Life in the Light: Sin, Forgiveness, and Love
1 John 1:5-2:14
1John.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αγγελια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- ακηκοαμεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,pl
- απ᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,3,m
- και: CONJ
- αναγγελλομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- οτι: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- φως: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ουδεμια: ADJ,nom,sg,f
Parallels
- John 1:4-5 (verbal): Uses the same light/darkness motif (the light shines in the darkness; the darkness did not overcome it), paralleling the declaration that God is light and darkness is not in Him.
- John 8:12 (allusion): Jesus’ self-identification as 'the light of the world' resonates with 1 John’s theological claim that God is light, linking Christological and divine light imagery.
- 1 John 2:8 (verbal): Continues the same Johannine language of 'light' and 'darkness' (the darkness is passing away and the true light is already shining), echoing 1:5’s proclamation about God’s character.
- Ephesians 5:8 (thematic): Applies the light/darkness contrast ethically ('formerly darkness, now light in the Lord'), reflecting the moral implications of God as light in 1 John 1:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- This is the message we have heard from him and now declare to you: God is light, and in him there is no darkness at all.
- This is the message we have heard from him and now declare to you: God is light, and in him there is no darkness at all.
1John.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- ειπωμεν: VERB,aor,act,subj,1,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- κοινωνιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εχομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- μετ᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- σκοτει: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- περιπατωμεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- ψευδομεθα: VERB,pres,mid,ind,1,pl
- και: CONJ
- ου: PART,neg
- ποιουμεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αληθειαν·: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- 1 John 1:5 (thematic): States the underlying contrast (God is light, no darkness) that makes walking in darkness incompatible with true fellowship.
- 1 John 1:8 (verbal): Uses the same conditional formula ('if we say...') to expose self-deception when one's claim about sin or standing with God contradicts reality.
- 1 John 2:6 (verbal): Parallels the ethical demand: one who claims to abide in Christ must 'walk' as he did—claims tested by conduct, like claiming fellowship but walking in darkness.
- John 3:19-21 (thematic): Develops the light/darkness motif: people who do evil love darkness and avoid the light, showing that true relationship is evidenced by coming to the light.
- Ephesians 5:8-11 (thematic): Commands believers to live as 'children of light' and to expose works of darkness—echoing the insistence that claimed fellowship must be matched by a life of light, not darkness.
Alternative generated candidates
- If we say we have fellowship with him while we walk in darkness, we lie and do not practice the truth.
- If we say we have fellowship with him while we walk in darkness, we lie and do not live by the truth.
1John.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- δε: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- φωτι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- περιπατωμεν: VERB,pres,act,subj,1,pl
- ως: ADV
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- φωτι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- κοινωνιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εχομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- μετ᾽αλληλων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,mf
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αιμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- υιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- καθαριζει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- απο: PREP
- πασης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- αμαρτιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
Parallels
- 1 John 1:9 (verbal): Directly parallels the cleansing motif—confession leads to being cleansed from all unrighteousness, echoing 'the blood of Jesus ... cleanses us from all sin.'
- 1 John 1:6 (structural): Contrasts walking in darkness with walking in the light; both verses frame true fellowship in relation to one’s walk (light vs. darkness).
- John 8:12 (thematic): Jesus’ declaration 'I am the light of the world' undergirds the Johannine theme of walking in the light as walking with Christ (as he is in the light).
- Ephesians 5:8-9 (verbal): Uses the language of formerly being darkness and now walking as children of light, linking moral conduct and the 'fruit of the light' to the 1 John call to walk in the light.
- 1 Peter 1:18-19 (thematic): Speaks of redemption by the precious blood of Christ—parallels 1 John’s claim that Jesus’ blood cleanses believers from sin (atonement/cleansing motif).
Alternative generated candidates
- But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin.
- But if we walk in the light as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from every sin.
1John.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- ειπωμεν: VERB,aor,act,subj,1,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- αμαρτιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εχομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- εαυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- πλανωμεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αληθεια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
Parallels
- 1 John 1:10 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same context: a closely related formula ('If we say we have not sinned') that reinforces the charge of self-deception and adds the claim that God's word/Christ is denied by such denial.
- 1 John 2:4 (verbal): Uses similar language ('is a liar, and the truth is not in him') to condemn professed fellowship with God that is incompatible with ethical reality—links false profession with absence of truth.
- John 8:44 (allusion): Jesus' accusation that the devil 'has no truth in him' and is the father of lies echoes the Johannine contrast between truth and deception present in 1 John 1:8.
- Romans 3:23 (thematic): Paul's statement that 'all have sinned' underscores the universal reality of sin that 1 John counters—denial of sin is therefore self-deception rather than truth.
- Proverbs 28:13 (thematic): The wisdom motif that concealing or denying sin brings ruin while confession brings mercy contrasts with 1 John’s condemnation of claiming to have no sin and supports the call to honest confession.
Alternative generated candidates
- If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us.
- If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.
1John.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- ομολογωμεν: VERB,pres,act,subj,1,pl
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- αμαρτιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- πιστος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- δικαιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ινα: CONJ
- αφη: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- αμαρτιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- καθαριση: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- ημας: PRON,acc,pl,1
- απο: PREP
- πασης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- αδικιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Proverbs 28:13 (thematic): Both affirm that confession of sin (not concealing it) leads to mercy/forgiveness; linking admission of sin with divine pardon.
- Psalm 32:5 (verbal): David's confession ('I acknowledged my sin to you') and God's forgiveness parallels the promise that confessing sins results in pardon and relief.
- Isaiah 1:18 (allusion): Isaiah's image of sins made 'white as snow' resonates with 1 John’s language of being 'cleansed from all unrighteousness'—divine purification of sin.
- Acts 3:19 (thematic): Calls for repentance so that sins may be 'blotted out'; complements 1 John’s claim that turning and confessing brings forgiveness and cleansing.
- 1 John 2:1-2 (structural): Within the same epistle this passage grounds assurance of forgiveness in Christ (the Advocate/propitiation), explaining how sin can be forgiven when confessed.
Alternative generated candidates
- If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
- If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from every unrighteousness.
1John.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εαν: CONJ
- ειπωμεν: VERB,aor,act,subj,1,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- ουχ: PART,neg
- ημαρτηκαμεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,pl
- ψευστην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ποιουμεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λογος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- ημιν: PRON,dat,pl,1
Parallels
- 1 John 1:8 (verbal): Same conditional formulation ('If we say…') and close verbal parallel: denial of sin = self-deception and 'the truth is not in us.'
- 1 John 1:6 (verbal): Similar conditional claim ('If we say…') followed by charge of lying and contrast with practicing truth—same rhetorical pattern.
- 1 John 2:4 (verbal): Uses the language of 'liar' and 'the truth is not in him' about professions of knowing God that lack obedience—same moral-epistemic critique.
- Romans 3:4 (allusion): Related theological idea about truth and falsehood before God—'Let God be true and every man a liar' echoes the charge that denials make God a liar.
- John 8:44 (thematic): Johannine parallel describing the liar and absence of truth in him—connects the motif of lying and lack of God's word/truth in a person.
Alternative generated candidates
- If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar and his word is not in us.
- If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar and his word is not in us.
1John.2.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Τεκνια: NOUN,voc,pl,n
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ταυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- γραφω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- ινα: CONJ
- μη: PART
- αμαρτητε: VERB,pres,act,subj,2,pl
- και: CONJ
- εαν: CONJ
- τις: PRON,nom,sg,?
- αμαρτη: VERB,aor,act,sub,3,sg
- παρακλητον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εχομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- προς: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πατερα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Ιησουν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Χριστον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- δικαιον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- John 14:16 (verbal): Uses the same Greek term παράκλητον (Paraklētos, 'Advocate/Helper'); both passages speak of an advocate who stands with believers and acts on their behalf.
- Romans 8:34 (thematic): Paul depicts Christ as one who intercedes for believers at the Father's right hand—parallel to 1 John’s assertion that Jesus is an advocate before the Father for sinners.
- Hebrews 7:25 (thematic): Describes Jesus as continually interceding to save those who approach God through him, resonating with 1 John’s claim of Jesus as the righteous advocate for sinners.
- 1 John 1:9 (thematic): Promises forgiveness for confessed sin (God faithful and just to forgive), which complements 1 John 2:1’s provision of an advocate when believers sin.
- 1 John 3:6–9 (structural): States the authorial purpose that those in Christ should not practice sin—echoes 1 John 2:1’s opening purpose clause 'I write these things so that you may not sin.'
Alternative generated candidates
- My children, I am writing these things to you so that you may not sin. But if anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father—Jesus Christ the righteous.
- My little children, I am writing these things to you so that you may not sin. But if anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father—Jesus Christ the righteous.
1John.2.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- ιλασμος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- περι: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αμαρτιων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- ου: PART,neg
- περι: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ημετερων: PRON,gen,pl,1p
- δε: CONJ
- μονον: ADV
- αλλα: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- περι: PREP
- ολου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κοσμου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- John 1:29 (verbal): John the Baptist calls Jesus 'the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world,' echoing the language of atonement and 'sin of the world' found in 1 John 2:2.
- 1 John 4:10 (verbal): Within the same epistle, this verse explicitly states that God sent the Son as the propitiation (ἱλασμός/ἱλαστήριον) for our sins, closely paralleling the language and theology of 1 John 2:2.
- Romans 3:25 (thematic): Paul speaks of Christ whom God put forward as a propitiation (ἱλαστήριον) by his blood, linking the Pauline concept of divine justification and propitiation with the Johannine claim of atoning work for sins.
- Hebrews 2:17 (thematic): Describes Christ becoming a merciful and faithful high priest 'to make propitiation for the sins of the people,' reflecting the priestly/atoning function attributed to Jesus in 1 John 2:2.
- 2 Corinthians 5:19 (thematic): Paul says God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ, a parallel theme to 1 John 2:2's claim that Christ's atoning work extends to the whole world.
Alternative generated candidates
- He himself is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world.
- He himself is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the whole world.
1John.2.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τουτω: DEM,dat,sg,m
- γινωσκομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- εγνωκαμεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,pl
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- εαν: CONJ
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- εντολας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- τηρωμεν: VERB,pres,act,subj,1,pl
Parallels
- John 14:15 (quotation): Directly parallels the conditional link between authentic relationship to Jesus and obedience: 'If ye love me, keep my commandments.'
- John 14:21 (verbal): Repeats the formula connecting possession/knowledge of Jesus with keeping his commandments and links obedience to love and revelation of Jesus.
- 1 John 3:24 (verbal): Uses the same vocabulary (keeping his commandments) to indicate that keeping God's commandments is evidence of dwelling in God and receiving his Spirit.
- 1 John 5:3 (verbal): Explicitly defines love of God as keeping his commandments and emphasizes that his commandments are not burdensome—echoing the ethical proof of knowing God.
- John 8:31 (thematic): Presents a parallel conditional principle: continued adherence to Jesus' word (discipleship) is the mark of true disciples—similar to knowing Jesus by obedience.
Alternative generated candidates
- By this we know that we have come to know him: if we keep his commandments.
- By this we know that we have come to know him: if we keep his commandments.
1John.2.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λεγων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,m,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- Εγνωκα: VERB,perf,act,ind,1,sg
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- εντολας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- μη: PART
- τηρων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- ψευστης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τουτω: DEM,dat,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αληθεια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν·: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- 1 John 1:6 (verbal): Similar diction and structure: both accuse a professed claim about relationship with God as false when conduct contradicts it (’we say… we lie/ψευστης’ and ‘the truth is not in him’).
- 1 John 2:3 (structural): Immediate Johannine parallel: knowledge of God is verified by keeping his commandments (’by this we know… if we keep his commandments’), directly linked to the claim in 2:4.
- 1 John 5:3 (thematic): Reinforces the same ethical test of true relationship with God: love for God is expressed in keeping his commandments, which are not burdensome.
- John 14:15 (thematic): Jesus' teaching that love for him is demonstrated by obedience to his commandments parallels John’s insistence that claiming to know Christ requires keeping his commands.
- Matthew 7:21-23 (allusion): Warnings about professions that lack saving reality: those who call Jesus ‘Lord’ yet fail the criteria of obedience/knowing him are rejected—echoing the charge of hypocrisy and false claim in 1 John 2:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever says, “I know him,” but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
- Whoever says, “I know him,” but does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
1John.2.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- δ᾽αν: PART,δε+αν
- τηρη: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,sg
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- λογον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αληθως: ADV
- εν: PREP
- τουτω: DEM,dat,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αγαπη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- τετελειωται: VERB,perf,pass,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- τουτω: DEM,dat,sg,m
- γινωσκομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- οτι: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- εσμεν·: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
Parallels
- 1 John 2:3 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same argument: keeping his word/commandments is presented as the proof that one knows God.
- 1 John 4:12-13 (verbal): Uses the same language of God's indwelling and the 'love of God being perfected' when believers love one another, linking love’s perfection with God's presence.
- 1 John 3:24 (structural): Same logical structure: one who keeps God's commandments abides in him and by that keeping we know that we are in him—obedience → abiding → assurance.
- John 14:23 (thematic): Jesus links loving him with keeping his word and with God (and Jesus) making their home with the believer—connects love, obedience, and divine indwelling.
- John 15:10 (thematic): Promises that keeping Jesus' commandments results in abiding in his love, paralleling the idea that obedience is tied to participation in God's love.
Alternative generated candidates
- But whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we know that we are in him.
- But whoever keeps his word, in him truly the love of God is perfected. By this we know that we are in him.
1John.2.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λεγων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,m,sg
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- μενειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- οφειλει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- καθως: CONJ
- εκεινος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- περιεπατησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- περιπατειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
Parallels
- 1 John 2:3-5 (verbal): Immediate Johannine parallel: knowing/abiding in Christ is demonstrated by keeping his commandments—closely parallels the claim that one who abides must walk as he walked.
- 1 John 1:6 (verbal): Similar antithesis of claiming fellowship/abiding while one's conduct (walking) contradicts that claim—both contrast profession with ethical practice.
- John 13:15 (quotation): Jesus' explicit statement that he has given an example so disciples should do as he did provides the explicit model upon which 1 John appeals: believers must ‘walk as he walked.’
- 1 Peter 2:21 (allusion): Peter likewise presents Christ’s life and suffering as an example to be followed—'follow in his steps' echoes the Johannine call to walk as Jesus walked.
- 1 John 3:6 (thematic): Links abiding in Christ with moral conformity: one who abides does not continue in sin, which undergirds the ethical meaning of 'walking as he walked.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same manner as he walked.
- Whoever says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked.
1John.2.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Αγαπητοι: ADJ,voc,pl,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εντολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καινην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- γραφω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- αλλ᾽εντολην: CONJ+NOUN,acc,sg,f
- παλαιαν: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- ειχετε: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,pl
- απ᾽αρχης·η: PREP+NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εντολη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- παλαια: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λογος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ον: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- ηκουσατε: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,pl
Parallels
- John 13:34 (quotation): Jesus' declaration of a 'new commandment' to love one another is the source background; 1 John contrasts 'not a new commandment' with that Johannine formulation.
- 1 John 2:8 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same letter that speaks of a 'new commandment' being true in Christ and believers, highlighting the old/new commandment motif.
- 1 John 3:11 (quotation): Explicit restatement: 'This is the message you have heard from the beginning, that we should love one another,' closely matching 2:7's claim about the commandment known from the beginning.
- Leviticus 19:18 (allusion): The Old Testament injunction 'love your neighbor as yourself' provides the ethical and legal background for the 'old commandment' to love referenced in 1 John.
- Romans 13:8-10 (thematic): Paul's teaching that 'love fulfills the law' thematically links love as the essence and fulfillment of the commandment and law, echoing 1 John's emphasis on love as the abiding command.
Alternative generated candidates
- Beloved, I am not writing a new commandment to you but an old commandment that you have had from the beginning; the old commandment is the word you heard.
- Beloved, I am not writing a new commandment to you but an old commandment that you have had from the beginning. The old commandment is the message you heard.
1John.2.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- παλιν: ADV
- εντολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καινην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- γραφω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- αληθες: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- οτι: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- παραγεται: VERB,pres,mp,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- φως: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αληθινον: ADJ,dat,sg,m
- ηδη: ADV
- φαινει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- 1 John 2:7 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse contrasts 'not a new commandment' with the 'new command' language here, framing the commandment motif and continuity within the epistle.
- John 13:34 (verbal): Jesus' declaration 'A new commandment I give you' (to love one another) is the linguistic and thematic source for 1 John’s 'new commandment' theme.
- 1 John 1:5 (verbal): Proclaims 'God is light' and denies darkness in him, echoing the Johannine vocabulary of true light and the moral/spiritual significance of light versus darkness.
- John 1:5 (thematic): 'The light shines in the darkness' parallels 1 John’s assertion that 'the darkness is passing away and the true light already shines'—shared Johannine light/darkness imagery.
- John 8:12 (thematic): Jesus' 'I am the light of the world' and promise that followers will not walk in darkness resonates with 1 John’s theme of light overcoming darkness and its ethical implications (walking in the light).
Alternative generated candidates
- Yet I am writing a new commandment to you—what is true in him and in you, because the darkness is passing away and the true light already shines.
- Yet I am writing a new commandment to you—true in him and also in you—because the darkness is passing away and the true light already shines.
1John.2.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λεγων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,m,sg
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- φωτι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- και: CONJ
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αδελφον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- μισων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,m,sg
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εως: CONJ
- αρτι: ADV
Parallels
- 1 John 1:6 (verbal): Similar language of claiming fellowship/light while actually walking in darkness—exposes hypocrisy between profession and moral reality.
- 1 John 2:10 (structural): Immediate antonym in the same context: love of brother as the mark of abiding in the light, contrasted with hating a brother.
- 1 John 3:14-15 (thematic): Develops the moral consequence of hating a brother—absence of spiritual life and equating hatred with murder—expanding the ethical claim of 2:9.
- 1 John 4:20 (verbal): Directly confronts the inconsistency of professing love for God while hating a brother, calling such a claim false—same ethical diagnostic as 2:9.
- Matthew 5:21-22 (thematic): Jesus' teaching links anger/insult toward a brother with culpability akin to murder, reflecting the moral gravity attributed to hatred in 1 John 2:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever says he is in the light and hates his brother is still in darkness.
- Whoever says he is in the light but hates his brother is in darkness still.
1John.2.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αγαπων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αδελφον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- φωτι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- μενει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- σκανδαλον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- εν: PREP
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν·: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- 1 John 2:9 (structural): Direct antithetical counterpart in the same context: verse 9 describes hatred as dwelling in darkness, while 2:10 affirms love as abiding in the light.
- 1 John 1:7 (verbal): Uses the same light/darkness motif and the idea of walking/abiding in the light producing fellowship and cleansing from sin—parallels the moral consequences of 'being in the light.'
- 1 John 3:14 (thematic): Connects love for brothers with spiritual life: loving fellow believers is presented as evidence of passing from death to life, similar to love's link with 'abiding in the light.'
- Romans 13:10 (thematic): States that love does no wrong to a neighbor, implying love removes occasions for sin/harm—parallel to 2:10's claim that in one who loves a brother there is no stumbling.
- John 8:12 (allusion): Jesus' self‑description as 'the light of the world' and the promise of not walking in darkness resonates with 1 John’s light-imagery linking right relationship (here, love) with living in the light.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever loves his brother abides in the light, and there is no cause for stumbling in him.
- Whoever loves his brother abides in the light, and there is no cause for stumbling in him.
1John.2.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- μισων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αδελφον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- περιπατει: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,sg
- και: CONJ
- ουκ: PART,neg
- οιδεν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
- που: ADV
- υπαγει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- σκοτια: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- ετυφλωσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- οφθαλμους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 John 2:9-10 (verbal): Immediate context: contrasts loving vs hating a brother; uses the same light/darkness walking imagery (those who hate walk in darkness).
- 1 John 1:6-7 (thematic): Uses the light/darkness metaphor for moral/spiritual status and fellowship; 'walking in darkness' denotes unrepentant sin and broken fellowship with God and brothers.
- 1 John 3:14-15 (thematic): Links hatred of a brother with lethal moral failure (murderer) and absence of eternal life—develops the ethical consequence of hatred referred to in 2:11.
- John 8:12 (verbal): Jesus' saying 'whoever follows me will not walk in darkness but will have the light of life' provides the Johannine backdrop for the language of walking in darkness/light used in 1 John 2:11.
Alternative generated candidates
- But whoever hates his brother is in darkness and walks in darkness and does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.
- But whoever hates his brother is in darkness and walks in darkness; he does not know where he is going, because the darkness has blinded his eyes.
1John.2.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Γραφω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- τεκνια: NOUN,voc,pl,n
- οτι: CONJ
- αφεωνται: VERB,perf,pass,ind,3,pl
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- αμαρτιαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- δια: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ονομα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αυτου·: PRON,gen,sg,3
Parallels
- 1 John 1:9 (verbal): Speaks of God’s forgiveness of sins and cleansing when sins are confessed—echoes the assurance of forgiven sins in 1 John 2:12.
- Acts 10:43 (verbal): States that everyone who believes in Jesus receives forgiveness of sins 'through his name,' closely paralleling the phrase and idea of forgiveness 'for his name’s sake.'
- Ephesians 1:7 (thematic): Affirms that in Christ we have redemption and the forgiveness of sins—the same theological point that believers’ sins are forgiven through Christ.
- 1 John 2:1-2 (structural): Immediate epistolary context: presents Jesus as our advocate and the atoning sacrifice for sins, providing the basis for the claim in 2:12 that believers’ sins are forgiven.
Alternative generated candidates
- I am writing to you, little children, because your sins have been forgiven for his name's sake.
- I am writing to you, little children, because your sins are forgiven for his name's sake.
1John.2.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- γραφω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- πατερες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- εγνωκατε: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- απ᾽αρχης·γραφω: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- νεανισκοι: NOUN,voc,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- νενικηκατε: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πονηρον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- 1 John 2:12 (structural): Same epistolary formula 'I write to you' addressing a different group ('little children') and giving a reason (sins forgiven), parallel in form and pastoral division of audience.
- 1 John 2:14 (structural): Immediate parallel verse that repeats the triadic address (fathers, young men, children) and links 'young men' with strength and having overcome the evil one—same language and structure.
- 1 John 5:4-5 (thematic): Develops the theme of believers' victory—'everyone who is born of God overcomes the world' and identifies faith as the victory, echoing 'you have overcome the evil one.'
- 1 John 5:18 (verbal): Uses similar language about the believer and 'the evil one' (ho ponēros), asserting that the one born of God is guarded so that the evil one does not touch him—verbal and theological correspondence.
- John 16:33 (thematic): Jesus' declaration 'I have overcome the world' parallels the Johannine theme of victory over hostile cosmic/spiritual powers and reassures believers of triumph despite opposition.
Alternative generated candidates
- I am writing to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I am writing to you, young men, because you have overcome the evil one.
- I am writing to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I am writing to you, young men, because you have overcome the evil one.
1John.2.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εγραψα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- παιδια: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- οτι: CONJ
- εγνωκατε: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πατερα·εγραψα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- πατερες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- εγνωκατε: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- απ᾽αρχης·εγραψα: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- νεανισκοι: NOUN,voc,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- ισχυροι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εστε: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,pl
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λογος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- μενει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- νενικηκατε: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πονηρον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- 1 John 2:12-13 (verbal): Same triadic address (children/fathers/young men) and repeated formula “I have written to you,” forming an intra‑epistolary parallel in purpose and wording.
- 1 John 1:1-2 (verbal): Phrase and theme “from the beginning” and eyewitness/knowledge language link knowledge of the Father/Christ in 2:14 to the letter’s prologue about what has existed from the beginning.
- John 15:7 (verbal): “My words abide in you” parallels “the word of God remains in you,” connecting inward abiding of God’s word with spiritual life and effectiveness.
- Psalm 119:11 (thematic): Both describe God’s word dwelling within the believer as the basis for moral strength and resistance to sin/evil.
- 1 John 4:4 (thematic): Affirms believers’ victory over the evil one because of God’s enabling presence (“greater is he who is in you”), echoing 2:14’s claim that they have overcome the evil one.
Alternative generated candidates
- I write to you, fathers, because you have known him who is from the beginning. I write to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word of God abides in you, and you have overcome the evil one.
- I write to you, children, because you know the Father. I write to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I write to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word of God abides in you, and you have overcome the evil one.
This is the message we have heard from him and proclaim to you: God is light, and in him there is no darkness at all.
If we say we have fellowship with him and yet walk in darkness, we lie and do not act according to the truth. But if we walk in the light as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from every sin.
If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.
If we confess our sins, he is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar and his word is not in us.
My little children, I am writing these things to you so that you may not sin. But if anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father—Jesus Christ the righteous.
He himself is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world. And by this we know that we have come to know him: if we keep his commandments.
Whoever says, “I know him,” yet does not keep his commandments is a liar, and the truth is not in him. But whoever keeps his commandments, God's love is perfected in him. By this we know that we are in him.
Whoever says he abides in him ought to walk just as he walked.
Beloved, I am not writing to you a new commandment but an old commandment that you had from the beginning—the old commandment is the word you have heard.
Yet I am writing to you a new commandment, which is true in him and in you, for the darkness is passing away and the true light already shines.
Whoever says he is in the light and hates his brother is still in the darkness.
Whoever loves his brother remains in the light, and there is no cause for stumbling in him. But whoever hates his brother is in the darkness and walks in the darkness; he does not know where he is going, for the darkness has blinded his eyes.
I write to you, little children, because your sins have been forgiven you for his name’s sake.
I write to you, fathers, because you know him who has been from the beginning; I write to you, young men, because you have overcome the evil one.
I write to you, children, because you know the Father; I write to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning; I write to you, young men, because you are strong— the word of God abides in you, and you have overcome the evil one.