Hezekiah’s Reforms and Fortifications
2 Kings 18:1-16
2 K.18.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
- להושע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חזקיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 29:1 (quotation): Direct parallel regnal formula: records Hezekiah son of Ahaz beginning to reign in the third year of Hoshea, matching 2 Kgs 18:1's dating of his accession.
- 2 Chronicles 29:2 (verbal): Continues the parallel account of Hezekiah's reign with the same characterization (doing what was right before the LORD), echoing the immediate description found in 2 Kgs 18:2–3.
- 2 Kings 16:20 (structural): Notes the succession from Ahaz to Hezekiah ('Ahaz slept with his fathers, and Hezekiah his son reigned in his stead'), providing a complementary account of Hezekiah's accession referenced in 2 Kgs 18:1.
- Isaiah 36:1 (thematic): Chronological anchor in the prophetic narrative: dates events within Hezekiah's reign (the Assyrian crisis) and presupposes the regnal framework established in 2 Kgs 18:1, tying Isaiah's account to the same period.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, Hezekiah son of Ahaz became king of Judah.
- In the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, Hezekiah son of Ahaz became king of Judah.
2 K.18.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- וחמש: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במלכו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועשרים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ותשע: NUM
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בירושלם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- זכריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chron.29.1 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Hezekiah’s accession — gives the same data (age at accession, length of reign, and mother’s name) in the Chronicler’s history.
- 2 Kgs.8.26 (structural): Example of the royal formula used throughout the books of Kings (age at accession, years of reign, mother’s name); shows the standardized biographical note applied to Judah/Israelite kings.
- 2 Kgs.21.1 (structural): Another instance of the kings’ biographical formula (Manasseh’s age, length of reign, and mother’s name), illustrating the same narrative convention as in 2 Kgs 18:2.
- Isa.36.1 (thematic): References events during Hezekiah’s reign (the Assyrian confrontation under Sennacherib); thematically linked to Hezekiah as the reigning king introduced in 2 Kgs 18:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem; his mother's name was Abi daughter of Zechariah.
- He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Abi daughter of Zechariah.
2 K.18.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הישר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chr.29.2 (quotation): Direct parallel/duplicate statement about Hezekiah: 'he did what was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done.'
- 2 Chr.31.20-21 (verbal): Describes Hezekiah's nationwide reforms and summarizes his reign as doing 'that which was good and right and true before the LORD,' echoing the claim that he followed David's example.
- 2 Kgs.18.5 (structural): Immediate sequel in the same narrative: Hezekiah's trust in the LORD and unmatched status among Judah's kings is presented as the consequence of 'doing right' like David.
- Ps.78.70-72 (thematic): Presents David as the model shepherd-king chosen and guided by God, providing the theological template that later kings (like Hezekiah) are said to imitate when described as 'like David his father.'
Alternative generated candidates
- He did what was right in the sight of the LORD, just as David his father had done.
- He did what was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done.
2 K.18.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- הסיר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הבמות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ושבר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- המצבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וכרת: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- האשרה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וכתת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נחש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנחשת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- עד: PREP
- הימים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ההמה: DEM,pl,m
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקטרים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- נחשתן: NOUN,prop,m,sg
Parallels
- Num.21.8-9 (allusion): The origin of the bronze serpent: Moses made the serpent that healed Israel after the serpents’ plague — 2 Kgs 18:4 explicitly identifies the object Hezekiah destroyed with this episode.
- John 3:14 (thematic): Jesus cites the image of the serpent lifted up (Moses’ serpent) as a typological precedent for his own being 'lifted up' — shows later theological reflection on the same object referenced in 2 Kgs 18:4.
- 2 Chron.31:1-3 (structural): Parallel account of Hezekiah’s religious reforms: removal of high places, cutting down Asherim and destruction of idolatrous objects — a narrative doublet that corresponds closely to 2 Kgs 18:4.
- Deut.12:2-3 (thematic): Prescriptive law calling for destruction of high places, pillars and Asherim in the land — provides the Deuteronomic theological rationale behind Hezekiah’s actions described in 2 Kgs 18:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- He removed the high places, broke the sacred pillars, cut down the Asherah, and crushed the bronze serpent that Moses had made, for to that day the Israelites had burned incense to it and called it Nehushtan.
- He removed the high places, broke the pillars, cut down the Asherah, and he broke in pieces the bronze serpent that Moses had made; for up to those days the people of Israel had burned incense to it and called it Nehushtan.
2 K.18.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בטח: ADV
- ואחריו: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כמהו: PRT+PRON,3,ms
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואשר: CONJ+PRON,rel
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 32:20-21 (structural): Chronicles retells Hezekiah’s reign and explicitly records the LORD’s deliverance of Jerusalem from Sennacherib, paralleling 2 Kgs 18:5’s claim that Hezekiah trusted in Yahweh and was uniquely preserved.
- Isaiah 37:35-37 (thematic): Isaiah’s narrative promises God will defend Jerusalem and describes the angel striking the Assyrian host—an account of divine rescue that thematically parallels Hezekiah’s trust in the LORD and God’s unique action on his behalf.
- Psalm 20:7 (thematic): A thematic contrast between trust in chariots/horses and trust in the LORD; echoes the core idea of 2 Kgs 18:5 that Hezekiah relied on Yahweh rather than earthly power.
- 2 Chronicles 29:2 (verbal): Chronicles uses language about Hezekiah doing what was right before the LORD and following David’s example, supporting the portrait in 2 Kgs 18:5 of Hezekiah’s distinctive trust and righteousness among Judah’s kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- He trusted in the LORD, the God of Israel; there was none like him among all the kings of Judah who were before him.
- In the LORD, the God of Israel, he trusted; and there was none like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him.
2 K.18.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבק: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ביהוה: PREP+PN,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- סר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מאחריו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- וישמר: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- מצותיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 18:5 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel in the same verse cluster—repeats the language of trusting in the LORD and highlights Hezekiah’s singular faithfulness.
- 2 Chronicles 31:20–21 (thematic): Chronicle’s account of Hezekiah stresses that he did what was good because the LORD was with him and that he faithfully carried out reforms and commands—corresponds to keeping Moses’ commandments and reliance on God.
- Joshua 22:5 (verbal): Uses the same root idea of 'cling/cleave to the LORD' and explicitly links clinging to God with keeping the commandments, echoing the wording and theological emphasis of 2 Kgs 18:6.
- Joshua 1:7–8 (thematic): Commands strict observance of the Law and promises blessing for obedience—parallels the association in 2 Kgs 18:6 between fidelity to God, obedience to Moses’ commandments, and divine favor.
- Deuteronomy 5:32–33 (allusion): Presents the governing injunction to do exactly what the LORD commanded through Moses (not turning aside), which is the normative law-text that 2 Kgs 18:6 says Hezekiah observed.
Alternative generated candidates
- He held fast to the LORD; he would not turn from following him, and he kept the commandments that the LORD had commanded Moses.
- He held fast to the LORD and did not turn aside from him; he kept the commandments that the LORD had commanded Moses.
2 K.18.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישכיל: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- וימרד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- במלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- עבדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 31:20-21 (structural): Parallel account in Chronicles of Hezekiah’s reign: the LORD was with him and he prospered in his works — a corresponding summary of divine favor and success.
- Genesis 39:2-3 (verbal): Same formula: “The LORD was with him” and the man prospered. Used here for Joseph to express divine presence producing success, echoing the wording of 2 Kgs 18:7.
- 1 Samuel 18:14-16 (verbal): About David: “the LORD was with him” and he prospered/was promoted. Verbal and thematic parallel linking God’s presence to success and advancement.
- 2 Kings 17:3 (verbal): Uses the same verb of political defiance: “Hoshea… rebelled against the king of Assyria.” Verbal parallel for the phrase about rebelling against Assyria in 2 Kgs 18:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD was with him; he prospered in whatever he undertook. He rebelled against the king of Assyria and did not serve him.
- The LORD was with him; wherever he went out he prospered. He rebelled against the king of Assyria and did not serve him.
2 K.18.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- עד: PREP
- עזה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- גבוליה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ממגדל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נוצרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עד: PREP
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מבצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 8:1 (verbal): Reports a king's victory over the Philistines and subjugation of their territory—parallel report of royal military success against Philistia analogous to Hezekiah’s striking the Philistines to Gaza.
- 1 Chronicles 18:1 (verbal): Chronicle parallel to 2 Samuel 8:1; similarly records the king’s defeat of the Philistines and the securing of their territory, reflecting the same motif of extending control over Philistine border regions.
- 1 Samuel 7:14 (thematic): Describes Israel’s deliverance and the Philistines being subdued so they no longer entered Israelite territory—the broader theme of driving back Philistine incursions and securing borders echoes 2 Kgs 18:8.
- 2 Chronicles 26:6 (thematic): Speaks of King Uzziah’s victories over the Philistines and seizure of their villages—another example of a Judahite/Israelite monarch defeating Philistia and consolidating border territory, thematically parallel to Hezekiah’s campaign.
Alternative generated candidates
- He struck the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory, from Migdol of the Cherethites to the fortified city.
- He struck the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory, from the Tower of the Flock to the fortified city.
2 K.18.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הרביעית: ADJ,f,sg,def
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חזקיהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- השנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- השביעית: ADJ,ord,f,sg,def
- להושע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שלמנאסר: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
Parallels
- 2 Kings 17:3-6 (verbal): Direct parallel account of Hoshea’s revolt, the siege of Samaria by the king of Assyria (Shalmaneser), and the capture of the city—same event and actors as v.18:9.
- 2 Kings 17:23 (thematic): Summarizes the outcome of the Assyrian campaign mentioned in 18:9: the exile of Israel from their land to Assyria.
- 2 Kings 18:10 (structural): Immediate continuation in the same chapter: notes the consequence of Samaria’s fall—only the tribe of Judah remained—directly linked to the event in v.9.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26 (allusion): Parallel report of Israelite groups being carried into exile by Assyrian kings (Pul/Tiglath-Pileser), echoing the theme of Assyrian deportation of Israel noted in 18:9.
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (thematic): Presents Assyria as the instrument of God’s judgment against Israel and Judah, thematically linking Assyrian military action (such as the siege of Samaria) to divine punishment.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the fourth year of King Hezekiah, which was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria and besieged it.
- In the fourth year of King Hezekiah, which was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria and laid siege to it.
2 K.18.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילכדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- מקצה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בשנת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחזקיה: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- שנת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- תשע: NUM,card
- להושע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נלכדה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 17:6 (quotation): Gives the parallel account of Samaria's capture and the exile of Israel by the king of Assyria in the days of Hoshea—direct narrative overlap with 2 Kgs 18:10.
- 2 Kings 17:23 (verbal): Summarizes that the king of Assyria carried Israel away to Assyria; uses similar language and frames the fall of Samaria as the exile of the northern kingdom.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26 (allusion): Reports that God stirred up Assyrian kings (Pul/Tiglath‑Pileser) to deport Israelite tribes—echoes the historical reality of Assyrian deportations referenced in 2 Kgs 18:10.
- Isaiah 10:5-6 (thematic): Portrays Assyria as the instrument of God's judgment against nations (including Israel), offering a theological explanation for the Assyrian conquest recorded in 2 Kgs 18:10.
- Hosea 9:3 (thematic): Predicts Israel's removal from the land and displacement among nations (mentioning Assyria's sphere); thematically parallels the exile and loss of Samaria.
Alternative generated candidates
- At the end of three years, in the sixth year of Hezekiah—that is, the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel—Samaria was captured.
- At the end of three years— in the sixth year of Hezekiah, the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel—Samaria was captured.
2 K.18.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויגל: VERB,qal,wayyiq,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשורה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וינחם: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- בחלח: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובחבור: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נהר: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גוזן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וערי: NOUN,f,pl,const
- מדי: PREP
Parallels
- 2 Kings 17:6 (verbal): Nearly identical report of the Assyrian deportation of Israel to Halah, Habor by the river Gozan and the cities of the Medes — a duplicate account of the same event.
- 2 Kings 15:29 (verbal): Earlier royal annal–style notice of Tiglath‑pileser’s campaigns and the carrying away of Israelites to Assyria, mentioning Halah and Habor.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26 (verbal): Chronicles’ parallel account of northern‑tribes’ exile, specifically naming Halah, Habor and the river of Gozan as destinations.
- 2 Kings 17:18 (thematic): Summarizes the theological rationale for the removal (YHWH’s anger/judgment) that culminates in the Assyrian exile described in 18:11.
- Isaiah 10:5–6 (thematic): Prophetic interpretation of Assyria as God’s instrument of judgment against Israel and the nations, thematically connected to the deportation in 2 Kings 18:11.
Alternative generated candidates
- The king of Assyria carried Israel away to Assyria and settled them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan and in the cities of the Medes.
- And the king of Assyria carried Israel away to Assyria and settled them in Halah and in Habor, on the river Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.
2 K.18.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- בקול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
- ויעברו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- בריתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- 2 Kings 17:7-23 (verbal): Gives the same charge that Israel "did not obey the voice of the LORD" and broke the covenant and Moses' commands, explaining the northern kingdom's exile—near verbal and thematic parallel.
- Deuteronomy 31:16-18 (allusion): Moses predicts that Israel will forsake the covenant and "go after other gods," prompting God's judgment—background covenant theology to which 2 Kgs 18:12 alludes.
- Jeremiah 11:10-11 (verbal): Accuses the people of not listening to God's words and of breaking the covenant, with the ensuing threat of punishment—language and theme closely echo 2 Kgs 18:12.
- Ezekiel 20:13-16 (thematic): Recalls Israel's repeated refusal to obey God's statutes and breaking of the covenant, framing disobedience as the reason for divine wrath and exile—the same covenantal indictment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Because they did not obey the voice of the LORD their God; they transgressed his covenant—all that Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded—and they would not listen or do it.
- This was because they did not obey the voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant— all that Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded— and they would not listen or do it.
2 K.18.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובארבע: CONJ+PREP,NUM,card,fem,sg
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חזקיה: NOUN_PROP,m,sg,abs
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- סנחריב: NOUN_PROP,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- כל: DET
- ערי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- הבצרות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ויתפשם: VERB,hithpael,impf,3,m,sg,objsuf:3,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 36:1 (verbal): Near-duplicate account in Isaiah: Sennacherib's campaign in Hezekiah's fourteenth year; wording and event correspond closely.
- 2 Chronicles 32:1 (verbal): Chronicles' retelling of the same campaign: Sennacherib's invasion of Judah and Hezekiah's response; parallel narrative tradition.
- 2 Kings 18:14 (structural): Immediate literary continuation in the same chapter describing Hezekiah's actions and the tribute paid after Assyrian advances — provides direct contextual link.
- Isaiah 37:36 (thematic): Theologically related episode in Isaiah: divine overthrow of the Assyrian host after their campaigns against Judah; contrasts initial conquests with God's deliverance of Jerusalem.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them.
- In the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them.
2 K.18.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- חזקיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- אל: NEG
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכישה: PREP+NOUN,prop,f,sg
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- חטאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
- שוב: ADV
- מעלי: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תתן: VERB,qal,imprf,2,_,sg
- עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- אשא: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- חזקיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
- מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ככר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושלשים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ככר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 36:1-3 (verbal): Isaiah 36 retells the same Sennacherib–Hezekiah episode; it includes the message sent at Lachish and the payment of tribute, closely paralleling the narrative wording and sequence.
- 2 Chronicles 32:9-13 (structural): Chronicles gives a parallel account of Sennacherib's campaign against Judah and Hezekiah's response (including payments and preparations), covering much of the same material as 2 Kings 18–19.
- 2 Kings 18:15-16 (verbal): Immediate context in Kings: the following verses explain how Hezekiah raised the silver and stripped gold from the temple and palace to meet the tribute mentioned in 18:14.
- Sennacherib Prism (Taylor Prism) (allusion): Assyrian royal inscription that records Sennacherib's campaign against Judah and lists tribute extorted from Hezekiah (an extra‑biblical attestation of payment), allowing comparison with the biblical amounts and account.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Hezekiah king of Judah sent to the king of Assyria at Lachish, saying, “I have sinned; return from me. Whatever you lay on me I will bear.” And the king of Assyria exacted from Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold.
- Then Hezekiah king of Judah sent to the king of Assyria at Lachish, saying, “I have sinned; return from me. Whatever you impose on me I will bear.” And the king of Assyria exacted from Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold.
2 K.18.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חזקיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- כל: DET
- הכסף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הנמצא: PART,nif,ptc,ms,sg,def
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובאצרות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Isaiah 36:2-3 (structural): Isaiah 36–37 retells the same Assyrian crisis described in 2 Kings 18–19; the narrative parallel includes the Assyrian demand and Hezekiah’s concessions/tribute (the broader context of giving silver).
- 2 Chronicles 32:9-12 (structural): Chronicles offers a parallel account of Sennacherib’s campaign and Hezekiah’s response; it covers the interactions with the Assyrian envoys and the king’s measures, corresponding to the Kings passage about paying tribute/handing over treasures.
- 2 Kings 24:13 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar’s removal of ‘all the treasures of the house of the LORD’ to Babylon echoes the motif of temple valuables being taken away—here by a foreign power, thematically similar to Hezekiah’s surrender of temple and royal silver.
- 1 Kings 14:26 (thematic): Pharaoh’s carrying off of the treasures of the house of the LORD (taken from Solomon’s reign) parallels the theme of temple wealth being appropriated by a secular/foreign authority.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hezekiah gave all the silver found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house.
- Hezekiah gave him all the silver that was found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house.
2 K.18.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ההיא: DEM,f,sg
- קצץ: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חזקיה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- את: PRT,acc
- דלתות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- היכל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- האמנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צפה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חזקיה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ויתנם: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,obj:3mp
- למלך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Kings 18:14-15 (verbal): Immediate context in the same chapter describing the tribute Hezekiah paid Sennacherib (silver, gold) — the passage continues the same account of giving temple fittings to the Assyrian king.
- Isaiah 36:1-3 (structural): Parallel account of Sennacherib’s campaign and the Assyrian delegation to Jerusalem; Isaiah’s narrative retells the same historical episode of Assyrian demands on Hezekiah and Judah.
- 2 Chronicles 32:9-19 (structural): Chronicles’ version of the Assyrian invasion and Hezekiah’s response; offers a parallel retelling of the events surrounding Sennacherib’s assault on Judah and related tribute/negotiations.
- 2 Kings 25:13-17 (thematic): Later episode in which a conquering power seizes the temple vessels (Nebuchadnezzar’s removal of Solomon’s temple goods); thematically parallels the removal/transfer of sacred fittings to a foreign ruler.
Alternative generated candidates
- At that time Hezekiah stripped the doors of the house of the LORD and the doorposts which Hezekiah king of Judah had plated, and gave them to the king of Assyria.
- At that time Hezekiah cut off the doors of the house of the LORD and removed the door fittings that Hezekiah king of Judah had overlaid, and he gave them to the king of Assyria.
In the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, Hezekiah son of Ahaz became king of Judah.
He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Abi, daughter of Zechariah.
He did what was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father had done.
He removed the high places, broke the sacred pillars, cut down the Asherah, and broke the bronze serpent that Moses had made—for until those days the people of Israel burned incense to it and called it Nehushtan.
In the LORD, the God of Israel, he trusted; and there was none like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him.
He clung to the LORD; he did not turn from following him, and he kept the commandments that the LORD had commanded Moses.
The LORD was with him; wherever he went he prospered. He rebelled against the king of Assyria and did not serve him.
He struck the Philistines as far as Gaza and its borders, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city.
In the fourth year of Hezekiah's reign — it was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel — Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria and besieged it. And at the end of three years, in the sixth year of Hezekiah — it was the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel — Samaria was taken.
The king of Assyria carried Israel away to Assyria and settled them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.
This was because they did not obey the voice of the LORD their God but transgressed his covenant — all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded — and they would not listen nor do it.
In the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and captured them.
Hezekiah sent to the king of Assyria at Lachish, saying, “I have sinned; return from me. Whatever you lay on me I will bear.” And the king of Assyria exacted from Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold.
Hezekiah gave him all the silver found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king's house.
At that time Hezekiah removed the doors of the house of the LORD and the doorposts that Hezekiah king of Judah had overlaid, and he gave them to the king of Assyria.