Ignored Warnings and Impending Judgment
Amos 4:1-13
Amo.4.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמעו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- פרות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הבשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- העשקות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- דלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הרצצות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- אביונים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- האמרת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לאדניהם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- הביאה: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,f,sg
- ונשתה: VERB,qal,impf,1,pl
Parallels
- Amos 6:1-7 (structural): Same book and prophetic context condemning the wealthy who lounge, drink and ignore the needy—echoes the taunt ‘bring and let us drink’ and the charge of oppression.
- Amos 8:4-6 (verbal): Directly parallels language and theme of exploiting the poor: those who ‘trample on the needy’ and use commerce to prey on the vulnerable.
- Micah 2:1-2 (thematic): Condemns those who devise injustice to seize land and goods from the poor—similar motif of social exploitation for affluent gain.
- Isaiah 3:16-17 (allusion): Uses female/haughty imagery (‘daughters of Zion’) to criticize proud, oppressive elites—parallels Amos’s ‘cows of Bashan’ image of arrogant women/elite.
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Identifies the sin of pride and failure to aid the poor as the core wrongdoing—like Amos’s charge that the prosperous oppress the needy.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hear this word, you cows of Bashan who are on the mountain of Samaria—who oppress the poor, who crush the needy, who say to your masters, "Bring, and let us drink!"
- Hear this word, you cows of Bashan on the hill of Samaria—who oppress the poor and crush the needy, who say to your owners, “Bring, and let us drink!”
Amo.4.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נשבע: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בקדשו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m
- כי: CONJ
- הנה: PART
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- באים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
- עליכם: PREP+PRON,2mp
- ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- בצנות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואחריתכן: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בסירות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- דוגה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 16:16 (verbal): Uses the same fishing-capture imagery — God will send 'fishers' and 'hunters' to seize the people, closely paralleling Amos' picture of taking people with hooks and nets.
- Matthew 13:47 (thematic): The parable of the dragnet gathers fish of every kind into a net for sorting; echoes Amos' use of nets as an image of divine gathering and judgment.
- Isaiah 45:23 (allusion): Both passages feature a solemn divine oath ('by myself' / 'by my holiness') introducing an authoritative proclamation about coming days and divine action.
- Jeremiah 23:5–8 (thematic): The 'days are coming' formula and the theme of impending divine intervention/judgment on Israel are common to Amos' warning and Jeremiah's prophetic announcements.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Lord GOD swears by his holiness: Behold, days are coming upon you, when I will lift you out with hooks and your end with fishing-boats.
- The Sovereign LORD swears by his holiness: Behold, days are coming upon you when I will lift you up with hooks, and your remnant with fishhooks.
Amo.4.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופרצים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תצאנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נגדה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- והשלכתנה: VERB,niphal,impf,3,f,pl
- ההרמונה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 3:16-17 (thematic): Both passages pronounce public humiliation on proud women of Zion: removal of honor and exposure to shame as part of divine judgment.
- Micah 1:16 (thematic): Uses public rites of shame (making bald, cutting hair) and open disgrace to portray communal humiliation similar to Amos’ image of being cast out and scorned.
- Hosea 9:11-14 (thematic): Speaks of exile, loss of offspring and reproach upon Israel—divine punishments that parallel Amos’ prediction that the community will be rejected and thrown out.
- Ezekiel 16:37-41 (thematic): Describes Jerusalem handed over to enemies and exposed to shame and reproach, echoing Amos’ image of being driven out and humiliated before others.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall go out at the breaches; each one straight before her—and you shall be cast into Harmona, declares the LORD.
- You will go out through the breaches; each of you will go out by the narrow gate, and you will be cast into the ravine—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- ופשעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- הגלגל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הרבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לפשע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והביאו: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,pl
- לבקר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זבחיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לשלשת: NUM,card,cons
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מעשרתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,suff
Parallels
- Amos 5:21-24 (thematic): Same prophetic context condemning empty cultic worship—God rejects festivals and offerings and demands justice and righteousness instead.
- Amos 5:25-27 (verbal): Directly continues the critique of ritual practice, asking rhetorically whether Israel brought sacrifices to God in the wilderness—closely parallels Amos' indictment of frequent offerings.
- Hosea 6:6 (verbal): God prefers steadfast love and knowledge of him to burnt offerings—contrasts ritual sacrifice with ethical fidelity, echoing Amos' rejection of mere liturgical observance.
- Isaiah 1:11-15 (thematic): Isaiah likewise disparages the people's many offerings and calls their sacrifices 'abominable' when unaccompanied by justice and righteousness.
- Jeremiah 7:21-23 (allusion): Jeremiah emphasizes that God did not command empty burnt offerings but obedience to his voice—reiterates the prophetic theme that ritual cannot substitute for covenantal obedience.
Alternative generated candidates
- Go to Bethel and transgress; to Gilgal increase transgression; bring your sacrifices every morning, your tithes every three days.
- Come to Bethel and transgress; at Gilgal multiply your transgression; bring your sacrifices every three days and your tithes on the tenth day.
Amo.4.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וקטר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מחמץ: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תודה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וקראו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- נדבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- השמיעו: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- כן: ADV
- אהבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 2:11 (verbal): Explicit priestly law forbids offering grain-offerings with leaven; Amos condemns Israelites for bringing leavened thanksgiving/freewill offerings, so this verse contrasts legal purity with their illicit practice.
- Hosea 9:4 (thematic): Speaks of offerings/wine not being pleasing to the LORD and sacrifices becoming futile — parallels Amos’ theme that Israel’s cultic gifts (freewill/leavened offerings) are unacceptable to God.
- Amos 5:21-23 (structural): Nearby passage in Amos that denounces festivals, songs and sacrifices as detestable when social injustice remains — develops the prophet’s indictment of ritual hypocrisy that 4:5 exemplifies.
- Jeremiah 7:22-23 (thematic): God reminds Israel He preferred obedience over sacrificial rites (‘I commanded... Obey my voice’) — complements Amos’ critique that ritual offerings (here leavened/freewill gifts) are hollow without covenant faithfulness.
Alternative generated candidates
- Offer a cake of leavened bread, bring thank offerings, call out your freewill gifts—proclaim them; for thus you delight, O children of Israel, declares the LORD.
- Burn leaven, bring thank offerings, proclaim freewill gifts—because this is how you delight, O people of Israel, declares the LORD.
Amo.4.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וגם: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- נתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- נקיון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עריכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,2mp
- וחסר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקומתיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- שבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- עדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 8:3 (thematic): God humbles Israel by hunger to teach dependence on him (man does not live by bread alone). Parallels Amos' use of famine/hunger as a disciplining purpose intended to bring the people back to Yahweh.
- Leviticus 26:26-27 (thematic): Yahweh threatens crop failure, famine and other calamities as covenantal punishments for disobedience. Mirrors Amos' depiction of food scarcity as divine judgment for unfaithfulness.
- 2 Chronicles 7:13-14 (thematic): God warns that he may shut up the heavens and send famine, pestilence, or drought to bring repentance; contrasts with Amos' observation that despite such signs the people did not return.
- Amos 4:7 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same prophetic speech: another specific judgment (withholding rain) followed by the refrain that the people did not return—part of the repeated formulaic indictments in Amos 4:6–11.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet I gave you cleanness of teeth in all your cities and lack of bread in all your places; yet you did not return, declares the LORD.
- Yet I made your mouths empty in all your towns and caused a lack of bread in all your places; still you did not return—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וגם: CONJ
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- מנעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
- מכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הגשם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בעוד: PREP
- שלשה: NUM,m
- חדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לקציר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והמטרתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,c,sg
- על: PREP
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- לא: PART_NEG
- אמטיר: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,sg
- חלקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- תמטר: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- וחלקה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- תמטיר: VERB,hiph,impf,3,f,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- תיבש: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- 1 Kings 17:1 (verbal): Elijah announces that there will be no dew or rain 'these years'—a direct instance of God (through a prophet) withholding rain as judgment, paralleling Amos' report of withheld and selective rain.
- Deuteronomy 11:16-17 (thematic): Covenantal warning that turning from God will lead him to 'shut up the heavens so that there be no rain'—the same theological framework of drought as punitive divine action found in Amos.
- Leviticus 26:19-20 (thematic): God's curse includes making the sky like iron and the land like brass so no rain falls—an earlier law-code parallel describing withheld rain and agricultural ruin as punishment.
- Joel 1:10-12 (thematic): Poetic depiction of fields, vineyards, and trees withering for lack of rain, reflecting the agricultural consequences of drought that Amos describes (city-by-city and field-by-field devastation).
- James 5:17-18 (allusion): James cites Elijah's three-year drought ('he prayed earnestly, and it did not rain')—a New Testament allusion to the prophetic motif of withholding rain as divine judgment similar to Amos' account.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I withheld the rain from you for three months before the harvest; I rained upon one city and not upon another; one field would receive rain, and the field on which it did not rain would wither.
- And I withheld the rain for three months before the harvest; I rained on one city and withheld rain from another. One field received rain while the field on which rain did not fall withered.
Amo.4.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- שתים: NUM,f,pl,abs
- שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
- ערים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אל: NEG
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- לשתות: INF,qal
- מים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- ישבעו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- שבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- עדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Jeremiah 2:13 (thematic): Israel forsakes the 'fountain of living waters' and digs broken cisterns that hold no water — same motif of seeking water (life/sustenance) in the wrong place and coming up empty.
- Jeremiah 17:13 (allusion): God called 'the fountain of living waters'; those who abandon him experience spiritual barrenness — echoes Amos' image of people seeking water but not being satisfied.
- Proverbs 30:15-16 (verbal): Uses the stock proverb of things 'never satisfied' and explicitly notes land 'that is not filled with water,' paralleling the motif of insatiable thirst and unmet need.
- John 4:13-14 (thematic): Jesus contrasts ordinary water that leaves one thirsty with 'living water' that truly satisfies—New Testament theological counterpoint to Amos' image of unsuccessful searching for water.
- Amos 8:11 (structural): Within the same book: God promises a different famine — not of bread or water but of hearing his word — thematically linked to Amos 4:8's judgmental imagery of deprivation and unfulfilled need.
Alternative generated candidates
- So two or three cities would go to one city to drink water, and they would not be satisfied; yet you did not return, declares the LORD.
- Two or three cities would move toward one city to drink water and would not be satisfied—yet you did not return—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הכיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,NA,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- בשדפון: PREP+NOUN,prop,sg,abs
- ובירקון: CONJ+PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרבות: NOUN,f,sg,def
- גנותיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+2,m,pl
- וכרמיכם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+ps2mp
- ותאניכם: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+2,m,pl
- וזיתיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss,2,m,pl
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הגזם: DET+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- שבתם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Joel 1:4 (verbal): Uses the same sequence of eating pests (palmerworm/locusts) destroying vineyards and trees — a near verbal and thematic parallel to Amos' image of insects devouring orchards.
- Deuteronomy 28:38-39 (thematic): Part of the Deuteronomic covenant curses describing agricultural failure and loss of vineyards/olive oil as consequences of disobedience, echoing Amos' punishment motif.
- Leviticus 26:16-20 (structural): Fits the covenantal framework of promised punishments (disease, drought, crop failure) for covenant unfaithfulness that Amos invokes in calling these calamities divine discipline.
- 2 Chronicles 7:13 (verbal): God describes withholding rain and sending locusts to devour the land — language and divine causation closely parallel Amos' depiction of God striking the land and its trees.
- Psalm 78:46-47 (thematic): Retells historical traditions of God sending destructive forces against crops and vineyards (hail, locusts) as judgment — thematically similar to Amos' images of ruined gardens and orchards.
Alternative generated candidates
- I struck you with blight and mildew; your many gardens, your vineyards, your fig trees and your olive trees—the palmerworm devoured their shoots; yet you did not return, declares the LORD.
- I struck you with blight and mildew; your gardens, your vineyards, your fig trees and your olive trees were consumed—yet you did not return—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שלחתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- בכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בדרך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- הרגתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בחוריכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2,mp
- עם: PREP
- שבי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- סוסיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2,m,pl
- ואעלה: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מחניכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2,m,pl
- ובאפכם: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- שבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- עדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 28:21-22,27 (verbal): The covenant curses promise pestilence, boils 'like the sores of Egypt,' and defeat/captivity for disobedience—language and cause mirror Amos' 'sent a pestilence in the manner of Egypt' and exile by sword.
- Ezekiel 5:12 (structural): Ezekiel depicts God executing judgment by sword, famine and pestilence on the people because they did not repent—closely parallels Amos' catalogue of punishments and motive (failure to return).
- 2 Samuel 24:15 (thematic): God sends a destroying plague on Israel as divine judgment, resulting in many deaths—parallels Amos' depiction of death and devastation sent by the LORD.
- Exodus 9:3-6,14 (allusion): The plagues sent on Egypt (pestilence on livestock, pestilence as divine act) provide the background for Amos' phrase 'in the way of Egypt'—Amos alludes to the Egyptian pattern of punitive plagues.
- Psalm 78:49-50 (thematic): The psalm recounts God sending his 'burning anger' and 'plagues' on the people as punishment; it echoes the theme of God bringing pestilence and destruction for sin, similar to Amos 4:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- I sent among you the pestilence by the way of Egypt; I killed your young men with the sword, took captive your horses, and made the stench of your camps rise into your nostrils; yet you did not return, declares the LORD.
- I sent among you the pestilence as in the way of Egypt; I killed your young men by the sword and took away your horses; I made fire devour your camps—yet you did not return—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הפכתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,_,sg
- בכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כמהפכת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- סדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- עמרה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותהיו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- כאוד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- שבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- עדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 19:24-25 (allusion): Amos explicitly invokes the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah — directly alluding to the Genesis account of divine destruction by fire and brimstone.
- Deuteronomy 29:23 (verbal): Deuteronomy likens devastated land to the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah using similar language of destruction and desolation; Amos uses comparable comparative imagery.
- Isaiah 1:7 (allusion): Isaiah compares Jerusalem/Zion to Sodom and Gomorrah (cities burned and desolate), echoing Amos’ use of Sodom/Gomorrah as a paradigm of divine judgment.
- Ezekiel 16:49-50 (thematic): Ezekiel recounts Sodom’s sin and consequent judgment; thematically parallels Amos’ point that moral failure brings catastrophic divine punishment and the people’s refusal to repent.
- Jude 1:7 (allusion): Jude cites Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of divine punishment for wickedness; parallels Amos’ appeal to their overthrow as a paradigm of God’s judgment and the need to repent.
Alternative generated candidates
- I overthrew you as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, and you became like a burning brand plucked from the fire; yet you did not return, declares the LORD.
- I overthrew you as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah; you became as a firebrand snatched from the flame—yet you did not return—declares the LORD.
Amo.4.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- כה: ADV
- אעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עקב: PREP
- כי: CONJ
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- אעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- הכון: VERB,hif,impv,2,m,sg
- לקראת: PREP
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Amos 3:2 (thematic): Affirms Israel’s unique covenant relationship and the logic of special punishment — because God has ‘known’ Israel, judgment comes; echoes Amos 4:12’s link between divine action and Israel’s accountability.
- Amos 5:18-20 (thematic): Warns against desiring the ‘day of the LORD’ and depicts that day as judgment and darkness — continuing Amos’ theme that God’s coming means judgment for Israel, paralleling the call to ‘prepare to meet your God.’
- Malachi 3:1-2 (thematic): Speaks of the coming messenger and the refining/judging presence of God and asks who can endure his coming — thematically parallel to Amos’ summons to prepare to meet God in judgment.
- Joel 2:1-11 (esp. 2:12) (structural): The prophetic summons and summons to repentance before the ‘day of the LORD’ structurally parallels Amos’ call to prepare to meet God; both frame national crisis as an encounter with God requiring response.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore thus I will do to you, O Israel; because I will do this to you—prepare to meet your God, O Israel.
- Therefore thus I will do to you, O Israel; because of this, prepare to meet your God, O Israel.
Amo.4.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הנה: PART
- יוצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרים: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- וברא: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומגיד: CONJ+VERB,piel,ptc,m,sg
- לאדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מה: PRON,int
- שחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שחר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עיפה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודרך: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- במתי: PREP
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 95:4 (verbal): Speaks of the heights of the mountains belonging to God—parallels Amos’s depiction of God as maker/holder of the mountains (shared language of mountains/heights).
- Job 26:7,13 (verbal): Declares God’s cosmic creative acts including suspending the earth and forming the heavens ‘by his wind/spirit’—close language to Amos’s ‘creates the wind’ and cosmic-creator motif.
- Psalm 104:3-4 (thematic): Describes God’s control of wind, clouds, and his movement on the winds—echoes Amos’s images of God making winds and treading on the earth’s heights.
- Job 9:8 (thematic): Affirms God’s sovereignty over the cosmos who ‘stretches out the heavens’ and moves over the waters—parallels Amos’s emphasis on God’s power over natural forces and terrain.
- Isaiah 40:12-14 (thematic): Meditates on God’s incomparable wisdom and creative acts (measuring the waters, establishing the earth) and his inscrutable counsel—parallels Amos’s coupling of creation imagery with God’s knowledge of human thought/counsel.
Alternative generated candidates
- For behold, he who forms the mountains and creates the wind, who declares to man what his thought is, who makes the morning darkness and treads upon the heights of the earth—the LORD, the God of hosts, is his name.
- For lo, he who forms the mountains and creates the wind, who declares to man what his thought is, who makes the morning into darkness and walks on the heights of the earth—the LORD, the God of hosts, is his name.
Hear this word, you cows of Bashan who are on the mountain of Samaria—who oppress the poor, crush the needy, and say to your masters, 'Bring, and let us drink.'
The Lord GOD has sworn by his holiness: Behold, days are coming upon you when I will lift you with hooks, and your offspring with fishhooks. And you shall go out through the breaches, each one straight before her; and you shall be cast into Harmon, declares the LORD.
Come to Bethel and transgress; to Gilgal and multiply transgression; bring your sacrifices every morning, and your tithes every three days.
Offer a sacrifice with leaven, bring a thanksgiving offering, proclaim freewill gifts—'Thus you like it,' O children of Israel, declares the LORD. And I gave you empty mouths in all your cities and scarcity of bread in all your places, yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD. And I withheld the early rain for three months before the harvest; I rained on one city and did not rain on another. One field would receive rain—another on which I did not rain would wither; yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD.
Two or three cities would go to one city to drink water and would not be satisfied; yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD.
I struck you with blight and mildew; your many gardens and vineyards, your fig trees and olive trees—the blight devoured their shoots; yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD.
I sent among you a pestilence by the way of Egypt; I killed your young men with the sword, I took your horses into captivity, I set fire to your encampments and my wrath burned—yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD.
I overthrew you as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah; you have become like a brand plucked from the burning—yet you did not return to me, declares the LORD.
Therefore thus I will do to you, O Israel; because I will do this to you, prepare to meet your God, O Israel.
For behold, he who forms the mountains and creates the wind, who declares to man what his counsel is, who makes the morning darkness and treads upon the heights of the earth—the LORD, the God of hosts, is his name.