The Ephod Made
Exodus 39:2-7
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Exo.39.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- האפד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תכלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וארגמן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותולעת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- משזר: VERB,piel,ptcp,ms,sg
Parallels
- Exod.28:6 (quotation): Direct parallel: the priestly ephod is prescribed with the same materials—gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen (exact instruction repeated).
- Exod.28:5 (verbal): Same verbal formula describing the ephod as made of gold and the three dyed colors with fine twined linen—shared vocabulary and construction language.
- Exod.35:25-26 (verbal): Women skilled in spinning are said to have spun yarns of blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen for the sanctuary garments—same materials and process (spinning/twining).
- Exod.28:15 (thematic): Description of the breastpiece (hoshen) uses the same materials—gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen—showing consistent material use across priestly vestments.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he made the ephod of gold, blue and purple and scarlet yarns, and fine twisted linen.
- And he made the ephod of gold, of the blue and the purple and the scarlet yarns, and of twisted fine linen.
Exo.39.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וירקעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- פחי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- הזהב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וקצץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- פתילם: NOUN,m,sg,suff+3mp
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
- בתוך: PREP
- התכלת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ובתוך: CONJ+PREP
- הארגמן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובתוך: CONJ+PREP
- תולעת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ובתוך: CONJ+PREP
- השש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מעשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חשב: ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 28:6 (verbal): Describes the same materials for the ephod — gold, blue (techelet), purple, scarlet, and fine linen — using near-identical wording about the fabrics and gold.
- Exodus 25:4 (thematic): Lists the basic materials to be brought for the tabernacle work (gold, blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen), providing the broader material context for the craftsmen's work.
- Exodus 35:23-25 (verbal): Records the people's offerings of gold and colored yarns (blue, purple, scarlet) and fine linen used in the priestly garments and tabernacle construction, paralleling the raw materials and manufacture.
- Exodus 28:8 (structural): Describes the skilled work (including gold chains/wreathed work) placed upon the ephod; connects the technical detail of attaching beaten gold to the colored threads and linen.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut them into threads, to work them into the blue and into the purple and into the scarlet yarn and into the fine linen—work of a skillful craftsman.
- And they hammered out thin plates of gold, and he cut them into threads, to work them into the blue and into the purple and into the scarlet yarn and into the fine linen, a designer’s work.
Exo.39.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כתפת: NOUN,f,pl,cstr
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- חברת: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- על: PREP
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- קצותיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,m,sg
- חבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.28:8 (verbal): Direct repetition of the instruction describing the two shoulder-pieces joined at the two edges of the ephod; Exodus 39:4 narrates the craftsmen carrying out Exodus 28:8.
- Exod.28:6-7 (structural): Earlier commissioned description of the ephod and its shoulder-pieces (materials and construction) that Exodus 39 echoes in the account of the artisans.
- Exod.28:9-12 (thematic): Continues the treatment of the ephod’s shoulder-pieces by specifying the setting of the onyx stones as memorials—closely related functional detail to the shoulder-pieces mentioned in Exod. 39:4.
- Lev.8:7-8 (thematic): Consecration scene in which Moses dresses Aaron with the priestly garments and places the onyx stones on the ephod’s shoulder-pieces, showing the use and significance of the shoulder-pieces made in Exod. 39.
Alternative generated candidates
- They made for it shoulder-pieces, joined to it; at its two ends it was joined.
- They made shoulder-pieces for it, joined to it; it was joined at its two ends.
Exo.39.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וחשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אפדתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- כמעשהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תכלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וארגמן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותולעת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- משזר: VERB,piel,ptcp,ms,sg
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 28:6 (verbal): Instruction to make the ephod of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen — the same list of materials and phrasing echoed in Exod. 39:5.
- Exodus 28:8 (verbal): Description of the ephod’s construction (‘with cunning work,’ interweaving gold with threads) parallels the workmanship language in Exod. 39:5.
- Exodus 39:2 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel within the same chapter describing the actual making of the ephod from gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen.
- Leviticus 8:7 (structural): Account of Moses dressing Aaron in the priestly garments (including the ephod/robe) — shows the functional/ritual use that the crafted ephod of Exod. 39:5 was made to fulfill.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the woven band of the ephod that was on it was of one piece with it, of the same workmanship: gold, blue and purple and scarlet yarns, and fine twisted linen, as the LORD commanded Moses.
- And the band of the ephod that was on it was of one piece with it, like its work: of gold, of the blue and the purple and the scarlet yarns, and of twisted fine linen, as the LORD commanded Moses.
Exo.39.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- השהם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מסבת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משבצת: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מפתחת: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- פתוחי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- חותם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- שמות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 28:9-12 (quotation): Direct parallel passage giving the same instruction: two onyx stones set in gold and engraved with the names of the sons of Israel to be on Aaron's shoulders.
- Exodus 28:17-21 (structural): Description of the breastplate's twelve stones (one for each tribe) and their setting — the same cultic program of inscribed/representative gems as in Exod 39:6.
- Exodus 28:36 (thematic): Another instance of engraving on priestly gold (a plate with 'Holy to the LORD') — parallels the practice of inscribing names on gold settings for priestly garments.
- Revelation 21:14,19-20 (allusion): New Testament echo: the New Jerusalem has twelve foundation stones named for the twelve apostles (and elsewhere stones named for the tribes) — thematically parallels inscribed stones representing Israel's tribes.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they made the onyx stones, mounted in filigree settings of gold, engraved like seal engravings with the names of the sons of Israel.
- And they made the onyx stones, enclosed in settings of gold, engraved like the engravings of a signet, according to the names of the sons of Israel.
Exo.39.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- כתפת: NOUN,f,pl,cstr
- האפד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- זכרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבני: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.28:9-12 (verbal): The command to take two onyx stones and engrave the names of the sons of Israel and put them on the shoulders of the ephod as stones of memorial — the direct instruction that Exodus 39:7 records being carried out.
- Exod.28:29-30 (thematic): Related priestly practice: Aaron is to bear the names of the tribes before the LORD on the ephod (and the breastpiece holds the Urim and Thummim) — same theological function of memorializing Israel's tribes before God.
- Josh.4:6-7 (thematic): The twelve stones taken from the Jordan and set up as a memorial for the tribes of Israel — a parallel use of stones as lasting memorials to the twelve tribes.
- 1 Sam.7:12 (thematic): Samuel sets up a stone (Ebenezer) as a memorial of God's help — another instance of erecting/setting a stone to commemorate divine action on behalf of Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he set them on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod as stones of remembrance for the sons of Israel, as the LORD commanded Moses.
- And he set them on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod, stones of remembrance for the sons of Israel, as the LORD commanded Moses.
And he made the ephod of gold, of the blue and the purple and the scarlet yarns, and of twisted fine linen.
They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut them into threads, to work them into the blue and into the purple and into the scarlet yarns and into the twisted fine linen—the work of a skillful designer.
They made for it shoulder-pieces, joined; at its two ends it was joined. And the woven band of the ephod that was on it was of one piece with it, like its workmanship: of gold, of the blue and the purple and the scarlet yarns, and of twisted fine linen, as the LORD commanded Moses. And they made the onyx stones enclosed in settings of gold, engraved like the engravings of a signet, according to the names of the sons of Israel. And he set them on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod as stones of remembrance for the sons of Israel, as the LORD commanded Moses.