Teaching on Anger and Reconciliation
Matthew 5:21-26
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Matt.5.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ηκουσατε: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- ερρεθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,m
- αρχαιοις·Ου: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- φονευσεις·ος: VERB,fut,act,ind,2,sg
- δ᾽αν: PART
- φονευση: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ενοχος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- κρισει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
Parallels
- Exodus 20:13 (quotation): Direct source of the command 'You shall not murder' (Ten Commandments), which Jesus cites as 'it was said to the ancients.'
- Deuteronomy 5:17 (quotation): Repetition of the same command within the Deuteronomic recension of the Decalogue — parallel legal formulation behind Jesus' citation.
- Matthew 5:22 (structural): Immediate continuation of the Sermon on the Mount where Jesus expands the command by addressing anger and internal disposition — 'But I say to you...' developing the ethical implication of 'You shall not murder.'
- Mark 10:19 (verbal): In the story of the rich young ruler Jesus lists the commandments including 'You shall not murder,' echoing the same moral prohibition in a different Gospel context.
- 1 John 3:15 (thematic): Espouses a close ethical/theological link between hatred and murder ('Whoever hates his brother is a murderer'), thematically resonating with Jesus' move from external act to inner disposition (anger) as culpable.
Alternative generated candidates
- You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder,’ and whoever murders shall be liable to judgment.
- You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder; and whoever murders will be liable to judgment.’
Matt.5.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- δε: CONJ
- λεγω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- οτι: CONJ
- πας: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- οργιζομενος: VERB,pres,mid/pass,part,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- αδελφω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ενοχος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- κρισει·ος: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- δ᾽αν: PART
- ειπη: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- αδελφω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- αυτου·Ρακα: PRON,gen,sg,3,m
- ενοχος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- συνεδριω·ος: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- δ᾽αν: PART
- ειπη·Μωρε: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ενοχος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- γεενναν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,m
- πυρος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
Parallels
- Matthew 5:21 (structural): Immediate antecedent in the same teaching: cites the command 'You shall not murder' and sets up Jesus' intensification about anger and culpability.
- Exodus 20:13 (quotation): The Decalogue/Shema prohibition against murder that Jesus invokes and reinterprets (implicit background to 'You have heard that it was said...').
- 1 John 3:15 (verbal): Direct verbal/thematic parallel: 'Everyone who hates his brother is a murderer,' linking hatred/anger with the moral status of murder.
- James 1:19-20 (thematic): Emphasizes restraint and the sinful fruit of uncontrolled anger ('let every person be quick to hear... slow to anger'), echoing the moral problem of anger Jesus addresses.
- Matthew 5:23-24 (structural): Immediate continuation offering a practical remedy—reconciliation with a brother—showing how Jesus connects anger/insult to relational restoration to avoid judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- But I tell you, everyone who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgment; and whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca,’ shall be liable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be liable to the Gehenna of fire.
- But I tell you, everyone who is angry with his brother will be liable to judgment; whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca!’ will be liable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ will be liable to the hell of fire.
Matt.5.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- ουν: PART
- προσφερης: VERB,aor,act,subj,2,sg
- το: ART,nom,sg,n
- δωρον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- επι: PREP
- το: ART,nom,sg,n
- θυσιαστηριον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- κακει: ADV
- μνησθης: VERB,aor,pass,subj,2,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αδελφος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- εχει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- τι: PRON,acc,sg,n
- κατα: PREP
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Matthew 5:24 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same saying—commands the worshiper to leave the gift and be reconciled to the brother before completing the offering.
- Matthew 18:15 (thematic): Gives the procedure for dealing with a brother who has sinned against you (private confrontation leading to reconciliation), echoing the emphasis on restoring relationships.
- Luke 12:58-59 (verbal): Jesus' exhortation to settle with one's adversary before appearing before the judge parallels the urgency to reconcile with one who has something against you.
- Romans 12:18 (thematic): Paul's counsel to live at peace with all resonates with Jesus' priority of reconciliation over ritual observance.
- 1 Corinthians 6:7-8 (thematic): Paul objects to believers suing one another in secular courts and urges acceptance of wrong to preserve fellowship, reflecting the call to seek reconciliation rather than legal action.
Alternative generated candidates
- So if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you,
- So if you are presenting your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you,
Matt.5.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- αφες: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- εκει: ADV
- το: ART,nom,sg,n
- δωρον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- εμπροσθεν: PREP,gen
- του: ART,gen,sg,m
- θυσιαστηριου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- υπαγε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,sg
- πρωτον: ADV
- διαλλαγηθι: VERB,aor,pass,imp,2,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- αδελφω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- και: CONJ
- τοτε: ADV
- ελθων: VERB,aor,act,ptcp,nom,sg,m
- προσφερε: VERB,aor,act,imp,2,sg
- το: ART,nom,sg,n
- δωρον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Matt.5.23 (structural): Immediate context and parallel clause: the preceding verse sets up the same exhortation about reconciling with a brother before presenting a gift at the altar (same saying continued).
- Mark 11:25 (thematic): Links reconciliation and worship/prayer: Jesus commands forgiveness when standing to pray, connecting right relationships with acceptable worship.
- Luke 12:58-59 (thematic): Advises settling with an opponent quickly to avoid judgment—parallel emphasis on proactively resolving conflict to avert worse consequences.
- Matt.6:14-15 (thematic): Stresses forgiveness of others as a requirement for receiving forgiveness from God, reinforcing the moral imperative to reconcile relationships.
- Rom.12:18 (thematic): Paul's practical ethic—'as far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all'—echoes the duty to pursue reconciliation before continuing religious duties.
Alternative generated candidates
- leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.
- leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.
Matt.5.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ισθι: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,sg
- ευνοων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- αντιδικω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- ταχυ: ADV
- εως: PREP
- οτου: CONJ
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- μετ᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,m,3
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- οδω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- μηποτε: PART
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,m
- παραδω: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αντιδικος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- κριτη: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- κριτης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- υπηρετη: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εις: PREP
- φυλακην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- βληθηση·: VERB,aor,pass,subj,2,sg
Parallels
- Luke 12:58-59 (verbal): Near-identical wording and situation (be reconciled quickly with your adversary while on the way) — a close Synoptic parallel to Matthew's formulation.
- Matt.5:23-24 (structural): Immediate Matthean context: instruction to be reconciled with a brother before offering a gift — same theme of priority of reconciliation.
- Matt.18:34-35 (thematic): Parable of the unforgiving servant uses judge/prison imagery and the consequences of failing to forgive or reconcile, echoing Matthew 5:25's warning of being handed over and imprisoned.
- Rom.12:18 (thematic): Paulic ethical parallel urging believers to live at peace with everyone 'as far as it depends on you,' resonating with Jesus' call to take the initiative in reconciliation.
- Prov.25:8-9 (allusion): Wisdom admonition not to hastily take a matter to court and to seek private resolution with a neighbor — similar practical counsel against litigation and for early reconciliation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Agree quickly with your opponent while you are on the way with him to the judge, lest he hand you over to the officer and you be thrown into prison.
- Make friends quickly with your accuser while you are on the way with him, lest your accuser hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and you be thrown into prison.
Matt.5.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- αμην: PART
- λεγω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- ου: PART,neg
- μη: PART
- εξελθης: VERB,aor,mid,subj,2,sg
- εκειθεν: ADV
- εως: PREP
- αν: PART
- αποδως: VERB,aor,act,subj,2,sg
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- εσχατον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- κοδραντην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Luke 12:58-59 (verbal): Near-verbatim Lukan parallel: Jesus warns to settle with your accuser 'lest he hand you over... you will not get out until you have paid the last penny' — same wording and admonition.
- Matt.5:25 (structural): Immediate literary context in Matthew: verses 25–26 form a unit urging quick reconciliation with an adversary to avoid being handed over to the judge and paying the last penny.
- Matt.18:34-35 (thematic): Parable of the unforgiving servant uses debt-and-payment imagery ('until he should pay all that was owed') to teach about repayment and judgment, echoing the 'last penny' motif.
- Rom.2:6 (thematic): Paulic theme of recompense—'God will repay each person according to what they have done'—resonates with the idea of accounts being settled and payment of what is due.
Alternative generated candidates
- Truly I tell you, you will not get out until you have paid the very last penny.
- Truly I tell you, you will not get out until you have paid the last penny.
You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder,’ and ‘Whoever murders shall be liable to judgment.’ But I tell you, everyone who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgment; whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca!’ shall be answerable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be liable to Gehenna of fire. So if you are presenting your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has anything against you,
leave your gift there before the altar; go first and be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.
Be reconciled quickly with your adversary while you are on the way with him, lest your adversary hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the officer, and you be thrown into prison.
Truly I tell you, you will not get out until you have paid the last penny.