ritual observance named in 23:27.
Alternative generated candidates
- However, on the tenth of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement; it shall be for you a holy convocation, and you shall humble yourselves, and you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD.
- However, on the tenth of this seventh month is the day of atonement; it shall be for you a holy convocation, and you shall humble yourselves, and you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD.
Lev.23.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- בעצם: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כפרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכפר: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- עליכם: PREP+PRON,2,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Lev.16:29-34 (verbal): Gives the primary instructions for Yom Kippur (afflict yourselves, do no work) and states that the atonement rite is a perpetual statute—direct parallel wording and legal context to Lev 23:28.
- Lev.23:32 (structural): Continues the Day of Atonement regulations in the same chapter, specifying the exact duration ('from evening to evening') and reiterating the sabbath/fast observance connected to Lev 23:28's prohibition of work.
- Num.29:7-11 (verbal): Prescribes the offerings and observance for the tenth day of the seventh month, repeating the injunction to observe a solemn rest/affliction and not to perform regular work—parallels ritual and cultic instructions of Lev 23:28.
- Heb.9:7 (allusion): Refers to the high priest entering the holy of holies once a year on behalf of the people—New Testament allusion to the annual atoning rite that Lev 23:28 mandates (Yom Kippur).
- Heb.9:25-28 (thematic): Develops the theological significance of the annual Day of Atonement rituals by contrasting repeated animal sacrifices with Christ's once-for-all sacrifice—thematic fulfillment and reinterpretation of Lev 23:28's atonement function.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall not do any work on this very day, for it is the Day of Atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.
- You shall not do any work on this very day, for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.
Lev.23.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- כל: DET
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- תענה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- בעצם: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- ונכרתה: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- מעמיה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,f,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 16:29 (verbal): Earliest prescription for Yom Kippur uses the same command to 'afflict your souls' (self-affliction/fasting) as part of the Day of Atonement ritual.
- Leviticus 23:27 (structural): Introduces the tenth‑day observance and commands affliction; 23:29 then states the penalty for failing to observe that injunction.
- Leviticus 23:32 (verbal): Reiterates the requirement to afflict the soul on the appointed day and frames the solemn rest, reinforcing the same obligation and its seriousness.
- Numbers 29:7 (verbal): Lists the sacrificial/ceremonial requirements for the tenth day of the seventh month and echoes the injunction to afflict yourselves and cease work for the day.
- Jonah 3:5–9 (thematic): Narrates a corporate response of fasting, sackcloth and humiliation on the appointed day leading to repentance — a narrative example of the expected effect of 'afflicting the soul.'
Alternative generated candidates
- For any person who does not humble himself on this very day—that person shall be cut off from his people.
- For any person who does not humble himself on this very day shall be cut off from his people.
Lev.23.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- כל: DET
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בעצם: PREP
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- והאבדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- מקרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 35:2 (verbal): Same prohibition against doing work on a sacred day with the same severe penalty (“whoever does any work on it shall be put to death”); parallels language and punitive consequence for profaning a holy rest day.
- Exodus 31:14 (verbal): Directly comparable injunction that the Sabbath is a solemn rest and that anyone who does work on it shall be put to death; echoes the formula of divine enforcement for violating a holy day.
- Numbers 15:32-36 (thematic): Narrative enforcement of the prohibition against working on a holy day (Sabbath): a man found gathering sticks is executed—illustrates how the law’s penalty was applied in practice.
- Leviticus 23:32 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel within the same festival instructions: defines the Day of Atonement as a ‘sabbath of solemn rest’ and reiterates the requirement to afflict the soul and refrain from work, framing v.30’s penalty.
- Ezekiel 20:13 (thematic): Prophetic reflection on profaning God’s sabbaths and the resulting divine judgment; thematically connects Sabbath/holy‑day profanation with punitive removal or punishment by God.
Alternative generated candidates
- And any person who does any work on this very day—that person I will destroy from among his people.
- And any person who does any work on this very day—I will destroy that person from among his people.
Lev.23.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משבתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 20:10 (verbal): The Decalogue formulation of the Sabbath prohibition: 'you shall not do any work' on the seventh day—same basic prohibition language as Leviticus 23:31.
- Exodus 31:16-17 (verbal): Describes the Sabbath as a perpetual/forever ordinance for generations and a sign between God and Israel, closely paralleling Leviticus' 'statute forever throughout your generations.'
- Deuteronomy 5:14-15 (thematic): Deuteronomy's restatement of the Sabbath command—again commands 'do no work' on the seventh day and insists on continuing observance across generations, though with a different motive (remembrance of Israel's slavery).
- Leviticus 23:3 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same chapter that defines the Sabbath as a holy convocation and repeats the injunction 'you shall do no work,' forming the immediate literary and legal context for 23:31.
- Ezekiel 20:12-13 (thematic): Prophetic reflection that presents the Sabbaths as a sign and statute given to Israel and condemns their profaning of it—echoes the covenantal and perpetual character of the Sabbath ordinance in Leviticus 23:31.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not do any work; it is a statute forever throughout your generations, in all your settlements.
- You shall do no work; a statute forever throughout your generations in all your settlements.
Lev.23.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שבתון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ועניתם: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- נפשתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2,mp
- בתשעה: PREP+NUM,ord,m,sg
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תשבתו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- שבתכם: NOUN,f,sg,suff
Parallels
- Leviticus 16:29-31 (verbal): Repeats the Day of Atonement injunction to 'afflict your souls' and calls it a 'sabbath of rest,' tying 23:32's command to the atonement ritual and statute.
- Leviticus 23:27-28 (structural): Immediate context within the festival chapter: 23:27–28 announces the holy convocation and command to afflict yourselves on the Day of Atonement; 23:32 specifies its timing 'from evening to evening.'
- Numbers 29:7 (verbal): Parallel calendrical/sacrificial notice for the tenth day of the seventh month: a holy convocation, afflicting of souls and cessation of work—another legislative restatement of the same observance.
- Exodus 12:18 (structural): Uses the same day-reckoning formula 'from evening to evening' for festival observance (Passover), illustrating the Israelite practice of counting days from evening to evening as in 23:32.
Alternative generated candidates
- It is a sabbath of complete rest for you, and you shall humble yourselves; on the ninth of the month at evening, from evening to evening you shall keep your sabbath.
- It is a sabbath of complete rest for you, and you shall humble yourselves; on the ninth of the month, at evening—from evening to evening you shall keep your sabbath.
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
However, on the tenth of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement; it shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall humble yourselves, and you shall present an offering by fire to the LORD. And you shall not do any work on this very day, for it is the Day of Atonement, to make atonement for you before the LORD your God.
For any person who does not humble himself on this very day shall be cut off from his people. And any person who does any work on this very day—I will destroy that person from among his people.
You shall not do any work; it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
It is a sabbath of complete rest for you, and you shall humble yourselves; on the ninth of the month at evening, from evening to evening you shall keep your sabbath.