The New Heaven and New Earth and the New Jerusalem
Revelation 21:1-27
Rev.21.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ειδον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- ουρανον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- καινον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- γην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καινην·ο: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- πρωτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ουρανος: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πρωτη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- γη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- απηλθαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- θαλασσα: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ετι: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 65:17 (allusion): Direct prophetic antecedent: Isaiah announces 'Behold, I create new heavens and a new earth,' language closely echoed by Revelation's 'new heaven and new earth.'
- Isaiah 66:22 (allusion): Reiterates the promise of a transformed cosmos—'For as the new heavens and the new earth that I make shall remain'—which Revelation draws on for its vision of permanent renewal.
- 2 Peter 3:13 (verbal): Peter uses nearly identical language—'a new heaven and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness'—reflecting the same eschatological expectation found in Revelation 21:1.
- Romans 8:19-22 (thematic): Describes creation's longing and future liberation from decay, thematically parallel to Revelation's depiction of a renewed creation supplanting the 'first' heaven and earth.
- Genesis 1:1 (structural): Structural/bookend parallel: Revelation's 'new heaven and new earth' evokes the primordial creational schema of 'In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,' framing salvation as a new creation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.
- Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.
Rev.21.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- πολιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αγιαν: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- Ιερουσαλημ: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καινην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- ειδον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- καταβαινουσαν: PART,pres,act,acc,sg,f
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- απο: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ητοιμασμενην: PART,perf,pass,acc,sg,f
- ως: ADV
- νυμφην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- κεκοσμημενην: PART,perf,pass,acc,sg,f
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- ανδρι: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Revelation 21:9-11 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same vision: the city is explicitly identified as 'the bride, the wife of the Lamb' and John is shown the city descending from heaven, elaborating the bride-city imagery of 21:2.
- Revelation 19:7-8 (thematic): Both passages use nuptial imagery—'the marriage of the Lamb' and the bride 'having made herself ready' clothed in fine linen—linking the holy city to the Lamb's bride and her preparation/adornment.
- Isaiah 62:1-5 (allusion): Isaiah portrays Zion as a bride to be married, with God as bridegroom who renames and rejoices over her—a prophetic background for the new Jerusalem-as-bride motif in Revelation 21:2.
- Ezekiel 16:8-14 (allusion): Ezekiel depicts Jerusalem's divine courtship and lavish adorning (clothes, jewelry), resonating with Revelation's image of the holy city 'prepared as a bride adorned'.
- Song of Solomon 4:9-10 (thematic): The erotic nuptial language and imagery of a beloved adorned for a husband in Song of Songs provides the poetic background for Revelation's bride imagery and the emphasis on beauty and preparation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
- And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, made ready as a bride adorned for her husband.
Rev.21.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ηκουσα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- φωνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- μεγαλης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θρονου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- λεγουσης·Ιδου: PART,pres,act,gen,f,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- σκηνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- μετα: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ανθρωπων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- σκηνωσει: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,sg
- μετ᾽αυτων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,3
- και: CONJ
- αυτοι: PRON,nom,pl,3
- λαοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εσονται: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μετ᾽αυτων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,3
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 37:27 (verbal): Uses the same language of God 'dwelling' / 'tabernacling' with his people and the formula 'I will be their God, and they shall be my people,' a close lexical and theological parallel.
- Leviticus 26:11-12 (verbal): God promises 'I will set my tabernacle among you... I will walk among you and be your God,' the Mosaic precursor to the motif of God dwelling with humanity.
- 2 Corinthians 6:16 (quotation): Paul explicitly cites the promise of God dwelling/ walking among his people ('I will live with them and walk among them; I will be their God, and they will be my people'), echoing the same covenantal language found in Revelation 21:3.
- John 1:14 (verbal): 'The Word became flesh and dwelt (εσκηνώσεν) among us'—the Johannine claim that God 'tabernacled' among humans echoes Revelation's proclamation that God will dwell with his people.
- Revelation 21:22 (structural): Immediate internal parallel: there is 'no temple' in the new city because 'the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb' are its temple—another way of expressing God's direct presence and dwelling with his people.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Behold, the dwelling place of God is with humanity. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God."
- And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Behold, the dwelling place of God is with men. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God."
Rev.21.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εξαλειψει: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,sg
- παν: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- δακρυον: NOUN,acc,sg,neut
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- οφθαλμων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θανατος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- ετι·ουτε: ADV
- πενθος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ουτε: CONJ
- κραυγη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ουτε: CONJ
- πονος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- ετι: ADV
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- πρωτα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- απηλθαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 25:8 (quotation): Direct verbal echo — both speak of God 'swallowing up death forever' and 'wiping away' tears; Revelation draws its language and consolation from Isaiah's promise.
- Revelation 7:17 (verbal): Immediate Johannine/Apocalyptic parallel — the Lamb will 'wipe away every tear' from their eyes, linking the eschatological comfort in 7:17 with the final consummation in 21:4.
- Isaiah 35:10 (thematic): Thematic parallel — the rescued return with 'everlasting joy' and the disappearance of 'sorrow and sighing,' closely paralleling Revelation's picture of the end of mourning and pain.
- Isaiah 65:19 (allusion): Allusive relationship — the promise that 'there will be no more weeping' and the creation of a renewed joy-filled order echoes the language and hope of Revelation 21:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- He will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain anymore; for the former things have passed away.
- He will wipe away every tear from their eyes, and death shall be no more; neither shall there be mourning nor crying nor pain anymore, for the former things have passed away.
Rev.21.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- καθημενος: PART,nom,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- θρονω·Ιδου: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- καινα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- ποιω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- παντα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- λεγει·Γραψον: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- οτι: CONJ
- ουτοι: PRO,nom,pl,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- λογοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- πιστοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- αληθινοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 65:17 (allusion): “Behold, I create new heavens and a new earth” — Revelation’s proclamation “Behold, I make all things new” alludes to Isaiah’s promise of a renewed creation.
- Isaiah 43:18-19 (verbal): “Behold, I will do a new thing” — similar wording and motif of God initiating a decisive new act that makes the former things pass away.
- 2 Corinthians 5:17 (thematic): “If anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation…behold, all things are new” — echoes the theme of total renewal and theology of new creation found in Rev 21:5.
- Ezekiel 36:26 (thematic): “I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you” — connects the divine promise of inward renewal to the wider cosmic renewal expressed in Revelation.
- Revelation 22:6 (verbal): “And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true” — repeats the exact formula of commissioning and assuring John that the revealed words are faithful and true, paralleling Rev 21:5’s command to write and its validation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he who was seated on the throne said, "Behold, I am making all things new." Also he said, "Write this down, for these words are trustworthy and true."
- Then the One who sat on the throne said, "Behold, I am making all things new." And he said, "Write this down, for these words are faithful and true."
Rev.21.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- μοι·Γεγοναν: PRON,dat,1,sg|VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- Αλφα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- Ω: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αρχη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τελος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- διψωντι: PART,pres,act,dat,sg,masc
- δωσω: VERB,fut,act,ind,1,sg
- εκ: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πηγης: NOUN,gen,sg,fem
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- υδατος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ζωης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- δωρεαν: ADV
Parallels
- Rev.22:13 (verbal): Reiterates the exact divine title “I am the Alpha and the Omega… the beginning and the end,” repeating the same self-identification later in the book.
- Rev.1:8 (verbal): Early use of the Alpha and Omega formula in Revelation—an affirmation of divine eternity and sovereignty that frames the book’s Christological voice.
- Isaiah 44:6 (allusion): Old Testament precedent for the language of first and last/the beginning and the end: the Lord declares himself ‘the first and the last,’ a background for Revelation’s title.
- John 7:37-39 (thematic): Jesus’ invitation to the thirsty to come and drink of living water echoes Revelation’s offer ‘to the thirsty I will give… the water of life,’ linking Johannine living-water imagery to Revelation.
- Ezekiel 47:1-12 (structural): Vision of life-giving water flowing from the temple that restores life and fruitfulness parallels Revelation’s imagery of the water of life issuing from God’s presence/throne.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said to me, "It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. To the thirsty I will give from the spring of the water of life without cost.
- And he said to me, "It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give from the spring of the water of life without cost."
Rev.21.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- νικων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- κληρονομησει: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,sg
- ταυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- εσομαι: VERB,fut,mid,ind,1,sg
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- αυτος: PRON,nom,sg,3,m
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Romans 8:17 (thematic): Speaks of believers as 'heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ'—parallels Revelation's promise that the overcomer will 'inherit these things.'
- Galatians 3:29 (thematic): Connects belonging to Christ with being an 'heir according to promise,' echoing Revelation's link between faithfulness/overcoming and inheritance.
- John 1:12 (verbal): Affirms that receiving Christ gives the right to 'become children of God,' paralleling Revelation's assurance 'I will be his God and he will be my son.'
- 1 John 3:1-2 (thematic): Celebrates believers as 'children of God' and looks forward to sharing in Christ's glory—resonates with Revelation's sonship and promised inheritance.
- 2 Samuel 7:14 (allusion): God's covenantal formula 'I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son' provides an Old Testament background for Revelation's 'I will be his God and he will be my son.'
Alternative generated candidates
- The one who conquers will inherit these things, and I will be his God and he will be my son.
- The one who conquers will inherit these things, and I will be his God and he will be my son.
Rev.21.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- δε: CONJ
- δειλοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- απιστοις: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- εβδελυγμενοις: PART,perf,pass,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- φονευσι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- πορνοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- φαρμακοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ειδωλολατραις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- πασι: ADJ,dat,pl,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- ψευδεσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- μερος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- λιμνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- καιομενη: PART,pres,mid,nom,sg,f
- πυρι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- θειω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θανατος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δευτερος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 22:15 (verbal): Nearly identical catalogue of excluded persons (sorcerers, sexually immoral, murderers, idolaters, liars/dog imagery) and the theme of being excluded from the eschatological blessing—close verbal and thematic echo of Rev 21:8.
- Revelation 20:14-15 (quotation): Explicit parallel imagery and language: death and Hades thrown into the lake of fire, called the 'second death,' and those not in the book of life cast into the lake—Rev 21:8 invokes the same fate (lake of fire/second death).
- 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 (thematic): A comparable list of sinful categories (sexual immoralities, idolaters, thieves, drunkards, swindlers) with the consequence that such persons will not inherit God's kingdom—parallels Rev 21:8's catalogue and its eschatological judgment.
- Galatians 5:19-21 (thematic): The 'works of the flesh' list includes sexual immorality, sorcery, enmities and idolatry and warns that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom—theological and ethical overlap with Rev 21:8's condemned behaviors.
- Matthew 25:41 (structural): Eschatological judgment scene consigning the wicked to 'eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels'—structurally parallels Rev 21:8's depiction of final punishment in the lake of fire.
Alternative generated candidates
- But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the polluted, murderers, the sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars—their portion will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur; this is the second death."
- But as for the cowardly and faithless, the detestable and murderers, the sexually immoral and sorcerers, idolaters and all liars—their portion will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur; this is the second death.
Rev.21.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- επτα: NUM,acc,pl,neut
- αγγελων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εχοντων: PART,pres,act,gen,pl,m
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- επτα: NUM,acc,pl,neut
- φιαλας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- γεμοντων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- επτα: NUM,acc,pl,neut
- πληγων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εσχατων: ADJ,gen,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- ελαλησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- μετ᾽εμου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,1
- λεγων·Δευρο: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,m,sg
- δειξω: VERB,fut,act,ind,1,sg
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- νυμφην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- γυναικα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αρνιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 19:7-9 (structural): Directly related scene: the 'marriage of the Lamb' and the celebratory feast—same marriage-bride motif and liturgical language as Rev 21:9.
- Revelation 21:2 (verbal): The New Jerusalem is explicitly described as 'a bride adorned for her husband,' applying the bride imagery introduced in 21:9 to the heavenly city.
- 2 Corinthians 11:2 (allusion): Paul's betrothal metaphor—presenting the church as a pure bride for Christ—parallels Revelation's depiction of the church/holy city as the Lamb's wife.
- Isaiah 62:4-5 (thematic): Ancient prophetic marriage imagery for Zion (restoration as a rejoicing bride/bridegroom) provides the Old Testament background for Revelation's bride motif.
- Ezekiel 16:8 (thematic): Ezekiel's portrayal of Jerusalem's origin as a marriage/covenant (God 'espousing' the city) supplies covenantal-marital language echoed in the Lamb-bride relationship.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then came one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues and spoke with me, saying, "Come, I will show you the Bride, the wife of the Lamb."
- Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues came and said to me, "Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb."
Rev.21.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- απηνεγκεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- με: PRON,acc,sg,1
- εν: PREP
- πνευματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- επι: PREP
- ορος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- μεγα: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- υψηλον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- εδειξεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- πολιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αγιαν: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- Ιερουσαλημ: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καταβαινουσαν: VERB,pres,act,part,acc,sg,f
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- απο: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 21:2 (verbal): Same image of the holy city (the New Jerusalem) 'descending out of heaven from God' and prepared as a bride—direct repetition of the vision.
- Hebrews 12:22-24 (thematic): Speaks of coming to Mount Zion and the 'heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the living God,' linking a heavenly city with a sacred mountain motif.
- Isaiah 2:2 (thematic): Foretells 'the mountain of the LORD' being exalted in the latter days—parallels the motif of a great/high mountain as the locus of God's eschatological reign.
- Psalm 48:2 (thematic): Describes Zion as 'beautiful in elevation' and 'the city of the great King,' echoing the portrayal of a exalted, holy Jerusalem on a high place.
- Galatians 4:26 (allusion): Refers to 'the Jerusalem above' as our mother, invoking the notion of a heavenly Jerusalem distinct from the earthly city, akin to Revelation's descending city.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he carried me away in the Spirit to a great, high mountain, and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God,
- And he carried me away in the Spirit to a great, high mountain, and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God,
Rev.21.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εχουσαν: VERB,pres,act,part,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου·ο: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- φωστηρ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- ομοιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- λιθω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- τιμιωτατω: ADJ,dat,sg,m
- ως: ADV
- λιθω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ιασπιδι: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- κρυσταλλιζοντι·: VERB,pres,act,part,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 21:23 (structural): Same scene: the New Jerusalem 'had no need of the sun or moon' because 'the glory of God' is its light—direct continuation of the theme of divine radiance.
- Revelation 4:3 (verbal): The One on the throne is described 'like a jasper and a sardius stone'—uses the same precious‑stone imagery to convey divine brilliance and glory.
- Isaiah 60:19-20 (thematic): God replaces celestial light for the city: 'the Lord will be your everlasting light'—theme of the city illuminated by God's glory rather than sun or moon.
- Isaiah 54:11-12 (allusion): God promises to beautify and found the restored city with precious stones ('I will lay thy foundations with sapphires')—parallels Revelation’s depiction of the holy city in costly stones.
- Exodus 24:10 (verbal): The pavement under God's feet 'like a work of sapphire stone'—an Old Testament image linking divine presence with a brilliant, gem‑like appearance.
Alternative generated candidates
- having the glory of God. Her radiance was like a most costly gem, like a jasper, clear as crystal.
- having the glory of God. Its radiance was like a most precious jewel, like jasper, clear as crystal.
Rev.21.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εχουσα: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,f,sg
- τειχος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- μεγα: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- υψηλον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- εχουσα: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,f,sg
- πυλωνας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- επι: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- πυλωσιν: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- αγγελους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ονοματα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- επιγεγραμμενα: VERB,perf,pass,ptc,nom,pl,n
- α: PRON,nom,sg,n
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- φυλων: NOUN,gen,pl,f
- υιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- Ισραηλ·: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Ezekiel 48:30-35 (structural): Ezekiel’s description of the ideal/eschatological city includes twelve gates named for the tribes of Israel on each side—closely paralleling the New Jerusalem’s twelve gates and tribal names.
- Revelation 21:21 (verbal): Within the same vision John again describes the twelve gates (each a single pearl) and explicitly states that the names of the twelve tribes of Israel are written on them—an immediate verbal parallel and expansion of 21:12.
- Revelation 21:14 (structural): This verse pairs the city’s twelve gates (with tribal names) with its twelve foundations bearing the names of the twelve apostles, creating a deliberate structural parallel between Israel (tribes) and the church (apostles) in the city imagery.
- Exodus 28:21 (verbal): The high priest’s breastplate bore twelve stones engraved with the names of the tribes of Israel, echoing the motif of inscribed tribal names on sacred/ceremonial objects and linking cultic practice to the city’s inscriptions.
- Revelation 7:4-8 (thematic): John’s earlier apocalyptic list of the twelve tribes sealed (144,000) connects to the theme of the twelvefold identity preserved and marked in the eschatological community, related to the tribal names on the New Jerusalem’s gates.
Alternative generated candidates
- It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and on the gates were inscribed the names of the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel.
- It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and on the gates the names of the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel.
Rev.21.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- απο: PREP
- ανατολης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- τρεις: NUM,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- απο: PREP
- βορρα: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- τρεις: NUM,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- απο: PREP
- νοτου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- τρεις: NUM,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- απο: PREP
- δυσμων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- τρεις·: NUM,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Ezekiel 48:30-35 (verbal): Describes the city with twelve gates, three on each side (east, north, south, west) named for the tribes — nearly the same layout and detail as Revelation 21:13.
- Revelation 21:12 (structural): Immediate context: announces the city has twelve gates and a great wall, of which verse 13 specifies the three gates on each side.
- Revelation 21:21 (structural): Continues the description of the twelve gates (each gate a single pearl), further developing the imagery introduced in 21:13.
- Ezekiel 40:6-8 (allusion): Gives architectural detail about gate complexes with multiple chambers/doors and measurements in the visionary temple-city tradition that Revelation echoes.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the east three gates, on the north three gates, on the south three gates, and on the west three gates.
- On the east were three gates, on the north three gates, on the south three gates, and on the west three gates.
Rev.21.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τειχος: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πολεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εχων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- θεμελιους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- επ᾽αυτων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- ονοματα: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- αποστολων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αρνιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rev 21:12 (structural): Same scene: the heavenly city is organized around the number twelve—gates bearing the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, parallel to foundations bearing the apostles' names.
- Rev 21:19-21 (structural): Continues the New Jerusalem description, listing the twelve foundation stones and the twelve gates (with tribal names), connecting the motif of twelve stones and named architectural elements.
- Eph 2:20 (thematic): Paul calls the church 'built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets,' directly paralleling Revelation's image of the apostles' names on the city's foundations.
- Matt 10:2-4 (verbal): Early Christian listing of the twelve apostles whose identity and authority explain why their names would be inscribed on the foundations of the heavenly city.
- Ezek 48:30-35 (allusion): Prophetic description of a future city with twelve gates named for Israel's tribes; provides Old Testament background and typology for Revelation's twelve-fold city imagery.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
- The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
Rev.21.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λαλων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- μετ᾽εμου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,1
- ειχεν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- μετρον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- καλαμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- χρυσουν: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- ινα: CONJ
- μετρηση: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- πολιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- πυλωνας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τειχος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
Parallels
- Revelation 11:1-2 (verbal): John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple, altar, and worshipers — closely parallels the image of a measuring instrument used to survey sacred space.
- Ezekiel 40:3 (verbal): A man appears with a measuring reed in his hand as Ezekiel is shown the temple and its measurements — a direct antecedent for the measuring-rod motif.
- Zechariah 2:1-2 (thematic): Zechariah sees a man with a measuring line measuring Jerusalem — a parallel theme of divine measurement and the defining of the holy city's boundaries.
- Revelation 21:17 (structural): Immediate context: the same measuring instrument is used to take the city's dimensions (144 cubits), continuing the measurement motif within the New Jerusalem vision.
- Ezekiel 48:30-35 (thematic): Ezekiel's detailed listing of the city's gates and measurements resonates with Revelation's describing and measuring the ideal/eschatological city and its gates.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the one who spoke with me had a golden measuring rod to measure the city, its gates, and its wall.
- The one who spoke with me had a golden measuring rod to measure the city and its gates and its wall.
Rev.21.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πολις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- τετραγωνος: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- κειται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- μηκος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- οσον: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πλατος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- εμετρησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- πολιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- καλαμω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- σταδιους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- χιλιαδων·το: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- μηκος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πλατος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- υψος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- ισα: ADJ,acc,pl,neut
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 40:3 (structural): A man with a measuring reed appears to measure a visionary temple/city—parallels Revelation's measuring motif (reed/rod and angelic measurer).
- 1 Kings 6:20 (verbal): Solomon’s inner sanctuary is a perfect cube (same length, breadth, height), echoing Revelation’s description of the New Jerusalem as equal in all three dimensions.
- Ezekiel 48:30-35 (thematic): Ezekiel’s description of the future city with gates on four sides, specified measurements, and the presence of the LORD ('The LORD is there') parallels Revelation’s measured, gate‑bearing city in which God dwells.
- Revelation 11:1-2 (structural): John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple and worshipers—an immediate Revelation parallel that repeats the motif of measured sacred space and the use of a measuring instrument.
Alternative generated candidates
- The city is laid out as a square, its length the same as its width. And he measured the city with the rod: twelve thousand stadia. Its length and width and height are equal.
- The city lies foursquare, its length the same as its width. He measured the city with the rod—twelve thousand stadia. Its length and width and height are equal.
Rev.21.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εμετρησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τειχος: NOUN,acc,sg,neut
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- εκατον: NUM,acc,sg,n
- τεσσερακοντα: NUM,acc,pl
- τεσσαρων: NUM,gen,pl,m
- πηχων: NOUN,gen,pl,masc
- μετρον: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- ανθρωπου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- αγγελου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rev.21:15 (structural): Immediate context — John is given a golden reed to measure the city and its gates, directly paralleling the measuring action described in 21:17.
- Rev.21:16 (structural): Gives the overall dimensions of the New Jerusalem (12,000 stadia, a perfect cube); the 144 cubit wall in 21:17 functions as part of this city-measurement schema.
- Rev.11:1 (verbal): John is told to take a reed like a measuring rod to measure the temple — same measuring-rod motif applied to a sacred/eschatological space.
- Ezekiel 40:3-5 (allusion): The prophet sees a man with a measuring line/reed who measures the temple and its courts — an earlier OT scene of divine/angelic measuring that the Revelation passage echoes.
- Zechariah 2:1-2 (allusion): A man is seen with a measuring line to measure Jerusalem — a concise parallel of a divine agent measuring the holy city.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he measured its wall, one hundred and forty-four cubits, according to human measure, which is also an angel's.
- He measured its wall—one hundred and forty-four cubits by the human measure, which is also that of an angel.
Rev.21.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- ενδωμησις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- τειχους: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- ιασπις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πολις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- χρυσιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- καθαρον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- ομοιον: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- υαλω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- καθαρω·: ADJ,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 21:11 (verbal): Describes the city's brilliance and appearance like jasper—directly echoes the gemstone imagery and radiance applied to the new Jerusalem.
- Revelation 21:19-20 (structural): Gives the fuller catalogue of the city's foundations adorned with precious stones (including jasper); part of the same structural description of the city's fabric.
- Revelation 21:21 (thematic): Continues the motif of precious materials (pearl gates, jeweled foundations) emphasizing the city's precious-metal and gemstone construction, complementing the statement that the city is pure gold.
- Isaiah 54:11-12 (allusion): Uses similar language of foundations and stones (sapphires, jewels) to portray divine restoration as a beautifully adorned city—an Old Testament precedent for describing God's renewed dwelling with precious materials.
- Exodus 24:10 (verbal): Speaks of a pavement under God's feet 'like sapphire, clear as the sky,' echoing the imagery of translucence/clarity ('like clear glass') applied to divine or heavenly pavements and spaces.
Alternative generated candidates
- The wall was built of jasper, while the city was pure gold, like clear glass.
- The wall was built of jasper, while the city was pure gold, like clear glass.
Rev.21.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- θεμελιοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- τειχους: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πολεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- παντι: PRON,dat,sg,m
- λιθω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- τιμιω: ADJ,dat,sg,m
- κεκοσμημενοι·ο: PART,perf,pass,nom,pl,m
- θεμελιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- πρωτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ιασπις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δευτερος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- σαπφιρος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- τριτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- χαλκηδων: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- τεταρτος: ADJ,ord,nom,sg,m
- σμαραγδος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Isaiah 54:11-12 (verbal): Promises to lay a city’s foundations and stones with precious gems (sapphires, emeralds, rubies), closely paralleling the imagery and specific gem motif of New Jerusalem’s foundations.
- Exodus 28:17-20 (verbal): The high priest’s breastpiece lists a set of named precious stones in a fixed order; Revelation’s catalogue of gems echoes this cultic/rite-associated roll of named gems.
- Ezekiel 28:13 (allusion): A catalogue of precious stones (in the description of Eden/Tyre/the cherub) uses similar gem imagery and the theme of jeweled adornment, which Revelation reutilizes for cosmic/royal symbolism.
- Revelation 21:20 (structural): Immediate literary continuation that completes the sequence of foundation stones; structurally and thematically connected within the same New Jerusalem description.
Alternative generated candidates
- The foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind of precious stone: the first foundation, jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, chalcedony; the fourth, emerald;
- The foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind of precious stone: the first foundation, jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, chalcedony; the fourth, emerald;
Rev.21.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- πεμπτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- σαρδονυξ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εκτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- σαρδιον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εβδομος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- χρυσολιθος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ογδοος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- βηρυλλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ενατος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- τοπαζιον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δεκατος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- χρυσοπρασος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ενδεκατος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- υακινθος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δωδεκατος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- αμεθυστος·: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Exodus 28:17-20 (verbal): The roster of stones echoes the gems set in the high priest's breastpiece (sardius, topaz, emerald, etc.), using the same terminology and linking New Jerusalem's foundations to priestly/holy imagery.
- Exodus 39:10-14 (structural): A parallel description of the making/setting of the breastplate stones on Aaron's ephod; reinforces the Exodus tradition behind the list of precious stones.
- Ezekiel 28:13 (verbal): A catalogue of precious stones associated with Eden/Tyre (including sardius, topaz, beryl, jasper, amethyst) that verbally and thematically resonates with Revelation's gem-list and the motif of divine splendor.
- Revelation 17:4 (thematic): The woman (Babylon) is described as decked with gold and precious stones — a contrasting use of the same jewels to symbolize worldly luxury versus the city's heavenly foundations.
- Revelation 18:12 (thematic): Babylon's trade goods explicitly include 'precious stones' among luxurious merchandise, thematically contrasting commercial exploitation of gems with their sacred role in the New Jerusalem's foundations.
Alternative generated candidates
- the fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, carnelian; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, topaz; the tenth, chrysoprase; the eleventh, jacinth; the twelfth, amethyst.
- the fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, topaz; the tenth, chrysoprase; the eleventh, jacinth; the twelfth, amethyst.
Rev.21.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- δωδεκα: NUM,acc,pl,m
- μαργαριται: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- ανα: PREP
- εις: PREP
- εκαστος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- πυλωνων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εξ: PREP
- ενος: NUM,gen,sg,m
- μαργαριτου·και: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πλατεια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πολεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- χρυσιον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- καθαρον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- ως: ADV
- υαλος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- διαυγης: ADJ,nom,sg,n
Parallels
- Revelation 21:12 (verbal): Direct internal parallel — earlier description that the city had twelve gates and ‘each gate was of a single pearl’ (same motif of twelve pearl gates).
- Revelation 21:19–20 (structural): Closely connected passage describing the city’s twelve foundation stones, each a different precious gem — parallels the use of jewels in the city’s architecture and the motif of precious materials.
- Ezekiel 48:30–35 (structural): Ezekiel’s description of a city with twelve gates, each gate named for one of Israel’s tribes, provides an Old Testament prototype for the twelve-gated holy city named by the tribes.
- Matthew 13:45–46 (thematic): Jesus’ parable of the ‘pearl of great price’ uses pearl imagery to signify supreme value and worth — thematically linked to the depiction of gates made of single pearls.
- Exodus 28:17–20 (allusion): The high priest’s breastpiece with twelve precious stones representing the tribes echoes the motif of twelve significant gems/stones tied to Israel and the city’s foundations and gates.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the twelve gates were twelve pearls—each gate made of a single pearl—and the street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.
- And the twelve gates were twelve pearls—each gate formed of a single pearl. The street of the city was pure gold, transparent as glass.
Rev.21.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ναον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- ειδον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- εν: PREP
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- παντοκρατωρ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ναος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αρνιον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
Parallels
- Rev.21.3 (structural): Immediate context: declares God’s dwelling with people — explains why there is no separate temple in the new Jerusalem.
- John 4:21-24 (thematic): Jesus says true worship will not be tied to a particular location (neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem), emphasizing direct spiritual access to God akin to the Revelation scene where God and the Lamb are the temple.
- John 2:19-21 (allusion): Jesus’ identification of his body as a temple (and its resurrection) anticipates the idea that God’s presence is no longer confined to a building but is embodied — paralleling Revelation’s statement that God and the Lamb are the temple.
- 1 Corinthians 3:16 (verbal): Paul’s declaration that believers are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in them echoes the collapse of a separate temple in Revelation and the locating of God’s presence among/within his people.
- Ezekiel 37:27 (thematic): Prophetic promise that God will dwell among his people (‘my dwelling place shall be with them’), providing an Old Testament background for Revelation’s portrayal of God’s immediate presence as the reason there is no temple.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb.
- I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb.
Rev.21.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πολις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ου: PART,neg
- χρειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εχει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ηλιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ουδε: CONJ,neg
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- σεληνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ινα: CONJ
- φαινωσιν: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,pl
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- δοξα: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εφωτισεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- λυχνος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αρνιον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:19-20 (verbal): Speaks of a time when sun and moon are no longer needed because the LORD is an everlasting light — a close verbal and thematic antecedent to the city needing no sun or moon.
- Revelation 22:5 (verbal): Almost identical language: there will be no night and no need for lamp or sun, for the Lord God will be their light — a direct verbal and structural parallel within Revelation's conclusion.
- John 8:12 (thematic): Jesus' declaration 'I am the light of the world' connects the motif of divine light guiding and sustaining life with the Lamb functioning as the city's lamp.
- Psalm 84:11 (thematic): Portrays Yahweh as a protecting, giving light ('the LORD God is a sun and shield'), linking God's presence with illumination and blessing similar to God's glory illuminating the city.
- Malachi 4:2 (thematic): Speaks of the 'sun of righteousness' rising with healing — another prophetic image of divine light bringing restoration that echoes the city's light coming from God/the Lamb.
Alternative generated candidates
- The city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and its lamp is the Lamb.
- The city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and its lamp is the Lamb.
Rev.21.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- περιπατησουσιν: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,pl
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- εθνη: NOUN,acc,pl,neut
- δια: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- φωτος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- αυτης·και: PRON,gen,sg,f
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- βασιλεις: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- γης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- φερουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- αυτην·: PRON,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:3 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel — Isaiah: “Nations shall come to your light” echoes Revelation’s “the nations shall walk by its light,” linking the new‑Jerusalem image to Isaiah’s messianic nations-coming motif.
- Revelation 21:23 (structural): Immediate canonical parallel — explains the source of the city’s light: “the glory of God and the Lamb” as the reason nations can walk by its light.
- Isaiah 60:6 (allusion): The image of foreign wealth and honor coming to Zion (gold, frankincense, and kings bearing riches) parallels Revelation’s motif of kings bringing their glory into the city.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Royal submission and tribute from distant kings (“May the kings bring presents… May all kings bow down”) resonates with Revelation’s depiction of earth’s rulers bringing their glory into the heavenly city.
Alternative generated candidates
- By its light the nations will walk, and the kings of the earth will bring their glory into it.
- The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their glory into it.
Rev.21.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- πυλωνες: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- ου: PART,neg
- μη: PART
- κλεισθωσιν: VERB,aor,pass,subj,3,pl
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- νυξ: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εσται: VERB,fut,mid,ind,3,sg
- εκει: ADV
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:11 (verbal): Speaks of the city's gates remaining open, not shut day or night—language closely paralleled in Rev 21:25 about gates not being shut.
- Revelation 22:5 (verbal): Repeats the same eschatological motif—'night shall be no more'—and adds that no lamp or sun is needed because God is the light, echoing Rev 21:25's absence of night.
- Zechariah 14:7 (allusion): Envisions a unique eschatological day with no night (or a day without darkness), a prophetic background for Revelation's statement that there will be no night there.
- Isaiah 60:19-20 (thematic): Describes the end of sun and moon as sources of light because the LORD becomes everlasting light—thematic parallel to Rev 21:25's declaration that there will be no night in the new city.
Alternative generated candidates
- Its gates will never be shut by day—there will be no night there.
- Its gates will never be shut by day—there will be no night there.
Rev.21.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- οισουσιν: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- τιμην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εθνων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- εις: PREP
- αυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Rev.21.24 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same vision: nations and kings bring their glory into the New Jerusalem (near‑identical language and idea).
- Isaiah 60:11 (allusion): Isaiah portrays nations bringing their wealth/honor into Zion—background prophetic imagery echoed by Revelation’s depiction of nations honoring the city.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Royal nations/kings bring gifts and homage to the king, a motif of tribute and honor that underlies the image of nations bringing glory to the city.
- Zechariah 14:16-17 (thematic): Post‑exilic prophecy that surviving nations go up to Jerusalem to worship and bring tribute—parallels the idea of nations bringing honor to the restored holy city.
Alternative generated candidates
- They will bring into it the glory and the honor of the nations.
- They will bring into it the glory and the honor of the nations.
Rev.21.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ου: PART,neg
- μη: PART
- εισελθη: VERB,aor,mid,subj,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- αυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- παν: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- κοινον: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- ποιων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- βδελυγμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- ψευδος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- μη: PART
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- γεγραμμενοι: PART,perf,pass,nom,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- βιβλιω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ζωης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αρνιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 20:12,15 (verbal): The 'book of life' appears in the judgment scene; those not found written in it are consigned to the lake of fire—parallel to exclusion from the new Jerusalem.
- Revelation 21:8 (thematic): Lists the 'unclean' and those who practice abominations and lies whose destiny is the lake of fire—corresponds to those barred from entering the city.
- Revelation 22:19 (verbal): Contains a warning about the book of life and the removal of names—directly related to the motif of names written in the book of life.
- Exodus 32:32-33 (allusion): God speaks of blotting sinners out of 'my book,' providing an OT precedent for the divine 'book' language invoked in Revelation.
- Psalm 69:28 (allusion): Prays that the wicked be blotted out of the 'book of the living'—an intertextual background for the book-of-life motif in Revelation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Nothing unclean will ever enter it, nor anyone who practices abomination or falsehood, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life.
- Nothing unclean will enter it, nor anyone who practices abomination or falsehood, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life.
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and the sea was no more. And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from the throne say, "Behold, the dwelling place of God is with humanity. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God."
He will wipe away every tear from their eyes. Death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain anymore; for the former things have passed away. And the One who sat on the throne said, "Behold, I make all things new." And he said, "Write this down, for these words are faithful and true." And he said to me, "It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give from the spring of the water of life without payment."
The one who conquers will inherit these things, and I will be his God and he will be my son. But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the polluted, murderers, the sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars—their portion is in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur; this is the second death.
Then came one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls that were full of the seven last plagues, and he spoke with me, saying, "Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb." And he carried me away in the Spirit to a great, high mountain and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God.
It had the glory of God, and its radiance was like a most rare jewel, like jasper, clear as crystal.
It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and on the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel.
On the east three gates, on the north three gates, on the south three gates, and on the west three gates.
The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. And the one who spoke with me had a gold measuring rod to measure the city and its gates and its wall.
The city lies foursquare. Its length is the same as its width. And he measured the city with his rod: twelve thousand stadia. The length and the width and the height of it are equal.
He measured its wall, one hundred and forty-four cubits by human measure, which is also a man's cubit as measured by an angel.
The wall was built of jasper, and the city was pure gold, like clear glass.
The foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with every kind of precious stone: the first foundation jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,
the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, the twelfth amethyst. And the twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.
I saw no temple in the city, for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and its lamp is the Lamb.
By its light the nations will walk, and the kings of the earth will bring their glory into it.
Its gates will never be shut by day—and there will be no night there.
They will bring into it the glory and honor of the nations.
Nothing unclean will ever enter it, nor anyone who practices abomination or falsehood, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life.