The Genealogy and Families of Judah
1 Chronicles 2:3-55
1 C.2.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ער: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואונן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושלה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלושה: NUM,m,pl,abs
- נולד: VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- מבת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שוע: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- הכנענית: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ער: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וימיתהו: VERB,hif,impf,3,m,sg,clit:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 38:2-3 (verbal): Same account: Judah married a daughter of Shua the Canaanite and the birth of his sons Er, Onan, and Shelah is recorded (Chronicles summarises this material from Genesis).
- Genesis 38:7-10 (verbal): Continues the Genesis narrative: Er is described as wicked and put to death by the Lord; Onan's sexual refusal and punishment are narrated—events presupposed by Chronicles' brief note about Er's wickedness and death.
- Genesis 46:12 (structural): Listing of Jacob's family who go to Egypt includes Judah and his sons Er, Onan, and Shelah, paralleling Chronicles' genealogical presentation of Judah's offspring.
- Matthew 1:3 (thematic): NT genealogy of Jesus highlights Judah's line (through Tamar and Perez), reflecting the long-term genealogical significance of Judah's offspring sketched in Chronicles, though Matthew focuses on Perez rather than Er/Onan.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Judah: Er, Onan, and Shelah—three were born to him from the Canaanite woman, the daughter of Shua. Now Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD, and the LORD put him to death.
- The sons of Judah: Er, Onan, and Shelah—three were born to him by Shua the Canaanite. Now Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD, and the LORD put him to death.
1 C.2.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותמר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ילדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- פרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- זרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- חמשה: NUM,m,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 38:29-30 (verbal): Direct narrative account of Tamar bearing Perez (Peretz) and Zerah (Zerah), including the detail of Perez emerging first—same birth story behind the Chronicles entry.
- Genesis 46:12 (structural): Lists the sons of Judah (Er, Onan, Shelah, Perez, and Zerah) when Jacob's family goes to Egypt, paralleling Chronicles' enumeration of Judah's offspring.
- Ruth 4:12 (allusion): Blesses the widow with a name like Perez’s, invoking Tamar’s son as the important ancestor in Judah’s line (connects Tamar→Perez to Davidic descent).
- Matthew 1:3 (verbal): New Testament genealogy explicitly records 'Judah begot Perez and Zerah by Tamar,' echoing the same genealogical fact in Chronicles.
- Luke 3:33 (verbal): Lucas’ genealogy includes Perez among Judah’s descendants, aligning with Chronicles’ emphasis on Perez as a key progenitor in Israel’s line.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Tamar his daughter-in-law bore him Perez and Zerah; all the sons of Judah were five.
- His daughter-in-law Tamar bore him Perez and Zerah. Thus the sons of Judah were five in all.
1 C.2.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- פרץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחמול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 26:20 (verbal): The census genealogy explicitly names the sons of Perez as Hezron and Hamul (same pair of names).
- Ruth 4:18-22 (verbal): Genealogical summary of Perez’s line that records Hezron (ancestor of David), paralleling the Chronicle’s listing of Perez’s descendants.
- Genesis 38:29-30 (thematic): Narrative account of Perez’s birth (with twin Zerah) — provides background for the Perez lineage to which Hezron and Hamul belong.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3-4 (structural): Immediate chronological and genealogical context within Chronicles that lists Judah’s descendants and situates Perez’s sons (parallel internal genealogy).
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Perez: Hezron and Hamul.
- The sons of Perez: Hezron and Hamul.
1 C.2.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- זרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זמרי: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואיתן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,pr
- והימן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכלכל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודרע: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,pr
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- חמשה: NUM,m,pl
Parallels
- Genesis 46:12 (structural): Zerah is named among Judah’s sons in the patriarchal genealogy, providing the earlier ancestral context for the descendants listed in 1 Chronicles 2:6.
- Numbers 26:20 (structural): In the tribal census Zerah is again listed among Judah’s progeny, paralleling the chronicler’s interest in recording tribal and family lines.
- 1 Chronicles 15:17 (verbal): Ethan and Heman (two names appearing in 1 Chr 2:6) are later named together as chief temple musicians appointed by David, linking these genealogical names to known cultic figures.
- Psalm 88 (superscription) (allusion): The psalm is ascribed to 'Heman the Ezrahite'—likely a descendant of Zerah—connecting the personal name in 1 Chr 2:6 with an established liturgical tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Zerah: Zimri, Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Darda—five in all.
- The sons of Zerah: Zimri, Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Dara—five in all.
1 C.2.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כרמי: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- עכר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עוכר: VERB,qal,ptc,act,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מעל: PREP
- בחרם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 7:1 (thematic): Introduces the incident in which Israel is defeated because someone (Achan) violated the ban—background for the label 'troubler of Israel' in 1 Chronicles.
- Joshua 7:11 (verbal): God’s charge that Israel 'has transgressed my covenant' and 'has taken some of the devoted things' parallels 1 Chronicles’ wording about transgressing the ḥerem (the ban/devoted thing).
- Joshua 6:17-19 (verbal): The command regarding the ḥerem at Jericho (things devoted to destruction) provides the source context for the offence attributed to Achar/Achan in 1 Chronicles.
- Joshua 7:25-26 (structural): Narrates the identification, punishment, and communal consequences for Achan—explains why he is called the 'troubler of Israel' in the genealogical notice.
- Hosea 2:15 (allusion): Uses the 'Valley of Achor' (valley of trouble) motif—plays on the name Achar/Achan ('trouble') and transforms the theme of trouble into a motif of restoration, echoing the name’s significance in Israel’s memory.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Carmi: Achar, the troublemaker of Israel, he who sinned in the thing accursed.
- The sons of Carmi: Achar, the troublemaker of Israel, who violated the ban.
1 C.2.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- איתן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עזריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:9 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same Judah genealogical list—follows and expands the listing of Etham/Ethan’s descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 2:1-55 (structural): The larger chapter containing the full genealogy of Judah in which this brief entry (the sons of Etham/Ethan: Azariah) is embedded.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): An earlier listing of the descendants of Judah; provides a parallel genealogical framework for the tribe and its branches that 1 Chronicles later reworks.
- Numbers 26:20–21 (thematic): The tribal/familial censuses in Numbers repeat and preserve lines of descent for Judah’s families, offering a parallel tradition to the genealogical data found in 1 Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Ethan: Azariah.
- The sons of Ethan: Azariah.
1 C.2.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- נולד: VERB,nifal,perf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ירחמאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- רם: ADJ,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- כלובי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:8 (structural): Immediate neighboring verse in the same genealogy—both verses enumerate the sons/line of Hezron (Hatsron) and related family names, showing the same genealogical block.
- 1 Chronicles 2:27 (structural): Later in the chapter the lineage of Jerahmeel (ירחמאל) is expanded; connects the name here to the fuller list of Jerahmeel’s descendants and internal chronicle tradition.
- Ruth 4:19 (verbal): Ruth’s genealogy records Hezron → Ram, echoing the Hezron/Ram tradition found here and tying these names into the genealogical line leading to David.
- Matthew 1:3–4 (verbal): The Matthean genealogy in the New Testament repeats the Hezron→Ram sequence (as part of the line to David and ultimately to Jesus), reflecting the same ancestral tradition preserved in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Hezron who were born to him: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai.
- The sons of Hezron who were born to him: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai.
1 C.2.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ורם: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עמינדב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועמינדב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נחשון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נשיא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (verbal): Contains the same genealogy (Perez → Hezron → Ram → Amminadab → Nahshon → Salmon), directly paralleling the names and sequence.
- Matthew 1:3-4 (verbal): The Matthean genealogy of Jesus repeats Ram → Amminadab → Nahshon, quoting the same ancestral line in the New Testament.
- Numbers 1:7 (structural): Names Nahshon son of Amminadab as the leader (nasi) of the tribe of Judah in the census—corresponds to the title 'nasi' (prince/chief) in 1 Chronicles 2:10.
- Numbers 2:3 (structural): In the tribal camp arrangement Nahshon (son of Amminadab) is listed as Judah’s leader on the east side of the camp, reinforcing his role and position mentioned in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ram fathered Amminadab, and Amminadab fathered Nahshon, leader of the tribe of Judah.
- Ram fathered Amminadab, and Amminadab fathered Nahshon, the prince of the sons of Judah.
1 C.2.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונחשון: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שלמא: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ושלמא: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בעז: PNOUN,m,sg
Parallels
- Ruth 4:20-22 (verbal): Ruth's genealogy records the same sequence — 'Salmon begot Boaz' — continuing the line to David, mirroring the Chronicle's Salmon→Boaz link.
- Matthew 1:4-5 (verbal): Matthew's genealogy of Jesus preserves the same trio (Aminadab→Nahshon→Salmon→Boaz), explicitly naming Nahshon as ancestor of Salmon and Boaz.
- Numbers 1:7 (thematic): Lists Nahshon son of Amminadab as the leader/prince of the tribe of Judah in the census, attesting to Nahshon's prominence found in later genealogical lists.
- 1 Chronicles 2:10-12 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same chapter — the surrounding Judah genealogy gives the fuller context for Nahshon, Salmon, and Boaz and their place in Hezron's line.
Alternative generated candidates
- Nahshon fathered Salmon, and Salmon fathered Boaz.
- Nahshon fathered Salmon, and Salmon fathered Boaz.
1 C.2.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובעז: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עובד: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ועובד: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
Parallels
- Ruth 4:17 (verbal): Directly records that Boaz fathered Obed and Obed fathered Jesse—the same three‑generation sequence as 1 Chr 2:12.
- Ruth 4:22 (structural): Summarizes the genealogy from Perez to David, explicitly listing Boaz → Obed → Jesse → David, paralleling the lineage in Chronicles.
- Matthew 1:5-6 (verbal): The New Testament genealogy repeats the sequence ‘Boaz the father of Obed, Obed the father of Jesse, and Jesse the father of David,’ linking Jesus to the Davidic line.
- 1 Samuel 16:1, 11-13 (thematic): Samuel’s selection and anointing of David identifies Jesse (son of Obed) as David’s father, highlighting the same ancestral line and its significance for David’s rise.
- 1 Chronicles 2:11-15 (structural): Immediate chiastic/genealogical context in Chronicles that surrounds v.12 and lists the family connections of Boaz, Obed, and Jesse within the tribe of Judah.
Alternative generated candidates
- Boaz fathered Obed, and Obed fathered Jesse.
- Boaz fathered Obed, and Obed fathered Jesse.
1 C.2.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואישי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בכרו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אליאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואבינדב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ושמעא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השלישי: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Samuel 16:6 (verbal): Lists Jesse’s sons—Eliab, Abinadab (Abindab), and Shammah (Shimea)—direct verbal parallel to the names and order.
- 1 Samuel 17:12 (structural): Gives the same family context (Jesse’s sons) and notes David as the youngest, situating the genealogy within the Saul/David narrative.
- Ruth 4:22 (thematic): Summarizes the genealogy leading to David: Obed fathered Jesse, and Jesse fathered David—connects Jesse’s role in Davidic lineage.
- Matthew 1:5 (allusion): New Testament genealogy traces the line through Obed and Jesse to David, alluding to Jesse’s place in the Davidic ancestry referenced in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- Jesse fathered his firstborn Eliab, Abinadab the second, and Shimea the third;
- Jesse fathered his firstborn Eliab; Abinadab was the second, and Shimea (Shammah) the third.
1 C.2.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נתנאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרביעי: ADJ,ord,m,sg,def
- רדי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- החמישי: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 1 Samuel 16:6-11 (verbal): Lists Jesse’s sons (Eliab, Abinadab, Shammah/Shimea, Nethanel, Raddai), closely matching the names and order found in 1 Chronicles’ genealogy.
- 1 Samuel 17:12-13 (structural): Notes Jesse’s family and the number/order of his sons with David as youngest—parallels the same household and genealogical context.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): Provides a parallel genealogy that traces the ancestry leading to David (via Jesse), thematically linking the same Davidic line recorded in Chronicles.
- 1 Chronicles 2:13-15 (structural): Adjacent verses in the same chapter that complete the enumeration of Jesse’s sons (including the names surrounding Nethanel and Raddai), showing the immediate textual context and variant details.
Alternative generated candidates
- Nethanel the fourth, Raddai the fifth;
- Nethanel the fourth, Raddai the fifth,
1 C.2.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אצם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הששי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- דויד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השבעי: ADJ,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (verbal): Lists the genealogy from Perez to David, paralleling Chronicles' presentation of Judah's line and confirming David's place in that lineage.
- 1 Samuel 16:10-11 (allusion): Samuel inspects Jesse's sons and the youngest (David) is not initially presented—connects to Chronicles' note of David's position among his brothers (the 'seventh'/'youngest').
- 1 Samuel 17:12 (verbal): States that Jesse had eight sons and identifies David as the youngest from Bethlehem, corroborating Chronicles' reference to David's birth-order position in Judah's descendants.
- Matthew 1:1-6 (structural): The Matthean genealogy places David centrally in the royal/Messianic lineage of Judah, echoing Chronicles' emphasis on David within Judah's genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ozem the sixth, and David the seventh.
- Ozem the sixth, David the seventh.
1 C.2.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואחיותיהם: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,const,3mp
- צרויה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- ואביגיל: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- צרויה: NOUN,prop,f,sg
- אבשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויואב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- שלשה: NUM,m
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:13-15 (structural): Immediate genealogical context in Chronicles listing David's sisters Zeruiah and Abigail and their placement in the family list.
- 2 Samuel 2:18-23 (verbal): Narrative in which Asahel (one of Zeruiah's sons) pursues Abner and is killed; directly involves the same sons named here (Asahel, Joab, Abishai).
- 2 Samuel 17:25 (allusion): Identifies an Abigail as 'sister of David' (mother of Amasa), echoing the Chronicles listing of David's sisters and linking the name Abigail into David's wider family network.
- 1 Kings 2:28-34 (thematic): Account of Joab's flight to the sanctuary and execution under Solomon—connects to Joab here as a prominent son of Zeruiah and to the consequences of his acts recorded elsewhere.
- 1 Chronicles 11:22 (verbal): Lists Abishai (brother of Joab) among David's mighty men and identifies his relationship to Joab, reiterating the familial ties named in 1 Chr 2:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- And their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail. The sons of Zeruiah were Abishai, Joab, and Asahel—three.
- And their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail. The sons of Zeruiah were Abishai, Joab, and Asahel—three.
1 C.2.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואביגיל: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ילדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עמשא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
- עמשא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יתר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הישמעאלי: ART+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- 2 Samuel 17:25 (verbal): Gives the same genealogical statement about Abigail and Amasa; manuscripts show a variant in the father's designation (Ishmaelite vs. Israelite).
- 2 Samuel 20:4 (thematic): Identifies Amasa in the narrative of Absalom's revolt—shows his political/military role and affiliation that flows from his genealogy.
- 2 Samuel 20:10-12 (verbal): Narrates Amasa's later role and violent death at Joab's hand; repeats his identification (son of Jether/Ithra) and thus connects to the genealogical notice in 1 Chr 2:17.
- 1 Chronicles 2:16 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same genealogy section (the surrounding verses list Abigail/Nabal and their offspring), showing the chronicler's genealogical framing for Amasa's parentage.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Abigail bore Amasa; the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite.
- Abigail bore Amasa, and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite.
1 C.2.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכלב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עזובה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- יריעות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- בניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,m
- ישר: ADJ,m,sg
- ושובב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארדון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 46:12 (structural): Names Hezron as a son of Perez (Pharez), anchoring Hezron’s place in the Judah/Perez genealogy from which the line in 1 Chronicles flows.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (structural): Provides the extended genealogy from Perez through Hezron to later generations (the Davidic line), situating Hezron’s descendants in Israel’s royal ancestry.
- 1 Chronicles 2:24 (verbal): Continues the catalogue of Hezron/Caleb’s descendants and contains overlapping names and family-group connections found in v.18, reflecting the same genealogical tradition.
- 1 Chronicles 2:50-55 (thematic): Describes families and settlements (e.g., the Shobalites and Kiriath‑jearim) traced to the same Hezron/Caleb branch, showing how these genealogical lines develop into clans and locales.
Alternative generated candidates
- Caleb son of Hezron fathered Azzub and Jeriah; and the sons recorded of them were Jesher, Shobab, and Ardon.
- Caleb the son of Hezron took Azzubah his wife and Jerioth; and the sons of Azzubah were Jesher, Shobab, and Ardon.
1 C.2.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותמת: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,f,sg
- עזובה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- אפרת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- חור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:20 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same genealogy — the next verse records Hur’s son Uri (connects directly to Hur born to Caleb here).
- Exodus 31:2–3 (verbal): Names Hur’s descendant line (Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur), linking the Hur born to Caleb here with the later, well‑known Hur/Uri/Bezalel tradition.
- Exodus 35:30–35 (verbal): Repeats the genealogy and role of Bezalel (son of Uri son of Hur) and his divinely endowed skill, echoing the same family line that begins with Hur in Chronicles 2:19.
- Genesis 35:19 (allusion): Uses the placename Ephrath/Ephrathah (Rachel was buried at Ephrath, i.e. Bethlehem); Chronicles here uses Ephrath as a personal name — a linguistic/place‑name connection illuminating the name’s significance.
- Judges 1:12–13 (thematic): Describes marriage/alliance patterns in Caleb’s family (Caleb giving his daughter Achsah in marriage to Othniel), thematically paralleling Chronicles’ focus on Caleb’s marriages and progeny (including Ephrath and Hur).
Alternative generated candidates
- Azzub died, and Caleb took Ephrath as his wife; she bore him Hur.
- Azzubah died, and Caleb took Ephrath as his wife, and she bore him Hur.
1 C.2.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וחור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אורי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- ואורי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בצלאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 31:2 (quotation): Direct genealogical match: God names Bezalel 'son of Uri, son of Hur' when appointing him to craft the Tabernacle—same three‑generation line as 1 Chr 2:20.
- Exodus 35:30 (quotation): Repeats the genealogy 'Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur' in the account where Moses announces Bezalel's divine calling and skill—verbal parallel to the Chronicle's listing.
- Exodus 35:34 (allusion): Describes God filling Bezalel (son of Uri, son of Hur) with the Spirit, wisdom and skill for workmanship—thematic connection emphasizing the significance of this genealogical link.
- Exodus 38:22 (quotation): Another narrative recension identifying Bezalel as 'son of Uri, son of Hur' in the inventory/confirmation of those who made the sanctuary—verbal repetition of the same lineage.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hur fathered Uri, and Uri fathered Bezalel.
- Hur fathered Uri, and Uri fathered Bezalel.
1 C.2.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואחר: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- מכיר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- לקחה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ששים: NUM,card
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שגוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 50:23 (verbal): Mentions Machir (Maachir) son of Manasseh and his descendants — links the same family line (Machir as progenitor connected to Manasseh/Joseph).
- Numbers 32:39-40 (thematic): Reports Machir taking possession of Gilead and settling his family there — connects the person Machir with the region/line of Gilead mentioned in 1 Chr 2:21.
- 1 Chronicles 7:14 (verbal): Another genealogical listing that calls Machir ‘the father of Gilead,’ paralleling the identification of Maachir and his offspring in 1 Chr 2.
- Joshua 17:1-6 (structural): Discusses the allotment and inheritance related to Manasseh/Machir (including territory on the east of Jordan, Gilead) — provides the territorial and tribal context for Machir/Gilead tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- Afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir, the father of Gilead; she conceived and bore him Segub—now Hezron was sixty years old when she bore him.
- After this Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead, and she bore him Segub—Hezron came to her when he was sixty years old.
1 C.2.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושגוב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יאיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- עשרים: NUM,card,pl
- ושלוש: CONJ+NUM,card,sg
- ערים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- הגלעד: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Judges 10:3-4 (verbal): Refers to Jair the Gileadite and explicitly attributes a group of towns in Gilead to him (called Havoth‑Jair). Closely parallels Chronicles' report about Jair's towns (though numbers differ in the traditions).
- Deuteronomy 3:14 (verbal): Moses' territorial report names 'Havoth‑Jair'—towns associated with Jair in Gilead—linking the same place‑name and tradition of Jair's settlements mentioned in Chronicles.
- Joshua 13:30-31 (thematic): In the tribal/territorial allotment lists for the Transjordan, places associated with Jair/Havoth‑Jair in Gilead are enumerated, echoing Chronicles' notice of Jair's towns in that region.
- 1 Chronicles 2:23 (structural): Immediate continuation in the same genealogical/topographical unit: after naming Jair and his towns (2:22), the next verse lists Kenath and its villages, showing the same local/topographic focus in the Chronicler's genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Segub fathered Jair, and he had twenty-three towns in Gilead.
- Segub fathered Jair, who had twenty-three towns in Gilead.
1 C.2.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- גשור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- חות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- יאיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאתם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- קנת: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- בנתיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ששים: NUM,card
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- מכיר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 32:41 (verbal): Records Jair son of Manasseh taking villages and naming them Havvoth‑Jair (Hoth Jair), directly paralleling the mention of Hoth/Jair and captured villages.
- Numbers 32:42 (verbal): States that Nobah took Kenath and its villages—parallels 1 Chr 2:23's mention of Kenath and its villages being taken.
- Judges 10:4 (thematic): Describes Jair the Gileadite and the towns called Havvoth‑Jair (thirty cities) — thematically linked to the tradition of Jair's towns in Gilead and the civic holdings noted in 1 Chr 2:23.
- Genesis 50:23 (allusion): Mentions Machir (Makir) as the father of Gilead in the patriarchal genealogies, echoing the identification of the cities as belonging to the sons of Makir in 1 Chr 2:23.
- 1 Chronicles 2:21-24 (structural): Immediate chonological/genetic context in Chronicles listing Makir's descendants and territorial acquisitions—an internal parallel that repeats and expands the same genealogical and territorial data.
Alternative generated candidates
- Geshur and Aram took from them the towns of Jair with Kenath and its villages—sixty towns; all these were sons of Machir, the father of Gilead.
- But Geshur and Aram took from them those towns of Jair with Kenath and its villages—sixty cities; all these belonged to the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.
1 C.2.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואחר: CONJ
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכלב: PREP
- אפרתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואשת: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביה: NOUN,m,sg,suff
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אשחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תקוע: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:23-25 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same genealogy; repeats and expands the account of Hezron’s death, Tamar (daughter‑in‑law) and the birth of Ashhur, the father of Tekoa.
- Genesis 46:12 (verbal): Places Hezron in the wider genealogical context as a son of Perez—connects the Hezron of Chronicles to the patriarchal genealogy.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (structural): Another genealogical listing tracing David’s ancestry through Perez and Hezron; parallels the chronicler’s interest in the same ancestral lines.
- 2 Samuel 14:2-4 (thematic): Mentions Tekoa (the town associated with Ashhur’s descendant) in a narrative context (the wise woman of Tekoa), linking the genealogical note to later events tied to that place.
- Joshua 15:59 (thematic): Lists Tekoa among the towns of Judah, corroborating the place-name introduced in 1 Chron 2:24 (Tekoa as a Judahite settlement descended from Ashhur).
Alternative generated candidates
- After the death of Hezron, Caleb went into Ephrathah, and she bore him Ashhur, the father of Tekoa.
- After the death of Hezron, Caleb (the Ephrathite) took to himself Ephrath, the wife of his father, and she bore him Ashhur the father of Tekoa.
1 C.2.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ירחמאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- חצרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבכור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- רם: ADJ,m,sg
- ובונה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואצם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (verbal): Lists the same Judah→Perez→Hezron→Ram (Aram) sequence; Ram/Aram appears as Hezron’s son in the Davidic pedigree—verbal and genealogical overlap with the name Ram.
- Matthew 1:3 (verbal): New Testament genealogy: 'Hezron the father of Aram (Ram)' — the same personal name appears, linking the Judaean genealogical tradition.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): Gives background to the Judah/Perez/Hezron line ('the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul'), providing the wider ancestral context for Jerahmeel’s descent.
- 1 Chronicles 2:26-33 (structural): Immediate continuation/expansion of the Jerahmeel family list in 1 Chronicles 2; same household and descendants elaborated directly after v.25.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Jerahmeel, the firstborn of Hezron: Ram the firstborn, and Bunah, and Oren, and Ozem their brother.
- The sons of Jerahmeel, the firstborn of Hezron: Ram the firstborn, Bunah, Oren, and Ozem his sister.
1 C.2.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחרת: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- לירחמאל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ושמה: CONJ+ADV,loc
- עטרה: NOUN,f,sg,prop
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- אם: CONJ
- אונם: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:25 (structural): Immediate context: lists the sons of Jerahmeel and precedes the note about ‘another wife’ (Atarah), forming part of the same genealogical sequence.
- 1 Chronicles 2:27 (structural): Continues the genealogy of Jerahmeel and his descendants, directly following the mention of Atarah and Onam and completing the family listing.
- 1 Chronicles 2:9 (verbal): Earlier summary of Hezron’s offspring that names Jerahmeel, establishing the larger ancestral frame in which the note about Jerahmeel’s wife Atarah appears.
- 1 Chronicles 2:1 (thematic): Introduces the chapter’s purpose—genealogies of Judah—which provides the broader thematic context for terse notices like the mention of Atarah as mother of Onam.
Alternative generated candidates
- And another wife of Jerahmeel was Atarah; she was the mother of Onam.
- Jerahmeel had another wife whose name was Atarah; she was the mother of Onam.
1 C.2.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- רם: ADJ,m,sg
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- ירחמאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימין: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (verbal): Parallel genealogy: lists the line from Perez through Hezron to Ram (Ram appears as an ancestor in the Davidic genealogy).
- 1 Chronicles 2:24 (structural): Immediate sectional parallel within the same chapter — verse that introduces the sons of Jerahmeel/Ram and begins the extended family listing to which 2:27 belongs.
- 1 Chronicles 2:25 (structural): Continues the Jerahmeel/Ram genealogical material in the chapter; provides overlapping names and family connections with 2:27.
- 1 Chronicles 2:28 (structural): Direct continuation of the genealogy that follows 2:27, showing the next names and further development of the same clan register.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Ram, the firstborn of Jerahmeel: Maaz, Jamin, and Eker.
- The sons of Ram, the firstborn of Jerahmeel: Maaz, Jamin, and Eker.
1 C.2.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אונם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- וידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- נדב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואבישור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:25-33 (structural): Immediate genealogical context: the surrounding verses continue the same family list of Hezron/Caleb’s descendants, showing the broader household to which Onam, Shammai, Nadab and Abishur belong.
- 1 Chronicles 2:13-17 (structural): Earlier segment of the same genealogical sequence tracing the Hezron/Caleb line that frames the family group in which Onam and his sons appear.
- 1 Chronicles 2:29 (structural): A neighboring verse within the same chapter that continues details about the descendants linked to Shammai and Abishur, functioning as a close parallel in the genealogical record.
- Exodus 6:23 (verbal): Uses the same personal name Nadab (here as a son of Aaron). This is a verbal/name parallel—same name found elsewhere in the Old Testament though referring to a different individual.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Onam: Shammai and Jada; and the sons of Shammai: Nadab and Abishur.
- The sons of Onam: Shimei and Jada; and the sons of Shimei were Nadab and Abishur.
1 C.2.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
- אבישור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אביהיל: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אחבן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- מוליד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:25-33 (structural): Same genealogical block in Chronicles listing the descendants of Hezron/Judah in which Abishur, his wife Abihail, and their sons appear—this is the immediate structural context for v.29.
- 1 Chronicles 2:30 (structural): The very next verse continues the sequence of descendants and households related to Abishur’s line, showing the close internal parallel and continuation of the genealogy.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A Judahite genealogy that traces the line leading to David; thematically parallels Chronicles’ concern to preserve the generations of Judah and families connected to David’s ancestry.
- Matthew 1:3-4 (thematic): New Testament genealogy that (through Perez, Hezron, Ram, etc.) reflects and reuses the Old Testament tribal/genealogical tradition—paralleling the chronicler’s preservation of Judahite lineages.
- Luke 3:33 (thematic): Luke’s genealogy (listing Hezron and his descendants) provides another variant of the ancient genealogical material tied to Judah’s lines, thematically parallel to Chronicles’ genealogical records.
Alternative generated candidates
- The name of Abishur’s wife was Abihail; she bore him Ahban and Molid.
- Now the name of Abishur’s wife was Abihail; she bore him Ahban and Molid.
1 C.2.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- נדב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- סלד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואפים: CONJ
- וימת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- סלד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 38:5 (verbal): Mentions Shelah (Shelah/Selah), the son born to Judah by Tamar — same personal name appears in Judah's genealogical tradition (verbal parallel/allusion).
- Genesis 46:12 (structural): Provides a parallel genealogical listing for the house of Judah (names such as Er, Onan, Shelah occur), showing the same family-frame that 1 Chr 2:30 participates in.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): Gives a parallel genealogical sequence from Perez through Hezron to David — broader thematic parallel in tracing Judah's descendants and noting divergent family branches.
- 1 Chronicles 2:31 (structural): Immediate internal parallel in the same chapter that continues the enumeration of descendants and household divisions related to Nadab/Selah, functioning as part of the same genealogical structure; helps situate the remark that Selah died without sons.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Nadab: Seled and Appaim. Seled died without sons.
- The sons of Nadab: Seled and Appaim. Seled died without sons.
1 C.2.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- אפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישעי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישעי: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ששן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ששן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:24-33 (structural): Immediate context — the same Judahite branch and sequence of names; this verse is part of the contiguous genealogical unit that is repeated/expanded in these neighboring verses.
- Genesis 38:1-30 (thematic): Foundational narrative for the tribe of Judah (Judah’s sons, Tamar and the Perez/Zerah line) — provides the ancestral background for many of the clan lines summarized in Chronicles.
- 1 Chronicles 4:1-23 (thematic): Parallel material listing families and clans of Judah — another section in Chronicles that records Judahite genealogies and clan divisions, serving the same genealogical/tribal function as 1 Chr 2:31.
- Ezra 2:1-70 (see Nehemiah 7:6-73) (thematic): Post-exilic returnee lists that function like Chronicles’ genealogies — demonstrates the ongoing concern with tracing family/clan identity and preserving ancestral names across Israel’s history.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Appaim: Ishi. The sons of Ishi: Sheshan. The sons of Sheshan: Ahlai.
- The sons of Appaim: Ishi. The sons of Ishi: Sheshan. The sons of Sheshan: Ahlai.
1 C.2.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ידע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- יתר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ויונתן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וימת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יתר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:31 (Hebrew/English numbering varies) (structural): Immediate parallel in the surrounding genealogy — the same list of Jeda's (Jada's) sons appears in adjacent verse(s); some translations/numberings render this material as 2:31–33.
- 1 Chronicles 2:33 (structural): Continues/expands the genealogy by naming the descendants of Shimei and related lines, directly connected to the persons named in 2:32.
- 2 Samuel 17:25 (verbal): Uses the name 'Ithra' (Hebrew equivalent of 'Jether'), father of Amasa; shows occurrence of the personal name Jether/Ithra elsewhere in the narrative tradition (possible name-identity or onomastic parallel).
- Numbers 27:8–11 (thematic): Legal provision for inheritance when a man 'dies without sons' (cf. statement that Jether died without children) — thematic parallel concerning consequences and social/legal status of a male line that ends with no male heirs.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Jada, brother of Shammai: Jether and Jonathan. Jonathan died without sons.
- The sons of Jada, the brother of Shimei: Jether and Jonathan. Jether died without children.
1 C.2.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יונתן: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- פלת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וזזא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ירחמאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:24 (structural): Earlier mention of Jerahmeel in the same genealogical sequence; places verse 2:33 within the broader listing of Jerahmeel's descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 2:25 (verbal): Continues and amplifies the genealogy of Jerahmeel's line; several names and familial connections overlap with 2:33, showing the same family group.
- 1 Chronicles 2:31 (structural): Immediate parallel in the surrounding genealogy (same chapter) that lists other sons and grandsons in Jerahmeel’s branch — helps situate Jonathan’s sons (Peleth and Zaza) within the family tree.
- 1 Chronicles 2:34 (verbal): The next verse continuing the same genealogical enumeration; together with 2:33 it forms a contiguous sublist of Jerahmeel’s progeny.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Jonathan: Peleth and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel.
- The sons of Jonathan: Peleth and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel.
1 C.2.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לששן: PREP
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- בנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ולששן: CONJ+PREP
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מצרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ושמו: CONJ,NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- ירחע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 27:1-11 (verbal): Like 1 Chr 2:34, Numbers 27 explicitly treats a case where a man has no sons but only daughters (the daughters of Zelophehad) and raises the legal/heritage implications for the daughters.
- Numbers 36:1-12 (thematic): Follow-up legislation to Numbers 27 dealing with inheritance when there are no male heirs; relevant thematically to Sheshan's situation (no sons, only daughters) and how such cases affect tribal land and marriage practices.
- Genesis 38:6-30 (thematic): The Judah–Tamar episode centers on issues of lineage, levirate-like obligations, and the preservation of family descent within Judah’s line, echoing the genealogical concern behind noting that Sheshan had no sons but only daughters.
- Ruth 4:13-22 (thematic): Ruth, a foreign woman, is incorporated into Judah’s genealogy and becomes an ancestor of David; parallels the inclusion of an Egyptian servant (Jarha) and his marriage into Sheshan’s household in the genealogical record.
- 1 Chronicles 2:35 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same narrative: this verse records that Sheshan gave his daughter in marriage to his Egyptian servant Jarha, providing the direct genealogical outcome of 2:34’s statement that he had only daughters.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters; and Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha.
- Sheshan had no sons, only daughters; and Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha.
1 C.2.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ששן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- בתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- לירחע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- לאשה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:36 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same genealogy: Attai is named as the son born from the marriage mentioned in 2:35, showing the chapter's concern with descendant lists.
- Genesis 30:3-6 (thematic): Rachel gives her maid Bilhah to Jacob so she may have children through her — parallels the transfer of a woman to produce offspring and secure family continuity.
- Genesis 16:1-4 (thematic): Sarai gives her servant Hagar to Abram and she bears Ishmael; another instance of a woman being given within a household to produce an heir, thematically similar to Sheshan’s action.
- Ruth 4:13-17 (thematic): Birth of Obed to Ruth and Boaz secures a family line and is highlighted in genealogical terms; parallels the chronicler’s interest in marriages that produce heirs and preserve lineage.
Alternative generated candidates
- Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant as wife, and she bore him Attai.
- Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant in marriage, and she bore him Attai.
1 C.2.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועתי: CONJ
- הליד: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- זבד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:35 (structural): Immediate preceding verse in the same genealogical sequence; part of the same family list that introduces Nathan and his descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 2:37 (structural): Immediate following verse continuing the same branch of Judah’s genealogy, showing the sequence of descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 2:33 (verbal): Earlier verse in the chapter that lists related names in this section of Judah’s genealogy; helps situate Nathan/Zabad within the wider family list.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A parallel genealogical notice tracing the ancestry of David through Judah (Perez and his descendants); thematically related as another Old Testament pedigree of Judah’s line.
- Matthew 1:3 (thematic): New Testament genealogy that traces Jesus’ lineage through Judah (via Perez and his descendants); thematically parallels Old Testament genealogical records of Judah’s family line.
Alternative generated candidates
- Attai fathered Nathan, and Nathan fathered Zabad.
- Attai fathered Nathan, and Nathan fathered Zabad.
1 C.2.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וזבד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אפלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואפלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עובד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:36 (structural): The immediately preceding verse in the same chapter and genealogy; verse 37 continues directly from the list of Hezron's descendants, placing Zabad in the broader family sequence.
- 1 Chronicles 2:38 (structural): The immediately following verse in the same genealogical sequence; it continues the line begun in v.37 by recording the descendants of Obed (the son named in v.37).
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): An earlier listing of Judah's descendants (including Perez and Hezron) — Genesis provides the ancestral framework into which the Chronicles' genealogy (and names like Zabad and his sons) are fitted.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): Ruth gives the genealogy from Perez to David; 1 Chronicles 2 forms part of the same Judah/Perez–Hezron–David lineage, so v.37 belongs to this wider ancestral tradition leading to David.
Alternative generated candidates
- Zabad fathered Ephlal, and Ephlal fathered Obed.
- Zabad fathered Ephlal, and Ephlal fathered Obed.
1 C.2.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועובד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יהוא: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ויהוא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עזריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:34-41 (structural): The immediate genealogical block in which v.38 appears; the same sequence of father–son listings continues through this section, showing the wider family context and repetitive 'X begot Y' pattern.
- 1 Chronicles 2:37 (verbal): The preceding verse in the same chapter continues the same series of filial statements ('A begot B'), directly connected to v.38 as part of the continuous genealogy.
- Ruth 4:17 (thematic): Ruth's genealogy also uses the motif of successive fathering (e.g., 'Obed begot Jesse'), paralleling the chronicler's formulaic listing of ancestors and descendants.
- Genesis 5:3 (verbal): An example of the classic biblical 'begot' wording in genealogies ('Adam begot a son in his own likeness'), illustrating the same patriarchal/lineage formula used in 1 Chronicles 2:38.
- Luke 3:23-31 (structural): The New Testament genealogy of Jesus employs the same generational formula—listing successive ancestors with 'son of'/'begot'—offering a later literary parallel to the chronicler's genealogical technique.
Alternative generated candidates
- Obed fathered Jehu, and Jehu fathered Azariah.
- Obed fathered Jehu, and Jehu fathered Azariah.
1 C.2.39 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועזריה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- חלץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחלץ: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אלעשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:38 (structural): Immediate preceding verse in the same genealogical unit; provides the direct father–son context that frames v.39 (continuation of the Judah/Perez lineage).
- 1 Chronicles 2:40 (structural): Immediate following verse continuing the same branch of the genealogy; v.39 and v.40 together form a sequential list of descendants in this family line.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A parallel genealogical summary tracing the line of Perez (Judah) down to David; Chronicles’ genealogies often expand or echo the same ancestral line recorded here.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): An earlier patriarchal list of Judah’s sons and descendants; serves as a foundational source for later genealogical records in Chronicles and shows the broader tribal context for names listed in 1 Chr 2.
Alternative generated candidates
- Azariah fathered Helez, and Helez fathered Eleasah.
- Azariah fathered Helez, and Helez fathered Eleasah.
1 C.2.40 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלעשה: VERB,qal,imprf,1,ms,sg
- הליד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ססמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וססמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שלום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:41 (structural): Immediate continuation/nearby verse in the same genealogy — the same Hezron/Judah genealogical sequence and clan listings, showing the same pattern of father–son entries.
- 1 Chronicles 4:2-8 (structural): Another extended clan list within Chronicles for the tribe of Judah; parallels in form and purpose (preserving family lines and clan founders) to the brief father–son notice in 1 Chron 2:40.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A genealogical summary tracing the descendants of Perez to David — thematically parallel as an independent genealogy tying Judean clan lines together and anchoring later figures in tribal descent.
- Matthew 1:3 (thematic): NT genealogy that continues the tradition of listing ancestors in Judah (here naming Perez, etc.); parallels the chronicler’s concern with lineage and the transmission of family names across generations.
- Genesis 14:18 (allusion): Mentions Melchizedek king of Salem (Salem/שָׁלֵם), whose place-name shares the root š-l-m with the personal name Shalom in 1 Chr 2:40 — an onomastic/allusive connection to the same linguistic root (peace/wholeness).
Alternative generated candidates
- Eleasah fathered Sismai, and Sismai fathered Shallum.
- Eleasah fathered Sismai, and Sismai fathered Shallum.
1 C.2.41 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושלום: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- יקמיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקמיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אלישמע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:40 (structural): Immediate preceding verse in the same genealogical sequence; part of the continuous list of descendants in Judah's line.
- 1 Chronicles 2:42 (structural): Immediate following verse continuing the same genealogy, showing the next generation after Elishama.
- Numbers 1:10 (verbal): Contains the same personal name Elishama (Elishama son of Ammihud) in a tribal-leader/genealogical context; demonstrates recurrence of the name in Israelite lists.
- Genesis 46:12 (thematic): Another genealogical listing for Judah's descendants; thematically parallels Chronicles' recording of family lines and tribal ancestry.
Alternative generated candidates
- Shallum fathered Jekamiah, and Jekamiah fathered Elishama.
- Shallum fathered Jekamiah, and Jekamiah fathered Elishama.
1 C.2.42 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- ירחמאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מישע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכרו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- זיף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מרשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חברון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 15:13-14 (thematic): Caleb (son of Jephunneh) receives Hebron as his inheritance; connects to the genealogy’s reference to the family linked with Hebron (‘‘father of Mareshah, father of Hebron’’).
- Judges 1:10 (thematic): Caleb’s activity in seizing Hebron (driving out the Anakim) echoes the prominent association between Caleb’s clan and the city of Hebron mentioned in the genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 2:28 (structural): Immediate genealogical parallel within the same chapter listing the descendants of Jerahmeel and related clans (verbal/structural overlap with names such as Jerahmeel and Mesha).
- 1 Samuel 23:19 (allusion): Mentions Ziph and the Ziphites in the narrative of David; connects to the genealogical designation ‘‘father of Ziph,’’ identifying the clan/place linked to Caleb’s descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Caleb, the brother of Jerahmeel: Mesha his firstborn—the father of Ziph—and the sons of Mareshah, the father of Hebron.
- The sons of Caleb, the brother of Jerahmeel: Mesha his firstborn was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah were the fathers of Hebron.
1 C.2.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חברון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותפח: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורקם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמע: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 46:12 (verbal): Another ancient list of Judah’s household—Genesis 46 enumerates Judah’s sons when Jacob’s household goes to Egypt; parallels the chronicler’s genealogical listings of Judah’s descendants.
- Genesis 38:1-30 (thematic): Narrative account of Judah’s family (Er, Onan, Shelah, Tamar, Perez, Zerah) that provides the genealogical and narrative background for later lists of Judahite descendants like 1 Chr 2.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A compact genealogy tracing David’s ancestry through Judah (via Perez); thematically parallels Chronicles’ genealogical interest in the lines of Judah and their descendants.
- Matthew 1:3 (structural): NT genealogy that preserves the line of Judah (through Perez) and illustrates the continuity of Israelite genealogical tradition that Chronicles reflects.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Hebron: Korah, Tappuah, Rekem, and Shema.
- The sons of Hebron: Korah, Tappuah, Rekem, and Shema.
1 C.2.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמע: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- רחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ירקעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורקם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוליד: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:43 (structural): Immediate adjoining verse in the same genealogical list—continues the same family chain and repeats the same sequence of names.
- 1 Chronicles 2:9 (verbal): Earlier occurrence in the chapter where members of the Jerahmeel/related Judahite lines are named; shows repetition and cross-reference within the same genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 4:2 (thematic): Another Chronicles passage giving genealogies of Judah’s clans; parallels the method and some overlapping names of Judahite family-lists.
- Ruth 4:18-22 (thematic): A later genealogy tracing David’s ancestry through Judah (Perez line); thematically parallels Chronicles’ interest in mapping Judahite descent.
- Numbers 26:20-21 (thematic): Census/genealogical listing of Judah’s clans in the wilderness tradition that contains corresponding names and shows a parallel strand of tribal genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Shema fathered Raham, the father of Jorkeam; Rekem fathered Shema.
- And Shema fathered Raham, the father of Jarmuth; and Rekem fathered Shema.
1 C.2.45 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
- מעון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומעון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 15:58 (verbal): Beth‑zur (Beth‑zur) is listed among the towns of the hill country of Judah; the toponym matches the family/place name cited in the genealogy.
- 1 Samuel 23:24 (thematic): Maon is attested as a geographic location (where David hid in the wilderness of Maon); connects the personal name Maon in the genealogy with the known place‑name.
- 1 Chronicles 2:44 (structural): Immediate adjacent verse within the same genealogical block; continues the listing of Shimei’s descendants and related household heads, forming a direct internal parallel to v.45.
- 1 Chronicles 2:46 (structural): Later verse in the same genealogical section that expands the clan‑and‑settlement information for Caleb’s relatives, paralleling the relational and toponymic material found in v.45.
Alternative generated candidates
- The son of Shema: Maon; and Maon was the father of Beth-zur.
- And the son of Shema was Maon; and Maon was the father of Bethzur.
1 C.2.46 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועיפה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פילגש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- חרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- מוצא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- גזז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וחרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הליד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- גזז: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:45 (verbal): Immediate context in the same genealogical list — the surrounding verses repeat and expand the names of Caleb's household (Ephah/Epher and related offspring).
- 1 Chronicles 2:47 (verbal): Direct continuation of the same genealogy; repeats and clarifies the descendants (Mozah/Gazez) and the family relationships given in 2:46.
- Joshua 15:16-19 (thematic): Another tradition about Caleb's family and inheritance (Achsah and Othniel); thematically related by focus on Caleb's household and descendants in allotment and lineage traditions.
- Judges 1:12-13 (thematic): Accounts of Caleb and his descendants (granting of land and marriage of his daughter) — a parallel tradition emphasizing the prominence of Caleb's family within Judah, related to the genealogical material in 1 Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ephah, Caleb’s concubine, bore Haran, Moza, and Gazez; and Haran fathered Gazez.
- Ephah, the concubine of Caleb, bore Haran, Mizzah, and Gazez; and Haran fathered Gazez.
1 C.2.47 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יהדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רגם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויותם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגישן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ופלט: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועיפה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושעף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (structural): A compact genealogy from Perez to David—parallels Chronicles' purpose of recording Judahite lineages and the branches that lead to the Davidic family.
- Genesis 38:1-30 (thematic): Narrative account of Judah's immediate family (Er, Onan, Shelah, Tamar) that provides the origin/background for later Judahite genealogies such as 1 Chron 2.
- 1 Chronicles 2:3 (structural): An earlier verse in the same chapter listing the sons of Judah—serves as the immediate genealogical framework within which verse 2:47 (a later branch-list) is situated.
- 1 Chronicles 2:42-55 (structural): The surrounding extended genealogy in 1 Chronicles 2 that enumerates clans and family branches related to the same stock, showing parallel naming and clan development.
- 1 Chronicles 4:21-23 (thematic): Another set of clan lists within the tribe of Judah elsewhere in Chronicles; parallels the genre and function of recording minor family branches and settlements.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Jahdai: Regem, Jotham, Geshem, Pelet, Ephah, and Shaaph.
- The sons of Jabez: Regem, Jotham, Geshan, Pelet, Ephah, and Shaaph.
1 C.2.48 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- פלגש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעכה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- תרחנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:42-47 (structural): Immediate genealogical context listing Caleb’s households and offspring; 2:48 is part of this contiguous genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 2:49-55 (structural): Continuation of the same genealogical section that expands on Caleb’s descendants and related family branches.
- Joshua 15:13-19 (thematic): Account of Caleb’s household (notably his daughter Achsah and grant of land to his kin) — parallels the concern with Caleb’s family, inheritance and offspring in Chronicles.
- Judges 1:12-15 (thematic): Parallel tradition to Joshua concerning Caleb’s family and the marriage of his daughter to Othniel; highlights the broader narrative tradition about Caleb’s household and heirs.
- Genesis 30:3-8 (thematic): Example of a concubine/secondary wife (Bilhah/Zilpah) bearing children recorded in genealogical lists — parallels the motif of a concubine of a clan head (here, Caleb) producing named sons.
Alternative generated candidates
- The concubine of Caleb, Maachah, bore Sheber and Tirhanah.
- The concubine of Caleb, Maachah, bore Sheber and Tirhanah.
1 C.2.49 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- שעף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מדמנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- שוא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מכבנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואבי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
- גבעא: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עכסה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joshua 15:16-19 (verbal): Records the episode of Achsah, daughter of Caleb, being given in marriage to Othniel and her request for springs — same Achsah named in 1 Chr 2:49.
- Judges 1:12-13 (verbal): Parallel account to Joshua 15:16–19: Caleb gives his daughter Achsah to Othniel son of Kenaz — repeats the personal/genealogical detail in 1 Chr 2:49.
- Joshua 10:10-11 (thematic): Mentions the city Makkedah (Makkedah/Makkedah), one of the towns associated with the lineage/place-names listed in 1 Chr 2:49 — a geographic verbal link.
- Judges 19:11-15 (thematic): Refers to Gibeah (the Gibeah of Benjamin) as a significant locale in later narrative — connects to the Gibeah named among the descendants/places in 1 Chr 2:49.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Shaaph begot Madmannah; the father of Sheva was Makbenah and the father of Gibea. The daughter of Caleb was Achsah.
- And Shaaph fathered Madmannah; and the father of Sheva was Makbenah and of Gibea. Caleb’s daughter was Achsah.
1 C.2.50 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- אפרתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שובל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- קרית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chron. 2:24 (structural): Another verse in the same genealogy listing the sons of Caleb son of Hezron; a direct internal parallel within 1 Chronicles' family register.
- Genesis 35:19 (verbal): Uses the name Ephrath/Ephrathah (Ephrathah is identified with Bethlehem), linking the personal/place name found in 1 Chronicles 2:50.
- Joshua 15:9 (thematic): Kiriath‑jearim appears in Joshua's description of Judah's territory; connects the place name 'Kiriath‑jearim' mentioned as descended from Shobal.
- 1 Samuel 7:1 (thematic): States that the men of Kiriath‑jearim took the ark and kept it there—illustrates the historical/cultic significance of the town named in the genealogy.
- 2 Samuel 6:2 (thematic): David fetches the ark from Kiriath‑jearim to bring it to Jerusalem; another prominent narrative reference to the same town named as Shobal's offspring in 1 Chronicles 2:50.
Alternative generated candidates
- These were the sons of Caleb son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah: Shobal, the father of Kiriath-jearim.
- These were the sons of Caleb son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah: Shobal the father of Kiriath‑jearim.
1 C.2.51 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שלמא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חרף: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גדר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ruth 4:18-22 (structural): Genealogical list tracing the family of Judah and the Bethlehemite line that culminates in David — parallels Chronicles’ enumeration of households tied to Bethlehem.
- 1 Samuel 16:1-13 (thematic): Samuel’s anointing of David from Jesse of Bethlehem highlights Bethlehem as the ancestral home of the Davidic line, echoing Chronicles’ focus on Bethlehemite families.
- Micah 5:2 (thematic): Declares Bethlehem as the origin of the future ruler of Israel (and Davidic tradition); thematically connected to Chronicles’ attention to Bethlehem in the genealogy.
- 1 Chr. 2:50 (structural): Nearby verse in the same genealogical section listing names and family-heads associated with Bethlehem/Geder — an immediate internal parallel in the Chronicles genealogy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Salma, the father of Bethlehem; Hareph, the father of Geder.
- Salma the father of Bethlehem, Hareph the father of Gedor.
1 C.2.52 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהיו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לשובל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- קרית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הראה: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
- חצי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המנחות: NOUN,f,pl,def
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:50 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same genealogical list—names and family units associated with Shobal/Kiriath‑jearim are continued and expanded.
- 1 Chronicles 2:53 (structural): Continues the catalogue of the families linked to Shobal and the settlement of Kiriath‑jearim (same clan/locale grouping).
- Joshua 15:9 (verbal): Mentions Kirjath‑jearim (Kiriath‑jearim) in the allotment of Judah—connects the place‑name in the genealogy to its territorial location.
- 1 Samuel 7:1 (thematic): Describes the men of Kiriath‑jearim taking the ark and housing it there—shows the town’s historical/religious significance tied to the named community.
- 2 Samuel 6:2 (allusion): Speaks of bringing up the ark from Baale‑judah (identified with Kirjath‑jearim), an alternate name/reference to the same site named in the genealogical entry.
Alternative generated candidates
- The clans of Shobal, father of Kiriath-jearim: Haroeh and half the families of the Manahath.
- The descendants of Shobal, the father of Kiriath‑jearim, were Haroeh and half the families of the Manahathites.
1 C.2.53 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומשפחות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- קרית: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היתרי: ART+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והפותי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והשמתי: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,1,sg
- והמשרעי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מאלה: PREP+DEM
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- הצרעתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,sg
- והאשתאלי: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,1,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 2:50-54 (structural): Immediate literary parallel: the surrounding verses form the same genealogical block listing the families/households associated with Kiriath‑jearim; 2:53 is part of this contiguous catalogue.
- 1 Chronicles 13:6 (verbal): Records David and all Israel going to Baale of Judah (Kiriath‑jearim) to bring up the ark — links the place named in the genealogical list to its later cultic/historical role.
- 2 Samuel 6:2 (thematic): Narrates David's journey to Kiriath‑jearim (Baalah) to bring the ark to Jerusalem; highlights the historical significance of the town and its inhabitants mentioned in 1 Chr 2:53.
- 1 Samuel 7:1–2 (thematic): After the Philistines returned the ark it remained at Kiriath‑jearim for a time; this associates the town and its people (the families listed in 1 Chr 2:53) with the ark's custody.
- Joshua 15:60 (verbal): Lists Kiriath‑baal (identified with Kiriath‑jearim) among the towns of Judah, corroborating the town's location and tribal affiliation reflected in the genealogical entry.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the clans of Kiriath-jearim: the Harhaite, the Pethorite, the Shimathite, and the Mishraite; from these came the Zorites and the Eshtaelites.
- The clans of Kiriath‑jearim were the Hori, the Puthites, the Shimeathites, and the Hariphites; from these came the Zorites and the Eshtaolites.
1 C.2.54 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שלמא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונטופתי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עטרות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יואב: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- וחצי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המנחתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הצרעי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Ezra 2:22 (verbal): Lists the Netophahites among the returnees (same place/clan name 'Netophah'), showing the same family/place appears in postexilic returning lists.
- Nehemiah 7:26 (verbal): Parallel to Ezra 2:22—gives the Netophahites in the register of those who returned, repeating the same clan/place name as in 1 Chr 2:54.
- 1 Chronicles 9:16 (structural): Another Chronicles passage that mentions Netophah/the Netophahites in a list of inhabitants/households, reflecting the same clan-place tradition within Chronicles.
- Joshua 15:50-63 (thematic): Contains the catalogue of towns and clans in the territory of Judah (including Bethlehem and neighbouring sites), thematically parallel to the clan/place listings in 1 Chr 2:54.
- 1 Chronicles 2:50-55 (structural): Nearby verses in the same genealogical block—other family and clan listings that form part of the same structural genealogy and territorial/clan catalogue as v.54.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Salma: Bethlehem and Netophah; the Araunahites, the family of Joab, and half the men of the Gittites.
- The sons of Salma, the father of Bethlehem: Netophah and Ataroth and half the families of the Manaheth; the Zorites.
1 C.2.55 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומשפחות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ספרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יעבץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תרעתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמעתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שוכתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
- הקינים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- הבאים: PART,qal,ptcp,masc,pl,def
- מחמת: PREP
- אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 4:9-10 (verbal): Same place-name and person: Jabez appears earlier (and his prayer), linking the families described in 2:55 with the community of Jabez.
- 1 Chronicles 4:19-22 (verbal): Nearby genealogical passage that lists Kenite clans (including descendants associated with Hammath and the house of Rechab), repeating and expanding the identification in 2:55.
- Judges 1:16 (thematic): Records Kenite settlement among Israel (in Judah), paralleling 2:55’s identification of these families as Kenites resident within Israelite territory.
- Judges 4:11 (allusion): Mentions Heber the Kenite and Kenite presence in the land, echoing the same ethnic group (Kenites/Rechabites) referred to in 1 Chronicles 2:55.
- Jeremiah 35:1-19 (allusion): Focuses on the house of Rechab (the Rechabites) and their traditions; connects socially and historically to the 'house of Rechab' named in 2:55.
Alternative generated candidates
- The families of the scribes who lived at Jabez: the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and the Sucathites—these were the clans that came from the descendants of the house of Rechab.
- And the families of the scribes who dwelt at Jabez—Tirathites, Shimeathites, and Sucathites—these are the Kenites who came from the line of Rechab.
The sons of Judah: Er, Onan, and Shelah—three were born to him by the Canaanite woman, Bath‑shua. Now Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the sight of the LORD, and the LORD put him to death.
Tamar his daughter‑in‑law bore him Perez and Zerah; so all the sons of Judah were five.
The sons of Perez: Hezron and Hamul.
The sons of Zerah: Zimri, Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Dara—five in all.
The sons of Carmi: Achar (the troubler of Israel, who transgressed in the devoted thing).
The sons of Ethan: Azariah.
The sons of Hezron who were born to him: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai. And Ram fathered Amminadab, and Amminadab fathered Nahshon, the prince of the sons of Judah.
Nahshon fathered Salmon, and Salmon fathered Boaz. And Boaz fathered Obed, and Obed fathered Jesse.
Jesse fathered his firstborn Eliab, Abinadab the second, and Shimea the third.
Nethanel the fourth, Raddai the fifth,
Ozem the sixth, and David the seventh.
Their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail. The sons of Zeruiah were Abishai, Joab, and Asahel—three. And Abigail bore Amasa; and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite.
Caleb son of Hezron fathered Azzubah his wife, and Jerioth; and the sons of Azzubah were Jesher, Shobab, and Ardon.
When Azzubah died, Caleb took Ephrath as his wife, and she bore him Hur. And Hur fathered Uri, and Uri fathered Bezalel.
Afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead; and she bore him Segub when Hezron was sixty years old.
Segub fathered Jair; and Jair had twenty‑three cities in the land of Gilead.
Geshur and Aram took from them the towns of Jair: Kenath with its villages and the sixty towns that belong to it; all these are the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.
After the death of Hezron, Caleb went into the wife of his father, and she bore him Ashhur the father of Tekoa.
The sons of Jerahmeel, the firstborn of Hezron, were Ram, Bunah, Oren, Ozem, and Ahijah his brother. And another wife of Jerahmeel was Atarah, who was the mother of Onam. Now the sons of Ram, the firstborn of Jerahmeel, were Maaz, Jamin, and Eker.
The sons of Onam were Shimei and Jada; and the sons of Shimei were Nadab and Abishur.
The name of Abishur’s wife was Abihail, and she bore him Ahban and Molid. And the sons of Nadab were Seled and Appaim. Seled died without sons.
The sons of Appaim: Ishi; the sons of Ishi: Sheshan; and the sons of Sheshan: Ahlai.
The sons of Jada, the brother of Shimei: Jether and Jonathan; and Jether died, having no sons. And the sons of Jonathan were Peleth and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel.
Sheshan had no sons but daughters; and Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha.
Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant for a wife, and she bore him Attai.
Attai fathered Nathan; and Nathan fathered Zabad.
Zabad fathered Ephlal; Ephlal fathered Obed.
Obed fathered Jehu; Jehu fathered Azariah.
Azariah fathered Helez; Helez fathered Eleasah.
Eleasah fathered Sismai; Sismai fathered Shallum.
Shallum fathered Jekamiah; and Jekamiah fathered Elishama.
The sons of Caleb, the brother of Jerahmeel: Mesha his firstborn—he was the father of Ziph—and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron.
The sons of Hebron: Korah, Tappuah, Rekem, and Shema. And Shema fathered Raham, the father of Jorkeam; and Rekem fathered Shema.
The son of Shema was Maon, and Maon was the father of Beth‑zur. And Ephah, the concubine of Caleb, bore Haran, Moza, and Gazez; and Haran fathered Gazez.
The sons of Jahdai: Regem, Jotham, Geshan, Pelet, Ephah, and Shaaph.
The concubine of Caleb, Maachah, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. And Shaaph fathered Madmanna, the father of Soba, and Shua the father of Makkedah and of Gibeah; and the daughter of Caleb was Achsah.
These were the sons of Caleb son of Hezron, the firstborn of Ephrathah: Shobal the father of Kiriath‑jearim.
Salma was the father of Bethlehem; Hareph the father of Beth‑gader. And the sons of Shobal, the father of Kiriath‑jearim, were Haroeh and half the Manahathite families.
The families of Kiriath‑jearim: the Hezrai, the Puti, the Shumath, and the Mishraite—from these came the Zerahites and the Eshthalites.
The descendants of Salma in Bethlehem were the Netophathites, the Ataroth, and half the Manahathites—these belonged to the house of Joab.
The families of the scribes who lived at Jabez: the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and the Sucathites—these are the Kenites who came from Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab.