Passover
Deuteronomy 16:1-8
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Deu.16.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמור: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- חדש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- האביב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- כי: CONJ
- בחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- האביב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הוציאך: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:2 (quotation): God designates the month of Aviv/Abib as the first month and gives the initial instruction establishing the Passover timetable — the same ordinance echoed in Deut 16:1.
- Exodus 12:42 (verbal): Speaks of the night of the LORD when Israel was brought out of Egypt; parallels Deut 16:1's phrase that the LORD brought Israel out 'by night.'
- Leviticus 23:5 (verbal): Gives the liturgical dating of Passover in the first month (Abib/Aviv) on the fourteenth day — a cultic specification consistent with Deut 16:1's timing motif.
- Numbers 9:1-5 (thematic): Describes Israel's observance of the Passover in relation to their deliverance from Egypt and the communal command to keep the festival, echoing Deut 16:1's link between the month, the Passover, and the Exodus.
Alternative generated candidates
- Observe the month of Aviv and keep the Passover to the LORD your God; for in the month of Aviv the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night.
- Observe the month of Aviv, and keep the Passover to the LORD your God; for in the month of Aviv the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night.
Deu.16.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזבחת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ובקר: CONJ,NOUN,m,pl,abs
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יבחר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לשכן: VERB,qal,inf
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 12:3–6 (quotation): Earliest Passover instructions—selection and keeping of the lamb and the basic sacrificial rite—formed the basis for Deut’s command to sacrifice the Passover to YHWH.
- Deuteronomy 12:11 (verbal): Uses the same phraseology about “the place that the LORD will choose” for sacrifices, reflecting Deuteronomy’s centralizing law regarding where offerings are to be made.
- Leviticus 17:3–4 (thematic): Prohibits slaughtering/bringing blood offerings to common places and insists on bringing them to the place God appoints—theological principle behind Deut.16:2’s centralized sacrifice.
- 1 Kings 9:3 (allusion): God’s declaration that He has chosen Jerusalem to put His name parallels the Deuteronomic promise/requirement that sacrifices be offered at the place YHWH chooses (anticipates the Temple as that place).
- Deuteronomy 16:5–7 (structural): Immediate literary parallel in the same pericope; continues rules about slaughtering the Passover at the chosen place and exceptions for those too distant to appear, clarifying Deut.16:2’s command.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall slaughter the Passover for the LORD your God—from the flock and from the herd—at the place that the LORD will choose to make his name dwell there.
- You shall slaughter the Passover to the LORD your God—sheep and cattle—at the place that the LORD will choose to make his name dwell.
Deu.16.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- חמץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עני: ADJ,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- בחפזון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יצאת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- למען: PREP
- תזכר: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צאתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- כל: DET
- ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- חייך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Exodus 12:15-20 (quotation): Gives the original command to remove leaven and observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread for seven days — language and liturgical requirement mirrored in Deut 16:3.
- Exodus 12:39 (verbal): Explains that the Israelites baked unleavened cakes because they left Egypt in haste, directly echoing Deut 16:3’s rationale for eating unleavened bread.
- Exodus 13:3-10 (quotation): Links remembrance of the day of departure from Egypt with eating unleavened bread and instructs ongoing observance so future generations remember — closely parallels Deut 16:3’s purpose language.
- Leviticus 23:6-8 (structural): Prescribes the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread and removal of leaven, providing the cultic/legislative context for Deut 16:3’s command.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 (allusion): Paul applies the imagery of unleavened bread and Passover remembrance to ethical/spiritual purity (Christ as our Passover), echoing the symbolic function of eating unleavened bread in Deut 16:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not eat leaven with it; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread—the bread of affliction—for in haste you went out of the land of Egypt, so that you may remember the day of your going out from the land of Egypt all the days of your life.
- You shall not eat leaven with it; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread—the bread of affliction—because in haste you went out of the land of Egypt, so that you may remember the day of your going out from Egypt all the days of your life.
Deu.16.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- יראה: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- שאר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גבלך: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- ילין: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- מן: PREP
- הבשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תזבח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביום: PREP
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לבקר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:10 (verbal): Same instruction for the Passover meal—none of the sacrificed meat shall remain until morning; aligns with Deut 16:4’s prohibition of leaving meat overnight.
- Exodus 12:15 (verbal): Command to remove leaven and eat unleavened bread for seven days throughout your borders, paralleling Deut 16:4’s seven‑day no‑leaven requirement.
- Exodus 12:19 (structural): Reiterates the seven‑day restriction against leaven and prescribes punishment for keeping leaven, echoing the legal framework found in Deut 16:4.
- Leviticus 23:6-8 (thematic): Sets out the Feast of Unleavened Bread (seven days of unleavened bread) immediately after Passover—same festival context and command to remove leaven as in Deut 16:4.
- Numbers 9:12 (verbal): Specifies that none of the Passover lamb may remain until morning; directly parallels Deut 16:4’s prohibition on leaving sacrificial meat overnight.
Alternative generated candidates
- No leaven shall be seen with you in all your territory for seven days; and none of the meat that you sacrifice on the evening of the first day shall remain until the morning.
- No leaven shall be seen among you in all your territory for seven days; nor shall any of the meat that you sacrifice on the evening of the first day remain until morning.
Deu.16.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- תוכל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לזבח: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- באחד: PREP
- שעריך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Deut.12:11-14 (verbal): Commands centralization of sacrifice at the place the LORD will choose; language and law parallel Deut 16:5's prohibition against sacrificing the Passover in one's town.
- Deut.16:6-7 (structural): Immediate context that completes 16:5—specifies the place (the chosen sanctuary) and procedures for bringing the Passover there, showing this verse is part of a centralization instruction.
- Leviticus 17:3-4,8-9 (verbal): Prohibits offering blood/animal sacrifices outside the tent of meeting and prescribes central sacrifice to God’s altar—legal principle mirrors Deut 16:5's ban on local Passover slaughter.
- 2 Chronicles 30:1-3; 35:1-19 (thematic): Hezekiah's and Josiah’s reforms call Israel to keep the Passover at Jerusalem (the central sanctuary), illustrating later historical enforcement of the Deuteronomic centralization rule.
- 1 Kings 12:32-33 (thematic): Jeroboam establishes alternative festivals and sanctuaries at Bethel and Dan to stop pilgrimages to Jerusalem—contrasts Deut 16:5’s requirement that the Passover be held at the chosen central place.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall not sacrifice the Passover within any of your towns which the LORD your God gives you;
- You shall not sacrifice the Passover within any of your towns that the LORD your God is giving you.
Deu.16.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- אל: NEG
- המקום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יבחר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- לשכן: VERB,qal,inf
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- תזבח: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כבוא: CONJ
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צאתך: NOUN,f,sg,cons,poss:2ms
- ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:6 (verbal): Direct instruction for killing/keeping the Passover lamb in the evening (at twilight), matching Deut 16:6’s timing formularies for the Passover sacrifice.
- Numbers 9:3 (also 9:5) (verbal): Narrative observance of the Passover “on the fourteenth day of the first month at even,” echoing the prescribed time-of-day and date in Deut 16:6.
- Deuteronomy 12:5–7 (structural): Governing principle of centralization — sacrifices and offerings are to be performed at ‘the place the LORD will choose’ — the same locus clause invoked in Deut 16:6 for the Passover.
- Joshua 5:10 (thematic): Report of Israel keeping the Passover “in the plains of Jericho… at even,” illustrating the concrete observance of the Passover at the appointed time/place as prescribed in Deut 16:6.
- 2 Chronicles 30:2–3, 13 (thematic): Hezekiah’s restoration and summons to keep the Passover in Jerusalem (the chosen place) highlights later practice of centralizing the festival at the location ‘the LORD chooses,’ connecting to Deut 16:6’s requirement.
Alternative generated candidates
- but at the place that the LORD your God will choose to make his name dwell, there you shall slaughter the Passover at dusk—at the going down of the sun—at the time of your departure from Egypt.
- But at the place that the LORD your God will choose to make his name dwell, there you shall sacrifice the Passover at evening, when the sun goes down—the appointed time of your going out from Egypt.
Deu.16.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובשלת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ואכלת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יבחר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ופנית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בבקר: PREP
- והלכת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לאהליך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 12:5-7 (verbal): Same legal formula about bringing offerings and eating 'in the place that the LORD will choose'—echoes the requirement to eat offerings at the chosen sanctuary.
- Exodus 12:8,11 (verbal): Passover regulations to roast and eat the lamb and to eat in readiness to depart—background for Deut.16's instruction to roast/eat and return to tents in the morning.
- Leviticus 23:5-7 (thematic): Festival legislation for Passover/Unleavened Bread: timing and communal eating of the festival meal, related ritual context for Deut.16:7's eating instruction.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 (allusion): New Testament appropriation of Passover imagery ('Christ our Passover') and exhortation to celebrate rightly—theological echo of the Passover meal's significance reflected in Deut.16:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall roast and eat it at the place that the LORD your God will choose; and in the morning you shall turn and go to your tents.
- And you shall roast and eat it at the place that the LORD your God chooses; and in the morning you shall turn and go to your tents.
Deu.16.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ששת: NUM,m,pl,cons
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- עצרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:15-16 (verbal): Speaks of the seven‑day Feast of Unleavened Bread with the first and seventh days as a holy convocation when no work is done—language and legal rule parallel to Deut 16:8.
- Leviticus 23:6-8 (structural): Sets out the seven‑day festival of Unleavened Bread and prescribes holy convocations on the first and seventh days with cessation of ordinary work, mirroring Deut 16:8's prescription.
- Numbers 28:17-25 (thematic): Details the special offerings and the designation of the first and seventh days of Unleavened Bread as sacred (holy convocation), reinforcing the cultic and no‑work aspects of Deut 16:8.
- Deuteronomy 16:3 (verbal): Immediately connected instruction in the same law section about eating unleavened bread for seven days and the removal of leaven—provides the immediate liturgical context for v.8's holy convocation.
- Exodus 34:18 (allusion): Commands observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread for seven days (as previously commanded), alluding to the same festival framework in which Deut 16:8 situates the Sabbath‑like cessation of work.
Alternative generated candidates
- Six days you shall eat unleavened bread; and on the seventh day there shall be a holy assembly to the LORD your God—you shall do no work.
- You shall eat unleavened bread six days; and on the seventh day there shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD your God. You shall do no work.
Observe the month of Aviv; keep the Passover to the LORD your God, for in the month of Aviv the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night.
You shall slaughter the Passover to the LORD your God—from the flock and the herd—at the place that the LORD will choose to make his name dwell.
You shall not eat leavened bread with it; seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, the bread of affliction, because you went out of Egypt in haste—so that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt all the days of your life.
No leaven shall be seen among you for seven days; and none of the meat that you sacrifice on the evening of the first day shall remain until morning.
You shall not slaughter the Passover within any of your towns that the LORD your God is giving you. But at the place that the LORD your God will choose to make his name dwell you shall slaughter the Passover in the evening, at sunset—the time of your going out of Egypt. And you shall roast and eat it at that place; in the morning you shall turn and go to your tents.
For six days you shall eat unleavened bread; and on the seventh day you shall hold a solemn assembly to the LORD your God—do no work.