Voyage to Rome and Arrival
Acts 28:11-16
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Acts.28.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Μετα: PREP,acc
- δε: CONJ
- τρεις: NUM,acc,pl,f
- μηνας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- ανηχθημεν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,1,pl
- εν: PREP
- πλοιω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- παρακεχειμακοτι: PART,perf,pass,dat,sg,n
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- νησω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- Αλεξανδρινω: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- παρασημω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- Διοσκουροις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
Parallels
- Acts 27:2 (verbal): Mentions a ship from Adramyttium earlier in Paul’s voyage history; both verses refer to ships and continued Mediterranean travel, linking the narrative’s maritime logistics.
- Acts 27:27-44 (structural): Recounts the shipwreck on Malta that precedes the three-month stay; Acts 28:11 resumes the journey after that shipwreck and period of residence.
- Acts 28:1-10 (structural): Immediate context describing Paul’s stay on Malta (healing of Publius’ father, hospitality) during the three months referenced in 28:11; 28:11 picks up the narrative after these events.
- Jonah 1:3-17 (thematic): Another biblical seafaring narrative involving a voyage interrupted by storm and deliverance leading to arrival on foreign shores; thematically parallels Acts’ maritime peril and subsequent arrival/sojourn.
Alternative generated candidates
- After three months we sailed in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered on the island, whose sign was the Twin Brothers.
- After three months we set sail in a ship of Alexandria that had wintered on the island, a vessel whose figurehead bore the Twins, Castor and Pollux.
Acts.28.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- καταχθεντες: PART,aor,act,nom,pl,f?
- εις: PREP
- Συρακουσας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- επεμειναμεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- τρεις: NUM,acc,pl,f
Parallels
- Acts 21:7 (verbal): Uses the same verb and formula for a brief stopover—'we stayed (ἐπεμείναμεν) ... a day'—within Paul's travel itinerary.
- Acts 16:11-12 (verbal): Another travel-report formula in Acts: 'we came to Philippi and remained there some days,' using comparable vocabulary and structure for port-of-call stops.
- Acts 28:1-10 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel: the preceding shipwreck and the extended island stay on Malta (three months) form the larger travel-sequence that includes the later brief stop at Syracuse.
- Acts 27:39-44 (structural): The shipwreck and landing account that leads directly into the Malta episode and the subsequent voyage which includes Syracuse—Acts' travel-log sequence connecting these places.
- 2 Corinthians 11:25 (thematic): Paul's own summary of hardships—'three times shipwrecked'—thematises the sea-voyage dangers narrated in Acts (culminating in the Malta/Syracuse stops).
Alternative generated candidates
- We put in at Syracuse and stayed there three days.
- Putting in at Syracuse, we stayed there three days.
Acts.28.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οθεν: ADV
- περιελοντες: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,m
- κατηντησαμεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- εις: PREP
- Ρηγιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- μετα: PREP
- μιαν: NUM,acc,sg,f
- ημεραν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- επιγενομενου: PART,pres,mid,gen,sg,m
- νοτου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- δευτεραιοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- ηλθομεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- εις: PREP
- Ποτιολους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Acts 28:11 (structural): Immediate context of the same voyage—verse 11 names the Alexandrian ship and the stop at Syracuse, directly preceding the arrival at Rhegium/Puteoli in 28:13.
- Acts 28:14 (structural): Continuation of the same travel narrative—after Puteoli (28:13) the journey proceeds to Appii Forum and the Three Taverns, showing the same itinerary toward Rome.
- Acts 27:13 (verbal): Uses the same nautical motif and the term for the south wind (νοτος); 27:13 describes when a south wind blew and the sailors weighed anchor—paralleling the role of wind in moving the voyage in 28:13.
- Acts 21:1–2 (thematic): Earlier Paul travel itinerary with a sequence of coastal stopovers (Cos, Rhodes, Patara, etc.); thematically echoes Acts 28:13’s pattern of short sea-journeys and port-to-port progress toward a destination.
Alternative generated candidates
- From there we sailed around to Rhegium; and after one day a south wind arose, and on the second day we came to Puteoli.
- From there we made a circuit and came to Rhegium; and after one day the south wind sprang up, and on the next day we arrived at Puteoli.
Acts.28.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ου: PART,neg
- ευροντες: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,pl,m
- αδελφους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- παρεκληθημεν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,1,pl
- παρ᾽αυτοις: PREP+PRON,dat,pl,3
- επιμειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- επτα·και: NUM+CONJ,card,acc,pl
- ουτως: ADV
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- Ρωμην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ηλθαμεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
Parallels
- Acts 28:15 (structural): Direct continuation: describes how the brothers in Rome came out to meet Paul and were glad, expanding on the arrival and welcome mentioned in v.14.
- Romans 16:5 (allusion): Refers to 'the church that meets in their house' in Rome—corroborates the existence of local Christian brothers/house churches who could receive Paul on arrival.
- Acts 18:2-3 (thematic): Paul meets and partners with Aquila and Priscilla—another instance of Paul finding fellow believers and receiving hospitality/support in a new city, paralleling his reception in Rome.
- Acts 16:15 (thematic): Lydia and her household welcome Paul and provide lodging—an earlier example of believers offering encouragement and hospitality upon Paul's arrival in a city.
Alternative generated candidates
- There we found brothers, and they invited us to stay with them seven days; and so we went on toward Rome.
- There we found brothers and were invited to stay with them seven days; and so we came to Rome.
Acts.28.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- κακειθεν: ADV
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- ακουσαντες: PTCP,aor,act,nom,pl,m
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- περι: PREP
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- ηλθαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- εις: PREP
- απαντησιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
- αχρι: PREP
- Αππιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Φορου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Τριων: NUM,gen,pl
- Ταβερνων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- ους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- ιδων: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ευχαριστησας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- θεω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ελαβε: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- θαρσος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- Acts 23:11 (verbal): The Lord tells Paul to 'take courage' (use of the same verb/idea of receiving courage), paralleling Paul 'took courage' in Acts 28:15.
- Acts 27:35 (verbal): Paul 'gave thanks to God' (εὐχαριστήσας τῷ Θεῷ) before a meal; the same thanksgiving formula appears in Acts 28:15.
- Luke 10:21 (thematic): Jesus 'rejoiced and thanked God'—a comparable pair of actions (thanksgiving and joy/encouragement) as Paul’s thanksgiving and renewed courage in Acts 28:15.
- 2 Corinthians 7:6 (thematic): God 'comforted' Paul by the coming of Titus; thematically similar to brothers coming to meet Paul and providing encouragement/courage in Acts 28:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the brothers in Rome heard of us, they came as far as the Forum of Appius and the Three Taverns to meet us. When Paul saw them he thanked God and took courage.
- When the brothers there heard of us, they came as far as the Forum of Appius and the Three Taverns to meet us. On seeing them, Paul thanked God and took courage.
Acts.28.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Οτε: CONJ
- δε: CONJ
- εισηλθομεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- εις: PREP
- Ρωμην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- επετραπη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- Παυλω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- μενειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- καθ᾽εαυτον: ADV
- συν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- φυλασσοντι: PART,pres,act,dat,sg,m
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- στρατιωτη: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 24:23 (verbal): Felix permits Paul to go to his own hired house and orders him to be guarded — very close language and situation (house arrest with a soldier) to Acts 28:16.
- Acts 23:35 (structural): The commander gives orders about keeping Paul under guard and transferring him to the barracks/governor — part of the recurring motif of Roman military custody of Paul.
- Philippians 1:13 (thematic): Paul reports that his imprisonment has become known throughout the Praetorian guard, thematically linking his status as a guarded prisoner in Rome to the presence of soldiers mentioned in Acts 28:16.
- Acts 28:30-31 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: Paul stays two years in his own rented house while under guard and continues preaching — a direct development of the house-arrest situation introduced in 28:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- When we entered Rome, Paul was permitted to live by himself, with a soldier to guard him.
- When we entered Rome, Paul was permitted to live by himself, with the soldier who guarded him.
After three months we set sail in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered there, whose sign was the Twin Brothers.
We landed at Syracuse and stayed there three days.
From there we sailed around and came to Rhegium; and on the following day a south wind arose, and on the second day we arrived at Puteoli.
There we found brothers and were invited to stay with them seven days; and so we went on toward Rome.
When the brothers there heard about us, they came as far as the Forum of Appius and the Three Taverns to meet us. When Paul saw them, he thanked God and took courage. And when we came to Rome, Paul was permitted to stay by himself, with the soldier who guarded him.